Biological and agro-climatic resources. Lecture: Agro-climatic resources. Agro-climatic conditions of the Asian region

Agro-climatic resources are the ratio of heat, moisture, light necessary for growing crops. They are determined by the geographical position of the territory within the climatic zones and natural zones. Agro-climatic resources are characterized by three indicators:

The sum of active air temperatures (the sum of average daily temperatures above 10°C) that contribute to the rapid development of plants.

The length of the period with active temperatures (vegetation period) during which temperatures are favorable for plant growth. There are short, medium and long growing seasons.

Provision of plants with moisture (determined by the coefficient of moisture).

Humidity coefficient - is determined by the ratio of heat and moisture in a certain area and is calculated as the ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation. The higher the air temperature, the greater the evaporation and, accordingly, the lower the moisture coefficient. The lower the humidity coefficient, the drier the climate.

The distribution of heat and precipitation on the globe depends on latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality. Therefore, according to the availability of agro-climatic resources on Earth, agro-climatic zones, sub-belts and humidification zones are distinguished. On the plains, they have a latitudinal location, and in the mountains they change with height. For each agro-climatic zone and sub-belt, examples of typical agricultural crops are given, specifying the duration of their growing season. The map "Agro-climatic resources" is supplemented by the map "Types of winter". It will help to characterize the prerequisites for the development and specialization of agriculture in the countries of the world.

The variety of agro-climatic resources depends on the geographical location of the country. These resources are inexhaustible, but their quality can change with climate change and under the influence of human economic activity.

Agro-climatic resources - climatic conditions taken into account in the economy: the amount of precipitation during the growing season, the annual amount of precipitation, the sum of temperatures during the growing season, the duration of the frost-free period, etc.
Agro-climatic resources are the properties of the climate that provide opportunities for agricultural production. They are characterized by: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10 °C; the sum of temperatures for this period; the ratio of heat and moisture (moisture coefficient); moisture reserves created in winter by snow cover. Different parts of the country have different agro-climatic resources. In the Far North, where there is excess moisture and little heat, only focal agriculture and greenhouse-hothouse farming are possible. Within the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga, it is warmer - the sum of active temperatures is 1000-1600 °, rye, barley, flax, and vegetables can be grown here. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes of Central Russia, in the south of Western Siberia and the Far East, moisture is sufficient, and the sum of temperatures is from 1600 to 2200 °, here you can grow rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, various vegetables, sugar beet, fodder crops for livestock needs. The most favorable agro-climatic resources are the steppe regions of the south-east of the Russian Plain, the south of Western Siberia and Ciscaucasia. Here the sum of active temperatures is 2200-3400°, and it is possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

17.Land resources(land) occupy about 1/3 of the planet's surface, or almost 14.9 billion hectares, including 1.5 billion hectares occupied by Antarctica and Greenland. The structure of the lands of this territory is as follows: 10% is occupied by glaciers; 15.5% - deserts, rocks, coastal sands; 75% -tundra and swamps; 2% - cities, mines, roads. According to FAO (1989), there are about 1.5 billion hectares of soil suitable for agriculture on the globe. This is only 11% of the world's land cover. At the same time, there is a tendency to reduce the areas of this category of land. At the same time, the availability (in terms of one person) of arable land and forest land is decreasing.

The area of ​​arable land per 1 person is: in the world - 0.3 ha; Russia - 0.88 ha; Belarus - 0.6 ha; USA - 1.4 ha, Japan - 0.05 ha.

When determining the endowment with land resources, it is necessary to take into account the uneven population density in different parts of the world. The most densely populated are the countries of Western Europe and Southeast Asia (more than 100 people/km2).

Desertification is a serious reason for the decrease in the area of ​​land used in agriculture. It is estimated that the area of ​​deserted lands is increasing annually by 21 million hectares. This process threatens all land and 20% of the population in 100 countries.

It is estimated that urbanization absorbs over 300 thousand hectares of agricultural land per year.

Solving the problem of land use, and hence the problem of providing the population with food, involves two ways. The first way is to improve agricultural production technologies, increase soil fertility, and increase crop yields. The second way is the way of expanding the areas of agriculture.

According to some scientists, in the future the area of ​​arable land can be increased to 3.0-3.4 billion hectares, that is, the size of the total land area, the development of which is possible in the future - 1.5-1.9 billion hectares. On these areas, products sufficient to provide for 0.5–0.65 billion people can be obtained (the annual increase on Earth is about 70 million people).

Approximately half of the area suitable for agriculture is currently cultivated. The limit of agricultural use of soils reached in some developed countries is 7% of the total area. In the developing countries of Africa and South America, the cultivated part of the land is approximately 36% of the area suitable for cultivation.

An assessment of the agricultural use of the soil cover indicates a large uneven coverage of soils of different continents and bioclimatic zones by agricultural production.

The subtropical zone has been considerably developed - its soils have been plowed up for 20–25% of the total area. The small area of ​​plowed land in the tropical zone is 7–12%.

The agricultural development of the boreal belt is very low, which is limited to the use of soddy-podzolic and partly podzolic soils - 8% of the total area of ​​these soils. The largest arrays of cultivated land fall on the soils of the subboreal zone - 32%. the main reserves for expanding the area of ​​arable land are concentrated in the subtropical and tropical zones. There is also considerable potential for the expansion of arable land in the temperate zone. The objects of development are, first of all, sod-podzolic and sod-podzolic marshy soils, occupied by unproductive hayfields, pastures, shrubs, and small forests. Swamps are a reserve for the expansion of arable land.

The main factors limiting the development of land for arable land are, first of all, geomorphological (steepness of slopes, rugged relief) and climatic. The northern limit of sustainable farming lies in the band of 1400–1600° sums of active temperatures. In Europe, this border runs along the 60th parallel, in the western and middle parts of Asia - along 58 ° north latitude, in the Far East - south of 53 ° north latitude.

The development and use of land in adverse climatic conditions requires considerable material costs and is not always economically justified.

The expansion of arable land should take into account environmental and conservation aspects.

Forest resources of the world

Forest resources are the most important type of biosphere resources. Forest resources include: wood, resin, cork, mushrooms, fruits, berries, nuts, medicinal plants, hunting and fishing resources, etc., as well as the beneficial properties of the forest - water protection, climate control, anti-erosion, health, etc. Forest resources are renewable resources. World forest resources are characterized by two main indicators: the size of the forest area (4.1 billion hectares or about 27% of the land area) and the stock of standing timber (350 billion m 3), which, due to constant growth, increase annually by 5.5 billion. m 3. However, forests are reduced to arable land and plantations, for construction. In addition, wood is widely used for firewood and wood products. As a result, deforestation has become rampant. The area of ​​forests in the world annually decreases by at least 25 million hectares, and the world timber harvesting in 2000 should reach 5 billion m 3 . This means that its annual annual growth will be fully utilized. The largest area of ​​forests has been preserved in Eurasia. This is about 40% of all world forests and almost 42% of the total timber stock, including 2/3 of the volume of the most valuable wood species. Australia has the least forest coverage. Since the sizes of the continents are not the same, it is important to take into account their forest cover, i.e. ratio of forested area to total area. According to this indicator, South America occupies the first place in the world. In the economic assessment of forest resources, such a characteristic as timber reserves is of paramount importance. On this basis, the countries of Asia, South and North America are distinguished. Leading positions in this area are occupied by countries such as Russia, Canada, Brazil and the United States. Bahrain, Qatar, Libya and others are characterized by the practical absence of forests. The forests of the world form two huge forest belts in length - northern and southern. The northern forest belt is located in the temperate and partly subtropical climate zone. It accounts for half of all forested areas in the world and almost the same proportion of all timber stocks. The most forested countries within this belt are Russia, the USA, Canada, Finland, and Sweden. The southern forest belt is located mainly in the tropical and equatorial climate zone. It also accounts for about half of the world's forests and total timber stock. They are concentrated mainly in three areas: the Amazon, the Congo Basin and Southeast Asia. Recently, there has been a catastrophically rapid reduction of tropical forests. In the 80s. 11 million hectares of such forests were cut down annually. They are in danger of total annihilation. Over the past 200 years, the area of ​​forests has decreased by at least 2 times. Every year, forests are destroyed on an area of ​​125 thousand km 2, which is equal to the territory of such countries as Austria and Switzerland combined. The main causes of deforestation are: expansion of agricultural land and deforestation to use timber. Forests are cut down in connection with the construction of communication lines. The green cover of the tropics is most intensively destroyed. In most developing countries, logging is carried out in connection with the use of wood as fuel, and forests are also burned to obtain arable land. Reduced and degraded from pollution of the atmosphere and soil forests in highly developed countries. There is a massive shrinkage of the tops of trees, due to their damage by acid rain. The consequences of deforestation are unfavorable for pastures and arable land. This situation could not go unnoticed. The most developed and, at the same time, forest-poor countries are already implementing programs to conserve and improve forest lands. Thus, in Japan and Australia, as well as in some Western European countries, the area under forests remains stable, and depletion of the forest stand is not observed.

The high availability of mineral resources in the world economy does not in itself solve the problems associated with meeting the economic needs of individual countries in mineral raw materials.

There are significant gaps between the distribution of productive forces and mineral reserves (resources), and in a number of regions these gaps have increased. Only 20-25 countries have more than 5% of the mineral reserves of any one type of raw material. Only a few largest countries in the world (Russia, USA, Canada, China, South Africa, Australia) have the majority of their species.

Placement of resources and capacities of the manufacturing industry.

ORS accounts for approximately 36% of the world's non-fuel mineral resources, 5% of oil and 81% of manufacturing production. A fairly limited number of explored mineral raw materials are concentrated in them in a significant amount - chromites, lead, zinc, potassium salts, uranium raw materials, rutile, ilmenite, bauxites, uranium, iron ore. Among the ORS, Australia has the largest mineral resources (uranium, iron and manganese ores, copper, bauxites, lead, zinc, titanium, gold, diamonds), South Africa (manganese, chromium ores, vanadium, gold, platinoids, diamonds, urn), Canada (uranium, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, gold, potassium salts), USA (coal, oil, gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, phosphate raw materials).

About 50% of the world's non-fuel mineral resources, 2/3 of oil reserves and about half of natural gas are concentrated on the territory of the RS, while developing countries produce less than 20% of manufacturing products. In the bowels of this subsystem of the world economy, 90% of the industrial reserves of phosphates, 86% of tin, 88% of cobalt, more than half of the reserves of copper and nickel ores.

RSs are also cast by a rather significant differentiation in the endowment with mineral reserves. The vast majority of them are concentrated in about 30 of the developing countries. Thus, the countries of the Persian Gulf have 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. In addition to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, Brazil (iron, manganese ores, bauxite, tin, titanium, gold, niobium, tantalum), Mexico (oil, copper, silver), Chile (copper, molybdenum), Zambia (copper, cobalt) should be singled out. . Modern Third World countries tend to be less well endowed with raw materials than the ORS in the early stages of their development.

Eastern European countries have significant explored reserves of mineral raw materials. The richest country in the world with natural resources is Russia, where 70% of the world's apatite ore reserves, 33% of natural gas reserves, 11% of hard coal, 13% of the world's iron ore reserves, 5% of the world's oil reserves are concentrated. The mineral resources of the Russian Federation are 3 times more than in USA, and 4.4 times than in China.

Consumption and production of mineral raw materials. Industrialized countries consume over 60% of minerals, 58% of oil and about 50% of natural gas. As a result, there is a large gap between the production and consumption of mineral resources in this subsystem of the world economy. The USA imports 15-20% (in value terms) of the mineral raw materials they need, while consuming up to 40% of the world's mineral resources, primarily fuel and energy. EU countries import 70-80% of consumed mineral raw materials. Their own resources are concentrated in only a few of the main types of mineral raw materials - iron ore, mercury, potash fertilizers. Japan imports about 90-95% of mineral raw materials. ORS, possessing approximately 40% of mineral resources, consume 70% of these resources.

One of the complex problems of Western European countries and the United States is to meet the demand for oil. Thus, the United States accounts for about 25% of world oil consumption, while their share in world oil production is only 12%. Japan is almost entirely dependent on oil imports.

In developing countries (including China and Vietnam), where about 79% of the world's population lives, up to 35% of mineral resources are concentrated, about 16% of the world's mineral raw materials are consumed. Under the influence of industrialization, their demand for mineral resources is increasing. So, in the 90s. world demand for oil, ferrous and non-ferrous metals increased mainly due to the NIS of Asia and Latin America. China's booming economy is currently having a huge impact on oil and gas consumption. Due to the high quality of mineral resources in these countries and the low cost of labor, the development of the primary sector is not accompanied by a significant increase in production costs.

climatic atmospheric speed transport

The agro-climatic resources of the territory are assessed using agro-climatic indicators that have a significant impact on the growth, development and productivity of agricultural crops and determine the supply of plants mainly with heat and moisture. Under conditions of sufficient moisture supply, plants maximize the use of solar heat and accumulate the largest amount of biomass. With a lack of moisture, the use of heat is limited and the more, the less moisture is provided, which leads to a decrease in productivity.

The sum of average daily values ​​of air temperature above 10 °С is taken as the main agro-climatic indicator that determines heat resources and the need for them in agricultural crops, since it characterizes the period of active vegetation of most plants.

Differentiation of the territory according to the conditions of moisture supply is usually carried out according to the index of moisture, which most often represents the ratio of precipitation to evaporation. Of the large number of indicators proposed by various scientists, the hydrothermal coefficient G.T. Selyaninov, moisture indicators P.I. Koloskova, D.I. Shashko, S.A. Sapozhnikova.

For overwintering crops, an additional assessment of the climate of the territory according to the conditions of overwintering is necessary.

Currently, a new direction has been defined in agro-climatic research: agro-climatic resources are evaluated as climatic opportunities that any territory has for obtaining agricultural products, and the form of representation of agro-climatic resources is information about crop productivity depending on the climatic characteristics of the territory. Comparative assessment of the biological productivity of the climate (agro-climatic resources) is expressed in absolute (yield in c/ha) or relative (point) values.

The influence of heat resources and the ratio of heat and moisture on biological productivity takes into account the complex indicator D.I. Shashko - bioclimatic potential (BKP):

where Кр(ku) is the growth factor according to the annual indicator of atmospheric moisture; t > 10 o C - the sum of temperature values ​​above 10 o C, expressing the heat supply of plants in a given place; tak(base) - the basic sum of the average daily values ​​of air temperature for the period of active vegetation, i.e. the amount against which the comparative valuation is carried out.

Different sums of temperature values ​​can be taken as basic ones: 1000 o C - for comparison with productivity at the border of possible mass field farming; 1900 o C - for comparison with the national average productivity characteristic of the southern taiga-forest zone; 3100 ° C - for comparison with productivity under optimal growth conditions, characteristic of the foothill forest-steppe regions of the Krasnodar Territory.

In the above formula, the growth coefficient (biological productivity coefficient) Кр(ku) is the ratio of yield under given conditions of moisture supply to the maximum yield under optimal moisture conditions and is calculated by the formula

Kr (ku) \u003d lg (20 Kuvl),

where Kuwl = Р/d is the coefficient of annual atmospheric moisture, equal to the ratio of precipitation to the sum of average daily values ​​of air humidity deficit. With a value of Kuvl = 0.5, optimal conditions are created for the moisture supply of plants. Under these conditions, Kp(ku) = 1.

The yield of individual crops, gross output, profitability, etc. are associated with BKP. In Russia, the average productivity of crops of a wide range (cereals) corresponds to the value of BKP = 1.9, which is taken as a standard (100 points). The transition from BKP to points is carried out according to the formula

Bk \u003d Kr (ku) \u003d 55 BKP

where Bq is the climatic index of biological productivity (relative to the average productivity for the country), score; 55 - coefficient of proportionality, determined by the relationship between the average values ​​of BKP and grain productivity at the level of agricultural technology of state variety plots.

The bioclimatic potential, expressed in points, serves as the main indicator for assessing the agroclimatic significance of the climate and approximately reflects the biological productivity of zonal soil types, since the yield depends on soil fertility and characterizes the favorable climate. Thus, for the assessment of agro-climatic resources, an integral indicator was used - the climatic index of biological productivity Bk, the range of change of which across the territory of Russia is given in Table. 29.

The areas with the most favorable ratio of heat and moisture resources for plant development have the highest agro-climatic potential. An excess or deficiency of one of them leads to a decrease in climate productivity.

Table 4 Range of changes in the specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources

The best agro-climatic conditions in Russia are observed in areas of humid subtropics - on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. In the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea, the Bq indicator has the maximum values ​​- 161 and 157 points. This indicator is somewhat lower in the Central Black Earth regions (Belgorod, Kursk, Lipetsk, etc.) and in the slightly arid regions of the North Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkarian, Ingush, Chechen republics). Agro-climatic resources that provide an average level of productivity are formed in the central and western regions of the European part of Russia, as well as in the monsoon regions of the Far East - 80-120 points.

The zoning of agro-climatic resources according to the complex indicator Bk belongs to the type of general zoning, since it makes it possible to characterize, in general, the climatic resources of the territory for agriculture (agriculture). Along with this, special (or private) zoning is of great importance, which is carried out in relation to individual agricultural crops on the basis of taking into account the requirements of these crops for climate and assessing the compliance of the climate with these requirements.

BKP values ​​calculated from the influx and the ratio of heat and moisture are used both for a general assessment of biological productivity and for a special assessment of the productivity (yield) of ecological types of agricultural crops. A special assessment of biological productivity based on BCP values ​​can only be applied within the area of ​​cultivation of specific crops. In Russia, the area of ​​cultivation of the main grain crops (territory of mass farming) includes the southern taiga-forest, forest-steppe, steppe and dry-steppe zones.

To assess the biological productivity in general for the subjects of the Russian Federation within their territories, the weighted average yield values ​​for the area of ​​plowed lands are determined, calculated according to the zonal productivity (c/ha) of a particular crop and the Bq values ​​of agricultural land in a given area. For all cultures, calculations are carried out according to a single method. It should be noted that, unlike complex climate resources for other areas of the economy, the resources for the six crops listed do not add up to the total amount of agro-climatic resources. This is due to the specifics of the geographical distribution of the areas of cultivation of these crops. thirty.

Agro-climatic resources of spring wheat yield vary across the country from 3.9 c.u. in the Astrakhan region to 14.8 c.u. e. in the Bryansk region, which in absolute terms corresponds to a change in yield from 10 to 36 q/ha. The most favorable agro-climatic conditions for the formation of spring wheat crops are observed in the European part of Russia - in the Bryansk, Smolensk, Kaluga, Moscow, Vladimir regions, the Republic of Mari El, etc. due to a decrease in heat, to the south - due to an increase in the dryness of the climate. This deterioration is uneven, especially in the western regions of the European part of Russia, where there is a band of increased productivity - Pskov, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Belgorod regions, with values ​​(29-34 c/ha) (Table 31).

Table 5 Agro-climatic resources of crop yields and Bq

Potato

Winter rye

Winter wheat

spring wheat

Agro-climatic resources (average, c.u.

Belgorodskaya

Voronezh

Lipetsk

Tambov

Arid south-eastern regions of the European part of Russia are characterized by low and reduced productivity, very low productivity - 4-7 c.u. (10-17 c/ha) - the Astrakhan region, the Republics of Kalmykia and Dagestan differ.

Table 6 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources of spring wheat yield

For other spring grain crops (barley, oats), the patterns of spatial distribution of yield, determined by the ratio of heat and moisture resources, are basically preserved. Differences arise due to the unequal requirements of cultures to environmental conditions.

Spring barley is less demanding on heat than other cereals and is highly drought tolerant. In this regard, the agro-climatic conditions for the cultivation of barley in Russia are generally more favorable than for wheat. The area of ​​the highest barley yields - 33-34 c/ha - is located in the Central region of the European part of Russia (in the Vladimir, Moscow, Kaluga, Smolensk regions). From the south, the zone of increased productivity adjoins the Central Black Earth region - 27-32 centners per hectare, which extends eastward to the Perm region inclusive (Table 6).

Oats are undemanding to heat, but moisture-loving culture. It is more susceptible to drought than barley and spring wheat. When the agro-climatic resources deviate from the optimal ones, especially with an increase in temperature and a decrease in humidity, the oat yield decreases.

Table 7 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources of spring barley yield

Oats are a plant of a temperate climate, therefore, in most of the European part of Russia, favorable conditions are created for its cultivation (Table 33). The zone of high productivity is located to the north of the Voronezh, Tambov, Penza, Ulyanovsk regions.

Table 8 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources of oat yield

The productivity of winter crops (wheat and rye), in contrast to spring crops, is determined by the agro-climatic conditions of the warm and cold seasons. The advantage of winter crops over spring crops is that winter crops effectively use soil moisture in the autumn and early spring periods and, therefore, are less exposed to summer drought. The main factors limiting the spread of winter crops are wintering conditions, which are determined by the duration of the cold period with negative temperatures, the severity of winter, as well as the height of the snow cover and climatic factors of transition periods - from autumn to winter and from winter to spring. Overwintering is a very important period in the life of winter crops; it is often accompanied by damage and even death of plants. The most common causes of damage are freezing, weathering, soaking, bulging and ice crusting. Winter wheat and winter rye are characterized by different winter hardiness, have their own specific features and react differently to the same unfavorable wintering conditions.

Winter wheat is less adapted to overwintering conditions compared to winter rye and is grown mainly in climatic zones characterized by relatively mild winters and sufficient snow reserves. In the European part of Russia, it is cultivated almost everywhere; in the north and east, its crops are limited due to dampness and low temperatures in winter.

The area of ​​optimum productivity of winter wheat is located in the northwestern and Central non-chernozem regions of the European part of Russia (Pskov, Novgorod, Bryansk, Moscow, etc.) with values ​​of 36-38 c/ha. To the north, south and east of the optimum zone, the yield decreases due to various unfavorable conditions of both warm and cold periods (Table 34). The deterioration of the agro-climatic conditions for the growth of winter wheat in the warm period occurs due to a lack of heat and excessive humidity (north of the European part of Russia), low air temperatures (northeast of the European Plain), high air temperatures and insufficient humidity (southeast, south Volga region). A decrease in yield due to poor overwintering in the northern and northeastern regions most often occurs as a result of dampening, when a thick snow cover is established over slightly frozen soil. As you move southwest, the frequency of damping decreases. In the southeastern regions, the negative factor of overwintering is mainly the freezing of crops. In agro-climatic terms, damping out with excess moisture in the north and freezing with a lack of moisture in the southeast bring the regions closer in terms of productivity.

Table 9 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources of winter wheat yield

Winter rye, among other grain crops, is distinguished by the highest frost resistance and dies less often during overwintering than winter wheat. The culture of winter rye can be cultivated in almost all climatic zones of our country, but it grows best in the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of Russia and the Central Black Earth regions (Table 35). In total, 16 regions of the Russian Federation are included in the zone of increased productivity, which has a value of > 27 c/ha. Areas with an average level of productivity occupy much larger areas compared to areas for winter wheat and are located not only in the European, but also in the Asian part of Russia (in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, the Republic of Khakassia).

Table 10 Values ​​of the main specialized climatic indicator of agro-climatic resources of winter rye productivity

Potato is one of the most important agricultural crops and takes the second place in the food balance of our country after bread. On the territory of Russia, huge areas are occupied by potatoes; it is cultivated from the Arctic to the southern borders of the country, however, the agro-climatic conditions for growing potatoes are far from favorable everywhere for its optimal growth and development. The potato is a temperate, humid climate plant. Its most stable crops are obtained in the middle latitudes - in most of the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia and Siberia. In these zones, the conditions of heat and moisture supply for potato growing are close to optimal. In the southern regions of the country, high air temperature and drying of the upper layers of the soil not only retard the growth of tubers, but also cause climatic degeneration of potatoes, which leads to poor quality seed. In the northern regions, waterlogging against the background of low air temperatures causes cessation of growth and rotting of tubers.

The most favorable agro-climatic conditions for growing potatoes in the European part have the Non-Chernozem zone, especially its central and western regions.

The Central Black Earth region, the Middle and Lower Volga regions are characterized by low productivity. In this territory, none of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has such favorable climatic conditions for obtaining high yields of potatoes as the Non-Chernozem zone.

Table 11 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources of potato yield

The assessment of the agro-climatic resources of the productivity of individual agricultural crops characterizes the climatic productivity of these crops on the basis of the existing practice of their cultivation (Table 12) and reflects the level of productivity achieved in state variety-testing plots, i.e., with a high level of agricultural technology.

Table 12 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources (biological productivity of the climate)

Yield resources of various crops, expressed in comparable indicators - arbitrary units - allow for a total assessment of the potential climate for the complex of crops considered. The results show that both in the Central Chernobyl region and in Russia as a whole there is no republic, territory or region where agro-climatic resources would be completely optimal in general for the entire complex of crops (Table 34). Very favorable conditions for agriculture in the central and western regions of the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of Russia and the Central Black Earth regions.

Agro-climatic yield resources of individual crops, expressed as a percentage of their total value (see Table 38), represent a comparative assessment of climatic conditions, which makes it possible to correctly determine the composition of cultivated crops, their share in crop rotations. Due to the influence of specific local conditions on plants, cultures can change places in terms of their productivity in various regions of the Russian Federation.

Table 13 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agro-climatic resources of productivity of a complex of agricultural crops

To calculate the cadastral value of agro-climatic resources, the data of the State Statistics Committee of Russia on the sown areas of agricultural crops and the prices of gross crop production for various (yielding and lean) years are used. At the same time, the average cost of crop production in Russia per 1 ha of agricultural land was equated to the value of agro-climatic resources, which characterizes the average productivity in the country. This determines the price of 1 cu. e. agro-climatic resources. Then, according to the values ​​of climatic resources known for each administrative-territorial unit, the cadastral value of agro-climatic resources is calculated, normalized per unit area (1 ha), and an areal assessment of the cost of agro-climatic resources for agricultural land, including arable land, perennial plantations and fallows, is made (see table 39). At the same time, natural hayfields and pastures are not taken into account, as lands that are not sown areas. Applied to assess the cost of a single settlement price 1 c.u. i.e., established relative to the average productivity in the country, in fact exclude the influence of interregional differences in the socio-economic conditions of agriculture on price indicators and allow you to get the value of directly agro-climatic resources.

Table 14 Cost of agro-climatic resources

Agro-climatic resources are the properties of the climate that provide opportunities for agricultural production. The most important indicator of agro-climatic resources are: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above 10 degrees; sum of temperatures for this period; moisture coefficient; thickness and duration of snow cover. Since the climate of our country is very diverse, different parts of it have different agro-climatic “opportunities”.

Most (3/4) of the territory of Russia is located in the zone of cold and temperate climatic zones. Therefore, solar heat is supplied to it in a very limited amount (the average temperature of the territory as a whole does not exceed 5 °C, the sum of temperatures over a period of over 10 °C ranges from 400 °C in the north to 4000 °C in the south of the country), huge areas (10 million sq. km, or 60% of the country's territory) is occupied by permafrost.

On the part of the Russian territory (approximately 35% of the country's area), located in the temperate zone (with temperatures above 10 ° C 1000-4000 ° C), there is enough heat for the ripening of crops such as wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat , flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, etc. However, on a huge area located beyond the Arctic Circle (islands and the mainland coast of the Arctic Ocean), only vegetable growing in closed ground or focal agriculture is possible.

Due to the considerable extent of the territory in Russia, a continental climate prevails, while the continentality of the climate increases from west to east. In the European part of Russia, the climate is temperate continental with cold and snowy winters and warm, relatively humid summers. Beyond the Urals, in Siberia and in most of the Far East, the climate is sharply continental, with a significant difference in seasonal temperatures (very cold and long winters and hot, short summers) and a reduced amount of annual precipitation. With the general severity of nature, the possibilities of agriculture in the eastern regions are also limited by the presence of a huge area of ​​permafrost.

The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the mountains of the southern slope of the Caucasus (up to 1000 mm per year), in the western and central regions of European Russia (up to 600-700 mm per year). To the north (in the Arctic) and east (in some southern regions of the European part of the country, in Siberia), their number decreases to 100-150 mm. In the south of the Far East (in Primorye), in the region of the monsoonal climate, precipitation again increases to 1000 mm per year. At the same time, due to sharp differences in evaporation, the northern and northwestern regions are classified as waterlogged (humid) territories, and the southern (eastern regions of the North Caucasus, the south of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia) are arid (arid).

As a result, almost the entire territory of the country is located in the zone of risky agriculture (areas where the return of cold weather, drought or waterlogging is frequent and, as a result, lean years); growing most of the perennial crops in the country is impossible; most of its pastures fall on low-productive tundra lands; areas with favorable conditions for agriculture (the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth region, the Middle Volga region) occupy a small space (slightly more than 5% of the country's territory).

In terms of heat and moisture, Russia is significantly inferior to many countries, including the United States, whose agro-climatic potential is more than 2.5 times higher, France - 2.25 times higher, Germany - 1.7 times higher, Great Britain - 1.5 times higher, than the RF.
In the latitudinal direction, from north to south, the territory of Russia is crossed by several soil and plant (natural) zones: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, forest (taiga and mixed forests), forest-steppe, steppe, semi-deserts. A small area on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus (from Anapa to Adler) is occupied by the subtropical zone.

The zones of the Arctic deserts, tundra and forest-tundra are either unsuitable at all or extremely unfavorable for agricultural activities. Farming in most of the territory in open ground is impossible. The predominant type of farming is extensive reindeer grazing and fur farming.

Agricultural development of the forest zone, due to climatic (cool short summer, the predominance of precipitation over the amount of evaporation), soil (infertile podzolic, gray forest and swamp soils) and other conditions, is associated with overcoming significant difficulties - land reclamation (drainage), liming the soil, applying additional fertilizers, clearing the territory (cleaning boulders, cutting down forests, uprooting stumps, etc.), etc. The plowed area of ​​the forest zone is small, hayfields and natural pastures have significant areas. The main directions of the development of the economy are dairy and meat cattle breeding and flax breeding, the production of early-ripening grains (rye, barley, oats) and fodder crops, potatoes.

The forest-steppe and steppe zone (Central Black Earth, North Caucasian, Volga regions, southern regions of the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia) surpasses all others in terms of agro-climatic resources. In addition to high heat supply, the zone is characterized by the presence of various types of chernozem and chestnut soils, which are characterized by high fertility. Plowed land is very high. The zone is the main breadbasket of the country, the main producer of agricultural products (almost 80% of the country's agricultural products, including the vast majority of wheat, rice, corn for grain, sugar beets and sunflowers, fruits and vegetables, melons and grapes, etc.). In animal husbandry, dairy-meat and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming and sheep breeding are developed.

The subtropical zone (the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory) is very small in area, but it concentrates all the production of tobacco and tea in Russia.
The mountainous territories of the Caucasus and Southern Siberia (Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau, Western and Eastern Sayans, mountains of Tuva, Baikal and Transbaikalia) are distinguished by their natural meadows used for pastures. Agriculture specializes in beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding, horse breeding, deer breeding, yak breeding, camel breeding.

In the production of agricultural products of the country, approximately the same role belongs to crop production and animal husbandry.

The last 15 years have been one of the driest in the recent history of our country. Thus, the frequency of droughts has noticeably increased in the European territory of Russia, where they were observed in 1999, 1998, 1996, 2002, 2010 and some other years. At the same time, the nature of winter has noticeably changed, which is now characterized by the frequent absence of snow cover or a decrease in its height. This leads to the fact that the duration of the growing season everywhere has increased by at least 7-10 days, which, accordingly, affects the timing of ripening and harvesting.

It should be noted that the impact of climate on different agricultural crops is quite differentiated. Thus, rice and grain corn, which are fully or partially located on irrigated lands, have the greatest resistance to weather changes. At the same time, barley and spring wheat are the most susceptible, the yield of which decreases markedly with the deterioration of weather conditions.

Experts assess the current trend of climate change as "warming with increasing aridity." For our country, this may lead to a shift in the zone of risky farming to the north. According to various estimates, the modern border of natural zones can shift 700-1000 kilometers to the north. At the same time, areas that will be more favorable for agriculture may also increase. Thanks to this, our country will be able to significantly increase the size of exports.

In general, global climate change is predicted to have a positive impact on the development and functioning of agriculture. According to the assessments of the National Report on the problems of global warming and climate change, prepared by specialists from the Ministry of Economic Development, the balance of negative and positive impacts on the work of agricultural enterprises will be in favor of the latter. Thus, the area suitable for cultivation will increase, heat supply will increase, and conditions for overwintering of plants will improve.

Development of agriculture in the zone with favorable agro-climatic resources in the south of Russia



I read the word "agro-climatic resources" in the article. Since I did not fully understand its meaning, it stuck in my head securely and kept until the moment I figured out this topic.

The concept of agro-climatic resources

This type of stock is rather abstract, as for me. I'm used to the fact that resources are water, wood, earth, in general, something that can be touched and applied. The concept I am considering can be felt, but no more. Agro-climatic resources of the territory - the climatic conditions formed on it, which are determined by the geographical location and are characterized by the ratio of moisture, light and heat. This potential determines the direction of development of agricultural crop production in the area.

Agro-climatic resources of Russia

From the definition, it can be understood that the country's reserves decrease with an increase in the severity of the climate. The most successful ratio of moisture, light and heat is observed in such economic regions:

1. North Caucasian.
2. In the northwest of the Volga region.
3. Central Black Earth.
4. In the west of the Volga-Vyatka.

The advantage of this territory can be expressed in numbers: the sum of the temperatures of the growing season is 2200–3400 °C, while in the main agricultural areas it is 1400–2800 °C. Alas, in most of the territory, this figure is 1000-2000 ° C, and in the Far East in general - 800-1400 ° C, which is not enough for profitable farming by world standards. But the above areas are not only rich in warmth and light, they are notable for their dryness. The moisture coefficient is more than 1.0 only near a thin strip of land, and throughout the rest of the territory it is 0.33–0.55.

Agro-climatic resources of the Volgograd region

My home area is partly in the category of Remarkable Resources (2800-3400°C). Agree, warm area.

However, moisture is not enough everywhere. The eastern territory is located in the dry zone of semi-deserts, where the moisture coefficient is less than 0.33. Only the northwestern part of the region is located in the meadow steppe zone, which is slightly arid, and the coefficient is 0.55–1.0.

The possession of rich soil and agro-climatic resources in the modern world is becoming one of the key factors for sustainable development in the long term. With ever-increasing overpopulation in some countries, as well as pressure on soils, water bodies and the atmosphere, access to sources of quality water and fertile soil becomes a strategically important advantage.

Agro-climatic resources

It is obvious that soil fertility, the number of sunny days per year, as well as water are unevenly distributed on the surface of the planet. While some regions of the world suffer from a lack of sunlight, others experience an excess of solar radiation and constant droughts. In some areas, devastating floods regularly occur, destroying crops and even entire villages.

It should also be taken into account that soil fertility is far from a constant factor, which can vary depending on the intensity and quality of exploitation. Soils in many parts of the world tend to degrade, their fertility declines, and over time, erosion makes productive agriculture impossible.

Heat as the main factor

Speaking about the characteristics of agro-climatic resources, it is worth starting with the temperature regime, without which the growth of crops is impossible.

In biology, there is such a thing as "biological zero" - this is the temperature at which the plant stops growing and dies. For all crops, this temperature is not the same. For most crops that are grown in central Russia, this temperature is approximately +5 degrees.

It should also be noted that the agro-climatic resources of the European part of Russia are rich and diverse, because a significant part of the Central European region of the country is occupied by black soil, and there is an abundance of water and sun from spring to early autumn. In addition, heat-loving crops are cultivated in the south and along the Black Sea coast.

Water resources and ecology

Considering the level of industrial development, the increasing environmental pollution, it is worth talking not only about the quantity of agro-climatic resources, but also about their quality. Therefore, the territories are subdivided according to the level of heat supply or the presence of large rivers, as well as the ecological cleanliness of these resources.

For example, in China, despite significant water reserves and large areas of agricultural land, it is not necessary to talk about the complete provision of this densely populated country with the necessary resources, because the aggressive development of the manufacturing and mining industries has led to the fact that many rivers have become polluted and unsuitable for the production of quality products.

At the same time, countries such as the Netherlands and Israel, with their small territories and difficult climatic conditions, are becoming leaders in food production. And Russia, as experts note, is far from using the advantages of the temperate zone, in which a significant part of the European territory of the country is located, far from being at full capacity.

Technology at the service of agriculture

The more people inhabit the Earth, the more urgent the problem becomes to feed the inhabitants of the planet. The load on soils is growing, and they are degrading, the sown areas are shrinking.

However, science does not stand still, and after the Green Revolution, which made it possible to feed a billion people in the middle of the last century, a new one is coming. Considering that the main agro-climatic resources are concentrated on the territory of such large states as Russia, the USA, Ukraine, China, Canada and Australia, more and more small states use modern technologies and become leaders in agricultural production.

Thus, technologies make it possible to compensate for the lack of heat, moisture or sunlight.

Resource allocation

Soil and agro-climatic resources are unevenly distributed over the Earth. In order to indicate the level of resource endowment in a given region, the most important criteria for assessing the quality of agro-climatic resources include heat. On this basis, the following climatic zones are determined:

• cold - heat supply less than 1000 degrees;
• cool - from 1000 to 2000 degrees during the growing season;
• moderate - in the southern regions, heat supply reaches 4000 degrees;
• subtropical;
• hot.

Taking into account the fact that natural agro-climatic resources are not equally distributed on the planet, in the conditions of the modern market, all states have access to agricultural products, in whatever region they are produced.