India form of government. India. Geography, description and characteristics of the country Video: rich wedding in India

Deadline for submission of documents: 7 - 12 business days

Attention! The minimum time interval between trips to India on a tourist visa is 2 months.

Required documents for adult citizens of the Russian Federation:

1. Valid Passport(Passport must be valid for at least 6 months from the date of visa application).
2. Questionnaire ()
3. 2 color photographs (3.5 x 4.5 cm). All photos submitted for visa must be signed!
4. air ticket round trip and confirmation of hotel reservation or invitation.
5. A copy of all completed pages of the internal Russian passport and necessarily the pages where the stamps on the issuance of old RFPs.
6. Copy pages with a photo of a foreign passport.
7. Photocopy of the last page of the Russian passport(where are the stamps on the issuance of old RFPs)

Addition to the main package of documents for students:
- Sponsorship letter from one of the parents.
- Copy of sponsor's Russian passport(page with photo + registration).

Additionally, for minor citizens of the Russian Federation (children under 18 years old) the following is required:

1. a notarized copy of the child's birth certificate + translation of the sv-va into English strictly according to the model, without certification
1. If the child has a dash in the "Father" column, the original notarized statement from the mother is required that she is raising the child on her own + a full translation of the statement into English without certification.
   Sample application in section Visa to India - Sample Documents
2. If the father is recorded according to the mother's words, the following are required:
   - a notarized statement from the mother that she is raising the child on her own + translation of the statement into English in free form without certification. Sample in section Visa to India - Sample Documents
   - provide a copy of the certificate from the registry office in the form No 025 + translation into English. lang. In free form.
2. If the child is traveling with one of the parents, the original or a notarized copy of the consent to leave the child from the second parent + translation of the permission into English in free form and a copy of the first spread of the Russian passport with the registration of the second parent are required.
   Attention! If the consent is issued for a period of less than 3 months - When filling out the questionnaire, it is necessary to request the period of validity of the visa
   strictly for 1 month - (Period of Visa (month).
   Number of entries (No of Entries) - Single.
   In the event that a child and mother have different surnames, i.e. in the birth certificate she is Ivanova, and in the passport, passport of the Russian Federation she is Petrova, you must provide a notarized copy of the marriage certificate with a translation into English in free form (according to the sample on the site)
3. If the child is traveling with third parties, the original or a notarized copy of the consent to leave the child from both parents + translation into English is required. in free form and copies of the first spreads with registration of the passports of the Russian Federation of both parents.
   In the event that a child and mother have different surnames, i.e. in the birth certificate she is Ivanova, and in the passport, passport of the Russian Federation she is Petrova, you must provide a notarized copy of the marriage certificate with a translation into English in free form (according to the sample on the site)
4. If the location of the second parent is unknown, the original certificate from the police + translation of the certificate into English is provided. in free form without certification + a notarized statement from the mother that she is raising the child on her own + translation of the application into English in free form without certification.
   Translations in English of all documents must be printed on an A4 sheet! Translations written by hand are not accepted!

ATTENTION! The site contains a standard package of documents. If necessary, the Indian Consulate may request any additional documents.

If the applicant is a media worker, an additional form must be completed and signed (check with the manager).

Citizens of other states must additionally provide the following documents:
- Copy of confirmation of registration / visa or work permit (if any) in the Russian Federation
- Additional form for foreigners ()

GENERAL INFORMATION ON LEAVING THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OUTSIDE THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION OF A MINOR CHILD:

From the age of 14, children must have their own passports.
If a child under 18 travels with one of the parents, the parent must have the child's birth certificate and internal Russian passports.
If a child under 18 travels with one of the parents and has a different surname, it is obligatory to have permission to leave from the second parent or a document confirming his absence, a birth certificate of the child and an internal Russian passport.
If a child under 18 years old travels alone, then they must have permission to leave from both parents.
Consent to the departure of children are issued in notaries at the place of residence. Please note that some consular services require original consents when issuing visas and they are not returned. In this case, it is better to immediately draw up two consent forms for the departure of the child

e-visa

A scanned passport page with personal data in .PDF format and a digital photo in .JPEG format must be attached to the completed application form. and a questionnaire (take a questionnaire)
!!! Online visa processing is possible no later than 4 days before the date of arrival in India and no earlier than 30 days.
We strongly recommend that you keep a hard copy of your validated visa (ETA) until the end of your trip.

Visa fees and application deadlines

Documents for issuing a tourist visa are accepted only in complete set, in the presence of full payment for the tour.

TOURIST VISATION IS CARRIED OUT AT THE CONSULATE OF INDIA

Moscow
for citizens of the Russian Federation registered throughout Russia, except for the North-Western District

St. Petersburg:
for citizens of the Russian Federation registered in the North-Western District, including regions:

1. St. Petersburg and Leningrad region
2. Pskov and Pskov region
3. Vologda and Vologda region
4. Murmansk and Murmansk region
5. Arkhangelsk and Arkhangelsk region
6. Republic of Karelia
7. Komi Republic
8. Veliky Novgorod and Novgorod region

Minsk (Republic of Belarus):
for citizens of the Republic of Belarus; for citizens of the Russian Federation registered on the territory of Belarus
COST OF VISA

SINGLE ENTRY VISA for stay up to 90 days

1. For citizens of the Russian Federation of any age who have their own foreign passport - 80 y.e.
2. For citizens of the Russian Federation, entered in the passport to parents -80 y.e.
3. For foreign citizens of any age who have their own foreign passport - 135 y.e.

DOUBLE-ENTRY VISA for stay up to 180 days

1. For citizens of the Russian Federation of any age who have their own foreign passport - 130 y.e.
2. For citizens of the Russian Federation inscribed in the passport to their parents - 130 y.e.

ELECTRONIC VISA for stay up to 60 days

1. For citizens of the Russian Federation of any age who have their own foreign passport - 120 y.e.
2. For foreign citizens of any age* who have their own foreign passport - 120 y.e.

The visa fee is non-refundable in the following cases:

1. in case of refusal of the tourist from the tour. If at the time of cancellation of the tour the documents are submitted to the consulate for a visa.
2. in case of changing the names of tourists. If at the time of changing the surnames the documents have been submitted to the consulate for a visa.

Deadline for submission of documents for visa departure from Moscow - 7 working days before the date of departure.
The term for consideration of a visa application of a foreign citizen is from 3 weeks.

The history of the state and law of Ancient India in legal science is considered in several periods:

1) Ancient period

(IV - first half of II millennium BC)

2) Vedic period

(second half of the 2nd century BC - the middle of the 1st century BC)

3) Mauryan Period

(second half of the 1st century BC - 1st century AD)

Socio-political system. The reasons for the emergence and development of the state and law of Ancient India have characteristic features, as in all states of the Ancient East:

● irrigation production

● farming

● economic needs of society

The structure of the ancient Indian society consisted of 4 varnas and was built according to the hierarchy:

1) Brahmins (God-born sons)

2) kshatriyas (warriors)

3) vaishyas (merchants, artisans, farmers)

4) Shudras (laborers)

Brahmins had superiority over all lower varnas and were recognized as messengers of God, taught religion and sciences.

Kshatriyas were obliged to carry out protection in the state.

Vaishyas, as well as the two higher varnas, belonged to the privileged class of ancient Indian society. Their duties included usury, trade, agriculture, the study of rituals and rituals, and the distribution of alms.

Shudras belonged to the lowest varna. The primary duty of a sudra was to serve the three varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas).

Based on the religious ideas of ancient Indian society, varnas originated from the body of the cosmic Giant Purusha:

→ Head - Brahmins

→ Hands - Kshatriyas

→ Thighs - Vaishya

→ Feet - Sudras

Slaves in Ancient India, as in all states of the Ancient East, were not recognized as a subject of law. Prisoners of war, debtors and children born from a slave fell into slavery.

Political system. According to the form of government, Ancient India was a unitary state, according to the form of government - a monarchy. The hierarchy of power was as follows:

1) Tsar (power is unlimited, but subject to liability for improper performance of their duties)

2) central authorities

3) prince - the head of the province

4) rajuk - the head of the region

5) mukhya - the head of the city

6) headman - the head of the village

The legal status of the monarch in Ancient India differed sharply from the status of the ruler of Ancient Egypt and Ancient Babylon. The tsar was not deified, he bore civil and criminal liability to the people and the state, and did not have the right to impose punishments on privileged social groups.

Right. The main sources of law in ancient India are the Laws of Manu, compiled by the Brahmins in the 2nd century BC. BC. - II century. AD

The laws of Manu were of a pronounced ideological nature and established unequal positions for various strata of society.

The legal monument consisted of 12 chapters and 2685 articles, regulated religious, moral and legal relations.

An extensive list of items and types of property in the collection of rules of conduct indicates the development of civil law relations, as well as clearly defined methods of acquiring property:

→ inheritance

→ conquest

→ purchase

→ receiving as a gift

→ usury

→ for the performance of a certain amount of work

→ charity

The Laws of Manu spelled out the rules on the need for compensation for damage in case of damage to someone else's property.

Despite the fact that the source of law did not regulate the age of onset of legal capacity, transactions concluded by slaves, children, the elderly or mentally ill people were recognized as invalid.

Marriage and family relations were based on the principles of patriarchy and the unequal status of family members (gender, age and origin).

Marriage between a higher and lower varna was forbidden.

When considering criminal cases, the tsar was instructed to take into account the objective and subjective aspects of the offense when choosing a measure of punishment.

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2. The political structure of ancient India

It is characterized by a caste structure of society, which is largely preserved in our time. Since the basis of the world is Brahman, and the world is a universal person - Purusha, it turns out that the actual creator of the world is a wise person. The creation of the world is identical to the process of asking questions, the answers to which structure society. From the mouth of Purusha, a varna (social stratum, strata) of brahmins/sages is created; from the hands - varna of kshatriyas - warriors; from the thigh - vaishya - varna of farmers, artisans, merchants; from the feet - varna shudras - slaves. The latter cannot take part in solving the affairs of the country, the state, since they do not have their own thoughts - they are called upon to fulfill the decisions of other varnas.

The transition from one varna to another is possible, but for this a person must make significant efforts in acquiring the skills of cognitive thinking. That is, one must have a strong desire to know the truth, which is revealed by the efforts of thinking, designed according to the eightfold noble path of the Buddha, which opens the way to the happiness of nirvana as a state of non-existence of suffering. The path presupposes right understanding, right motivation, right speech, right behavior, right way of life, right aspiration, right thinking, right contemplation.

Since such a path is difficult, a caste society and a state that preserves it have become established. The prospects for equality are related to the extent to which a person is able to develop in himself the main qualities - thinking, faith, perseverance, action, happiness. This is very important for the modern student: “Be afraid of ignorance, but be even more afraid of false truths; don't trust your feelings. Because they will lead you into self-deception... A mind that errs is even worse for a person. than a malicious and hated enemy, an enemy.

2. Political doctrines of Antiquity

a) The doctrine of Plato (428-348 BC) about the state

He proceeded from the fact that man is a social "animal". Therefore, he is obliged to overcome the impulses of his biological nature. Without a policy - a community - a person feels his incompleteness. Hence the desire to create associations in which this incompleteness would not be felt. But objectively, in each policy, two opposite and hostile policies are created - one for the poor, the other for the rich. In each of them also there is a division for different properties.

The policies differ among themselves according to the forms of government. These are: a) timocracy or timarchy - the power of a small number of the best, strong in mind and reasonable will; b) oligarchy as the power of several former timocrats who got rich, but at the same time lost interest in a reasonable form of government policy; c) democracy - the power of the people as the power of the majority over the minority, the power of the poor over the rich; d) tyranny - the power of one over all, based on cruel coercion to a certain way of life.

These forms of government cyclically replace one another for the reason that gradually the rational-volitional action of timocracy is transformed into a wayward will, subordinated to the attractiveness of property and financial wealth, which outweighs the attractiveness of moral motives and the rule becomes oligarchic. Gradually, observing the behavior of the authorities, the people become the same. The more profit becomes the goal of existence in the eyes of the people, the faster the oligarchy turns into democracy. The main thing in democracy is not that the majority rules, but that immoral motives of behavior dominate: "impudence begins to be considered education, willfulness - freedom, licentiousness - pomp and luxury, shamelessness - courage." Therefore, logically, democracy gives rise to a tyrant and a tyrannical form of government, “after all, excessive freedom should naturally lead both the individual and the polis to nothing else but slavery.”

In contrast to this, Plato developed the concept of an ideal state, possible from the standpoint of a mind pure from willfulness and self-will. “The wise have a policy if it is good-natured and virtuous. But good-nature/piety/virtue, obviously, is some kind of knowledge, because after all, not by ignorance, but by knowledge, good advice is given. This determines the social structure of the ideal state, in which the leading role belongs to the sages as the bearers of the philosophical level of knowledge and the way of life corresponding to them, and not to psychophysiological emotions and instincts. "The union of reason and correct (objective) teaching can be found among the few, the best for nature and the best for education." Correct thoughts, but received without appropriate upbringing and education - "thoughts are bestial and slavish."

The best way of social structuring of the policy is the one in which the position of a person in it is determined by the sages in accordance with the talent inherent in each person. “Doing your own thing and not clinging to much else is exactly what justice is.” That is, the structure of the ideal state is as follows: wise men, warriors, artisans. If a person independently follows the path of self-knowledge, then he will choose the place that corresponds to his abilities and which the sages would also determine. This means that a person himself is able to form a correct idea of ​​himself on the path of self-knowledge and become a conscious political being. If he does not follow this path, the sages indicate it to him.

b) The doctrine of politics by Aristotle (384-322 BC)

For the first time, he clearly defined a person as a political being, capable, through speech, to come to an understanding of the differences between good and evil, justice and injustice, and on this basis to create a state as an institution for coordinating and managing all the diversity of needs and interests that govern the life of people. The basis is the assertion of law as a measure of justice. Therefore, he believed that the state as a whole is a necessary primary socio-political entity, ahead of the individual and the family. The state is formed as a union of several, but not infinitely large, settlements, otherwise it will be difficult to manage it. He who invented the institution of the state has rendered mankind the greatest service.

The state really exists as long as its political structure remains identical to its essence, with which citizens identify their individual consciousness and their own way of life. “Three qualities must be possessed by those who intend to embrace the highest positions: first, to sympathize with the existing state system; then, have the proper ability to perform the duties associated with the position; thirdly, to be distinguished by piety and justice, corresponding to each type of state system. People should be similar to each other for understanding the essence of the state, otherwise it will not be strong, strong, will not create for them the standard of living that they would perceive as the highest good. After all, it is created for this.

The state is people who inhabit a certain territory and are political, not biological beings. That is, they are citizens. They are those "who take part in court and public meetings," that is, in management, with the aim of general public benefit, which comes not from the position, but from the ability to manage. Only those who are inclined and capable of a philosophical level of thinking, and not any artisan or anyone else, have the right to manage, since the essential dimension of objective reason is inherent in it, identical to the political consciousness of a person in the status of a citizen.

Forms of government divided into right and wrong. He attributed the monarchy to the first as royal power, the power of reason; aristocracy - the power of a few with the best mind and management abilities; polity - the power of the majority over the minority in the case when the majority has the concept of honor and courage, characteristic of soldiers as defenders of the state. Since the majority rarely possess such qualities, in the right forms of government, a virtuous minority governs. The second includes deviations from the correct forms: from the monarchy - tyranny, from the aristocracy - the oligarchy, from the polity - democracy. Tyranny pursues the interest of one ruler; oligarchy - the benefit of property citizens; democracy - the benefits of poor citizens. But none of them pursues the general public good.

If management is carried out in the interests of the common good of all people, then these are the correct forms. With the right forms, people are citizens, with the wrong forms, they are just a population. Types of government differ not in whether the majority or minority governs, but in the ratio of the poor and the rich. The first property is random, the second is the main one. Therefore, the state is created for the sake of general well-being, because only in this case can there be control in the form of a polity. If it is achieved, justice will be established in the country, since the vast majority will be equal both at the level of property well-being and at the level of law. In this case, the population will acquire the property of citizens.

To the greatest extent, democracy deviates from the correct forms of government, in which almost no one pursues the common good, because there are no political virtues. Therefore, such a government can and often does lead to the disappearance of the state altogether. Or it radically changes: the monarch again begins to rule as the bearer of the rational component of the soul, in which the virtue of prudence is born, which produces reasonable ideas, laws and embodies them in public life.

Aristotle understood the monarchy primarily as the power of the monopoly power of reason, and not the power of an individual. “It is desirable that the law rule, and not any of the citizens. Therefore, whoever demands that the law rule, obviously demands that only the deity and reason rule, and whoever demands that man rule, introduces the bestial / animal nature into this. Because passion is something animal and anger leads rulers astray, even if they are the best people; on the contrary, the law is the mind free from uncontrolled impulses.

That is why the more people make up the supreme power, the more likely it is to deviate from the monarchical principle of government presented by law, the more arbitrariness (“and lawlessness”) in the organization of the state system, especially in one political body of different types of states that constantly compete with each other, up to and including the "war of all against all".

It should be noted that the political doctrine of Aristotle is largely implemented in modern civilized democratic states, the backbone of which is civil society.

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INDIA, General information, State structure and form of government

Area - 3,166,414 km2. Population - 1095.3 million people. Capital -. New Delhi (301 thousand people)

General information

India is located in Southern part. Asia. Official name -. Republic. India, comes from the ancient Persian Hindu word, which in turn is derived from the historical name of the river. Ind. The ancient Greeks called Ali the Indo Indians (Indus people). Constitution. India also recognizes the second name -. Bharat, which comes from the Sanskrit name of the ancient Indian king, whose history was described in the Mahabharata. The third name is. Hindustan, used since the times. Empire. Great. Mughals, but has no official status.

India is the seventh largest country in the world and one of the largest states. Asia. Its territory is 3166414 km2. India occupies a peninsula. Hindustan, forming the central part. South. Asia. In the north. India borders on Bhutan. China and. Nepal, in the east - with. Bangladesh and. Myanmar (modern name. Burma), to the north in the west - with. Pakistan. Its territory stretches for 3200 km from the mountain range itself. Himalayas in the north to the cape. Komorin in the south, where the waters merge. Arabian Sea. Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean, from west to east - at 2740 km the highest point

Mountain. Nanga Parbat (8126 m). India is washed in the east. Bay of Bengal, in the south -. Polk Strait and Indian Ocean, west

Arabian Sea. Part. India are included. Andaman and. Nicobar Islands, as well as the islands. Lakshadweep. Amindivsky and. Minicoy in the southeastern part. Arabian Sea. The length of the coastline is 6083 km.

Part. India includes part of the territory. Jammu and. Kashmir, some sections of the border are disputed. China and. Pakistan. A significant obstacle to the development of cross-border tourism is the presence of a high mountain system. Himalayas, located on the border with. China. Nepal and. Bhutan. B. India's political tensions c. Pakistan. Off the coast. India is an island. Sri Lanka, which is divided with. Indian university. Polk Strait, the width of which is about 50 km.

General information

Remark 1

India is one of the oldest countries on our planet. It keeps many mysteries of our earthly civilization. India is the country of ancient farmers, scientists, the land of fairy tales and fabulous riches, the pearl of the former British colonial empire. India was a British colony for $200 years. It gained independence only in $1947$. Its official name is the Republic of India.

The life and work of many great people of the past are connected with India. Today India is a country of great contrasts in culture, population, economy. Let's consider the characteristics of the country in more detail.

Geographical position

India is located in South Asia, on the Hindustan Peninsula. It is washed by the waters of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, which belong to the Indian Ocean basin. The territory of India has a diamond shape, elongated from north to south. India is crossed by the southern tropic. In the north, the natural border of India is the Himalayan mountains.

Territory and borders

India occupies an area of ​​$3.3 million $km^2$. From the southwest and southeast, the territory faces the Indian Ocean. In the north - the Indo-Gangetic lowland passes into the Himalayan mountains. The Deccan Plateau is located in the center of the country.

Ready-made works on a similar topic

• Coursework 460 rubles.
• abstract India. Geographical position of India, territory, borders 220 rub.
• Test India. Geographical position of India, territory, borders 200 rub.

India's neighboring countries are:

• Pakistan,
• Afghanistan,
• China,
• Nepal,
• Butane,
• Myanmar,
• Bangladesh.

Remark 2

The border with Pakistan is one of the sources of international tension in this region. The question of the nationality of the states of Jammu and Kashmir, now occupied by Pakistan, remains unresolved.

The border with Afghanistan is also unfavorable (especially in the region of the state of Punjab), on whose territory the civil war continues. The borders with China and Nepal pass in the difficult conditions of the Himalayan mountains. Therefore, there are difficulties in joint economic activity. In addition, China often acts as an ally of Pakistan in conflicts.

The southern borders of the country (the coast), on the contrary, are very conducive to economic development. India is located in close proximity to the intersection of important trade routes between the countries of Europe, Africa and Southwest Asia on the one hand and the states of Southeast Asia and Australia on the other.

Form of government and state structure

The form of government of India is federal Republic. The head of state is the president. Administratively, the territorial division allocates $25$ for states and $7$ for union territories on the territory of the state. capital state is Delhi (New Delhi).

In terms of economic development, India belongs to the group of developing countries. But lately, the country's economy has made important progress in the development of the most modern industries.

Remark 3

Despite international agreements, India (like Pakistan) owns nuclear weapons.

From the history of the country's development

States on the territory of the Hindustan peninsula arose in ancient times. Thanks to the favorable climate and fertile soils, agriculture ensured the economic development of the ancient states. Alexander the Great failed in his attempt to conquer India. In the $XV$ century, Vasco da Gama announced the beginning of the European colonization of India with cannon volleys. Subsequently, the entire south of Asia was captured by Great Britain.

At the beginning of the $XX$ century, the national liberation movement intensified in India. India was granted independence in $1947. But at the same time, the former British colony was divided. Instead of one state, in addition to India, West and East Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan were also formed. The division was carried out on a national and religious basis and caused political clashes and inter-ethnic conflicts. The conflict with Pakistan has not yet been resolved.

Today India is the leader of the non-aligned movement. It is pursuing a peaceful policy aimed at reducing international tension.

Reading 7 min. Views 2.3k. Published on 23.11.2012

The state of India is located in South Asia. It borders with Burma and Bangladesh in the east, with China, Nepal, Bhutan and Afghanistan in the north, with Pakistan in the west. Today we will give a brief information, description and general information about this country.

From the south it is washed by the Strait of Polk and, from the east by the Bay of Bengal, and from the west by the Arabian Sea.

Today, India partially includes territories that are disputed by Pakistan. The area of ​​India is 3,165,596 square kilometers.

India can be conditionally divided into 4 regions: the northern river valleys, the Himalayas, the Western and Eastern Ghats, and the Deccan plateau.

The Himalayas are the highest mountain range in the world with a width of 160 to 320 kilometers., which stretches along the eastern and northern borders for 2400 km.

The highest mountain peaks, which are wholly or partially located in India:

• 8598 m - Kanchendzhanga;
• 8126 m - Nanga Parabat;
• 7817 m - Nanda Devi;
• 7788 m - Rakaposhi;
• 7756 m - Kamet.

Parallel to the Himalayas in the south is the region of the northern river valleys - this region is a flat strip reaching a width of 400 km. This region occupied a large part of the flat region, through which the Brahmaputra, the Ganges and the Indus flow. The western and central parts of India receive water from the Ganges and the Ganges valley (its tributaries).

The Brahmaputra flows into Bangladesh and originates in the northern Himalayas- it is from it that the Assam region receives water. The Indus flows into Pakistan, originating in Tibet.

The region of the northern river valleys is the most populated region of the country, and this is due to the fertile lands and the abundance of water. It was in this region that Indian civilization was born.

The Deccan Plateau, which has a triangular shape, is located to the south of this region and occupies almost the entire area of ​​the Indian Peninsula. The height of this plateau ranges from 300 m to 900 m, but sometimes you can find chains that have a height of up to 1200 m. The plateau is crossed by rivers in many places. From the west and east, the plateau is framed by the Western Ghats (rise to a height of up to 900 m) and the Eastern Ghats (rise to a height of up to 460 m).

According to a 1998 estimate, the population of India is more than 984 million people, respectively, the average population density per square kilometer is 311.

Ethnic groups:

If we talk about India as a whole, then more than 1600 languages ​​​​and dialects are used in this country.

Religion:

• 80% are Hindus;
• 14 percent are Muslims;
• 2.4 percent are people with a Christian faith;
• 2% are Sikhs;
• 0,7% – ;
• 0,5% .

1029991 thousand people

Location of India. India is a state in southern Asia, which stretches from the peaks of the Karakoram in the north to Cape Kumari in the south, from Rajasthan in the west to Bengal in the east. In the south, east and west, the country is washed by the Arabian, Laccadive and Bengal seas and the Bay of Bengal. India borders in the west and northwest with, in the north they separate the state from and, in the northeast - from and in the east - from.

Administrative divisions of India. Federal republic, which includes 25 states and 7 union territories of central subordination.

Form of Government of India. Republic with a federal state structure.

Head of State of India. President elected for a term of 5 years.

Supreme legislature of India. Bicameral Parliament, consisting of the House of the People with a term of office of 5 years and the Council of States, elected for 6 years.

Supreme executive body of India. Council of Ministers.

Currency of India. Indian rupee = 100 paisam.

Flora of India. There are 21,000 plant species in India. A quarter of the country's territory is occupied by forests. At the foot of the Himalayas there are swampy - terai, higher - monsoon forests (teak, sandalwood), mountain forests (Himalayan cedar, fir, pine, spruce), and even higher - and. In the foothills of the eastern Himalayas, in the delta of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra, on the slopes of the Western Ghats evergreen tropical forests grow, on the coastal lowlands - mangroves (sundry and palm dhani). Palm trees are common everywhere - coconut, date, toddy palm, as well as bamboo.

Fauna of India. The fauna of India is also quite diverse and is represented by 500 species of mammals, 350 species of reptiles, 3000 species of birds. But some of them have been preserved only in reserves (for example, the Asian lion, the Manipur broad-horned deer, the Kashmir deer, the Nilgir tur, the kulan, the rhinoceros). The number of wild buffalo and barasing deer has also decreased, snow leopard, clouded leopard, pygmy boar, and cheetah are rare. Many monkeys live on the territory of the state, mainly rhesus monkeys and langurs, as well as a huge number of palm squirrels and flying foxes. There are about 200 species of snakes and 52 of them are poisonous. Here you can see the rarest animal in the world - the Indian dugong, which belongs to the order of sea cows and is the only herbivorous marine.

Rivers and lakes of India. The Ganges, the sacred river of the Indians, and its tributary the Jumna carry its waters, and the Brahmaputra flows in the region. Other rivers are Godavari and Narmada.

Landmarks of India. In Delhi - Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Raj Ghat, Jantar Mantar, Lakshmi Narayan Temple, Qutab Minar, Indian Gate, Secretariat Building, Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament House, National Museum, National Gallery of Modern Art, J. Nehru Museum, Museum National Crafts, Zoo, Safdarjung Tomb, Great Mosque, Mughal Public Reception Hall, Rang Mahal Palace, Pearl Mosque, 12th century tower. Qutb Minare, a metal column stainless for centuries is one of. In Bombay - St. John's Church, Prince of Wales Museum, St. Thomas Cathedral, Taraporeva-la Aquarium, Western India Museum, Gardens Park with a zoo, Kanheri caves with bas-reliefs of the 2nd-9th centuries, several temples of the 7th century. On the hills of Malabar are the picturesque Hanging Gardens and Kamala Nehru Park, Mahalaxmi Temple, Haji Ali Shrine and Mosque, Nehru Planetarium, Elephanta Islands, Krishnagiri Upavan National Park, Manori Beach, Monplaisir, Jogesh Wari Caves and pool.

Useful information for tourists

India attracts tourists with exotic and cheap prices. On the streets, in gardens, parks and on the roads of any city in the country, animals walk peacefully, ignoring motorists.

The abundance of shops, shops and shops makes a stunning impression on tourists. Here you can buy almost everything. In India, it is customary to bargain, but not in the same way as in Arab countries. Here they seek discounts on goods according to the so-called Dutch scheme: the price named by the merchant is gradually reduced with the utterance of the magic word “expensive”. In the process of bargaining, intonation and gestures play an important role. If the Indian agrees, he shakes his head from side to side, if not, he nods from top to bottom. Paper money - rupees - can be dirty and worn. If the bill has holes, it will be accepted for payment, but if the corners are torn off or the edges are torn, it must be replaced.

Any place where you can eat is called a restaurant. After the meal, the waiter brings the bill and puts it face down. It is customary to pay for it with a large bill that exceeds the cost of lunch. It is customary to give 10% of the total bill for tea. Food in India is unusually cheap. Hinduism forbids the consumption of alcoholic beverages, so they are not served in the restaurant, but in some establishments they are allowed to bring with you. On Fridays in India, dry law is observed, and alcohol cannot be obtained for any money.

Handshakes are not accepted in India. Instead, the Hindus use the traditional gesture: they raise their joined palms to the chin, as if in prayer, and shake their heads with the words: “Namaete.” Thus, local residents greet not only each other, but also their guests.