Problems of prevention of emotional stress in modern society. Stress and modern man. Let's turn to statistics

Introduction………………………………………………………………….……3

1. General concepts of stress………………………………………………………..4

1.1 The concept of stress…………………………………………………………...4

1.2. Causes and consequences of stress……………………………….………..8

1.3. Methods of dealing with stress……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...15

References…………………………………………………………..17

Introduction

The word "stress" has acquired a pronounced negative meaning in everyday life. Stress is not only natural, but also an absolutely normal reaction of the human body and psyche to difficult circumstances, therefore, its complete absence is like death.

These circumstances force management to deeply analyze the causes of stress among employees and develop measures to reduce its impact.

Therefore, the relevance of my course work called "Stress Management" is determined by the fact that it summarizes the results of a study on stress.

The subject of the course work is the concept of stress.

The object is the process of responding to adverse external conditions, which unfolds over time in three stages.

The purpose of the course work is to find out the meaning of stress in modern society, its impact on a person in various areas of life.

Objectives of the course work:

1. Describe the main terms associated with the concept of "Stress".

2. Analyze the causes and consequences of stress in workers.

3. Develop measures to regulate the level of stress.

4. Learn methods of dealing with stress.

5. Analyze the problem of stress and ways to solve this problem using the example of a specific educational institution.

1. GENERAL CONCEPTS OF STRESS

1.1 The concept of stress

Stress (from the English “stress” - tension) is a non-specific (general) reaction of the body to a very strong influence, whether physical or psychological, as well as the corresponding state of the nervous system of the body (or the body as a whole). The nervous and immune systems are especially affected by stress. In a stressed state, people are more likely to become victims of infection, since the production of immune cells drops markedly during a period of physical or mental stress.

Among the most important concepts that entered science and everyday vocabulary in the 20th century, such as nuclear energy, the genome, the computer and the Internet, the word “stress” can also be attributed. The discovery of this phenomenon is associated with the name of the outstanding Canadian researcher Hans Selye.

While still a medical student, G. Selye drew attention to the fact that the symptoms of many diseases fall into two parts, as it were, specific, characteristic of a given disease, and nonspecific, the same for various diseases. So, in almost all diseases, a temperature appears, there is a loss of appetite, weakness.

Later, having engaged in scientific research in the field of physiology, G. Selye began to study the most general physiological reactions, which are a generalized reaction of the body to a strong external influence. He found that in response to it, the body mobilizes its forces, if necessary, includes reserves, trying to adapt to the action of adverse factors and resist them. G. Selye called this adaptive reaction of the body to external influences the general adaptation syndrome, or stress. The adaptation syndrome was named because, according to the scientist, it led to the stimulation of the body's capabilities for protection in order to deal with adverse effects, stressors. The indication that this reaction is a syndrome emphasizes that it affects different organs or even the organism as a whole, manifesting itself in a complex reaction.

The process of responding to adverse external conditions unfolds over time.

Three stages of stress have been identified:

Anxiety, during which, in response to the action of an unfavorable factor, the body is mobilized;

Resistance, when due to the mobilization of the body's capabilities, adaptation to a stressor occurs.

Exhaustion - the stage that occurs if the stressor is strong and lasts a long time, when the body's forces are depleted and the level of resistance falls below the usual level.

Each stage is characterized by corresponding changes in neuroendocrine functioning. In medicine, physiology, psychology, positive (Eustress) and negative (Distress) forms of stress are distinguished. Possible neuropsychic, thermal or cold, light, anthropogenic and other stresses, as well as other forms.

Eustress. The concept has two meanings - "stress caused by positive emotions" and "mild stress that mobilizes the body."

Distress. A negative type of stress that the human body is unable to cope with. It destroys a person's moral health and can even lead to severe mental illness.

Symptoms of Distress:

1. Headache;

2. Loss of strength; reluctance to do anything.

3. Loss of faith in the improvement of the situation in the future;

4. Excited state, desire to take risks;

5. Absent-mindedness, memory impairment;

6. Unwillingness to think over and analyze the situation that led to the stressful state;

7. Changeable mood; fatigue, lethargy.

What can be a source of stress:

1. Psychological trauma or crisis situation (loss of loved ones, parting with a loved one)

2. Minor daily troubles;

3. Conflicts or communication with unpleasant people;

4. Obstacles that prevent you from achieving your goals;

5. Feeling of constant pressure;

6. Unfulfilled dreams or too high demands on yourself;

8. Monotonous work;

9. Constant accusation, reproach to yourself that you have not achieved something or missed something;

10. Blaming yourself for everything bad that happened, even if it happened through no fault of yours;

12. Financial difficulties;

13. Strong positive emotions;

14. Quarrels with people and especially with relatives (observation of quarrels in the family can also lead to stress.);

Risk group:

1. Women, as they are more emotional than men;

2. The elderly and children;

3. People with low self-esteem;

4. Extroverts;

5. Neurotics;

6. People who abuse alcohol;

7. People with a genetic predisposition to stress.

The results of studies on stress conducted in the United States show that the annual costs associated with its consequences - absenteeism (unreasonable absence from work), reduced productivity, increased costs of health insurance, amount to a huge amount - about 300 billion dollars. Moreover, they are constantly growing.

This and many other examples show that stress can not only be dangerous for each individual, but also have a devastating effect on the effectiveness of the organization. Therefore, the study of stress and its causes, as well as its consequences, is an important problem of organizational behavior.

The word "stress" has acquired a pronounced negative meaning in everyday life. However, G. Selye repeatedly emphasized that stress is not only a natural, but also an absolutely normal reaction of the human body and psyche to difficult circumstances, therefore, its complete absence is like death. The negative consequences are not the stress itself, but the reactions associated with it. Therefore, when organizing work to reduce the influence of factors that can cause stress, it should be taken into account that not only high, but also too low stress levels lead to a decrease in productivity.

These circumstances force management to deeply analyze the causes of stress among employees and develop measures to regulate its level.

1.2 Causes and effects of stress

Most people daily face the influence of a large number of various adverse factors, the so-called stressors. If you're late for work, lost money, or got a low grade on an exam, it will all have a greater or lesser impact on you. Such events undermine the strength of a person and make him more vulnerable.

Factors and conditions that can cause stress have been repeatedly studied. The occurrence of stress can be associated with working conditions (air temperature, noise, vibration, smells, etc.), as well as psychological factors, personal experiences (ambiguity of goals, lack of prospects, uncertainty about the future). Important stress factors can be poor interpersonal relationships with colleagues - sharp and frequent conflicts, lack of group cohesion, a feeling of isolation, an outcast, lack of support from group members, especially in difficult and problematic situations.

With all the variety of factors that can cause stress, it should be remembered that they do not act on their own, but depend on how a person relates to the circumstances in which he finds himself, that is, the presence of factors that cause stress does not mean that it is necessarily will arise.

Many studies have shown that often small, insignificant events cause more stress than major incidents. This is explained by the fact that a person prepares for major events in one way or another, therefore he endures them more easily, while small, everyday irritating factors deplete him and make him vulnerable.

The work of a manager is associated with the action of numerous stressors on him. Psychological studies have revealed that a leadership position causes a particular neuro-emotional stress in a person. So, in the experiments of A. A. Gerasimovich, the subjects solved a joint problem. One of them was appointed "chief". When performing a task consisting of a series of sequential tasks, it was found that the followers relaxed in the pauses between tasks, and the leader only after the end of all the work, when the final result of the joint activity was announced.

It should be taken into account that stress factors are not limited only to events occurring at work or in a person’s private life, but are also determined by the general situation in the country, region, city and therefore are not directly under our control. Undoubtedly, in recent years, the citizens of Russia have experienced a significant stress-change in the usual guidelines, principles of public life. For many people, changes in lifestyle, work, place of residence did not go unnoticed - the increase in morbidity and mortality from diseases caused by neuro-psychic overstrain is proof of this.

The foregoing indicates that the analysis of the causes that can cause stress among employees of a particular organization is the most important task of management.

The consequences of stress can manifest themselves at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. A high level of stress is the cause of exacerbation of many cardiovascular, peptic ulcer, neuropsychiatric diseases.

Numerous studies on stress have shown that it affects all body systems, including the immune system. For example, it was found that during the session, students experience a significant decrease in the activity of the “killer” cells responsible for fighting viruses. Unrest, active work, disruption of sleep and habitual rhythm lead to changes in the body, including a decrease in immunity. Characteristically, after the end of the session, the incidence among students rapidly increases.

A high level of stress is accompanied by mental stress, which at the stage of exhaustion is characterized by anxiety, irritability, and depression.

Experiencing stress negatively affects the work performed. Apathy, tardiness, absence from work without a good reason - these are the most common symptoms of stress. Alcoholism and drug addiction are also often an attempt to "get away" from problems.

With prolonged stress, changes occur not only in the well-being and performance of a person, but also in the nature of his social behavior, communication with other people.

A. Kitaev - Smyk singled out three types of disorganizing features of communication resulting from prolonged stress.

The first feature is that a person exhausted by stress easily develops dislike for any initiative and initiators. For example, if someone turns to him with a question, he answers with hostility, irritation can instantly flare up in him, sometimes hidden behind clenched teeth, and anger often breaks through. For the slightest reason, and even without it, resentment lurks in the soul of a person subjected to stress. Everything around him seems unfair, neighbors and colleagues are perceived as unworthy people or fools, bosses as rogues or fools, he often considers orders to be incorrect.

The second feature is manifested in the fact that a person becomes unpleasant, the burden of responsibility for the task entrusted and for the people who trusted him is too heavy. He evades duties, shifts them to others, tries to prove his innocence to mistakes and disruptions in work.

The third feature is associated with a sense of alienation from other people, including family members and colleagues. Sometimes a person is in a state of stress for months and even years due to life's adversities. The painful thoughts that no one needs him and he does not need anyone are his constant companions. Such a reaction gives rise to isolation, obsession with one's problems and experiences.

1.3 Stress management techniques

It was said above that stress has not only a negative, but also a positive side. Moreover, it is obvious that it is impossible to completely rid a person of it. Therefore, when developing and implementing measures to combat stress, the manager should focus on those aspects of the stressful conditions of workers that directly and directly have a negative impact on production behavior and the effectiveness of their work. The fight against excessive stress is, first of all, the identification and elimination of stressors - the factors that cause it. They can be identified at two main levels: at the individual level - the identification of factors that cause stress for a particular employee and require changes in the organization and working conditions; at the organization level - identification of factors that negatively affect a significant group of employees and require changes in the activities of the entire organization.

There are several methods of work aimed at reducing stress in the organization.

Firstly, these are measures related to changing working conditions and including the placement of workers, their training, planning and distribution of work. They should be carried out already at the selection stage, selecting people who meet the requirements of the work assignments, who are able to cope with the assigned work without internal stress.

Secondly, these are changes in the attitude of employees, their perception and assessment of certain processes and events. For example, employees may experience stress in connection with the ongoing reorganization, explaining the company's policy, involving a large number of employees in this process will help relieve tension and stress caused by it.

Thirdly, measures directly aimed at combating stress - physical culture breaks, providing, ensuring a good rest for employees, creating rooms for psychological unloading, and the like.

When developing methods of dealing with stress, one should take into account the individual psychological characteristics of people. Those measures that will positively affect some employees may be ineffective or even harmful for others. So, for example, often in manuals on organizational behavior and personnel management it is said that it is necessary to diversify and enrich the content of the work of employees. Many consider it a universal remedy for dealing with stress. However, such a recommendation should be used taking into account the individual characteristics of workers. So, for some, the optimal is the variety of work, and for others - constancy and familiar forms of work.

You should not spare the funds and efforts spent on the prevention of stress and the fight against its consequences, you can lose much more.

The very first step in any stress management program is acknowledging that it exists. Any problem solving program must be based on whether stress exists and what causes it. Consider examples of organizational programs:

1. For the effective achievement of results, the attitude of employees to their work is important. They must: clearly understand its meaning; know what the institution expects from them; be sure that they will be able to meet their expectations.

Stress occurs when workers do not know their work roles or are afraid that they will not be able to do their job. If the role is associated with excessive stress, then management can react to this in the following way: clarify the role of the person in the overall work; reduce the load; apply stress reduction techniques, if any (for example, arrange a meeting of the employee with those who cause problems to work out a solution).

2. Also important is the corporate culture of the school, which dictates the appropriate behavior and motivation of individuals, even in the presence of uncertainty and conflict. Culture is shaped and maintained by its employees. If they are prone to stress, hypersensitivity, depression and hostility, then this will be reflected in the culture. If there are shrewd leaders, they will try to create openness, training and consideration of the needs of workers.

3. Stress management programs can be implemented company-wide. Some programs have a specific orientation:

Alcohol and drug abuse;

Transfer to another place;

Career counseling, etc.

Others are more general:

Emotional Health Program;

Employee Assistance Center;

Health Assessment Program;

Special health services.

There are two types of stress management programs - clinical and organizational. The first is initiated by the firm and is aimed at solving individual problems: the second deals with divisions or groups of the workforce and is focused on the problems of the group or the entire organization.

4. Clinical programs. Such programs are based on the traditional medical approach to treatment. Program elements include:

Diagnosis. A person who is experiencing a problem seeks help. The company's medical staff strives to make a diagnosis.

Treatment. Counseling or strengthening therapy. If the company's staff is unable to help, then the employee is sent to specialists.

Screening. Periodic screening of employees in highly stressful jobs reveals early signs of a problem.

Prevention. Workers at significant risk are educated and convinced that something needs to be done to deal with stress.

Conclusion

So, in the first chapter, we found out what stress is, defined the basic concepts of stress. We learned that the discovery of this term is associated with the name of the Canadian researcher Hans Selye. He also revealed the concept of a general adaptation syndrome - an adaptive reaction of the body to external influences.

There are three stages of stress - anxiety, resistance, exhaustion. Each stage is characterized by corresponding changes in neuroendocrine functioning.

The examples considered in the first chapter show that stress can not only be dangerous for each individual person, but also have a devastating effect on the effectiveness of the organization. Therefore, the study of stress and its causes, as well as its consequences, is an important problem of organizational behavior.

We also looked at the main causes and consequences of stress at school. We found out that with all the variety of factors that can cause stress, it should be remembered that they do not act on their own, but depend on how a person relates to the circumstances in which he finds himself, that is, the presence of factors that cause stress does not mean that it will definitely come up. The work of the personnel department inspector is associated with the action of numerous stressors on him. A leadership position causes a special neuro-emotional stress in a person.

As for the consequences of stress discussed in the first chapter, we can say that it affects all body systems, including the immune system. For example, it was found that during the session, students experience a significant decrease in the activity of the “killer” cells responsible for fighting viruses. Unrest, active work, disruption of sleep and habitual rhythm lead to changes in the body, including a decrease in immunity. Characteristically, after the end of the session, the incidence among students rapidly increases.

Three types of disorganizing features of communication were identified. As for the recommendations on this topic "Stress Management", the following points should be noted.

The very first step in any stress management program is acknowledging that it exists. Any problem solving program must be based on whether stress exists and what causes it.

Stress occurs when workers do not know their work roles or are afraid they will not be able to do their jobs.

Each of these methods aims to provide a greater fit between a particular role and the job or organizational environment. The same logic is used in work enrichment programs that involve refining and reorganizing work so that work becomes more meaningful, interesting, and contains the possibility of internal encouragement. Assigning tasks that include this capability provides a better match between the worker and the work they perform.

Also important is the corporate culture of the school, which dictates the appropriate behavior and motivation of individuals, even in the presence of uncertainty and conflict. The culture of the school is formed and maintained by its employees. If they are prone to stress, hypersensitivity, depression and hostility, then this will be reflected in the culture. If there are shrewd leaders, they will try to create openness, training and consideration of the needs of workers.

Stress management programs can be implemented at the school scale.

The general conclusion is that healthier workers are happier people who don't know what stress is. They come to work regularly, perform better, and stay with the company longer.

Bibliography:

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Newstrom D., Davis K. Organizational behavior. SPb., 2000.

It is impossible to hide from stress: it occurs even with a banal change in air temperature. It is important how our body copes and how stable it is.

A person throughout life cannot completely avoid stress.

Stress in the modern world has been modified: the need to escape from a predator has been replaced by the need for self-realization; the search for food has been replaced in modern times by a complex diet and exercise regimen; and the relationship has become something more than just an ordinary continuation of the species. Here you can add conflicts at work, in the family, difficulties in social adaptation, health problems, lack of money.

What is stress

This concept appeared in 1930 thanks to the Canadian physiologist Hans Selye. Despite a short period of time, the term is firmly entrenched in our vocabulary.

Stress is a state that occurs in response to environmental conditions and their changes; it is characterized not only mentally, but also physically. And contrary to popular belief, stress is not always a negative phenomenon, positive events load our psyche no less.

Types of stress

• spicy;
• chronic;
• informational;
• physical and mental.

Acute - an instant response to a problem in life: the loss of a loved one, a serious quarrel, illness, any unforeseen event that unbalances.

Chronic occurs with constant nervous tension or frequent shocks. It can lead to depression, diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular, digestive systems, and general exhaustion. Chronic stress is a response to the low ability of our body to adapt to modern realities.

Informational - a modern type of stress, relevant for the 21st century. There is too much data around, and our body simply does not have time to respond to all the incoming information. This can be seen especially among the inhabitants of the metropolis. The human brain is designed to respond to the outlines of objects in the wild, to analyze them, to perceive danger; in cities, the landscape is completely identical, which is why an information "vacuum" arises. Urban developers are now trying to remedy this problem by creating a variety of home designs, parks and green spaces.

Physical-Mental-Intense physical and mental stress has a great impact on our body and mind.

Depending on how stress affects a person, stress is divided into positive (eustress) and negative (distress).

Eustress activates the human body to fight and overcome obstacles, gives a feeling of victory when the trouble is left behind.

If the problem has remained in life for a long time, and given many environmental factors, this is possible, then eustress turns into distress. The body quickly consumes its resources, there is a feeling of constant depression, depression, aggression, irritability begin.

It is worth remembering that depression is a serious disease, and not just a "bad mood" and it should be treated by combining psychological and medical methods. Serious treatment may be required if depression has strong physiological effects on the body.

Depression is a serious disorder

Stress management

Stress in modern society is a dangerous phenomenon that can lead to diseases (depression, physical and mental disorders), but it is unrealistic to completely get rid of it, even if you change the usual accelerated rhythm of life to a slower one (move from the city to the countryside).

There are several ways that can reduce the effect of stress on the body:

• Sports loads. During exercise, endorphins and adrenaline are released, which have a positive effect on the body. In addition to a powerful dose of the “hormone of happiness”, a person also gets a beautiful figure and good health, which is wonderful in itself.
• Pets. In psychology, there is a method of "animal therapy", which is used for people with difficulties in social adaptation. The presence of a dog or cat prolongs the life of a person, as their owners lead a more active lifestyle. Pets help to relax after a busy day and find harmony.
• Meditation. In life, you need to have time not only to do everything at once, but also to relax, slow down and stop, watching the world around you. Yoga today is gaining relevance among people, because. This is a physical activity that produces the appropriate hormones that have a positive effect on the body.
• Travels. Nothing hits depression like a change of scenery, the need to adapt to new conditions, getting rid of routine, new experiences. It is not necessary to go on a trip around the world, it is enough to go to a neighboring city, to the sea in summer, to explore an unknown area of ​​your own city. There are many budget day trips. A pleasant new experience will temporarily switch attention, provide an opportunity to escape from a busy life.
• Medications. Stress can cause insomnia, heart disease, and digestive disorders. Many cope with the consequences by swallowing countless pills of sedatives and digestive aids. According to the doctor's prescription, you should take medicines that help restore the body: sedatives, antidepressants, vitamin complexes, such medicines help get rid of the source of the disease, restore the internal system, increase immunity and improve one's own adaptation.

Pets are great stress relievers.

The impact of stress on the body is inevitable, everyone is faced with it, regardless of the area of ​​​​residence, social status, gender, age. There is no single right solution that will get rid of all problems immediately.

You need to fight stress by increasing your own resilience, combining different methods, choosing the one that will have the most beneficial effect.

Russian State Social University

Chair….

ESSAY

On the topic: "Stress and modern man"

Teacher:

Moscow 2010

According to the doctor of medical sciences V.A. Bodrov, the most characteristic mental state that develops under the influence of extreme conditions of life is stress. Term "stress", according to the author, it combines a wide range of issues related to the origin, manifestations and consequences of extreme environmental influences, conflicts, etc.

Stress - it is the body's response to adaptation to crisis situations. This reaction is primarily reflected in the psychosomatics of a person. The stronger the stress, the more pronounced psychosomatics.

In the modern world, there is a wide variety of stresses that affect the psychological and physiological level of human life. Stress depends on objective and subjective factors.

Where does stress come from? So we are in a difficult situation. Our body mobilizes and puts all systems on alert. Such a situation arises, for example, when there is a real threat to life. But in our life there are enough situations that do not carry a deliberately bad outcome, but bring difficulties. And in such situations, our body is also mobilized. As soon as the brain perceives a signal of danger, the production of hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol begins. And our nervous system, without the consent of our consciousness, sends a call through our body to prepare for action in an emergency. And as a result, we feel tension. So, the following changes occur in our body: sweating increases, blood clotting and blood pressure increase, breathing quickens and the airways expand, the liver increases the release of sugar into the blood, vigilance increases, the mouth dries up, the heart beats faster, the sphincters of the bladder and rectum contract. intestines, blood rushes to the muscles, the muscles tense up.

Human life is a constant stress, and every day is a continuous struggle for survival. It has been so since time immemorial. Millennia have passed, but nothing has changed. The fruits of scientific and technological progress, which, it seemed, were supposed to make life easier for a person, became the cause of an unfavorable ecological situation, natural disasters, economic and military disasters.

People are forced to change their place of residence, abandoning their usual climatic conditions, well-established life, cutting off expensive family ties and friendships that have developed over many years. And the result, as a rule, is deplorable: constant physical and psycho-emotional overload.

Residents of megacities are most susceptible to such overvoltage. And indeed, working in such a mode, when there is absolutely no time to think over moves, wasting precious time in traffic jams, enjoying the delights of public transport, solving everyday household problems, people eventually lose their taste for life. Every morning, a person makes a desperate attempt to simply get through the next day. In an effort to live better, to solve material problems, he works to the limit of his abilities (overtime and on weekends), makes business trips (accompanied by a change in time zones), depriving himself of a good rest. At the same time, people who have already achieved a certain material well-being also experience stress. After all, they still continue to work hard, but in order to preserve and increase the results achieved.

Eventually, irritation and fatigue accumulate. A person takes out his bad mood on others, and, unfortunately, the closest and dearest people suffer the most. In such a situation, family conflicts are inevitable. There is a "vicious" circle, which is becoming more and more difficult to break every day. Life is like an obstacle course, and there is almost no room for warm human relationships filled with joy, kindness and love.

People start to get tired so much that they don’t even have the strength to take a walk with their children on a day off, go in for sports. Disharmony of family and sexual relations, disgusting environmental conditions, stress lead to disruption of the flexible, but extremely fragile balance of the nervous and immune systems, and against the background of their depletion, various diseases and pathological syndromes easily arise.

Doctors and scientists have found that stress is main factor most major diseases in the world today, including the four leading causes of death:

· MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

· CRAYFISH

· STROKE

· DIABETES

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, a heart attack has become a global problem. This problem is most noticeable in developed countries, the statistics of cardiovascular diseases is growing almost in direct proportion to the growth of the gross national product.

In perspective, it looks like this: half of every man and every third woman in Russia will suffer from heart disease, just as a third of the population will suffer from cancer.

Despite this, some people treat this topic as an abstraction, but there are those who really understand the importance and impact of this on our lives.

The fight against stress in the modern world is becoming one of the most important problems. If an animal consumes an increased level of hormones in the blood, “discharging” in a battle for prey or fleeing, then a person, due to his high organization, cannot afford to attack the boss with his fists. Hence the body's natural need to get rid of stress , relieve stress .

Many try to relieve tension and fatigue through smoking or alcohol, but from the very beginning, these attempts are doomed to failure. A sedentary lifestyle, an unhealthy diet depleted in vitamins, a bad habit of eating semi-finished products and fast foods, caused by lack of time, inevitably cause not only health problems, but also worsen the appearance. And this is another additional stress factor, especially for women.
So just relax . At first glance - what could be easier. But you are unlikely to be able to do this. To relax completely means to disconnect from the outside world (remove the usual sound of a TV or CD player), get away from your thoughts, and just be alone with the closest person - with yourself.

But, surprisingly - for many this rather simple experiment will end in a complete fiasco - after a few minutes the mind is taken for the usual mental chewing gum and begins to chew on the events of the past day (that which is no longer there) or make plans for tomorrow (that which is not there yet). What's next? Most likely, it will become boring, and the hand will habitually reach for the evening newspaper or the television remote control, and in the next second the person will be anywhere, but not "here and now." The eternal flight from oneself will continue. But where?

Depression is not a harmless weakness and a sign of laziness, but a serious illness that can overtake anyone. One in five on our planet suffers or has suffered at least one depressive episode in the past.

A healthy person cannot imagine the suffering of people suffering from depression. President Abraham Lincoln wrote about this: “I am the meanest man alive today. If my feelings were evenly distributed throughout the human race, there would not be a single smile on earth. Whether I'll ever feel better, I don't know."

Hopelessness, a sense of impasse, and pessimism emanate from these words, all of which are characteristic companions of depression. Any of us had to be upset, to become discouraged, but there is a considerable difference between these feelings and the picture of clinical depression. A person experiencing depression loses the ability to social and professional behavior. The thought haunts that all the successes were accidental, and all that failed was due to mediocrity. Memory, as if on purpose, throws up more and more memories of all sorts of failures, a person falls into a vicious circle, the way out of which he sees only in suicide.

The term "depression" is often used not only in medical literature, but also in everyday speech. Indeed, these concepts are so diverse; that allow you to describe the feeling of internal discomfort. In some cases, depression takes the form of melancholia - a severe mental disorder that leads to complete disability as often as a stroke, in others, a short-term deterioration in mood may be the result of losing your favorite football team. Describing their condition, patients may complain of a feeling of anxiety (or restlessness, nervousness) and at the same time a depressed mood (or a feeling of melancholy and sadness). It is not easy to understand these conflicting complaints without knowing the circumstances of the patient's life, his social status, personality traits, family and personal analysis. In addition, depression and anxiety are difficult to separate.

In addition, it must be remembered that the symptoms of neurotic disorders (depression, anxiety are typical non-psychotic diseases) change over time. Thus, the symptoms of depression observed in a patient last year may be replaced by classic signs of an anxiety disorder this year, and after another 2 years by symptoms of a panic disorder. Not surprisingly, expressions such as "depressed personality" or "permanently anxious person" are often found in the literature, apparently, some people are more prone to depression or anxiety disorders than others. It is believed that there is a family predisposition even to mild forms of neurosis.

Practitioners cannot and do not want to spend time formulating diagnoses, and if a patient complains of depressed mood or increased anxiety, the first question that an experienced clinician will ask him is: how does depression or anxiety affect your life?

Depression is a mental disorder that has a significant impact on social adaptation and quality of life and is characterized by a pathologically low mood with a pessimistic assessment of oneself and one's position in the surrounding reality, inhibition of intellectual and motor activity, decreased urges and somatovegetative disorders.

Depression is so common in the modern world that some call it a disease of the 21st century, others call it a “mental cold.” This disease has gone beyond the boundaries of psychiatry, doctors of all specialties meet with it.

Depression is traditionally considered one of the most common forms of mental illness. Modern epidemiological studies confirm this idea. It has been established that the frequency of depression in the population is steadily increasing. At any given moment, 110 million people on our planet suffer from depression.

By 2020, depression will be the second most disabling physical illness. In the coming millennia, this problem is put forward in the category of paramount importance. Depression affects millions of people around the world. The prevalence of this disease in the developed countries of Europe and in the USA was 5-10%.

Depression is now one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and the fourth of the nine leading causes of the global burden of disease (this indicator sums up the years deducted from a healthy life due to disability or premature death).

Although the “depressive illness” is not a pathology incompatible with life, and its course is more often relapsing in nature, i.e. there are “bright” intervals with the possibility of practical recovery, indicators of disability, mortality from this disease and a negative impact on the quality of life is not inferior to the corresponding data on severe, progressive somatic diseases.

Of the 10-20 million suicide attempts made every year (1 million ends fatally), a significant proportion (up to 50%) falls on patients suffering from depression, in which suicide is the most tragic outcome.

Due to the urgency of the problem, the main task is to provide psychopharmacological treatment of mental disorders and, first of all, depression. Public education plays an important role.

In 5-10% of cases, depression develops in elderly and older people. However, even severe depression is the reason for seeking medical help no more than in 35-50% of cases. Only 40% of patients with depression seek medical help, and only half of them receive antidepressants. About 40% of all depressions proceed with erased manifestations, and 60-80% of patients are treated by general practitioners.

Spontaneously, depression will not go away on its own. If you have experienced symptoms of this disease in yourself or your loved ones, seek medical help. Don't wait for depression to become chronic. In its acute form, it responds much better to treatment.

The article was prepared by professor Nikiforov Igor Anatolyevich. Clinic at the Department of Narcology and Psychotherapy carries out depression treatment, helps get out of depression and completely deal with depression.

Stress is the state of an individual in extreme conditions at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels. Depending on the type of stressor and the nature of its influence, several types of stress are distinguished. One of the classifications distinguishes physiological and psychological stresses, the latter are divided into informational and emotional. Physiological stress occurs under the influence of physiological stressors, such as increased temperature. Information stress occurs in situations of information overload, when a person does not cope with the task, does not have time to make the right decisions at the required pace, with a high degree of responsibility for the consequences of the decisions made. It seems to me that this type of stress is especially relevant in the modern world, where most people strive to build a successful career and occupy responsible positions. Emotional stress manifests itself in situations of threat, danger, resentment, etc. At the same time, its various forms lead to changes in the course of mental processes, emotional shifts, transformation of the motivational structure of activity, and violations of motor and speech behavior. All of these types of stress can have both a positive mobilizing effect on the vital activity of the organism, and a negative one.

Today, the point of view is extremely widespread, according to which stress is a rare and striking phenomenon in the life of ordinary people. G. Selye's opinion on this matter is extremely different. He believes that a person, even in a state of complete relaxation, as it seems to him, is under stress. The circulatory, respiratory, nervous and digestive systems are constantly working. The complete absence of stress would mean death. However, the level of physiological stress is lowest during periods of rest and relaxation, although it is never absolute zero. Emotional arousal of any direction is accompanied by an increase in the degree of physiological stress.

Summing up the intermediate results, I would like to say that the features of stress are quite diverse: there are several types of stress, depending on the type of stressor and consequences. Stress also has three phases of its course. And, finally, stress is a fairly common phenomenon in the life of any person, regardless of the type of activity, social status and age. If a person can still somehow avoid psychological stress, then physiological stress is beyond his control.

Obviously, a person cannot completely protect and protect himself from stress, which is an integral companion of a person and all animals throughout their life. It is now quite common to believe that stress can and should be avoided.

The Importance of Stress in the Modern World

In the modern world, there is a fairly wide propaganda of the idea that stress causes an exclusively destructive effect on a person, contributing to the development of various mental disorders and general deterioration of the body. Perhaps, to some extent, this is indeed true, and I will not refute it. However, I am convinced that stress can also have a positive effect, and further I will try to prove my point.

First, I think it's stupid to attribute any polarity to anything. I don't think you can definitely call something good and something bad. It seems to me that everything is relative, even those things that at first glance seem to be exclusively negative and negative, can find some positive aspects in themselves. Let me explain with an example. Let's say a person is fired from a job. Of course, at first glance it seems that this is an extremely negative event in the life of anyone, because a person has lost a source of livelihood, as well as the ability to work and fulfill himself. However, this situation forces a person to mobilize all his strength and opportunities for entering another job, which, perhaps, is more promising and highly paid. If a person had not been fired, he, most likely, due to his habit of stability, would not have decided to change jobs. Although another outcome is possible. For example, a person could not find a job and fell into depression. Then, of course, the whole series of these events is negative. However, it is not in vain that they say: "He who seeks will always find." I think that a person's ability to find a new job in a given situation depends solely on his personal qualities and perseverance. Thus, I believe that what impact certain events have on us depends only on our perception and attitude towards them, as well as on our behavior in a given situation. The result of all the above can be my point of view, according to which any event or phenomenon, including stress, is of a dual nature. It is impossible to unequivocally call something good, and something bad.

Secondly, it seems to me that it is stupid in itself to give a negative meaning to a phenomenon that takes place in the life of any person and which is inevitable. After all, it would never occur to anyone to say that hair growth or breathing, for example, is bad. I think the same goes for stress. After all, stress, at least at the physiological level, accompanies a person throughout his life, like the growth of hair or nails.

Thirdly, even if stress is negative, its overall global impact on the body is, in my opinion, positive. After all, a person who has not known misfortune cannot be truly happy. Likewise with stress. Stress gives color to our lives. Illnesses are replaced by periods of health, tears are replaced by laughter, and hard daily work is replaced by rest. It is this contrast that gives us a real opportunity to feel the taste of life, because "everything is known in comparison." Stress gives a person the opportunity to enjoy moments of stability and harmony, to appreciate them, which is especially important, in my opinion, in the modern world, when life takes on a frantic pace, when people are often deprived of a free minute just to think about their life, when a person cares only its monetary stability.

Summing up, I would like to say that stress affects the human body at the physiological, psychological and behavioral levels, which, it seems to me, can affect a person's life in two ways, both positively and negatively. Of course, each person is individual, each perceives this or that event in a special, subjective way. However, stress gives any of us the opportunity to taste life through comparison and acceptance of all the unexpected twists of fate. But to take this opportunity or complain about life, it's up to us to decide. I hope I have been able to show that stress can have a significant positive and positive effect as well as a negative one.