English suggestions. Offers in English. Types of sentences in English

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Greetings, lovers of the English language. English proposals on the agenda! If you have ever heard English spoken, you must have noticed that in English language we cannot put words in a sentence in such a free order as we do when speaking Russian. There are certain rules. For each type of sentence (and there are four of them), the rules for ordering the components are different. In this article, we will analyze all this.

Article plan:

• Offer. Offer members.
• Types of sentences in English.
• Word order in English sentences.

Sentences in English

Offer and members of the offer

A sentence is a combination of words, according to the grammatical norms of the language, that has meaning.

A sentence is a unit of speech. Each language has its own rules for constructing these speech units. In English, there is fixedness in the order of words in a sentence. In principle, therefore, it is important to study the materials of this article.

The members of a sentence are its components that perform certain syntactic functions.

There are two types of sentence members: main and secondary.

In English, a sentence is impossible without the main members, that is, without a subject and a predicate. There is no such strict rule in Russian.

For example: "Winter". "Cold".

In English, we cannot make such proposals, with only one member. We will not say: "Winter" / "Cold"

• It(this) - in the role of the subject
• Is(is) - as a predicate

Types of sentences in English

In English, there are four types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement.
Types of sentences in English

• 1. Narrative - which mean "story", "narrative" about something.

Declarative sentences can be of two types: positive and negative.

I visit my aunt Mary every week-end - I visit my aunt Mary every weekend. (positive narrative)

I don't visit her every week-end - I don't visit her every weekend. (negative narrative)

• 2. Interrogative - sentence-question.

There are also several types of questions in English:

• Question to the subject / question to the subject (Who? What? / Who? What?)

Who likes mashed potatoes? Who loves mashed potatoes?

My granny likes mashed potatoes. - My grandmother loves mashed potatoes.

What happened to them? - What happened to them?

It was a car crash. - It was car accident.

• General question

The answer to this type of questions can be yes or no.

Does she like those movies?

• Special question / special question

Uses the following auxiliary words to get the specific information you need:

• What? What?;
• When? When?;
• Where? Where?;
• Why? Why?;
• Which? which? etc.

Where did you work? - Where did you work?

• Alternative question / alternative question

Such a question can be asked to any of the members of the proposal, the question itself suggests an alternative, that is, the choice of an answer, the answer is in the question itself.

Example: Are these books interesting or boring?

• Disjunctive question

This type of question has two parts. In one part, a statement, with the usual word order, in the other, a brief general question, like Russian: isn't it?

Do you have this book, haven't you?

They don't like the play, do they?

• 3. Incentives - a proposal that calls for something - encourages.

An incentive sentence, as a rule, calls for something, this motivation may sound in different forms, such as advice, request, order, prohibition, etc.

Don't be stupid. / Don't be stupid. (prohibition)

Read this interesting story./ Read this interesting story. (Advice)

Learn by heart a poem. / Learn a poem by heart. (Order)

• 4. Exclamatory - sentences said at the moment of surprise, admiration, shock, etc.

These are sentences expressing strong feelings, emotions.

Exclamatory sentences begin with what (pronoun - which, which) or with how (adverb - how).

What a beautiful moment it is! What a wonderful moment!

How well he dances! How well he dances!

Syntax: word order in English sentences

Fixed word order is one of the main characteristics of English grammar. This means that each member of the proposal has its own place. The absence of cases makes it necessary to put words in a certain order so that the meaning of what is said is clear.

In each type of sentence there is a certain word order that should be remembered.

Word order in a declarative sentence:
Word order in English sentences Interrogative sentences are inverted, in some types of questions auxiliary verbs (do, did) appear to construct a question.

Let's take a look at each type of question:

Question to the subject / question to the subject

General question

Special question / special question

Auxiliary verb (ex: do, did) / if necessary / Subject, Predicate, Remaining members of the sentence

Alternative question / alternative question

!!!Mandatory presence of or (or)

Disjunctive question

Word order in incentive sentences

The incentive sentence allows some deviations from the rules.

In order not to miss new useful materials,

The construction of sentences in English is a painful topic for many, but this material must be well learned, since the sentence is the basis of written and spoken language.

I will immediately make a reservation that in this article we are considering rules for constructing a standard sentence in English. We will not pay attention to elliptical constructions, exclamations, complex inversions and other types of sentences that differ in their form from the standard one. If you know the "skeleton" of an English sentence, you can easily build any phrase.

• Read about non-standard offers in the article "".

What is an English sentence

Each sentence expresses a complete thought. To make the thought look logical and understandable, it is necessary to use certain members of the sentence. Every English sentence has two obligatory elements: the subject is the main character of the sentence (answers the question “who?”, “What?”), the predicate is what the subject does (answers the question “what to do?”).

Subject can be expressed as (I, you, them, everyone, etc.) or (mom, cat, work, apple, etc.). It usually comes first in a sentence. Predicate is expressed (go, write, think, fall, etc.) and follows the subject, that is, it is in second place in the sentence.

• (Who?) They (what did?) thought. - They thought.
• (Who?) The cat (what is he doing?) is coming. - The cat is going.
• (What?) The apple (what will it do?) will fall. - The apple will fall.

Predicate is the most important part of the sentence. Only the predicate can show what is happening, happened or will happen. An English predicate can consist of two elements: the main verb - the "main" verb, which shows what the subject does, and - the verb, which helps to distinguish tenses.

The subject and predicate are the main parts of the sentence. As mentioned above, without them the correct construction of sentences in English is impossible. In addition, there are also secondary members, these include:

• Addition- stands after the predicate and answers any case question, except for questions of the nominative case. Addition is direct and indirect. The direct answers the questions of the accusative case: “whom?”, “What?”; indirect - to all other case questions: “who?”, “what?”, “to whom?”, “what?” etc. As a rule, in a sentence, a direct object comes first, then an indirect one.
  

  I see a girl with him. - I see (who?) girl(with whom?) with him.

  She is reading a book to the children. She is reading (what?) book(to whom?) children.

• Definition- stands next to the subject or object and describes its properties, that is, answers the question “which?”, “Whose?”.
  

  I see a beautiful girl with him. - I see (what?) beautiful girl with him.

  my red cat lies on the window. - (Whose?) My(Which?) ginger the cat lies on the window.

• Circumstance- can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence, says “where?”, “When?”, “How?”, “Why?” some action has taken place.
  

  My red cat lies on the window. - My red cat lies (where?) on the window.

  Yesterday I saw her with him. - (When?) Yesterday I saw her with him.

  He behaved differently. - He behaved (how?) differently.

Rules for constructing sentences in English

There are two main word orders in English: direct and reverse. Direct is used in affirmative and negative sentences, reverse - in questions.

The English sentence differs from the Russian one in word order. In Russian it is free:

• Mom washed the frame.
• Mom washed the frame.
• Mom washed the frame.

As you can see, from the change in the places of the terms - mothers and frames - the meaning of the sentence has not changed. And in English, all three sentences will be translated as follows:

• mother was washing the frame.

This is because English sentences have a fixed word order. English words cannot "jump" from place to place, as Russians do. The English language is strict and conservative, like the English themselves, it does not like change. Therefore, each type of proposal has its own unbreakable patterns.

Word order in affirmation and negation in English

The direct word order in an English sentence is as follows: the subject comes first, the predicate comes second, and the object comes third. In some cases, circumstance may come first. In an English sentence, the main verb may have an auxiliary verb. But, as you already know, the auxiliary verb is part of the predicate, so even with it the word order remains direct.

Word order in an affirmative sentence
Circumstance		Predicate	Addition (possibly with a definition)	Circumstance
Yesterday	I	learned	English words. English words.	--
--	My little sister My little sister	will visit will visit	me	three days. after three days.

Word order in a negative English sentence is also direct. To show negation, we use the particle not, which corresponds to the Russian particle "not". Also, in a negative sentence there is always an auxiliary verb, because it is adjacent to it not, adjoin the main verb not can not.

Word order in a negative sentence
Circumstance	Subject (possibly with definition)	Auxiliary verb + not	Main verb	Complement (possibly with a definition)	Circumstance
Yesterday	I	did not	learn	English words. English words.	--
--	My little sister My little sister	will not	visit will visit	me	three days. after three days.

Word order in a question in English

In a Russian question and statement, the word order can be the same. Only by the intonation of the speaker do we understand that we have been asked a question. In English, a statement and a question look different:

• They live in the city. - They live in the city.
• Do they live in the city? - Do they live in the city?

The English interrogative sentence has a reverse word order. This means that the subject and verb are reversed. But the English language does not like to go far from the direct order, so only part of the predicate, the auxiliary verb, is put in the first place, and the main verb still comes after the subject. Another feature is that in the question the circumstance is not put in the first place.

Word order in an interrogative sentence
Auxiliary	Subject (possibly with definition)	Main verb	Addition (possibly with a definition)	Circumstance
Did	I	learn	English words? English words?	--
Will	my little sister My little sister	visit will visit	me	three days? after three days?

Short Answers

In oral speech, as a rule, we answer the question briefly. For example, to the question "Do they work in the office?" we will answer “Yes” or “No” rather than repeating the whole phrase: “Yes, they work in the office / No, they do not work in the office.” We manage with a short answer, and such an answer is understandable to the interlocutor.

The English also use short answers. But in English you can't just say Yes/no, such an answer will seem rude and unfriendly. An English short answer must also contain a subject and an auxiliary verb. The subject and auxiliary verb remain those that were in the question, for example:

If the question contains a pronoun you(you, you), so the question is addressed to you. Therefore, you need to answer it on your own behalf, and not on behalf of you:

And now we offer to watch the video from the teacher Minoo. It will tell you about the word order in an English sentence. And at the end of the article, you will find a table with all the proposal schemes that you can download, and a test.

(*.pdf, 200 Kb)

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Test

Word order in English: rules for constructing sentences

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Do you want to improve your spoken English? Learning colloquial phrases and expressions is just where to start!

This article contains everything you need in a conversation on absolutely any topic. You will make your speech richer and more varied, and communication with people more enjoyable and exciting!

Greetings and goodbyes

Of course, you can always get by with the words “Hello”, “How are you?” and “Goodbye”, but there are more diverse ways to say hello and goodbye, especially in a friendly setting (for example, in a group):

How is it going?	How are things going?
How's life?	What's up?
How are things?	How is it?
Long time no see!	Long time no see!
What are you up to?	What are you doing?
What have you've been up to?	What have you been doing all this time?
See you soon!	See you later!
see you later!	See you later!
Till next time!	Until next time!
good luck!	Good luck!
Take care!	Take care of yourself!
Talk to you later!	We'll talk to you later!
until we meet again!	See you!
Have a nice day!	Have a good day!
have a good weekend	Good weekend
Have a safe trip	Have a good trip
Say hi to…	Give my regards to …
Send my love to…	Give a big hello to ... (if we are talking about relatives or close people)

Introductory words

They make sentences more coherent and help the other person follow your train of thought. They also give you time to pick up words without creating large pauses in speech.

In short / brief	in short
In a word	in a nutshell
as far / as to	concerning
Not to mention	not to mention
First of all/ above all	first of all
What's more	Besides
By the way	By the way
After all	eventually; after all
Just for the record	for reference; so that you know
And so on and so forth	and so on
If I'm not mistaken	if I'm not mistaken
In other words	in other words
On the contrary	vice versa
The thing is	The fact is that
So as to / so that	so that
either way	anyway
As a rule	usually, as a rule
As well as	as well as
All the same	doesn't matter
On one hand	On the one side
On the other hand	on the other side
Such as	For example
As I said before	as I already said
Believe it or not, but	believe it or not, but
If I remember right / If I recall correctly	If I remember it right

Ways to express agreement or disagreement

There are many shades between "yes", "no" and "maybe". Whether you want to evade a direct rejection or, on the contrary, express your enthusiasm, these expressions will help you:

Perhaps	Maybe maybe
Of course / sure	Certainly
Definitely	Definitely, definitely
Absolutely	Undoubtedly
Naturally	Naturally
Probably	Probably
You are right	You're right
It can hardly be so	It's hardly true
very well	Very good
Most likely	More likely
Most unlikely	Hardly
Not a bit	Not at all
I believe so / suppose so	I guess it is
I doubt it	I doubt
no way	No way, no way
Exactly so	Exactly
Quite so	Quite right
I agree with you	I agree with you
I am afraid you are wrong	I'm afraid you're wrong
I'm afraid so	I'm afraid so
I'm not sure	Not sure
I don't think so	I don't think so; hardly
In a way / to a certain extent	In a way
no doubt	Undoubtedly
I'm in / I'm game	I am “for” (in response to an offer to go somewhere or do something)
I think I'll pass	Better without me
Deal!	Goes!
It's a great idea!	Great idea!
Not a very good idea	Not the best idea
I'm looking forward to it	I'm looking forward to it

Polite phrases

Always nice in any language. Be sure your interlocutor will appreciate the knowledge of these phrases, whether it be gratitude, apology or just courtesy.

I'm so sorry!	I'm really sorry!
I run your sorry!	I'm sorry!
I'm sorry, I can't.	I'm sorry, I can't.
Sorry, I meant well.	Sorry, I wanted the best.
It's very kind of you!	It is very kind of you!
Thank you anyway!	In any case, thanks!
Thank you in advance!	Thanks in advance!
Don't mention it!	Do not mention it!
May I help you?	Can I help you?
No problem / that's ok!	Everything is fine!
Don't worry about it!	Don't worry about it!
This way, please!	Here please!
after you!	After you!

Ways to keep up the conversation and respond to what was said

Undoubtedly, the most popular conversational reaction is the word “Really?” Depending on intonation, it can express a variety of emotions, from sarcasm and irony to surprise and sincere delight. But, of course, there are other ways to show interest in what has been said:

What's the matter?	What's the matter?
What's going on? / What's happening?	What's happening?
What's the trouble?	What is the problem?
What's happened?	What's happened?
How was it?	Well, how? (How did everything go?)
Did I get you right?	Did I understand you correctly?
Don't take it to heart.	Don't take it to heart.
I didn't catch the last word.	I didn't understand the last word.
Sorry, I wasn't listening.	Sorry, I listened.
It doesn't matter.	It does not matter.
It is new to me.	This is news to me.
Let us hope for the best.	Let us hope for the best.
May I ask you a question?	Can I ask you a question?
Next time lucky!	Better luck next time!
Oh, that. That explains it.	That's it, that explains everything.
Say it again, please.	Could you repeat it, please.
So that's where the trouble lies!	So here's the thing!
things happen.	Anything happens.
What do you mean?	What do you have in mind?
Where were we?	Where did we leave off?
You were saying?	Did you say something?
I'm sorry, I didn't catch you.	I'm sorry, I didn't hear.
Lucky you!	What a score!
good for you!	The better for you! (In this phrase, a lot depends on intonation, often it implies sarcasm: “Well, well, I’m glad for you!”)
I'm so happy for you!	I'm so happy for you! (But this is said absolutely sincerely)
What do you know!	Who would have thought!

Simple sentences are uncommon And common.

Uncommon simple sentences consist only of the main members of the proposal - subject And predicate:

The car (subject) stopped (predicate). The car stopped.

Part widespread simple sentence in addition to the main members, there are also secondary ones - definition, addition And circumstance. The secondary members of the sentence explain the main ones:

In this sentence, the minor member of the blue sentence (definition) explains the subject - the car, and the minor member at the gate (the circumstance of the place) is the predicate stopped.

The minor member of the company (definition) explains the subject of the manager ; the minor member of the sentence a letter (addition) explains the predicate has received.

The subject with the secondary members of the sentence related to it constitutes the subject group (common subject). The predicate with the secondary members of the sentence related to it constitutes the group of the predicate (common predicate):

The secondary members of the sentence, in turn, can be explained by other secondary ones, making common members of the sentence with them:

In this sentence, the minor member of the sentence a message (complement) is explained by another minor member important (definition), forming with it a common object - an important message .

The minor term at the meeting (the circumstance of place) is explained by another minor member of the council (definition), forming with it the common adverb of place at the meeting of the council.

INTERESTING SENTENCES DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF QUESTION
№ p/p	QUESTION TYPE	RULE	EXAMPLE
	GENERAL (NON-PRONOUNAL)	General questions are those that can be answered yes or no. They start with an interrogative verb.	Do you know him? You know him? Is this bag clean? Is this bag clean?
	SPECIAL (PRONOMINAL)	Special questions are aimed at clarifying a fact or circumstance. They relate not to the whole offer, but to one of its members. They begin with a question word. The verb is in the interrogative form only if the interrogative word is not the subject or the definition of the subject	Where is he? Where is he? Where do you study? Where are you studying? Who knows? What do you know? What do you know?
	ALTERNATIVE	Alternative questions suggest in response, a choice between two or more items, actions, or qualities, expressed by homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by the union or or	Do you study at the University or at college? You study at the university or in college?
	SEPARATING (DISTEMPTED)	Separating questions consist of in two parts: the first part is declarative sentence(affirmative or negative), and the second - short general question, consisting of an auxiliary (or modal) verb in the required form and a personal pronoun in the nominative case. Moreover, if the first part of the question is affirmative, then the auxiliary (modal) verb is used in the negative form, if the first part is negative, then the auxiliary (modal) verb is used in the affirmative form	You bought the tickets, didn't you? You bought tickets, didn't you? You had a good time in the country last week, didn't you? You had a good time out of town last week, didn't you? He hasn't come back from Moscow yet, has he? He hasn't returned from Moscow yet, has he?

INTERESTING NEGATIVE SENTENCES
№ p/p	RULE	EXAMPLE
	The negative form of special questions is formed using the negative particle not, which in colloquial speech often merges with the auxiliary verb before the subject	Why didn't you know your lesson? Why are you not ready for the lesson? Why isn't he coming to see us? Why won't he come to us?
	The negative form of the general question in English gives it a touch of surprise. Such sentences are translated into Russian as questions beginning with the words Is it really?	Didn't you know about the meeting? Did you not know about the meeting? Didn't you go to the library yesterday? Weren't you in the library yesterday?

MAIN MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION AND THEIR EXPRESSION

The subject is a member of the sentence, denoting the subject about which something is said in the sentence. It answers the question who? Who? or what? What?

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE SUBJECT
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	noun	The train has arrived. The train has arrived. The meeting is over. The meeting is over.
	pronoun	Doesn't work at a factory. He works in a factory. Someone wants to speak to you. Someone wants to talk to you.
	infinitive	That swim is pleasant. It's nice to swim.
	gerund	Smoking is not allowed here. Smoking is not allowed here.
	numeral	Three were absent from the lecture. Three were absent from the lecture.
	Any word or phrase used as a noun	"Had" is the Past Tense of the verb "to have". "Had" is the past tense of the verb "to have".

An English sentence in its structure differs from a Russian one in that it always has a subject and a predicate (more precisely, they should). Therefore, in impersonal sentences, when there is no subject with a specific objective meaning, the pronoun it is used as a formal grammatical subject:

Impersonal sentences are divided into registered And verbal.

Nominal impersonal sentences are built according to the scheme:

(does not translate into Russian)	TO BE (linking verb in corresponding time)	NOMINAL PART OF THE PREDICIAL (adjective, noun or numeral)
		9 o "clock when we got home.
It was 9 o'clock when we came home.

When forming an interrogative form, the linking verb comes first:

Is it winter now in that part of the country? Is it winter in this part of the country?

In negative nominal impersonal sentences, the particle not is placed after the first auxiliary verb:

It won't be cold in September, I hope. I hope it won't be cold in September.

Verbal impersonal sentences are built according to the following scheme:

	SIMPLE VERB PREDICT, Expressed by an impersonal verb like to rain go (about rain), to snow go (about snow)
	often rains in autumn.
It often rains in autumn.

There are no verbs in Russian that correspond to the verbs to rain and to snow (literally, they would look like: rain, snow), but in Russian there is also a category of impersonal verbs: get dark, get light etc., which are used to form impersonal sentences. At the same time, as in English, the verb is put in the 3rd person singular: darkens, shines:

It is getting dark. It's getting dark.

The interrogative and negative forms of verbal impersonal sentences are formed according to the same rules as for sentences with a regular verbal predicate:

Does it often rain in autumn? It often rains in autumn?

Is it raining now? It's raining now?

It didn't snow much last winter. It didn't snow much last winter.

It won't be raining tomorrow. It won't rain tomorrow.

The pronoun it is used as a formal subject in the following impersonal sentences:

When reporting about natural phenomena:

With verbs denoting weather conditions: to rain, to snow, to freeze, etc.:

With the designations time and distance:

The pronoun it in the function of the formal subject is used with some verbs in the passive voice. Such passive turns correspond in Russian to indefinite personal turns:

The pronoun it in the function of a formal subject is also used in the presence of a subject sentence expressed infinitive, gerund or subordinate clause and standing after the predicate:

One in combination with modal verbs must, should is translated into Russian "need, follows", with the verb can - "can":

One can be used in the possessive form and in this case is translated own, own, own, own:

In dictionaries, the pronoun one in the possessive form usually indicates that in a particular sentence, instead of one, you need to use the corresponding possessive pronoun:

A sentence with an indefinite subject one or they is translated into Russian as an impersonal or indefinitely personal sentence.

Often in indefinitely personal sentences, the pronoun they is used, especially in the combination they say, corresponding to the Russian "say":

The pronoun you is used less often:

If you need to select an addition his sister, i.e., to emphasize that it was his sister that I met, and not someone else, then his sister placed between it was And that (whom):

If you need to highlight the circumstance of place in the park i.e. emphasize that I met his sister in the park and not elsewhere, then in the park placed between it was And that:

When translating this turnover, they often use the words exactly, this.

With the help of the turnover It is ... that, you can also highlight the subordinate clause. In this case, when translating into Russian, the word is often used only:

I told him the news after he had returned from Moscow. It was after he had returned from Moscow that I told him the news.

The predicate is a member of the sentence, denoting what is being said about the subject. The predicate answers the questions: what does the subject do? what does the subject do? what is done to the subject? what is done with the subject? or what is it like? what is it? what is it? what is it? who is it? who is that?

The predicate is simple (the Simple Predicate) and compound (the Compound Predicate). The compound predicate, in turn, is of two types - compound nominal And compound verb:

SIMPLE PREDICTION

A simple predicate is expressed by a verb in a personal form in any tense, voice and mood:

COMPOSITE NOMINAL PREDICT

The compound nominal predicate is expressed by the linking verb to be in personal form, in combination with the nominal part. The nominal part of the compound predicate expresses the main meaning of the predicate, telling what the subject (subject) is, what it is, what it is, who it is.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE NOMINAL PART OF THE PREDICT
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	noun	I am a student They are workers.
	pronoun	It is she. That's her. This book is yours. This book is yours.
	Noun or pronoun with a preposition	The room is in disorder. The room is in disarray. She was in despair. She was desperate. Not is against it. He is against it.
	Adjective or participle	The morning was warm. The morning was warm. The glass is broken. The glass is broken.
	infinitive	Your duty is to help them immediately. Your duty is to help them immediately. My intention is to go to the Caucasus in June. I intend to go to the Caucasus in June.
	gerund	Her greatest pleasure was travelling. Traveling was her greatest pleasure.
N.B.	In Russian, the linking verb to be in the present tense is usually absent. In English, the presence of a linking verb is mandatory. Therefore, Russian sentences: He is a student. black pencil ny, etc. are translated into English using a linking verb: Not is a student. The pencil is black.

A combination of to be with an infinitive, which is a compound nominal predicate, should be distinguished from a compound verbal predicate that coincides with it in form, since the meaning of these combinations is different.

The verb to be in a compound nominal predicate is translated into Russian in words be to or consist in, and is often not translated in the present tense. The verb to be in a compound verbal predicate, expressing obligation, is translated into Russian through the words: should, should have.

In oral speech, after the verb to be, a pause is made in the nominal predicate; in the compound verbal predicate, there is no pause after to be:

In addition to the verb to be, verbs can serve as a linking verb to become, to grow, to get, to turn in the meaning of becoming, to seem to seem, to look to look, etc.: Did not become a doctor. He became a doctor. Not looks ill. He looks sick. They seemed tired. They seemed tired. It grew warmer. It got warmer (became warmer). Not getting old. He's getting old (getting old). She turned pale. She turned pale.

COMPOSITE VERB PREDICT

A compound verb predicate is a combination of a verb in the personal form with an infinitive or gerund. The infinitive or gerund expresses the main meaning of the predicate, indicating the action performed by the subject; the verb, in its personal form, plays the role of an auxiliary part.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING A COMPOSITE VERB PREDICT
№ p/p	WAY	EXAMPLE
	combination modal verbs (or their equivalents) with an infinitive	May return soon. He may be back soon. I have to go there. I must go there.
	combination with infinitive or gerund of many other verbs which alone do not make complete sense. Such verbs include to begin to begin, to continue to continue, to finish to finish, to like to love, to want to want, to intend to intend, to try to try, to avoid to avoid, to hope to hope, to promise to promise, etc.	She began to translate the article. She began to translate the article. Doesn't want to help me. He wants to help me. I have finished writing the exercise. I have finished writing the exercise. Not avoided sitting in the sun. He avoided sitting in the sun.
	combination adjective(with a preceding copula) with an infinitive, and sometimes with a gerund	I am glad to see you. I'm glad to see you . Is not ready to help her. He is ready to help her.
N.B.	In Russian, the compound verb predicate is also formed by combining the corresponding verbs and adjectives with the infinitive: He can do it. She started translating article. I'm glad to see you.

SECONDARY MEMBERS OF THE PROPOSITION AND THEIR EXPRESSION

An addition is a secondary member of a sentence that designates an object and answers questions that correspond in Russian to questions of oblique cases, both without a preposition and with a preposition: whom? whom? what? What? to whom? to whom? by whom? by whom? about what? about what? etc.

Complement is direct and indirect. Indirect addition can be unprepositional and prepositional:

DIRECT ADDITION (THE DIRECT OBJECT)

A direct object denotes a person or object to which the action expressed by the transitive verb, both in personal and in impersonal form, directly passes. It answers the question whom? whom? or what? What? and corresponds in Russian to an addition in the accusative case without a preposition. The direct object comes after the verb: I received a letter yesterday. I received a letter yesterday.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING DIRECT COMPLEMENT
№ p/p	WAY	EXAMPLE
	noun	I have bought a book. I bought a book.
	pronoun	I met him yesterday. I met him yesterday.
	numeral	How many books did you take the library? - I took three. How many books did you borrow from the library?- I took three.
	infinitive	Don't asked me to do it. He asked me to do it.
	gerund	I remember reading about it before. I remember reading about it before.

FREE INDIRECT ADDITION (THE INDIRECT OBJECT)

Some transitive verbs (to give to give, to send to send, to show to show, etc.) have, in addition to the direct object, a second non-prepositional object that answers the question to whom? to whom? and denoting the person to whom the action is addressed. Such an addition is called an unprepositional indirect addition and corresponds in Russian to an indirect addition in the dative case without a preposition. An unprepositional indirect object is expressed by a noun in the common case or by a pronoun in the objective case and stands between the verb and the direct object:

PREPOSITIONAL INDIRECT OBJECT (THE PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT)

The prepositional indirect object, that is, the object with a preposition, is used after many verbs and adjectives and answers various questions: about whom? about whom? about what? about what? with whom? with whom? for whom? for whom? etc.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING INDIRECT COMPLEMENT
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	Noun with a preposition	We spoke about our work. We talked about our work. Doesn't live with his parents. with your parents lyami
	pronoun with preposition	Not spoke to me yesterday. He spoke to me yesterday. I agree with you. I agree with you.
	Gerund with preposition	I am fond of reading. I enjoy reading. Not insists on doing it himself. He insists on doing it himself.
	Noun with a preposition after a direct object	I have received a letter from my sister. I received a letter from my sister. I spent a lot of money on books. I spent a lot of money on books.

FORMAL SUPPLEMENT IT

After a series of transitive verbs to find, to consider, to think, to deem, to feel etc., the pronoun it is often used, which is a formal object preceding the addition expressed by an infinitive turnover or a subordinate clause. The pronoun it in this case is not translated into Russian:

A definition is a secondary member of a sentence that denotes a sign of an object and answers the questions: what? what kind of? Which? whose? whose? which? which? Which? how much? how many? How many?

The definition usually refers to a noun, but less often - to a noun pronoun (one and derivatives from some, any, every, no).

WAYS OF EXPRESSING THE DEFINITION
№ p/p	METHOD OF EXPRESSION	EXAMPLE
	adjective	I received an important letter yesterday. I received an important letter yesterday. I am going to tell you something interesting. I'll tell you something interesting.
	Communion	Didn't buy some illustrated magazines. He bought several illustrated magazines. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. The rising sun was covered with clouds.
	Participle turnover	The student speaking to the teacher is my brother. student talkingwith the teacher, my brother. They sent us a list of goods sold at the auction. They sent us a list of items sold at the auction. cyone.
	numeral	Two thousand tons of sugar were loaded yesterday. Two thousand tons of sugar were loaded yesterday. The second lesson begins at 11 o' clock. The second lesson begins at 11.
	pronoun	Some magazines are lying on the table. There are several magazines on the table. This is my book. It is my book.
	Noun in common case	The town library is closed on Sundays. The city library is closed on Sundays. Poland and Germany have concluded a trade agreement. Poland and Germany signed a trade agreement.
	Noun in the possessive case	The teacher corrected the student's mistakes. The teacher corrected the student's mistakes. The expert's conclusion was enclosed in the letter. The expert opinion was attached to the letter.
	Noun with a preposition	The leg of the table is broken. The table leg is broken. I have lost the key to the en trance door. I lost my front door key.
	infinitive	Not had a great desire to travel. He had a great desire to travel.
	Gerund with preposition	They discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages. They discussed various methods of teaching foreign­ strange languages.

In English, as in Russian, there is a special kind of definition, which is expressed by a noun that gives the object being defined a different name. Such a definition is called an application. The application can be distributed, have explanatory words with you:

The definition does not have a permanent place in the sentence. It can define any member of a sentence expressed by a noun:

A circumstance is a secondary member of a sentence, which denotes how or under what circumstances (i.e. where, when, why, why, etc.) an action is performed. Circumstances usually refer to the verb in both personal and impersonal forms.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES
№ p/p	MEANING	EXAMPLE
	Time	She will come soon. She will come soon. We reached the town the next morning. We reached the city the next morning.
	Place	I found him in the garden. I found it in the garden. We could see the river from the top of the hill. We saw the river from the top of the hill.
	Modus operandi	Not spoke slowly. He spoke slowly. Not copied the letter with great care. He rewrote the letter with great care.
	Cause	I came back because of the rain. I returned from the rain. The steamer could not leave the port owing to a severe storm . The steamer could not leave the port because of a strong storm.
	Target	The steamer called at Odessa to take on a fresh supply of coal. The steamer entered Odessa to take a fresh supply of coal. I have come to discuss the matter. I have come to discuss this matter.
	Degree Circumstances, expressing degree, can also apply to adjectives and adverbs	I quite agree with her. I quite agree with her. Has not changed much. He has changed a lot. This machine is very heavy. This car is very heavy. I know him rather well. I know him quite well.
	Related circumstances	Not sat at the table reading but newspaper. He was sitting at the table reading a newspaper.

WAYS OF EXPRESSING A CIRCUMSTANCE
№ p/p	WAY	EXAMPLE
	adverb	The meeting was held yesterday. The meeting took place yesterday. Not quickly opened the door and ran out of the room. He quickly opened the door and ran out of the room.
	Noun with a preposition	Not spent his vacation in the south . He spent his holidays in the south. Was not in New York during the war in Afghanistan. During the war in Afghanistan, he was in New York.
	Communion (corresponding to the Russian participle)	Didn't stand on the deck counting the boxes. He stood on deck, counting boxes. While reading the book I came across a number of interesting expressions. While reading this book, I came across a number of interesting expressions.
	infinitive	I called on him to discuss this matter. I went to him to discuss this matter. Is not clever enough to understand it. He is smart enough to understand this.
	Gerund with preposition	Not locked the door before leaving the office. He locked the door before leaving the office. On arriving at the station he went to the information bureau. Arriving at the station, he went to the information desk.

Circumstances usually come after additions. If there are two or more circumstances, they are placed in the following order:

Circumstance of course of action	Circumstance of place	circumstance of time
I met him by chance	at the theater	a few days ago.
I met him accidentally	in the theatre	some days ago .

COMPLEX SENTENCE MEMBERS

The members of a sentence can be indivisible combinations of a noun or pronoun with non-personal forms of the verb - infinitive, participle or gerund. Such members of the sentence are called complex.

No. p / p	OFFER MEMBER	EXAMPLE
	DIFFICULT SUBJECT (THE COMPLEX SUBJECT)	The steamer is expected to arrive tomorrow. The ship is expected to arrive tomorrow. It is difficult for him to do it today. It's hard for him to do it today.
	COMPLEX NAME PART OF THE PREDICIAL (THE COMPLEX PREDICATIVE)	The only way out of the difficulty is for you to go there. The only way out of the difficulty- you must go there immediately. The inconvenience was my not knowing the language. The inconvenience was that I did not know the language.
	COMPLEX DIRECT COMPLEMENT (THE COMPLEX DIRECT OBJECT)	I saw her crossing the street. I saw her crossing the street. Do you mind my opening the window? Do you mind if I open the window?
	DIFFICULT PROPOSITIONAL ADDITION (THE COMPLEX PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT)	I count upon him to help me. I'm counting on him to help me. I was surprised at my brother's coming so early. I was surprised that my brother came so early.
	DIFFICULT DEFINITION (THE COMPLEX ATTRIBUTE)	The first thing for me to do is to find out the date of the arrival of the steamer. The first thing I must do is find out the date of the steamer's arrival.
	DIFFICULT CIRCUMSTANCE (THE COMPLEX ADVERBIAL MODIFIER)	The water was too cold for the children to bathe. The water was too cold for the children to swim. My brother having taken the key , I could not enter the house. Since my brother took the key, I could not enter the house.

A compound sentence consists of equal simple sentences that do not depend on each other. Simple sentences that are part of a compound sentence are combined coordinating conjunctions: and and, but , but , or or etc. They are usually separated by a comma.

Two or more simple sentences, as in Russian, can be combined into a compound sentence without conjunctions. In this case, between simple sentences, you can meaningfully insert the union and and, but. A semicolon is placed between the sentences that make up the non-union compound sentence:

COMPLEX SENTENCE (THE COMPLEX SENTENCE)

A complex sentence consists of unequal sentences, one sentence is dependent on the other. A clause that explains another clause is called the Subordinate Clause. A clause that is explained by a subordinate clause is called the Principal Clause. Sentences that are part of a complex sentence are connected by unions or allied words:

Subordinate clauses, in fact, answer the same questions as the members of a simple sentence, and are, as it were, its expanded members. That is why there are as many types of subordinate clauses as there are clauses.

TYPES OF RELATED SENTENCES
TYPE adnexal	UNIONS AND ALLIANCE WORDS INTRODUCING SUDDENDENT SENTENCES	EXAMPLE
Subject	that, if, whether, who, what what, which	That he understands his mistake is clear. It is clear that he understands his mistake.
Predicate (performs the function of the nominal part of the compound predicate)	that, if, whether, who, what what, which	The question is whether he knows about this meeting. The question is whether he knows about this meeting.
Additional	that, if, whether, who who, what what, which , when, where , how	We know where she lives. We know where she lives.
N.B.	If the verb is followed by a noun without a preposition (or a personal pronoun in the nominative case) followed by a personal verb, that noun is the subject of an additional subordinate clause that is attached to the main clause without a conjunction: He said they had returned. He said (that) they had returned.
definitive	who, whose which, that which, where Where, why Why	People who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not hear or speak communicate with each other using their fingers.
N.B.	If a sentence uses a personal verb after two adjacent nouns with articles or possessive pronouns (or a noun and a pronoun), the second noun (or pronoun) is usually the subject of a attributive clause that is attached to the main clause without a conjunction: The students studied the machines they had to use on the farm. The students studied the machines they were to use on the collective farm. Therefore, at the junction of two nouns or a noun and a pronoun, the allied word can be omitted: Give me the book you are speaking about. Give me the book you are talking about.
Circumstances time	when When, after after, before before, before, till until, whilewhile	When babies laugh, we know that they are happy. When children laugh, we know they are happy.
Circumstances places	where Where, wherever wherever, wherever	Wherever you go you must remember about it. Wherever you go, you must remember this.
Circumstances causes	because because, as,sincebecause	He cannot go to the cinema because he is busy. He cannot go to the cinema because he is busy.
Circumstances of the course of action	as How, that What, as if, as thoughtas if	She speaks so loudly that everybody can hear her. She speaks so loudly that everyone can hear her.
Circumstances goals	that to, so that,in order that to, in order to, lest not to	She must speak louder so that everybody can hear her well. She should speak louder so that everyone can hear her well.
Circumstances conditions	if If, provided that, on condition that provided that, unless if not	If he is free today, he must be at the conference. If he's free today, he should be at the conference.