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Soviet troops disposition 22 june 1941 map. Declassified documents about the first days of the Great Patriotic War. "I realized that it was the Germans who opened fire on our territory."

In the absence of a land front in Europe, the German leadership decided to defeat the Soviet Union during a short campaign in the summer and autumn of 1941. To achieve this goal, the most combat-ready part of the German armed forces was deployed on the border with the USSR.

Wehrmacht

For Operation Barbarossa, out of the 4 army group headquarters available in the Wehrmacht, 3 were deployed (North, Center and South) (75%), out of 13 field army headquarters - 8 (61.5%), out of 46 army corps headquarters - 34 (73.9%), out of 12 motorized corps - 11 (91.7%). In total, 73.5% of the total number of divisions in the Wehrmacht were allocated for the Eastern campaign. Most of the troops had combat experience gained in previous military campaigns. So, out of 155 divisions in military operations in Europe in 1939-1941. 127 (81.9%) participated, and the remaining 28 were partially manned by personnel who also had combat experience. In any case, these were the most combat-ready units of the Wehrmacht (see table 1). The German Air Force deployed to support Operation Barbarossa 60.8% of the air units, 16.9% of the Air Defense Forces and over 48% of the Signal Corps and other units.

Satellites of Germany

Together with Germany, its allies were preparing for war with the USSR: Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Italy, which allocated the following forces for the war (see table 2). In addition, Croatia has allocated 56 aircraft and up to 1.6 thousand people. By June 22, 1941, there were no Slovak and Italian troops on the border, which arrived later. Consequently, the troops of Germany's allies deployed there included 767,100 people, 37 calculation divisions, 5502 guns and mortars, 306 tanks and 886 aircraft.

In total, the forces of Germany and its allies on the Eastern Front numbered 4,329.5 thousand people, 166 calculated divisions, 42,601 guns and mortars, 4,364 tanks, assault and self-propelled guns and 4,795 aircraft (of which 51 were at the disposal of the main command of the Air Force and together with 8.5 thousand people of the air force personnel are not taken into account in further calculations).

Red Army

The armed forces of the Soviet Union under the conditions of the outbreak of war in Europe continued to grow and by the summer of 1941 were the largest army in the world (see table 3). In the five western border districts, 56.1% of the ground forces and 59.6% of the air force were stationed. In addition, in May 1941, 70 divisions of the second strategic echelon from the internal military districts and the Far East began to concentrate in the Western theater of military operations (TMD). By June 22, 16 divisions (10 rifle, 4 tank and 2 motorized) arrived in the western districts, in which there were 201,691 people, 2,746 guns and 1,763 tanks.

The grouping of Soviet troops in the Western theater of operations was quite powerful. The general balance of forces by the morning of June 22, 1941 is presented in Table 4, judging by the data of which the enemy was superior to the Red Army only in terms of the number of personnel, for his troops were mobilized.

Mandatory clarifications

Although the above data give a general idea of ​​the strength of the opposing groupings, it should be borne in mind that the Wehrmacht completed its strategic concentration and deployment in the theater of operations, while in the Red Army this process was in full swing. As figuratively described this situation A.V. Shubin, "a dense body moved from West to East with great speed. From the East, a more massive, but looser block, whose mass was growing, but not at a fast enough pace, slowly moved forward" 2. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the balance of forces at two more levels. Firstly, this is the balance of forces of the parties in different strategic directions on the scale of a district (front) - an army group, and secondly, in individual operational directions in the border zone on a scale of an army - an army. In this case, in the first case, only the ground forces and the air force are taken into account, and for the Soviet side there are also border troops, artillery and naval aviation, but without information on the personnel of the fleet and internal troops of the NKVD. In the second case, only ground forces are counted for both sides.

Northwest

In the North-West direction, the troops of the German Army Group North and the Baltic Special Military District (PribOVO) confronted each other. The Wehrmacht had a fairly significant superiority in manpower and some in artillery, but was inferior in tanks and aviation. However, it should be borne in mind that only 8 Soviet divisions were located directly in the 50 km of the border strip, and another 10 were located 50-100 km from the border. As a result, in the direction of the main attack, Army Group North managed to achieve a more favorable balance of forces (see Table 5).

Western direction

In the Western direction, the troops of the German Army Group Center and the Western Special Military District (ZAPOVO) with part of the forces of the 11th Army of the PribOVO confronted each other. For the German command, this direction was the main one in Operation Barbarossa, and therefore Army Group Center was the strongest on the entire front. 40% of all German divisions deployed from the Barents to the Black Sea (including 50% motorized and 52.9% tank) and the largest Luftwaffe air fleet (43.8% of aircraft) were concentrated here. In the offensive zone of Army Group Center, in the immediate vicinity of the border, there were only 15 Soviet divisions, and 14 were located 50-100 km from it. In addition, troops of the 22nd Army from the Ural Military District were concentrated on the territory of the district in the Polotsk region, from which by June 22, 1941, 3 rifle divisions arrived in place, and the 21st mechanized corps from the Moscow Military District - with a total strength of 72,016 people. 1241 guns and mortars and 692 tanks. As a result, the ZAPOVO troops contained in the peacetime states were inferior to the enemy only in personnel, but surpassed him in tanks, aircraft and insignificantly in artillery. However, unlike the troops of Army Group Center, they did not complete the concentration, which made it possible to smash them in parts.

Army Group Center was supposed to carry out a double coverage of the ZapOVO troops located in the Bialystok salient with a blow from Suwalki and Brest to Minsk, so the main forces of the army group were deployed on the flanks. The main blow was delivered from the south (from Brest). On the northern flank (Suwalki), the 3rd Panzer Group of the Wehrmacht was deployed, which was opposed by units of the 11th Army of the PribOVO. The troops of the 43rd Army Corps of the 4th German Army and the 2nd Panzer Group were deployed in the zone of the Soviet 4th Army. In these areas, the enemy was able to achieve significant superiority (see table 6).

Southwest

In the Southwest direction, Army Group South, which united German, Romanian, Hungarian and Croatian troops, was opposed by units of the Kiev Special and Odessa Military Districts (KOVO and ODVO). The Soviet grouping in the South-West direction was the strongest on the entire front, since it was she who was supposed to deliver the main blow to the enemy. However, even here the Soviet troops did not complete their concentration and deployment. So, in KOVO, in the immediate vicinity of the border, there were only 16 divisions, and 14 were located 50-100 km from it. In the OdVO, in the 50-km border strip, there were 9 divisions, and 6 were located in the 50-100-km strip. In addition, troops of the 16th and 19th armies arrived on the territory of the districts, of which 10 divisions (7 rifle, 2 tank and 1 motorized) were concentrated by June 22, with a total strength of 129 675 people, 1505 guns and mortars and 1071 tanks. Even without being staffed in wartime, the Soviet troops outnumbered the enemy grouping, which had only some superiority in manpower, but was significantly inferior in tanks, aircraft and somewhat less in artillery. But in the direction of the main attack of Army Group South, where the Soviet 5th Army was opposed by units of the 6th German Army and the 1st Panzer Group, the enemy managed to achieve a better balance of forces for themselves (see Table 7).

Situation in the North

The most favorable for the Red Army was the ratio on the front of the Leningrad Military District (LVO), where it was opposed by Finnish troops and units of the German army "Norway". In the Far North, the troops of the Soviet 14th Army were opposed by the German units of the Norway Mountain Corps and the 36th Army Corps, and here the enemy had superiority in manpower and insignificant in artillery (see Table 8). True, it should be borne in mind that, since military operations on the Soviet-Finnish border began in late June - early July 1941, both sides were building up their forces, and the data given does not reflect the number of troops of the sides by the beginning of hostilities.

Outcomes

Thus, the German command, having deployed the main part of the Wehrmacht on the Eastern Front, was unable to achieve overwhelming superiority not only in the zone of the entire future front, but also in the zones of individual army groups. However, the Red Army was not mobilized and did not complete the process of strategic concentration and deployment. As a result, units of the first echelon of covering troops were significantly inferior to the enemy, whose troops were deployed directly at the border. Such an arrangement of Soviet troops made it possible to smash them in parts. In the directions of the main strikes of the army groups, the German command managed to create superiority over the troops of the Red Army, which was close to overwhelming. The most favorable balance of forces developed for the Wehrmacht in the zone of Army Group Center, since it was in this direction that the main blow of the entire Eastern campaign was dealt. In other directions, even in the zones of the covering armies, the Soviet superiority in tanks affected. The general balance of forces allowed the Soviet command to prevent enemy superiority even in the directions of its main attacks. But in reality the opposite happened.

Since the Soviet military-political leadership incorrectly assessed the degree of threat of a German attack, the Red Army, having begun strategic concentration and deployment in the Western theater of operations in May 1941, which was to be completed by July 15, 1941, was caught on June 22 by surprise and did not have neither an offensive nor a defensive group. Soviet troops were not mobilized, did not have deployed rear structures and were only completing the creation of command and control bodies in the theater of operations. On the front from the Baltic Sea to the Carpathians, out of 77 divisions of the covering forces of the Red Army in the first hours of the war, only 38 incompletely mobilized divisions could repulse the enemy, of which only a few managed to take equipped positions on the border. The rest of the troops were either in places of permanent deployment, or in camps, or on the march. If we take into account that the enemy immediately threw 103 divisions into the offensive, then it is clear that the organized entry into the battle and the creation of a continuous front of the Soviet troops was extremely difficult. Having preempted the Soviet troops in strategic deployment, creating powerful operational groupings of their fully combat-ready forces in the selected directions of the main attack, the German command created favorable conditions for seizing the strategic initiative and successfully conducting the first offensive operations.

Notes (edit)
1. For more details see: M.I. Meltyukhov. Stalin's missed chance. Clash for Europe 1939-1941 (Documents, facts, judgments). 3rd ed., Revised. and add. M., 2008.S. 354-363.
2. Shubin A.V. The world is on the edge of the abyss. From global crisis to world war. 1929-1941 years. M., 2004.S. 496.

Declassified documents about the first days of the war: directives of the People's Commissariat of Defense (NPO) of the USSR (including a copy of directive No. 1 of June 22, 1941), orders and reports of commanders of military units and formations, orders for awards, trophy cards and decrees of the country's leadership.

On June 22, 1941, the directive of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR Semyon Timoshenko was transmitted from Moscow. A few hours earlier, soldiers of the 90th border detachment of the Sokal commandant's office detained a German serviceman of the 221st regiment of the 15th infantry division of the Wehrmacht, Alfred Liskov, who swam across the border river Bug. He was taken to the city of Vladimir-Volynsky, where, during interrogation, he said that at dawn on June 22, the German army would go on the offensive along the entire Soviet-German border. The information was passed on to the higher command.

Directive text:

“To the commander of the 3rd, 4th, 10th armies, I transmit the order of the People's Commissar of Defense for immediate execution:

  1. During June 22-23, 1941, a surprise attack by the Germans on the fronts of the Leningrad Military District is possible. RBK), PribOVO (Baltic Special Military District, transformed into the North-Western Front. - RBK), ZAPOVO (Western Special Military District, transformed into the Western Front. - RBK), KOVO (Kiev Special Military District, transformed into the South-Western Front - RBK), OdVO (Odessa Military District - RBK). The attack can begin with provocative actions.
  2. The task of our troops is not to succumb to any provocative actions that could cause major complications.
  3. I order:
  • During the night of June 22, 1941, secretly occupy firing points of fortified areas on the state border;
  • before dawn on June 22, 1941, to disperse all aviation, including military, to field airfields, carefully camouflage it;
  • to bring all units to combat readiness without additional raising of the assigned personnel. Prepare all activities to darken cities and objects.

Do not hold any other events without a special order. "

The directive was signed by the commander of the Western Front, Dmitry Pavlov, the chief of staff of the Western Front, Vladimir Klimovskikh, and a member of the Military Council of the Western Front, Alexander Fominykh.

In July, Pavlov, Klimovskikh, the chief of communications of the Western Front, Major General Andrei Grigoriev, and the commander of the 4th Army, Major General Alexander Korobkov, were accused of inaction and the collapse of command and control, which led to a breakthrough of the front, and sentenced to death by the Supreme Court of the USSR. The verdict was brought into effect in July 1941. After Stalin's death, they were rehabilitated.

Order text:

“Military councils of LVO, PribOVO, ZAPOVO, KOVO, OdVO.

On June 22, 1941, at 4 o'clock in the morning, German aviation, without any reason, raided our airfields along the western border and bombarded them. At the same time, German troops opened artillery fire in different places and crossed our border.

In connection with the unheard-of insolent attack from Germany on the Soviet Union, I order ... "<...>

<...>“To the troops with all their forces and means to attack the enemy forces and destroy them in the areas where they violated the Soviet border.

Until further notice, the ground troops will not cross the border.

Reconnaissance and combat aviation to establish the places of concentration of enemy aviation and the grouping of his ground forces. "<...>

<...>“Destroy aircraft at enemy airfields with powerful blows from bomber and assault aviation and bomb the main groupings of its ground forces. Air strikes to be applied to a depth of German territory up to 100-150 km.

Bomb Konigsberg (today Kaliningrad. - RBK) and Memel (naval base and port on the territory of Lithuania. - RBK).

Do not air raids on the territory of Finland and Romania until special instructions. "

Signatures: Tymoshenko, Malenkov (Georgy Malenkov - member of the Main Military Council of the Red Army. - RBK), Zhukov (Georgy Zhukov - Chief of the General Staff of the Red Army, Deputy People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. - RBK).

"Comrade. Vatutin (Nikolay Vatutin - first deputy of Zhukov. - RBK). Bomb Romania. "

Plan of Barbarossa Trophy Card

In 1940-1941. Germany has developed a plan of attack on the USSR, involving "lightning war." The plan and operation were named after the King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I "Barbarossa".

From a short combat history of the 158th Fighter Aviation Regiment with a description of the exploits of junior lieutenants Kharitonov and Zdorovtsev

The first soldiers who were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the war were pilots Pyotr Kharitonov and Stepan Zdorovtsev. On June 28, on their I-16 fighters, for the first time during the defense of Leningrad, they used ram attacks against German aircraft. On July 8 they were awarded titles.

Kharitonov's schemes

After the war, Pyotr Kharitonov continued to serve in the Air Force. In 1953 he graduated from the Air Force Academy, from 1955 he went into the reserve. He lived in Donetsk, where he worked at the headquarters of the city's Civil Defense.

Scheme of Zdorovtsev's action

After receiving the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on July 8, 1941, Zdorovtsev flew out on July 9 for reconnaissance. On the way back in the Pskov region, he entered into battle with German fighters. His plane was shot down, Zdorovtsev was killed.

Western Special Military District. Intelligence report number 2

On June 22, 1941, the 99th Infantry Division was stationed in the Polish city of Przemysl, which was one of the first to be captured by German troops. On June 23, units of the division managed to recapture part of the city and restore the border.

"Reconnaissance report number 2 shtadiv (division headquarters. - RBK) 99 Boratyche forest (a village in the Lviv region. - RBK) 19:30 June 22, 1941

The enemy crosses the San River (a tributary of the Vistula, flows through the territory of Ukraine and Poland. - RBK) in the Barich region, took Stubenko (a settlement on the territory of Poland. - RBK) to an infantry battalion. Before the infantry battalion is occupied by Gurechko (a village on the territory of Ukraine. - RBK), small horse groups at 16:00 appeared in Kruvniki (a settlement on the territory of Poland. - RBK). At 13:20 the enemy occupied the Przemysl hospital of an unknown number.

An accumulation of up to an infantry regiment on the opposite bank of the San River in the Vyshatse area. Accumulation of infantry / small groups / 1 km south of Gurechko.

16:00 to the artillery battalion fired from the Dusovce region (a village in Poland. - RBK). Up to three battalions of large-caliber artillery at 19:30 fired at Cape Medyka (a village in Poland. - RBK) from the districts of Maykovce, Dunkovichky, Vypatse.

Conclusions: on the Grabovets-Przemysl front, more than one AP (infantry division. - RBK), reinforced by artillery / unknown number.

Presumably the main enemy grouping on the right flank of the division.

It is necessary to establish: the action of the enemy in front of the right [inaudible] division.

Printed in 5 copies. "

Signatures: Chief of Staff of the 99th Infantry Division Colonel Gorokhov, Chief of the Intelligence Department Captain Didkovsky.

Situation by June 22, 1941

By June 22, 1941, three army groups were concentrated and deployed near the borders of the USSR (a total of 181 divisions, including 19 tank and 14 motorized, and 18 brigades), supported by three air fleets. In the strip from the Black Sea to the Pripyat Marshes - Army Group South (44 German, 13 Romanian divisions, 9 Romanian and 4 Hungarian brigades); in the strip from the Pripyat swamps to Goldap - Army Group Center (50 German divisions and 2 German brigades); in the strip from Goldap to Memel - Army Group North (29 German divisions). They were tasked with advancing in a general direction, respectively, to Kiev, Moscow and Leningrad. On the territory of Finland, 2 Finnish armies were concentrated, on the territory of Northern Norway - a separate German army "Norway" (a total of 5 German and 16 Finnish divisions, 3 Finnish brigades) with the task of reaching Leningrad and Murmansk. In total, over 5.5 million people, 3,712 tanks, 47,260 field guns and mortars, and 4,950 combat aircraft were concentrated for the attack on the USSR.

On June 22, 1941, units of the Red Army (without border troops) deployed against Germany and its allies consisted of 186 divisions and 19 brigades; in addition, in the western districts there were 7 divisions, 2 brigades and 11 separate regiments of the NKVD (excluding the 21st, 22nd and 23rd motorized rifle divisions of the NKVD, the formation of which began before the war). These forces numbered 3,289,851 people, 59,787 guns and mortars, 15,687 tanks (including 11-13,000 serviceable ones), 10,743 combat aircraft; the Northern, Baltic and Black Sea fleets consisted of 182 ships S. 477.

M. Meltyukhov in his 600-page monograph “Stalin's Lost Chance. The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Europe: 1939-1941 "in the table gives the following balance of forces on the eastern front on the morning of June 22, 1941:

Red Army

Enemy

Ratio

Personnel

Guns and mortars

Tanks and assault guns

Aircraft

On June 1, 1941, the Red Army had 1,392 new types of tanks - T-34 and KV. Another 305 tanks were produced in June 1941. Thus, the number of heavy and medium tanks, which had no analogues in the Wehrmacht in terms of striking power, on June 22, 1941 in the Red Army was at least 1,392 units.

Samara historian Mark Solonin gives somewhat excellent data on the number of tanks in both armies, but the ratio of 3.8: 1 in favor of the Red Army remains:

Solonin also gives the number of new types of tanks (KV. And T-34) on June 22, 1941, which was 1,528 units. This figure corresponds to the data that Meltyukhov cited in his research. On the fronts, the number of tanks in the Red Army was as follows:

Northwestern front

Western front

Southwest and Southern Fronts

Total

Tanks and assault guns

As of June 22, 1941, out of 5807 long-term defensive structures erected by the USSR along the western borders as part of 13 fortified areas "; Molotov Line";, only 880 were completed. "; Stalin's Line"; covering the line of the old border, had in its composition 3817 long-term defensive structures, of which 538 are unfinished, was mothballed and partially disarmed. The fortifications on the new frontier, both in quality and in the number of permanent defensive structures, are comparable to the best defensive zones of the Second World War. They did not play a significant role, since the construction was not completed and the Soviet lines were not provided with field filling.

Given the fact that the attack took place on Sunday, government organizations had a day off, military depots with weapons, ammunition and equipment were closed and sealed, and employees and many officers were on layoffs or on summer vacations. Due to the confusion with orders and the loss of communication and control, entire armies were surrounded and, without any support from the central command, died or surrendered. A significant number of Soviet tanks, often superior in power to German ones, and other weapons, fell into the hands of the Germans and were later used by them against the Soviet troops.

According to the historian A. Isaev, the main problem was the lag in the pace of mobilization and deployment of the USSR troops. The Red Army was torn into three echelons, which could not help each other in any way and over each of which the Wehrmacht had a numerical advantage. This is how Isaev explains the catastrophe of the summer of 1941.

Other historians point out that in the fall of 1941 and in 1942 the actions of the Soviet troops were no less unsuccessful than in the summer of 1941, while the problem of echelons was no longer present. In this regard, the opinion is put forward that it is not so much a matter of echelons as of the different tactical and operational levels of the Soviet and German armies.

Nazi policy plans after the victory over the USSR

The chief of staff of the OKW operational leadership, after the appropriate amendments, returned the draft document "Instructions on special problems of directive No. 21 (version of the plan; may be reported to the Fuehrer after revision in accordance with the following provision:

“The upcoming war will be not only an armed struggle, but simultaneously a struggle between two worldviews. To win this war in conditions when the enemy has a huge territory, it is not enough to defeat his armed forces, this territory should be divided into several states, headed by their own governments, with which we could conclude peace treaties.

The creation of such governments requires a great deal of political skill and the development of well thought out general principles.

Any revolution on a large scale brings to life such phenomena that cannot be simply thrown aside. Socialist ideas in today's Russia can no longer be eradicated. These ideas can serve as an internal political basis for the creation of new states and governments. The Jewish-Bolshevik intelligentsia, which is the oppressor of the people, must be removed from the scene. The former bourgeois-aristocratic intelligentsia, if it still exists, primarily among the emigrants, should also not be allowed to power. She will not be accepted by the Russian people and, moreover, she is hostile towards the German nation. This is especially noticeable in the former Baltic states. In addition, we must under no circumstances allow the replacement of the Bolshevik state by a nationalist Russia, which ultimately (as history shows) will once again confront Germany.

Our task is to create these socialist states dependent on us as quickly as possible with the least expenditure of military efforts.

This task is so difficult that one army is not able to solve it ”.

Entry of March 3, 1941 in the diary of the Operational Headquarters of the High Command of the Wehrmacht (OKW).

30.3.1941 ... 11.00. A big meeting with the Fuhrer. Almost 2.5 hours of speech ...

The struggle between two ideologies ... The great danger of communism for the future. We must proceed from the principle of soldier's comradeship. A communist has never been and never will be our comrade. It's about the fight to destroy. If we do not look like this, then, although we will defeat the enemy, in 30 years the communist danger will again arise. We are not waging a war in order to mothball our adversary.

Future political map of Russia: Northern Russia belongs to Finland, protectorates in the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus.

Struggle against Russia: the destruction of the Bolshevik commissars and the communist intelligentsia. The new states must be socialist, but without their own intelligentsia. A new intelligentsia should not be allowed to form. Here, only a primitive socialist intelligentsia will suffice. The fight must be waged against the poison of demoralization. This is far from a military-judicial issue. The commanders of units and subunits must know the goals of the war. They must lead in the struggle ..., firmly hold the troops in their hands. The commander must give his orders, taking into account the mood of the troops.

The war will be very different from the war in the West. In the East, cruelty is a boon for the future. Commanders must make sacrifices and overcome their hesitation ...

Diary of the Chief of the General Staff of the Ground Forces F. Halder

Baltic region

Based on the instructions of the Reichsfuehrer SS, the development policy of the territories east of Germany included, first of all, the development and Germanization of the following regions:

1) Ingermanlandia (Leningrad region),
2) Memel-Narva region (Bialystok region and Western Lithuania).

These areas were supposed to be purposefully populated by the return of the original Germans ("Volksdeutsche"). It was planned to create special legal conditions in these three regions as border areas of settlements, since they fulfilled a special task as an outpost of the German people in the east.

In order to more closely connect these border areas of settlements with the Reich and ensure transport links between them, it was proposed to build 36 support settlements along the main railway lines and highways (14 of them in the General Government). These points adjoined the existing favorably located central points and were covered by SS and police strongholds. The distance between the control points was about 100 km. The management of the strongholds of Ingermanland is envisaged taking into account the special importance of the Baltic space for German persons along two lines.

Black Sea region

The German colonization of the Black Sea region planned by Hitler "restored" the state of the Goths in the Crimea, for which it was supposed to rename Simferopol to Gothenburg ("The City of the Goths"), and Sevastopol to Theoderichshafen ("Port of Theodoric"). Theodoric was the king of the ready, but others - in the Balkans and in Italy. He has never been to Crimea. But the Nazi leadership was not embarrassed by this, since the name Gotenhafen ("Port is ready") was already taken over by the Polish Gdynia.

Caucasus

The Caucasus is a supposed autonomous region (Reichskommissariat) as part of the Third Reich. The capital is Tbilisi. The territory would cover the entire Soviet Caucasus from Turkey and Iran to the Don and Volga rivers. As part of the Reichskommissariat, it was planned to create national formations. The economy of this region would be based on oil production and agriculture.

Forces that fought on the side of Germany

Blue - Germany, allies, protectorates. Red - England. Green - USSR

The Wehrmacht and SS troops replenished over 1.8 million from among citizens of other states and nationalities. Of these, 59 divisions, 23 brigades, several separate regiments, legions and battalions were formed during the war years. Many of them bore names according to their state and nationality: "Valonia", "Galicia", "Bohemia and Moravia", "Viking", "Denemark", "Gembez", "Langemark", "Nordland", "Netherlands", " Flanders "," Charlemagne "and others.

Also, the armed forces and SS troops included the armies of Germany's allies - Austria, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Finland, Slovakia, Croatia. The Bulgarian army was involved in the occupation of Greece and Yugoslavia, but the Bulgarian ground units did not fight on the Eastern Front.

They acted on the side of Nazi Germany, although the Wehrmacht did not include:

Russian Liberation Army of General Vlasov (ROA),

15th Cossack Corps of General von Panwitz,

The Nazis declared the Cossacks to be the descendants of the Ostrogoths. Nevertheless, a significant number of Cossacks took part in the war and on the side of the Red Army, in which Cossack formations were created on Stalin's orders.

Russian Corps of General Steifon,

Ukrainian insurgent army (Bandera)

a number of separate units formed from citizens of the USSR.

Territories of military operations of the USSR

Ukrainian SSR, BSSR, MSSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR (air raid on Guryev), Karelo-Finnish SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, Leningrad, Murmansk, Pskov, Novgorod, Vologda, Kalinin, Yaroslavl (air raids), Moscow, Tula , Kaluga, Smolensk, Oryol, Bryansk, Kursk, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Rostov, Stalingrad regions, Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Kabardino-Balkarian, Crimean, Ossetian, Chechen-Ingush republics, Astrakhan (air flights), Arkhangelskaya Saratov (air raids) regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory (military operations at sea), Penza region (air raids). On June 18, 1941, some formations of the border military districts of the USSR were put on alert.

According to G.K. Zhukov, with the receipt of direct data from various sources about the upcoming attack on the USSR, People's Commissar of Defense S.K. in full combat readiness. The answer followed: "Prematurely", and there were no more than 5 hours left before the start of the war. However, other sources do not confirm this information.

The military-political leadership of the state only at 23.30 on June 21 made a decision aimed at partially bringing the five border military districts into combat readiness. The directive prescribed only part of the measures to bring them to full combat readiness, which were determined by operational and mobilization plans. The directive, in fact, did not give permission for the full implementation of the cover plan, since it instructed "not to succumb to any provocative actions that could cause major complications." These restrictions caused bewilderment, requests to Moscow followed, while only a few minutes remained before the start of the war.

The miscalculation in time aggravated the existing shortcomings in the combat readiness of the army and thereby sharply increased the objectively existing advantages of the aggressor. The time available to the troops to bring them to full combat readiness was clearly not enough. It took an average of 2 hours and 30 minutes to alert the troops to bring them on alert instead of 25 to 30 minutes. The fact is that instead of the signal "Proceed with the implementation of the cover plan for 1941" alliances and connections received an encrypted directive with restrictions on the introduction of a cover plan.

Under these conditions, even the formations and units of the first echelon of the covering armies, which had a constant combat readiness within 6-9 hours (2-3 hours for the alarm and gathering, 4-6 hours for the advancement and organization of defense), did not receive this. time. Instead of the indicated period, they had no more than 30 minutes, and some connections were not notified at all. The delay, and in some cases the disruption of the transfer of the command, was also due to the fact that the enemy was able to significantly disrupt the wire communication with the troops in the border areas. As a result, the headquarters of the districts and armies did not have the opportunity to quickly convey their orders.
The same Zhukov states that the command of the western (Western special, Kiev special, Baltic special and Odessa) border military districts at that time were nominated to field command posts, which were supposed to arrive just on June 22.

Summer-Autumn Campaign 1941

Operation Barbarossa.

Plan map "; Barbarossa";

In the early morning of June 22, 1941, after artillery and air preparation, German troops crossed the border of the USSR. After that, at 5:30 in the morning, the German ambassador to the USSR, Schulenburg, appeared to the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, Molotov, and made a statement, the content of which was that the Soviet government was pursuing a subversive policy in Germany and in the countries it occupied, pursuing a foreign policy, directed against Germany, and "concentrated on the German border all their troops in full combat readiness." The statement ended with the following words: "The Fuehrer therefore ordered the German armed forces to counter this threat with all the means at their disposal."

On the same day, Italy declared war on the USSR (Italian troops began hostilities on July 20, 1941) and Romania. June 23 - Slovakia, and June 27 - Hungary.

Plan Barbarossa began in the northern Baltic on the evening of 21 June, when German minelayers based in Finnish ports set up two large minefields in the Gulf of Finland. These minefields were ultimately able to lock up the Soviet Baltic Fleet in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. Later that evening, German bombers, flying along the Gulf of Finland, mined the harbor of Leningrad and the Neva. On the way back, the planes refueled at one of the Finnish airfields.

On the morning of June 22, the Finnish army was sent to the Aland Islands. The staff of the Soviet consulate in Aland (31 people) was arrested, which was a gross violation of the status of the diplomatic mission. The attack on Finnish ships by Soviet bombers was unsuccessful.

On the morning of June 22, German troops stationed in Norway began to advance to the Soviet-Finnish border in the Petsamo area. Finland did not allow the Germans to strike directly from their territory, and the German units in Petsamo and Salla were forced to refrain from crossing the border. There were occasional skirmishes between the Soviet and Finnish border guards, but in general, a calm situation remained on the Soviet-Finnish border.

However, starting on June 22, German Luftwaffe bombers began using Finnish airfields as a refueling base before returning to Germany. On the same day, 16 Finnish saboteurs dressed in German uniforms landed from two seaplanes near the locks of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. The saboteurs were supposed to blow up the locks, but due to the increased security they did not succeed in doing this.

On the same day, three Finnish submarines laid mines off the Estonian coast, and their commanders had orders to attack Soviet ships if they met.

On June 23, Molotov summoned the Finnish ambassador. Molotov demanded that Finland clearly define its position - is it on the side of Germany or is it neutral? Does Finland want to have among its enemies the Soviet Union with a population of two hundred million, and possibly also England? Molotov accused Finland of bombing Hanko and flying over Leningrad. The Finnish ambassador did not want to explain Finland's actions.

On June 24, the commander-in-chief of the German Ground Forces sent an order to the representative of the German command at the headquarters of the Finnish army, which said that Finland should prepare for the start of the operation east of Lake Ladoga.

In the early morning of June 25, the Soviet command decided to launch a massive airstrike against 18 airfields in Finland using about 460 aircraft. A session of the Finnish parliament was scheduled for June 25, at which, according to Mannerheim's memoirs, Prime Minister Rangel was supposed to make a statement about Finland's neutrality in the Soviet-German conflict, but the Soviet bombing forced him to declare that Finland was again at war with the USSR.

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    • The first and most difficult day of the Great Patriotic War

    The implementation of Hitler's plan "Barbarossa" began at dawn on June 22, 1941. It was at this time that the Wehrmacht troops concentrated on the border of the USSR received the order to begin the invasion.

    That first day of the war began unusually early not only for the troops of the western border military districts, but also for the Soviet people living in the border regions of the USSR. At dawn, hundreds of German bombers entered Soviet airspace. They bombed airfields, areas where troops are located in the western border districts, railway junctions, communication lines and other important objects, as well as large cities in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova.

    At the same time, the Wehrmacht troops concentrated along the entire length of the USSR State Border opened hurricane artillery fire at border outposts, fortified areas, as well as formations and units of the Red Army stationed in its immediate vicinity. After artillery and air preparation, they crossed the USSR State border over a huge stretch - from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.

    The Great Patriotic War began - the most difficult of all wars that Russia and its people have ever experienced.

    Germany and its allies (Finland, Romania and Hungary)

    a powerful group was deployed for the war against the Soviet Union,

    numbering 190 divisions, 5.5 million people, over 47 thousand guns and mortars,

    about 4,300 tanks and assault guns, 4,200 aircraft.

    They were united in three army groups - "North", "Center" and "South",

    which were intended to deliver strikes in the directions of Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev.

    The immediate strategic goal of the German military leadership was to defeat the Soviet troops in the Baltics, Belarus and the Right-Bank Ukraine.

    The main attacks of the Wehrmacht were directed at Leningrad, Moscow and Kiev. The efforts of one of the army groups were concentrated on each direction.

    The troops of Army Group North, deployed in East Prussia, were advancing on Leningrad. They were supposed to destroy Soviet troops in the Baltic States, seize ports on the Baltic Sea and the Northwestern regions of the USSR. In cooperation with this group of armies, a little later, the German army "Norway" and the Karelian army of the Finns had to act with the task of capturing Murmansk. The enemy grouping directly operating in the Baltic direction was opposed by the troops of the Baltic Special Military District under the command of General F.I. Kuznetsov, and in the Murmansk sector the troops of the Leningrad Military District, which was headed by General M.M. Popov.

    In the main Moscow direction, the troops of the Center Army Group operated, which were supposed to defeat the Soviet troops in Belarus and develop an offensive to the East. In this direction, the cover of the State Border of the USSR was carried out by the troops of the Western Special Military District under the command of General D.G. Pavlova.

    Army Group South, deployed from Wlodawa to the mouth of the Danube, struck in the general direction of Kiev. This grouping of enemy troops was opposed by the forces of the Kiev Special Military District, commander General M.P. Kirponos and the Odessa Military District under the command of General Ya.T. Cherevichenko.

    In Moscow, the first reports of the invasion came from border guards. “Offensive along the entire front. Border guard units are fighting ... - the command of the Bialystok border section reported to the Main Directorate of the Border Troops, - The Germans are advancing Kretinga ... Bialystok. At the same time, the General Staff received similar information from the western border districts. At about 4 o'clock in the morning, its chief, General G.K. Zhukov reported to I.V. Stalin about what happened.

    Only an hour and a half after the invasion of the Wehrmacht troops on Soviet territory, the German Ambassador to the USSR F. Schulenburg arrived at the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov, and handed him an official note of his government, which stated: “In view of the further intolerable threat, as a result of the massive concentration ... of the armed forces of the Red Army. The German government considers itself compelled to immediately take military countermeasures. " However, even having received an official document from the German embassy, ​​I.V. Stalin could not fully believe that this was a war. He demanded that Marshal S.K. Tymoshenko and Chief of the General Staff, General G.K. Zhukov, so that they immediately figure out if this was a provocation of the German generals, and ordered the troops to give orders to the border until they were specifically instructed not to cross.

    The whole country learned about the German attack only at 12 o'clock in the afternoon, when the Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov. The appeal ended with the words that became the slogan of the Soviet people in the struggle against the invaders: “Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours".

    Already after the speech of V.M. Molotov, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a number of decrees aimed at mobilizing all the forces of the state to repel an attack, as well as to ensure public order and state security inside the country:

    • "On the announcement of mobilization in the territory of 14 military districts from June 23";
    • "On the introduction of martial law in certain areas of the USSR."

    Crowded in front of the loudspeakers installed on the streets and industrial enterprises, people listened to Molotov's speech, fearing to miss a word. At first, almost none of them doubted that it would take the Red Army only a few weeks to defeat the enemy with "little blood, a mighty blow." The military-political leadership of the country was not fully aware of the tragedy of the situation due to the lack of objective information from the front.

    Only by the end of that day, it became clear to the head of the Soviet government that military operations on the western borders of the USSR were by no means a large-scale military provocation by Germany, but the beginning of a war - the most terrible and cruel. “At dawn on June 22, 1941, the regular troops of the German army attacked our border units on the front from the Baltic to the Black Sea,” the country's population was informed in the first report of the Red Army High Command, “and during the first half of the day they were restrained by them. In the afternoon ... after fierce fighting, the enemy was repulsed with heavy losses. Only on the Grodno and Kristynopolsky directions did the enemy manage to achieve insignificant tactical successes ... ".

    Already in this report from the front, to some extent, one could see the whole drama of the first border battles and battles, the most severe in their intensity and consequences. But then, on the first day of the war, no one could even imagine what inhuman ordeals would fall on the shoulders of every Soviet person, not only at the front, but also in the rear.

    The population of Germany learned about the beginning of a new war from Hitler's address to the people, which was read on Berlin radio by the Minister of Propaganda I. Goebbels at 5:30 minutes. Judging by this appeal, the political leadership of Germany sought not only to justify the aggression in the eyes of the world community, but also to involve the Western powers in the anti-Soviet war and thereby deprive the USSR of possible allies. However, both the leaders of the leading powers and most sober-minded European politicians clearly understood that the statements of the Nazis were just a propaganda trick with the help of which they expect to justify the next act of their aggressive aspirations.

    The British were the first to react. Already in the evening of the same day, British Prime Minister W. Churchill made a statement about support for the USSR in the war against Nazi Germany. He clearly articulated the goal of British war policy and guaranteed his country's tough and consistent position:

    “We have only one and one unchanging goal. We are determined to destroy Hitler and all traces of the Nazi regime ... ".

    He concluded his speech with promises "to provide Russia and the Russian people with all the assistance we can."

    The British Prime Minister's speech had a huge resonance around the world. All points were set: England has clearly defined its attitude to the Soviet Union subjected to aggression. Churchill's speech was of fundamental importance to clarify the positions of many other states in the world, primarily the countries of the British Commonwealth, which have traditionally been guided by the opinion of London. In a sense, it also influenced the position of the United States of America. True, the events taking place in Europe did not affect the Americans much. After all, they were on the sidelines of the world war. Nevertheless, on the morning of June 23, Acting Secretary of State S. Welles, at the direction of President F. Roosevelt, made an official statement on providing assistance to the USSR. The next day, Roosevelt himself, at a press conference in the White House, said that the United States would provide all possible assistance to the USSR in its struggle against Germany, but noted that it was not yet known what form it would take.

    And yet, at the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Western powers talked more about supporting the USSR than actually helping it. The reasons for this slowness are obvious. The temptation was very great to strengthen our own positions - to take advantage of the mutual weakening and exhaustion of the two irreconcilable enemies of Germany and the Soviet Union. And there was not so much confidence that the Red Army would withstand the battle with the seemingly invincible Wehrmacht. Indeed, already on June 22, the strike groups of German troops achieved tangible success in all directions, due to the decisive concentration of more than 80% of all forces intended for the eastern campaign by its command in the first strategic echelon - 130 divisions, 8 brigades, 3,350 tanks, about 38 thousand troops. guns and mortars and about 5 thousand aircraft.

    A blow of such force for all the troops of the western border districts came as a complete surprise. They were not ready for such a development of events. The Soviet border guards, who were the first to stand in the way of the German troops, did not expect this blow either. The enemy hoped to crush the border outposts in a short time, but he did not succeed. The border guards stood to death.

    In extremely unfavorable conditions, the formations and cover units of the western border districts had to start fighting. Not put on alert in advance, they could not provide a proper rebuff to the enemy. As early as half past one in the night of June 22, the headquarters of the border military districts received a directive from the People's Commissar of Defense No. 1 that an attack on the country by the German armed forces was possible on June 22 or 23. But, this document did not give permission to put into effect the plan to cover the state border in full, since it ordered only "not to succumb to any provocative actions that could cause major complications ...".

    The insufficiently specific content of the order given caused many questions from commanders of all levels, and most importantly, fettered their initiative. So, in the directive of the Baltic Special Military District, the 8th and 11th armies were indicated:

    "During the night of June 22, it is hidden to take up the defense of the main strip ... Do not give out live ammunition and shells ... In case of provocative actions of the Germans, do not open fire."

    At 2:25 pm, similar instructions were issued to the armies by the military council and the Western Special Military District.

    The headquarters of the armies, having received district directives a few minutes before the start of the war, brought this order to the subordinate formations and units by 5-6 o'clock in the morning. Therefore, only a few of them were put on alert in a timely manner. The first explosions of enemy artillery shells and aerial bombs served as a signal of battle alarm for most of them. The commanders of the 3rd and 4th armies of the Western Special Military District managed to give the commanders of the formations only some preliminary orders. At the headquarters of the 10th Army, the directive was received after the outbreak of hostilities. There were several reasons. On the night of June 22, in the entire border zone, as a result of the actions of enemy sabotage groups, wire communication in the army-corps-division link was largely disrupted. The absence of previously worked out documents on covert command and control of troops, the low availability of radio equipment to headquarters, as well as radio fear led to the fact that this type of communication was practically not used by them.

    Former chief of staff of the 11th Army of the Northwestern Front, General I.T. Shlemin noted:

    “On June 22, in the afternoon, wire and radio communications with the district were interrupted. It was impossible to find the district ... The district headquarters, receiving cipher telegrams from the army by radio, believed that the ciphers were coming from the enemy, and, fearing to reveal his plan and his location, decided not to respond to the army's inquiries. "

    As a result of the first massive strikes by enemy aircraft at the places of deployment of troops, a large number of communications and transport means were destroyed. Already in the first hours of the war, the commander of the 3rd Army, General V.I. Kuznetsov reported to the headquarters of the Western Front:

    "Wired communication with the units is broken, radio communication has not been established until 8:00."

    A similar situation was observed at the headquarters of the 14th Mechanized Corps. Later, its commander, General S.I. Oborin also reported to the headquarters of the Western Front:

    “The communications battalion was killed by 70% on June 22, 1941 in the morning, during the bombing of the city of Kobrin. The headquarters of the 14th mechanized corps remained in the composition of 20% of the regular number ”.

    Lacking accurate information from the troops about the development of events, the commanders and staffs were unable to assess the seriousness of the situation. The installation of the People's Commissar of Defense, in his directive No. 1 "not to succumb to any provocations", continued to operate as before, which limited the decisive actions of the commanders of formations and units of the covering armies. So, the commander of the 3rd Army reported to the headquarters of the Western Front:

    "Enemy aviation is bombing Grodno, I am waiting for the orders of General Pavlov ... artillery and machine-gun firing from the Germans ... I am waiting for instructions."

    Almost the same was noted by the commander of the 11th Rifle Corps of the 8th Army of the North-Western Front, General M.S. Shumilov: "The war began at 4:00 ... I immediately reported to the commander of the 8th Army ... I received the order:" Do not open fire, do not succumb to provocation. " But the troops fired back without orders.

    The commanders of most formations and units acted similarly in other sectors of the cover of the state border of the western border districts. Orders "from above" came much later. Thus, the Military Council of the Western Front sent a directive to the commanders of the 3rd, 4th and 10th armies only at 5:25 am: "In view of the massive military actions that have emerged from the Germans, I order: raise troops and act in a fighting manner."

    Recoverable losses from enemy air strikes were incurred by army aviation, mostly destroyed at airfields. 66 airfields, where the most combat-ready aviation regiments of the western border districts were stationed, were subjected to its massive raids. Thus, in the 10th Mixed Aviation Division of the 4th Army of the Western Front, more than 70% of the aircraft of the assault and fighter aviation regiments were destroyed at the airfields in the Vysokoye and Pruzhany regions. In the 7th Mixed Aviation Division of the 8th Army of the North-Western Front by 15 o'clock there were only five or six aircraft left, the rest were destroyed. As a result, Soviet aviation lost over 1200 aircraft that day.

    Already from the very first hours of the war, the enemy, taking advantage of the almost complete absence of anti-aircraft weapons in the air defense units, secured complete air supremacy. The commander of the 3rd mechanized corps, General A.V. Kurkin, in one of his reports to the commander of the 8th Army of the Northwestern Front, noted:

    “… There is no our aviation. The enemy is bombing all the time. "

    The troops of the western border military districts, raised by alarm, tried to reach their cover areas, but, having no information about the situation, not knowing what was happening on the border, while still in marching order, they were subjected to attacks by German aviation and its ground troops. Even before they came into contact with the enemy, they suffered huge losses. On this occasion, the commander of the 3rd Panzer Group, General G. Goth, indicated in the reporting document:

    “There were no signs of purposeful and planned command and control of the enemy's troops as a whole. Direct command and control of troops was characterized by inactivity, schematic ... Not a single Soviet military commander made an independent decision to destroy crossings and bridges. "

    In such a situation, at 7.15 a.m. the headquarters of the Northwestern, Western and Southwestern Fronts received a directive from the People's Commissar of Defense No. 2, in which the commander of the fronts was assigned the task: violated the Soviet border. "

    However, under the prevailing conditions, this order of the People's Commissar was not feasible. Already at 8 o'clock in the morning, the commander of Army Group "Center" Field Marshal F. Bock reported to the command of the Wehrmacht:

    “The offensive continues successfully. On the entire front of the offensive, the enemy is still offering insignificant resistance ... the enemy in all sectors was taken by surprise. "

    Few documents testify to the complexity of the first day of the war. So, the commander of the North-Western Front, General F.I. Kuznetsov reported to Marshal S.K. Tymoshenko:

    “Large forces of tanks and motorized units break through to Druskeniki. The 128th Rifle Division is mostly surrounded, there is no exact information about its condition ... I cannot create a grouping to eliminate the breakthrough. Please help. "

    Chief of the Operations Directorate of the Western Front, General I.I. Semenov reported to the General Staff: "Along the entire border, rifle-machine-gun and artillery fire ... We have no wire communication with the armies."

    Some formations and units of the front already in these first hours were fighting in encirclement, it was not possible to establish contact with them. From the commander of the 3rd armies, General V.I. Kuznetsov, the headquarters of the Western Front from the beginning of the war until 10 o'clock in the morning received only three combat reports. From the commander of the 10th Army, General K.D. Golubev during the same time received only one message, and the commander of the 4th Army, General A.A. Korobkov was able to send the first combat report only at 6 hours and 40 minutes.

    Nevertheless, commanders of all levels, and in these difficult conditions, led the formations and units subordinate to them to their covering areas. So, in the zone of the Western Front, out of ten formations of the first echelon of the 3rd, 10th and 4th armies, three rifle divisions nevertheless managed to reach their operational areas. In the zone of the Southwestern Front, the advance units of the 62nd and 87th rifle divisions of the 26th army were the first to reach the state border.

    In total, on June 22, 14 divisions out of 57 planned formations of the first echelon were withdrawn mainly on the flanks of the Soviet-German front to cover the border. They entered the battle on the move, defended themselves in wide strips, in single-echelon battle formations, sometimes on terrain that was not equipped in engineering terms, moreover, without significant artillery support, without proper air cover and anti-aircraft weapons, and having a limited amount of ammunition. In this regard, they were forced to retreat with heavy losses.

    By the middle of the day, the Wehrmacht's strike groups managed to create a large gap on the adjacent flanks of the North-Western and Western Fronts, into which the 3rd Panzer Group of General G. Hoth rushed. Not knowing the true state of affairs, the commander of the North-Western Front, General F.I. Kuznetsov, reported to the People's Commissar of Defense that the 11th Army's formations continued to hold back the enemy, although in reality they were hastily and disorganized retreating with heavy losses.

    Towards evening, the most threatened situation developed in the zone of the Western Front. His command, which had not yet realized the threat of deep two-sided coverage of the front's troops by enemy tank formations, was more concerned about the situation on the northern face of the Bialystok salient, where the enemy was rushing to Grodno. The position in the Brest direction was assessed by him as more or less stable. However, by the end of the day, the formations and units of the 4th Army were thrown back from the border by 25-30 km, and the advanced tank units of the enemy managed to advance even deeper - by 60 km, and take Kobrin.

    Not understanding the situation, the front commander, General D.G. Pavlov at 17 o'clock sent a report to the General Staff, which essentially disoriented the political and military leadership of the country:

    "Parts of the Western Front during the day of 22.6.41 fought restraining battles ... offering stubborn resistance to superior enemy forces ... Parts of the 4th Army fought defensive battles presumably on the line ... Brest, Wlodawa."

    In reality, the troops of the Western Front continued to hastily retreat to the east in scattered groups.

    On the basis of reports from the headquarters of the North-Western and Western Fronts, not fully imagining the actual situation, the People's Commissar of Defense and the Chief of the General Staff concluded that the battles were mainly fought near the border. At that time, they were most worried about the situation in the Grodno direction, where a deep coverage of the Bialystok ledge from the north was already observed. Because of the misleading reports from the Western Front headquarters, the People's Commissar of Defense and the Chief of the General Staff clearly underestimated the powerful enemy grouping that was striking from the Brest region.

    Trying to turn the tide of events and believing that there would be enough forces for a retaliatory strike, the High Command sent directive No. 3 to the commanders of the North-Western, Western, South-Western and Southern fronts at 21.15 hours, in which it required to inflict powerful counterattacks on the invading groupings enemy. However, aiming them at the defeat of the enemy groupings, which represented the greatest danger in the zone of each front, the General Staff did not take into account the difficulties that the front command would face in organizing and preparing strikes against the enemy during one night.

    The real situation that had developed by the end of the first day of the war on the entire Soviet-German front turned out to be much more complicated than was known to the country's military-political leadership. Therefore, the requirements of the High Command were no longer real, as they did not meet the rapidly changing situation.

    And at this time, the position of the troops of the Western Front became more and more critical: “The enemy, bypassing the right flank of the army, strikes in the Lida direction ... - the commander of the 3rd Army, General Kuznetsov, reported to the front headquarters, - we have no reserves, and to fend off the blow nothing. " By the end of the first day of the war, the troops of the Northwestern, Western and Southwestern Fronts, under the unrelenting onslaught of the enemy, were forced to retreat, waging rearguard battles.

    The events of June 22 took place differently on the flanks of the Soviet-German front, where the enemy was not active or acted with limited forces. This allowed the Soviet troops, operating in a relatively calm atmosphere, to move to the border and occupy the defensive lines in accordance with the cover plans.

    In general, by the end of the first day of hostilities in the western direction, an extremely difficult situation developed for the Red Army. The enemy preempted the formations and cover units in the occupation of defensive zones and lines. By the end of the day, the forward detachments of the German 2nd and 3rd tank groups had penetrated the defenses of the Soviet troops to a depth of 60 km. Thus, they began to cover the main forces of the Western Front from the north and south and created favorable conditions for their troops operating in other directions.

    So the first day of the war ended. Under the onslaught of superior enemy forces, Soviet troops retreated into the interior of the country with heavy battles. Ahead they still had a whole war, which lasted 1418 days and nights. During the Great Patriotic War, there were undoubtedly more fateful days for our country, but that first day will forever remain in the memory of the peoples of Russia.

    Article 1. Border of the Soviet Union
    Article 2. How the Minister of the Third Reich declared war on the USSR

    Article 4. Russian spirit

    Article 6. Opinion of a Russian citizen. Memo for June 22
    Article 7. Opinion of an American Citizen. Russians are best at making friends and fighting.
    Article 8. Treacherous West

    Article 1. BORDER OF THE SOVIET UNION

    Http://www.sologubovskiy.ru/articles/6307/

    On this early morning of 1941, the enemy dealt a terrible, unexpected blow to the USSR. From the first minutes, the border guards were the first to engage in mortal combat with the fascist invaders and courageously defended our Motherland, defending every inch of Soviet land.

    At 4:00 on June 22, 1941, after a powerful artillery preparation, the forward detachments of the fascist troops attacked the border outposts from the Baltic to the Black Sea. Despite the enormous superiority of the enemy in manpower and equipment, the border guards fought staunchly, died heroically, but did not leave the defended lines without orders.
    For many hours (and in some areas even for several days), the outposts in stubborn battles held back the fascist units on the border line, preventing them from seizing bridges and crossings across border rivers. With unprecedented perseverance and courage, at the cost of their lives, the border guards tried to delay the advance of the advanced units of the German fascist troops. Each outpost was a small fortress, the enemy could not take possession of it while at least one border guard was alive.
    The Hitlerite General Staff set aside thirty minutes to destroy the Soviet border outposts. But this calculation turned out to be untenable.

    None of the nearly 2000 outposts that took upon themselves the unexpected blow of superior enemy forces wavered, did not surrender, not a single one!

    The fighters of the border were the first to repulse the pressure of the fascist conquerors. They were the first to come under fire from the enemy's armored and motorized hordes. Earlier than all, they stood up for the honor, freedom and independence of their homeland. The first victims of the war and its first heroes were the Soviet border guards.
    The most powerful attacks were carried out at the border outposts located in the direction of the main attacks of the German fascist troops. In the offensive zone of Army Group "Center" in the sector of the Avgustov frontier detachment, two divisions of the fascists crossed the border. The enemy expected to destroy the border outposts in 20 minutes.
    1st frontier post of senior lieutenant A.N. Sivacheva defended herself for 12 hours, completely killed.

    3rd outpost of Lieutenant V.M. Usova fought for 10 hours, 36 border guards repulsed seven attacks of the Nazis, and when they ran out of cartridges they went into a bayonet attack.

    The border guards of the Lomzhinsky border detachment showed courage and heroism.

    4th outpost of Lieutenant V.G. Malieva fought until 12 o'clock on June 23, 13 people remained alive.

    The 17th frontier outpost fought with the enemy infantry battalion until 7 o'clock on June 23, and outposts 2 and 13 held their defenses until 12 o'clock on June 22, and only by order did the surviving border guards retreat from their lines.

    The border guards of the 2nd and 8th outposts of the Chizhevsky border detachment fought bravely against the enemy.
    The border guards of the Brest frontier detachment covered themselves with unfading glory. The 2nd and 3rd outposts held out until 18:00 on June 22. 4th outpost of senior lieutenant I.G. Tikhonov, located by the river, for several hours did not allow the enemy to cross to the eastern bank. At the same time, over 100 invaders, 5 tanks, 4 guns were destroyed and three enemy attacks were repulsed.

    In their memoirs, German officers and generals noted that only wounded border guards were captured, none of them raised their hands, did not lay down their arms.

    Having passed a solemn march across Europe, the Nazis from the first minutes faced the unprecedented stubbornness and heroism of the fighters in green caps, although the superiority of the Germans in manpower was 10-30 times, artillery, tanks, aircraft were involved, but the border guards stood to death.
    The former commander of the German 3rd Panzer Group, Colonel-General G. Goth, was later forced to admit: “both divisions of the 5th Army Corps immediately after crossing the border came across entrenched enemy outposts, which, despite the lack of artillery support, held their positions until the last one. "
    This is largely due to the selection and recruitment of border outposts.

    Personnel were recruited from all the republics of the USSR. The junior commanding staff and the Red Army soldiers were called up at the age of 20 for 3 years (they served in naval units for 4 years). The commanding staff for the Border Troops were trained by ten border schools (schools), the Leningrad Naval School, the Higher School of the NKVD, as well as the Frunze Military Academy and the Military-Political Academy named after
    V. I. Lenin.

    The junior commanding staff were trained in the district and detachment schools of the Ministry of Taxes and Communications, the Red Army soldiers - at temporary training points at each border detachment or a separate border unit, and naval specialists were trained in two training border naval detachments.

    In 1939 - 1941, when staffing border units and subunits on the western section of the border, the leadership of the Border Troops sought to appoint to command positions in the border detachments and commandant's offices persons of middle and senior command personnel with experience of service, especially participants in hostilities on Khalkhin-Gol and on the border with Finland. It was more difficult to equip the border and reserve outposts with command personnel.

    By the beginning of 1941, the number of border outposts doubled, and border schools could not immediately meet the sharply increased need for middle command personnel, so in the fall of 1939, courses were organized for accelerated training of outpost command from junior command personnel and Red Army men of the third year of service, and the advantage was given to those who had combat experience. All this made it possible by January 1, 1941 to fully staff all border and reserve outposts in the state.

    In order to prepare for repelling the aggression of Nazi Germany, the Government of the USSR increased the density of protection of the western section of the country's state border: from the Barents Sea to the Black Sea. This section was guarded by 8 border districts, including 49 border detachments, 7 detachments of border courts, 10 separate border commandant's offices and three separate air squadrons.

    The total number is 87459 people, of which 80% of the personnel were located directly on the state border, including 40963 Soviet border guards on the Soviet-German border. Of the 1747 border outposts that guarded the state border of the USSR, 715 were located on the western border of the country.

    Organizationally, the border detachments consisted of 4 border commandant's offices (each with 4 line outposts and one reserve outpost), a maneuvering group (detachment reserve of four outposts, totaling 200 - 250 people), a school for junior commanding staff - 100 people, a headquarters, a reconnaissance department, a political agency and the rear. In total, the detachment had up to 2,000 border guards. The border detachment guarded the land section of the border with a length of up to 180 kilometers, on the sea coast - up to 450 kilometers.
    Border outposts in June 1941 had a staff strength of 42 and 64 people, depending on the specific terrain and other conditions of the situation. At the outpost of 42 people there were the head of the outpost and his deputy, the foreman of the outpost and 4 squad leaders.

    Its armament consisted of one Maxim machine gun, three Degtyarev light machine guns and 37 five-shot rifles of the 1891/30 model, the outpost's ammunition was: 7.62 mm cartridges - 200 pieces for each rifle and 1600 pieces for each light machine gun, 2400 pieces for an easel machine gun, RGD hand grenades - 4 pieces for each border guard and 10 anti-tank grenades for the entire outpost.
    Effective firing range of rifles - up to 400 meters, machine guns - up to 600 meters.

    The head of the outpost and two of his deputies, the foreman and 7 squad leaders were at the border post of 64 people. Her armament: two Maxim machine guns, four light machine guns and 56 rifles. Accordingly, the amount of ammunition was higher. By the decision of the head of the border detachment at the outposts, where the most threatened situation developed, the number of cartridges was increased by one and a half times, but the subsequent development of events showed that this supply was enough for only 1 - 2 days of defensive actions. The only technical means of communication at the outpost was the field telephone. The vehicle consisted of two steam-powered carts.

    Since the Border Troops during their service constantly met at the border various violators, including armed ones and as part of groups with whom they often had to fight, the degree of preparedness of all categories of border guards was good, and the combat readiness of such units as the border outpost and border post , the ship was virtually permanently full.

    At 4 o'clock Moscow time on June 22, 1941, German aviation and artillery simultaneously, along the entire length of the USSR state border from the Baltic to the Black Seas, inflicted massive fire strikes on military and industrial facilities, railway junctions, airfields and seaports on the territory of the USSR to a depth of 250 - 300 kilometers from the state border. Armada of fascist planes dropped bombs on peaceful cities of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Crimea. Frontier ships and boats, together with other ships of the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets, with their anti-aircraft weapons entered the fight against enemy aircraft.

    Among the objects on which the enemy inflicted fire strikes were the positions of the covering troops and the places of deployment of the Red Army, as well as military camps of border detachments and commandant's offices. As a result of enemy artillery training, which lasted from one to one and a half hours in various sectors, subunits and units of covering troops and subunits of border detachments suffered losses in manpower and equipment.

    The enemy struck a short-term but powerful artillery strike on the towns of the border outposts, as a result of which all wooden buildings were destroyed or engulfed in fire, in a significant part the defensive structures built near the towns of the border outposts were destroyed, the first wounded and killed border guards appeared.

    On the night of June 22, German saboteurs damaged almost all wire communication lines, which disrupted the control of border units and the troops of the Red Army.

    Following the strikes of aviation and artillery, the German high command moved its invasion troops on a front of 1,500 kilometers from the Baltic Sea to the Carpathian mountains, having in the first echelon 14 tank, 10 mechanized and 75 infantry divisions with a total number of 1 million 900 thousand troops equipped with 2,500 tanks , 33 thousand guns and mortars, supported by 1200 bombers and 700 fighters.
    By the time of the enemy attack, there were only border outposts on the state border, and behind them, 3-5 kilometers away, there were separate rifle companies and rifle battalions of troops performing the task of operational cover, as well as defensive structures of fortified areas.

    The divisions of the first echelons of the covering armies were located in areas remote from their assigned deployment lines in 8 - 20 kilometers, which did not allow them to deploy in a battle formation in a timely manner and forced them to engage in battle with the aggressor separately, in parts, disorganized and with heavy losses in personnel. and military equipment.

    The course of hostilities at the border outposts and their results were different. When analyzing the actions of border guards, it is imperative to take into account the specific conditions in which each outpost found itself on June 22, 1941. They depended to a large extent on the composition of the enemy's forward subunits attacking the outpost, as well as on the nature of the terrain along which the border passed and the directions of action of the shock groups of the German army.

    For example, a section of the state border with East Prussia passed along a plain with a large number of roads, without river barriers. It was in this sector that the powerful German Army Group North deployed and struck. And on the southern sector of the Soviet-German front, where the Carpathian Mountains towered and the San, Dniester, Prut, Danube rivers flowed, the actions of large groups of enemy forces were difficult, and the conditions for the defense of border outposts were favorable.

    In addition, if the outpost was located in a brick building, and not in a wooden one, then its defensive capabilities increased significantly. It should be borne in mind that in densely populated areas, with well-developed agricultural land plots, building a platoon stronghold for the outpost was a big organizational problem, and therefore it was necessary to adapt premises for defense and build covered firing points near the outpost.

    On the last night before the war, the border units of the western border districts carried out enhanced protection of the state border. Part of the personnel of the frontier outposts was on the border section in frontier detachments, the main staff in platoon strongpoints, several frontier guards remained in the premises of the outposts to guard them. The personnel of the reserve units of the border commandant's offices and detachments were in the premises at the place of their permanent deployment.
    For the commanders and the Red Army, who saw the concentration of enemy troops, it was not the attack itself that was unexpected, but the power and cruelty of the air raid and artillery strikes, as well as the massiveness of moving and shooting armored vehicles. There was no panic, fuss and aimless shooting among the border guards. What happened was what had been expected for a whole month. Of course, there were losses, but not from panic and cowardice.

    Ahead of the main forces of each German regiment, shock groups moved by force up to a platoon with sappers and a reconnaissance group on armored personnel carriers and motorcycles with the tasks of eliminating border detachments, capturing bridges, establishing the positions of the Red Army covering forces, and completing the destruction of border outposts.

    In order to ensure surprise, these enemy units began to advance in some sections of the border during the period of artillery and aviation preparation. To complete the destruction of the personnel of the border outposts, tanks were used, which, being at a distance of 500 - 600 meters, fired at the strongholds of the outposts, remaining out of the reach of the outpost's weapons.

    The first who discovered the crossing of the state border of the reconnaissance units of the German fascist troops were border detachments who were in service. Using previously prepared trenches, as well as folds of terrain and vegetation, as a shelter, they entered into battle with the enemy and thereby gave a signal of danger. Many border guards were killed in the battle, and the survivors retreated to the strongholds of the outposts and joined in defensive actions.

    On the river border sectors, the enemy's forward subunits strove to seize the bridges. Border patrols to guard bridges were sent out in the composition of 5 - 10 people with a light, and sometimes with a heavy machine gun. In most cases, border guards obstructed the capture of bridges by enemy forward groups.

    The enemy attracted armored vehicles to capture the bridges, carried out the crossing of his forward units on boats and pontoons, surrounded and destroyed border guards. Unfortunately, the border guards did not have the opportunity to blow up the bridges across the border river and they got to the enemy in good order. The rest of the outpost personnel also took part in the battles to hold bridges on the border rivers, inflicting serious losses on the enemy infantry, but being powerless against enemy tanks and armored vehicles.

    Thus, while protecting the bridges across the Western Bug River, the personnel of the 4th, 6th, 12th and 14th frontier outposts of the Vladimir-Volynsky frontier detachment were killed in full. The 7th and 9th border outposts of the Przemysl border detachment were also killed in unequal battles with the enemy, defending the bridges over the San River.

    In the zone where the shock groupings of the German fascist troops were advancing, the enemy's advanced units were stronger in size and armament than the border outpost, and, moreover, had tanks and armored personnel carriers in their composition. In these areas, border outposts could hold back the enemy only up to one or two hours. Border guards with fire from machine guns and rifles repelled the attack of the enemy infantry, but enemy tanks, after the destruction of defensive structures with cannon fire, rushed into the outpost stronghold and completed their destruction.

    In some cases, the border guards managed to knock out one tank, but in most cases they were powerless against armored vehicles. In an unequal struggle with the enemy, the personnel of the outpost almost all perished. The border guards, who were in the basements of the brick buildings of the outposts, held out for the longest, and, continuing to fight, died, blown up by German landmines.

    But the personnel of many outposts continued to fight the enemy from the outposts' strongholds to the last man. These battles continued throughout June 22, and individual outposts fought surrounded for several days.

    For example, the 13th outpost of the Vladimir-Volynsky border detachment, relying on strong defensive structures and favorable terrain conditions, fought surrounded for eleven days. The defense of this outpost was facilitated by the heroic actions of the garrisons of pillboxes in the fortified area of ​​the Red Army, which, during the period of artillery and aviation preparation of the enemy, prepared for defense and met him with powerful fire from guns and machine guns. In these pillboxes, commanders and Red Army men defended themselves for many days, and in some places even more than a month. German troops were forced to bypass the area, and then, using poisonous fumes, flamethrowers and explosives, destroy the heroic garrisons.
    Having joined the ranks of the Red Army, together with it, the border guards bore the whole brunt of the struggle against the German invaders, fought against the agents of his intelligence, reliably protected the rear of the Fronts and Armies from saboteur attacks, destroyed the groups that had broken through and the remnants of the encircled enemy groupings, showing heroism and chekist ingenuity everywhere , steadfastness, courage and selfless devotion to the Soviet Motherland.

    Summing up, it must be said that on June 22, 1941, the fascist German command moved a monstrous war machine against the USSR, which fell on the Soviet people with special cruelty, which had neither measure nor name. But in this difficult situation, the Soviet border guards did not flinch. In the very first battles, they showed unlimited devotion to the Fatherland, unshakable will, the ability to maintain stamina and courage, even in moments of mortal danger.

    Many details of the battles of several dozen border outposts remain still unknown, as well as the fate of many border defenders. Among the irrecoverable losses of border guards in battles in June 1941, more than 90% were “missing”.

    Not intended to repel an armed invasion of the enemy's regular troops, the border outposts stood firm under the onslaught of the superior forces of the German army and its satellites. The death of the border guards was justified by the fact that, dying in whole units, they provided access to the defensive lines of the covering units of the Red Army, which, in turn, ensured the deployment of the main forces of the Armies and Fronts and ultimately created conditions for the defeat of the German armed forces and the liberation of the peoples of the USSR and Europe from fascism.

    For the courage and heroism shown in the first battles with the Nazi invaders on the state border, 826 border guards were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. 11 border guards were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, of which five were posthumously. The names of sixteen border guards were assigned to the outposts where they served on the day the war began.

    Here are just a few episodes of the battles on that first day of the war and the names of the heroes:

    Platon Mikhailovich Kubov

    The name of the small Lithuanian village of Kybartai became widely known to many Soviet people on the very first day of the Great Patriotic War - a border outpost was located nearby, selflessly entering into an unequal battle with a superior enemy.

    No one slept at the outpost that memorable night. Border detachments now and then reported on the appearance of Nazi troops near the border. With the first bursts of enemy shells, the fighters took up a perimeter defense, and the head of the outpost, Lieutenant Kubov, with a small group of border guards drove to the place of the outbreak of firefight. Three columns of the Nazis were heading for the outpost. If he and his group take a fight here, he will try to delay the enemy as much as possible, at the outpost they will have time to prepare well for a meeting with the invaders ...

    A handful of soldiers under the command of 27-year-old Lieutenant Platon Kubov, carefully disguised, repelled enemy attacks for several hours. One by one, all the fighters were killed, but Kubov continued to fire from a machine gun. Out of cartridges. Then the lieutenant jumped on his horse and rushed to the outpost.

    The small garrison became one of the many fortress outposts that blocked, even if only for hours, the enemy's path. The border guards of the outpost fought to the last bullet, to the last grenade ...

    In the evening, local residents came to the smoking ruins of the border outpost. Among the piles of killed enemy soldiers, they found the mutilated bodies of border guards and buried them in a mass grave.

    Several years ago, the ashes of the heroes of the Kubovites were transferred to the territory of the newly rebuilt outpost, which on August 17, 1963 was named after P.M.Kubov, a communist, a native of the village of Revolutionary Kursk region.

    Alexey Vasilievich Lopatin

    In the early morning of June 22, 1941, shell explosions thundered in the courtyard of the 13th outpost of the Vladimir-Volynsky border detachment. And then planes with a fascist swastika flew over the outpost. War! For 25-year-old Alexei Lopatin, a native of the village of Dyukov, Ivanovo region, it began literally from the first minute. The lieutenant, who had graduated from a military school two years earlier, commanded the outpost.

    The Nazis hoped to crush a small unit on the move. But they miscalculated. Lopatin organized a strong defense. For more than an hour, a group sent to the bridge across the Bug did not allow the enemy to cross the river. The heroes died every one of them. The Nazis attacked the defense at the outpost for more than a day, and failed to break the resistance of the Soviet soldiers. Then the enemies surrounded the outpost, deciding that the border guards would surrender themselves. But machine guns continued to interfere with the advance of the Nazi columns. On the second day, the SS company was scattered, thrown into the small garrison. On the third day, the Nazis sent a fresh unit with artillery to the outpost. By this time, Lopatin hid his soldiers and commanding officers' families in a safe basement of the barracks and continued the battle.

    On June 26, Hitler's guns rained fire on the ground part of the barracks. However, new attacks by the fascists were again repulsed. On June 27, termite shells rained down on the outpost. The SS men hoped to force the Soviet fighters out of the basement with fire and smoke. But again the wave of the Nazis rolled back, met with well-aimed shots from the Lopatins. On June 29, women and children were sent out from under the ruins, while the border guards, including the wounded, remained to fight to the end.

    And the battle continued for three more days, until the ruins of the barracks collapsed under heavy artillery fire ...

    The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded by the Motherland of a brave warrior, candidate for party membership, Alexei Vasilyevich Lopatin. His name was given on February 20, 1954 to one of the outposts on the western border of the country.

    Fedor Vasilievich Morin

    A birch tree at the third blockhouse stood like a wounded soldier with a crutch, leaning on a hanging branch, broken by a shell fragment. The earth trembled around, black smoke drifting over the ruins of the outpost. The howl had been going on for more than seven hours.

    In the morning the outpost had no telephone connection with the headquarters. There was an order from the chief of the detachment to withdraw to the rear lines, but a messenger sent from the commandant's office did not reach the outpost, struck by a stray bullet. And Lieutenant Fyodor Marin did not even think about retreating without an order.

    Rus, give up! - the fascists shouted.

    Marin gathered the seven remaining fighters in the blockhouse, hugged each and kissed them.

    Better death than captivity, - said the commander to the border guards.

    We will die, but we will not surrender, - he heard in response.

    Put on your caps! Let's go in full shape.

    They loaded their rifles with the last rounds of ammunition, hugged one more time and went to the enemy. Marin sang "Internationale", the soldiers picked up, and over the conflagration rang out: "This is our last and decisive battle ..."

    Two days later, the fascist sergeant major, taken prisoner by the soldiers of the Red Army battalion, told how the Nazis were dumbfounded when they heard the revolutionary anthem through the roar.

    Lieutenant Fyodor Vasilyevich Morin, posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, is still in the ranks of the border guards. His name was given on September 3, 1965 to the outpost, which he commanded.

    Ivan Ivanovich Parkhomenko

    Awakened at dawn on June 22, 1941 by the roar of artillery cannonade, the head of the outpost, senior lieutenant Maksimov, jumped on his horse and rushed to the outpost, but before reaching it, he was seriously wounded. The defense was led by political instructor Kiyan, but he too soon died in a battle with the Nazis. The command of the outpost was taken over by Sergeant Major Ivan Parkhomenko. Carrying out his instructions, machine gunners and riflemen fired well-aimed at the Nazis crossing the Bug, trying to prevent them from reaching our shore. But the enemy's superiority was too great ...

    The fearlessness of the foremen gave the border guards strength. Parkhomenko invariably appeared where the battle was especially fierce, where his courage and commanding will were needed. A fragment of an enemy shell did not pass Ivan. But even with a broken collarbone, Parkhomenko continued to lead the battle.

    The sun was already at its zenith when the trench, in which the last defenders of the outpost were concentrated, was surrounded. Only three people could shoot, including the foreman. Parkhomenko had the last grenade left. The Nazis were approaching the trench. The foreman, gathering his strength, threw a grenade at the approaching car, killing three officers. Bleeding, Parkhomenko slipped to the bottom of the trench ...

    Before the company of the Nazis, they were exterminated by the soldiers of the frontier post under the command of Ivan Parkhomenko, at the cost of their lives they delayed the advance of the enemy for eight hours.

    On October 21, 1967, the name of the Komsomol member I. I. Parkhomenko was given to one of the border outposts.
    Eternal glory and memory to the Heroes !!! We remember you !!!
    http://gidepark.ru/community/832/content/1387276

    The tragedy of June 1941 has been studied far and wide. And the more it is studied, the more questions remain.
    Today I would like to give the floor to an eyewitness of those events.
    His name is Valentin Berezhkov. He worked as a translator. Translated for Stalin. He left a book of magnificent memoirs.
    On June 22, 1941, Valentin Mikhailovich Berezhkov met ... in Berlin.
    His memories are truly priceless.
    As they tell us, Stalin was afraid of Hitler. He was afraid of everything and therefore did nothing to prepare for war. And they also lie that everyone, including Stalin, was confused and scared when the war began.
    And this is how it really was.
    As Foreign Minister of the Third Reich, Joachim von Ribbentrop declared war on the USSR.
    “Suddenly, at 3 am, or 5 am Moscow time (it was already Sunday, June 22), the phone rang. Some unfamiliar voice announced that Reichs Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop was waiting for Soviet representatives in his office at the Foreign Office on Wilhelmstrasse. Already from this barking unfamiliar voice, from the extremely official phraseology, something ominous breathed.
    As we drove out to Wilhelmstrasse, from a distance we saw a crowd outside the building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Although it was daylight, the cast-iron canopy was brightly lit by floodlights. Photo reporters, cameramen and journalists were bustling around. The official jumped out of the car first and opened the door wide. We left, blinded by the light of Jupiters and the flashes of magnesium lamps. An alarming thought flashed through my head - is it really a war? There was no other way to explain such a crowd on the Wilhelmstrasse, and even at night. Photo reporters and cameramen accompanied us relentlessly. Every now and then they ran ahead, clicking the bolts. A long corridor led to the minister's apartment. Along it, stretched out, stood some people in uniform. At our appearance, they loudly clicked their heels, raising their hand up in a fascist greeting. Finally we found ourselves in the minister's office.
    At the back of the room was a desk, at which Ribbentrop sat in his everyday gray-green ministerial uniform.
    When we came close to the writing table, Ribbentrop got up, silently nodded his head, held out his hand and invited us to follow him to the opposite corner of the room at the round table. Ribbentrop had a swollen crimson face and dull, as if stopped, inflamed eyes. He walked in front of us, head down and staggering a little. "Isn't he drunk?" - flashed through my head. After we sat down and Ribbentrop began to speak, my assumption was confirmed. He, apparently, really drank thoroughly.
    The Soviet ambassador was never able to present our statement, the text of which we took with us. Ribbentrop, raising his voice, said that now it will be about something completely different. Stumbling over almost every word, he began to explain in a rather confused way that the German government had data on the increased concentration of Soviet troops on the German border. Ignoring the fact that over the past weeks, the Soviet embassy, ​​on behalf of Moscow, had repeatedly drawn the attention of the German side to the egregious cases of violations of the Soviet Union border by German soldiers and aircraft, Ribbentrop stated that Soviet servicemen violated the German border and invaded German territory, although such facts reality was not.
    Ribbentrop further explained that he summarized the contents of Hitler's memorandum, the text of which he immediately handed over to us. Then Ribbentrop said that the German government viewed the situation as a threat to Germany at a time when she was leading a life-and-death war with the Anglo-Saxons. All this, said Ribbentrop, is regarded by the German government and personally by the Fuehrer as an intention of the Soviet Union to stab the German people in the back. The Fuhrer could not tolerate such a threat and decided to take measures to protect the life and safety of the German nation. The Fuhrer's decision is final. An hour ago, German troops crossed the border of the Soviet Union.
    Then Ribbentrop began to assure that these actions of Germany are not aggression, but only defensive measures. After that Ribbentrop got up and stretched out to his full height, trying to give himself a solemn air. But his voice clearly lacked firmness and confidence when he uttered the last phrase:
    - The Fuehrer instructed me to officially announce these defensive measures ...
    We got up too. The conversation was over. Now we knew that the shells were already bursting on our land. After the robbery attack had taken place, the war was officially declared ... Nothing could be changed here. Before leaving, the Soviet ambassador said:
    - This is an impudent, unprovoked aggression. You will still regret that you have carried out a robbery attack on the Soviet Union. You will pay dearly for this ... ”.
    And now the end of the scene. Scenes of the declaration of war on the Soviet Union. Berlin. June 22, 1941. Office of the Reich Foreign Minister Ribbentrop.
    “We turned and headed for the exit. And then the unexpected happened. Ribbentrop, the seed, hastened after us. He began to swiftly, in a whisper, assure that he personally was against this decision of the Fuehrer. He even allegedly dissuaded Hitler from attacking the Soviet Union. Personally, he, Ribbentrop, considers it insane. But there was nothing he could do. Hitler made this decision, he did not want to listen to anyone ...
    - Tell in Moscow that I was against the attack, - we heard the last words of the Reich Minister, when we were already going out into the corridor ... ".
    Source: V. Berezhkov "Pages of Diplomatic History", "International Relations"; Moscow; 1987; http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/berezhkov_vm2/01.html
    My comment: Drunk Ribbentrop and USSR Ambassador Dekanozov, who not only “is not afraid”, but also speaks directly with completely non-diplomatic frankness. It is also worth noting that the German "official version" of the beginning of the war completely coincides with the version of Rezun-Suvorov. More precisely, the London prisoner-writer, the traitor-defector Rezun rewrote the version of Nazi propaganda in his books.
    Like, poor defenseless Hitler defended himself in June 1941. And they believe this in the West? They believe. And they want to instill this belief in the population of Russia. At the same time, Western historians and politicians believe Hitler only once: June 22, 1941. Neither before nor after they do not believe him. After all, Hitler said that he attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, exclusively defending himself against Polish aggression. Western historians believe the Fuhrer only when it is necessary to discredit the USSR-Russia. The conclusion is simple: whoever believes Rezun, he believes Hitler.
    I hope you are beginning to understand a little better why Stalin considered an attack on Germany an impossible foolishness.
    P.S. The fate of the characters in this scene was different.
    Joachim von Ribbentrop was hanged by the verdict of the Nuremberg Tribunal. Because he knew too much about the behind-the-scenes politics on the eve and during the world war.
    Vladimir Georgievich Dekanozov - the then ambassador of the USSR in Germany was shot by the Khrushchevites in December 1953. After the murder of Stalin, and then the murder of Beria, the traitors did the same thing that happened in 1991: they smashed the security organs. They cleaned out everyone who knew and who knew how to make politics at the "world level". And Dekanozov knew a lot (read his biography).
    Valentin Mikhailovich Berezhkov lived a difficult and interesting life. I recommend everyone to read his book of memoirs.
    http://nstarikov.ru/blog/18802

    Article 3. Why was the German attack on the USSR called "treacherous"?

    Today, on the 71st anniversary of the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, I would like to write about an issue that, in my memory, did not become the subject of discussion, although it lies right on the surface.
    On July 3, 1941, addressing the Soviet people, Stalin called the Nazi attack "treacherous."
    Below is the full text of that speech, including the audio recording. But it's worth starting by looking for an answer to the question why Stalin called the attack "treacherous"? Why already on June 22 in Molotov's speech, when the country learned about the beginning of the war, Vyacheslav Molotov said: "This unheard-of attack on our country is treachery unparalleled in the history of civilized peoples."
    What is treachery? This means "broken faith." In other words, both Stalin and Molotov characterized Hitler's aggression as an act of "broken faith." But faith in what? So, Stalin believed Hitler, and Hitler broke this faith?
    How else to take this word? The USSR was headed by a world-class politician, and he knew how to call a spade a spade.
    I offer one of the answers to this question. Found it in an article by our famous historian Yuri Rubtsov. He is a Doctor of Historical Sciences, a professor at the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.

    Yuri Rubtsov writes:
    “During all 70 years that have passed since the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, public consciousness has been looking for an answer to an outwardly very simple question: how did it happen that the Soviet leadership, having seemingly irrefutable evidence of Germany's preparation of aggression against the USSR, the opportunity was not believed and was taken by surprise?
    This seemingly simple question is one of those to which people are endlessly looking for an answer. One of the answer options is that the leader became a victim of a large-scale disinformation operation carried out by the German special services.
    The Hitlerite command understood that surprise and the maximum force of an attack on the troops of the Red Army could only be ensured by an offensive from a position of direct contact with them.
    Tactical surprise in the first strike was achieved only on condition that the date of the attack was kept secret until the last moment.
    On May 22, 1941, as part of the final stage of the operational deployment of the Wehrmacht, the transfer of 47 divisions, including 28 tank and motorized ones, began to the border with the USSR.
    Generally speaking, all versions of why such a mass of troops are concentrated near the Soviet border boiled down to the main two:
    - to prepare for the invasion of the British Isles, here, in the distance, to protect them from attacks by British aviation;
    - to forcefully ensure a favorable course of negotiations with the Soviet Union, which, according to Berlin's hints, were about to begin.
    As expected, a special disinformation operation against the USSR began long before the first German military echelons moved east on May 22, 1941.
    A. Hitler took a personal and far from formal participation in it.
    Let's say about a personal letter that the Fuhrer sent to the leader of the Soviet people on May 14. In it, by that time, at the borders of the Soviet Union, Hitler explained the presence of about 80 German divisions by the need to "organize troops far from British eyes and in connection with recent operations in the Balkans." “Perhaps this gives rise to rumors about the possibility of a military conflict between us,” he wrote in a confidential tone. - I want to assure you - and I give my word of honor that this is not true ... "
    The Fuehrer promised, starting from June 15-20, to begin a massive withdrawal of troops from the Soviet borders to the west, and before that he implored Stalin not to succumb to provocations, to which those German generals who, out of sympathy for England, "forgot their duty" ... “I look forward to seeing you in July. Sincerely yours, Adolf Hitler "- on such a" high "note

    He was finishing his letter.
    This was one of the peaks of the disinformation operation.
    Alas, the Soviet leadership took the Germans' explanations at face value. Striving at all costs to avoid war and not give the slightest pretext for an attack, Stalin until the last day forbade bringing the troops of the border districts on alert. As if the reason for the attack somehow worried the Nazi leadership ...
    On the last day before the war, Goebbels wrote in his diary: “The question of Russia is becoming more acute every hour. Molotov asked for a visit to Berlin, but received a decisive refusal. A naive assumption. This should have been done six months ago ... "
    Yes, if Moscow really got alarmed at least half a year before, but half a month before the "X" hour! However, the magic of confidence that a clash with Germany could be avoided was so dominant in Stalin that, even after receiving confirmation from Molotov about Germany's declaration of war, in a directive issued on June 22 at 7 o'clock. 15 minutes. For the Red Army to repel the invading enemy, he forbade our troops, with the exception of aviation, to cross the German border line. "
    Here is a document cited by Yuri Rubtsov.

    Of course, if Stalin believed Hitler's letter, in which he wrote “I look forward to meeting in July. Sincerely yours, Adolf Hitler, "then it becomes possible to understand correctly why both Stalin and Molotov called the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union with the word" treacherous ".

    Hitler "broke the faith" of Stalin ...

    Here, perhaps, it is necessary to dwell on two episodes of the first days of the war.
    In recent years, a lot of dirt has been poured onto Stalin. Khrushchev lied that Stalin, they say, hid in the country and was in shock. Documents don't lie.
    Here is the "JOURNAL OF JV STALIN'S VISITS IN HIS KREMLIN OFFICE" in June 1941.
    Since this historical material was prepared for publication by employees working under the leadership of Alexander Yakovlev, who had a certain hatred of Stalin, there is no doubt about the authenticity of the documents cited. They are published in publications:
    - 1941: In 2 books. Book 1 / Comp. L. E. Reshin et al. M.: Mezhdunar. Fund "Democracy", 1998. - 832 p. - ("Russia. XX century. Documents" / Ed. By Academician A. N. Yakovlev) ISBN 5-89511-0009-6;
    - The State Defense Committee decides (1941-1945). Figures, Documents. - M .: OLMA-PRESS, 2002 .-- 575 p. ISBN 5-224-03313-6.

    Below you will familiarize yourself with the entries "Journal of visits by IV Stalin in his Kremlin office" from June 22 to June 28, 1941. The publishers note:
    “The dates of the reception of visitors, which took place outside Stalin's office, are marked with an asterisk. The journal entries sometimes contain the following errors: the day of the visit is indicated twice; there are no entry and exit dates for visitors; the ordinal numbering of visitors is violated; there is an incorrect spelling of surnames ”.

    So, before you are the real concerns of Stalin in the first days of the war. Notice, no dacha, no shock. From the first minutes of the meeting and conference for decision-making and distribution of instructions. In the very first hours, the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was created.

    June 22, 1941
    1. Molotov NCO, deputy. Prev SNK 5.45-12.05
    2. Beria NKVD 5.45-9.20
    3. Tymoshenko NPO 5.45-8.30
    4. Mehlis Beginning. GlavPUR KA 5.45-8.30
    5. Zhukov NGSH KA 5.45-8.30
    6. Malenkov Sekr. Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 7.30-9.20
    7. Mikoyan Deputy. Prev SNK 7.55-9.30
    8. Kaganovich NKPS 8.00-9.35
    9. Voroshilov Deputy. Prev SNK 8.00-10.15
    10. Vyshinsky sotr. MFA 7.30-10.40
    11. Kuznetsov 8.15-8.30
    12. Dimitrov, member. Comintern 8.40-10.40
    13. Manuilsky 8.40-10.40
    14. Kuznetsov 9.40-10.20
    15. Mikoyan 9.50-10.30
    16. Molotov 12.25-16.45
    17. Voroshilov 10.40-12.05
    18. Beria 11.30-12.00
    19. Malenkov 11.30-12.00
    20. Voroshilov 12.30-16.45
    21. Mikoyan 12.30-14.30
    22. Vyshinsky 13.05-15.25
    23. Shaposhnikov Deputy. Non-profit organization for UR 13.15-16.00
    24. Tymoshenko 14.00-16.00
    25. Zhukov 14.00-16.00
    26. Vatutin 14.00-16.00
    27. Kuznetsov 15.20-15.45
    28. Kulik deputy. NKO 15.30-16.00
    29. Beria 16.25-16.45
    Latest came out at 16.45

    June 23, 1941
    1. Molotov, member. GC rates 3.20-6.25
    2. Voroshilov, member. GC rates 3.20-6.25
    3. Beria, member. Rates TC 3.25-6.25
    4. Tymoshenko, member. GC rates 3.30-6.10
    5. Vatutin 1st deputy. NGSH 3.30-6.10
    6. Kuznetsov 3.45-5.25
    7. Kaganovich NKPS 4.30-5.20
    8. Zhigarev teams. Air Force KA 4.35-6.10

    Latest released 6.25

    June 23, 1941
    1. Molotov 18.45-01.25
    2. Zhigarev 18.25-20.45
    3. Tymoshenko NPO of the USSR 18.59-20.45
    4. Merkulov NKVD 19.10-19.25
    5. Voroshilov 20.00-01.25
    6. Voznesensky Prev. Gospl., Deputy. Prev SNK 20.50-01.25
    7. Mehlis 20.55-22.40
    8. Kaganovich NKPS 23.15-01.10
    9. Vatutin 23.55-00.55
    10. Tymoshenko 23.55-00.55
    11. Kuznetsov 23.55-00.50
    12. Beria 24.00-01.25
    13. Vlasik early. personal guard
    Latest came out 01.25 24 / VI 41

    June 24, 1941
    1. Malyshev 16.20-17.00
    2. Voznesensky 16.20-17.05
    3. Kuznetsov 16.20-17.05
    4. Kizakov (Leningrad) 16.20-17.05
    5. Salzman 16.20-17.05
    6. Popov 16.20-17.05
    7. Kuznetsov (Kr.m.fl.) 16.45-17.00
    8. Beria 16.50-20.25
    9. Molotov 17.05-21.30
    10. Voroshilov 17.30-21.10
    11. Tymoshenko 17.30-20.55
    12. Vatutin 17.30-20.55
    13. Shakhurin 20.00-21.15
    14. Petrov 20.00-21.15
    15. Zhigarev 20.00-21.15
    16. Golikov 20.00-21.20
    17. Shcherbakov secretary of the 1st MGK 18.45-20.55
    18. Kaganovich 19.00-20.35
    19. Suprun pilot-test. 20.15-20.35
    20. Zhdanov, member. n / bureau, secretary 20.55-21.30
    Latest came out at 21.30

    June 25, 1941
    1. Molotov 01.00-05.50
    2. Shcherbakov 01.05-04.30
    3. Peresypkin NKS, deputy. NCO 01.07-01.40
    4. Kaganovich 01.10-02.30
    5. Beria 01.15-05.25
    6. Merkulov 01.35-01.40
    7. Tymoshenko 01.40-05.50
    8. Kuznetsov NK Navy 01.40-05.50
    9. Vatutin 01.40-05.50
    10. Mikoyan 02.20-05.30
    11. Mehlis 01.20-05.20
    Latest came out 05.50

    June 25, 1941
    1. Molotov 19.40-01.15
    2. Voroshilov 19.40-01.15
    3. Malyshev NK tankoprom 20.05-21.10
    4. Beria 20.05-21.10
    5. Sokolov 20.10-20.55
    6. Tymoshenko Prev. GC rates 20.20-24.00
    7. Vatutin 20.20-21.10
    8. Voznesensky 20.25-21.10
    9. Kuznetsov 20.30-21.40
    10. Fedorenko teams. ABTV 21.15-24.00
    11. Kaganovich 21.45-24.00
    12. Kuznetsov 21.05.-24.00
    13. Vatutin 22.10-24.00
    14. Shcherbakov 23.00-23.50
    15. Mekhlis 20.10-24.00
    16. Beria 00.25-01.15
    17. Voznesensky 00.25-01.00
    18. Vyshinsky sotr. MFA 00.35-01.00
    Latest came out 01.00

    June 26, 1941
    1. Kaganovich 12.10-16.45
    2. Malenkov 12.40-16.10
    3. Budyonny 12.40-16.10
    4. Zhigarev 12.40-16.10
    5. Voroshilov 12.40-16.30
    6. Molotov 12.50-16.50
    7. Vatutin 13.00-16.10
    8. Petrov 13.15-16.10
    9.Kovalev 14.00-14.10
    10. Fedorenko 14.10-15.30
    11. Kuznetsov 14.50-16.10
    12. Zhukov NGSH 15.00-16.10
    13. Beria 15.10-16.20
    14. Yakovlev early. GAU 15.15-16.00
    15. Tymoshenko 13.00-16.10
    16. Voroshilov 17.45-18.25
    17. Beria 17.45-19.20
    18. Mikoyan Deputy. Prev SNK 17.50-18.20
    19. Vyshinsky 18.00-18.10
    20. Molotov 19.00-23.20
    21. Zhukov 21.00-22.00
    22. Vatutin 1st deputy. NGSH 21.00-22.00
    23. Tymoshenko 21.00-22.00
    24. Voroshilov 21.00-22.10
    25. Beria 21.00-22.30
    26. Kaganovich 21.05-22.45
    27. Shcherbakov 1st secretary. MGK 22.00-22.10
    28. Kuznetsov 22.00-22.20
    Latest came out at 23.20

    June 27, 1941
    1. Voznesensky 16.30-16.40
    2. Molotov 17.30-18.00
    3. Mikoyan 17.45-18.00
    4. Molotov 19.35-19.45
    5. Mikoyan 19.35-19.45
    6. Molotov 21.25-24.00
    7. Mikoyan 21.25-02.35
    8. Beria 21.25-23.10
    9. Malenkov 21.30-00.47
    10. Tymoshenko 21.30-23.00
    11. Zhukov 21.30-23.00
    12. Vatutin 21.30-22.50
    13. Kuznetsov 21.30-23.30
    14. Zhigarev 22.05-00.45
    15. Petrov 22.05-00.45
    16. Sokoverov 22.05-00.45
    17. Zharov 22.05-00.45
    18. Nikitin VVS KA 22.05-00.45
    19. Titov 22.05-00.45
    20. Voznesensky 22.15-23.40
    21. Shakhurin NKAP 22.30-23.10
    22. Dementyev Deputy. NKAP 22.30-23.10
    23. Shcherbakov 23.25-24.00
    24. Shakhurin 00.40-00.50
    25. Merkulov deputy. NKVD 01.00-01.30
    26. Kaganovich 01.10-01.35
    27. Tymoshenko 01.30-02.35
    28. Golikov 01.30-02.35
    29. Beria 01.30-02.35
    30. Kuznetsov 01.30-02.35
    Latest came out 02.40

    June 28, 1941
    1. Molotov 19.35-00.50
    2. Malenkov 19.35-23.10
    3. Budyonny deputy. NCO 19.35-19.50
    4. Merkulov 19.45-20.05
    5. Bulganin Deputy. Prev SNK 20.15-20.20
    6. Zhigarev 20.20-22.10
    7. Petrov Ch. construct art. 20.20-22.10
    8. Bulganin 20.40-20.45
    9. Tymoshenko 21.30-23.10
    10. Zhukov 21.30-23.10
    11. Golikov 21.30-22.55
    12. Kuznetsov 21.50-23.10
    13. Boars 22.00-22.10
    14. Stefanovskiy pilot-tested. 22.00-22.10
    15. Suprun pilot-test. 22.00-22.10
    16. Beria 22.40-00.50
    17. Ustinov NK thief. 22.55-23.10
    18. Yakovlev GAUNKO 22.55-23.10
    19. Shcherbakov 22.10-23.30
    20. Mikoyan 23.30-00.50
    21. Merkulov 24.00-00.15
    Latest came out 00.50

    And one more thing. Much has been written about the fact that on June 22 he spoke on the radio, announcing the attack of the fascists and the beginning of the war by Molotov. Where was Stalin? Why didn't he speak himself?
    The answer to the first question is in the lines of the "Journal of visits".
    The answer to the second question, apparently, lies in the fact that Stalin, as the country's political leader, should have understood - in his speech, all the people were expecting to hear the answer to the question "What to do?"
    Therefore, Stalin took a pause for ten days, received information about what was happening, pondered how to organize resistance to the aggressor, and only after that he spoke on July 3, not just with an appeal to the people, but with a detailed program of warfare!
    Here is the text of that speech. Read and listen to the audio recording of this speech by Stalin. You will find in the text a detailed program, up to the organization of partisan actions in the occupied territories, theft of steam locomotives and much more. And that's just 10 days after the invasion.
    This is strategic thinking!
    The power of history falsifiers lies in the fact that they juggle with them invented cliches that have a given ideological orientation.
    Better read the docs. They contain true Truth and Power ...

    July 3 marks 71 years since the legendary speech of I.V. Stalin on the radio. Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov in his last interview called this speech one of the three "symbols" of the Great Patriotic War.
    Here is the text of this speech:
    “Comrades! Citizens! Brothers and sisters!
    Soldiers of our army and navy!
    I appeal to you, my friends!
    The treacherous military attack of Hitler's Germany on our homeland, which began on June 22, continues, despite the heroic resistance of the Red Army, despite the fact that the best divisions of the enemy and the best units of his aviation have already been defeated and found a grave on the battlefields, the enemy continues to climb forward. throwing new forces to the front. Hitler's troops managed to capture Lithuania, a significant part of Latvia, the western part of Belarus, part of Western Ukraine. Fascist aviation is expanding the areas of operation of its bombers, bombing Murmansk, Orsha, Mogilev, Smolensk, Kiev, Odessa, Sevastopol. A serious danger looms over our homeland.
    How could it happen that our glorious Red Army surrendered a number of our cities and regions to the fascist troops? Are the German fascist troops really invincible troops, as the boastful fascist propagandists trumpet about it?
    Of course not! History shows that there are no invincible armies and never happened. Napoleon's army was considered invincible, but it was defeated alternately by Russian, British, German troops. During the first imperialist war, Wilhelm's German army was also considered an invincible army, but it was defeated several times by Russian and Anglo-French troops and, finally, was defeated by Anglo-French troops. The same must be said about Hitler's current German fascist army. This army has not yet met serious resistance on the continent of Europe. Only on our territory did it meet with serious resistance. And if, as a result of this resistance, the best divisions of the German fascist army were defeated by our Red Army, this means that the Nazi fascist army can be defeated and will be defeated just as the armies of Napoleon and Wilhelm were defeated.
    As for the fact that part of our territory was nevertheless captured by fascist German troops, this is mainly due to the fact that the war of fascist Germany against the USSR began under favorable conditions for the German troops and unfavorable ones for the Soviet troops. The fact is that the troops of Germany, as a country waging a war, had already been completely mobilized and 170 divisions thrown by Germany against the USSR and moved to the borders of the USSR were in a state of full readiness, waiting only for a signal to act, while the Soviet troops still needed mobilize and move to the borders. Of no small importance here was the fact that fascist Germany unexpectedly and treacherously violated the non-aggression pact concluded in 1939 between her and the USSR, regardless of the fact that she would be recognized by the whole world as the attacking side. It is clear that our peace-loving country, unwilling to take the initiative to violate the pact, could not take the path of treachery.
    One may ask: how could it have happened that the Soviet government agreed to conclude a non-aggression pact with such treacherous people and monsters as Hitler and Ribbentrop? Was there not a mistake on the part of the Soviet government here? Of course not! A non-aggression pact is a peace pact between two states. It was precisely such a pact that Germany proposed to us in 1939. Could the Soviet government refuse such a proposal? I think that no peace-loving state can refuse a peace agreement with a neighboring power, if even such monsters and cannibals as Hitler and Ribbentrop are at the head of this power. And this, of course, under one indispensable condition - if the peace agreement does not affect, either directly or indirectly, the territorial integrity, independence and honor of the peace-loving state. As you know, the non-aggression pact between Germany and the USSR is just such a pact. What have we gained by concluding a non-aggression pact with Germany? We ensured peace for our country for a year and a half and the possibility of preparing our forces to repel if fascist Germany would risk attacking our country in spite of the pact. This is a definite gain for us and a loss for Nazi Germany.
    What did fascist Germany gain and lose by treacherously breaking the pact and attacking the USSR? She achieved by this some advantageous position for her troops in a short time, but she lost politically, exposing herself in the eyes of the whole world as a bloody aggressor. There can be no doubt that this short military gain for Germany is only an episode, and the enormous political gain for the USSR is a serious and long-term factor on the basis of which the decisive military successes of the Red Army in the war with Nazi Germany should unfold.
    That is why all our valiant army, all our valiant navy, all our falcon pilots, all the peoples of our country, all the best people of Europe, America and Asia, finally, all the best people of Germany condemn the treacherous actions of the German fascists and sympathize with To the Soviet government, they approve of the behavior of the Soviet government and see that our cause is just, that the enemy will be defeated, that we must win.
    Due to the war imposed on us, our country entered into mortal combat with its worst and most insidious enemy - German fascism. Our troops are fighting heroically against the enemy armed to the teeth with tanks and aircraft. The Red Army and the Red Fleet, overcoming numerous difficulties, are selflessly fighting for every inch of Soviet land. The main forces of the Red Army, armed with thousands of tanks and aircraft, enter the battle. The bravery of the soldiers of the Red Army is unparalleled. Our resistance to the enemy is growing stronger and stronger. Together with the Red Army, the entire Soviet people are rising to defend the Motherland. What is required in order to eliminate the danger hanging over our Motherland, and what measures must be taken in order to defeat the enemy?
    First of all, it is necessary that our people, the Soviet people, understand the full depth of the danger that threatens our country, and renounce complacency, carelessness, the mood of peaceful construction, which were quite understandable in the pre-war period, but pernicious at the present time, when the war is fundamentally changed position. The enemy is cruel and unforgiving. He sets as his goal the seizure of our lands, watered with our sweat, the seizure of our grain and our oil, obtained by our labor. It aims to restore the power of the landowners, restore tsarism, destroy the national culture and national statehood of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Uzbeks, Tatars, Moldovans, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and other free peoples of the Soviet Union, their Germanization, their transformation into slaves of German princes and barons. Thus, it is about the life and death of the Soviet state, about the life and death of the peoples of the USSR, about whether the peoples of the Soviet Union should be free or fall into enslavement. It is necessary for the Soviet people to understand this and stop being carefree, so that they mobilize themselves and reorganize all their work in a new, military way, which knows no mercy for the enemy.
    Further, it is necessary that in our ranks there is no place for whiners and cowards, alarmists and deserters, so that our people do not know fear in the struggle and selflessly go to our Patriotic War of Liberation against the fascist enslavers. The great Lenin, who created our state, said that the main quality of Soviet people should be courage, courage, ignorance of fear in the struggle, readiness to fight together with the people against the enemies of our Motherland. It is necessary that this splendid quality of a Bolshevik should become the property of millions and millions of the Red Army, our Red Navy and all the peoples of the Soviet Union. We must immediately reorganize all our work on a war footing, subordinating everything to the interests of the front and the tasks of organizing the defeat of the enemy. The peoples of the Soviet Union now see that German fascism is indomitable in its furious anger and hatred for our Motherland, which has provided all working people with free labor and prosperity. The peoples of the Soviet Union must rise to defend their rights, their land against the enemy.
    The Red Army, the Red Fleet and all citizens of the Soviet Union must defend every inch of Soviet land, fight to the last drop of blood for our cities and villages, and display the courage, initiative and intelligence that are characteristic of our people.
    We must organize all-round assistance to the Red Army, ensure the reinforced replenishment of its ranks, ensure its supply with everything necessary, organize the rapid advancement of transports with troops and military supplies, and provide extensive assistance to the wounded.
    We must strengthen the rear of the Red Army, subordinating all our work to the interests of this cause, ensure the intensified work of all enterprises, produce more rifles, machine guns, guns, cartridges, shells, aircraft, organize the protection of factories, power plants, telephone and telegraph communications, establish local air defense ...
    We must organize a merciless struggle against all sorts of disorganizers of the rear, deserters, alarmists, spreading rumors, destroy spies, saboteurs, enemy paratroopers, rendering in all this quick assistance to our destroyer battalions. It must be borne in mind that the enemy is cunning, cunning, experienced in deceiving and spreading false rumors. All this must be taken into account and not succumb to provocations. It is necessary to immediately bring to trial by a military tribunal all those who, by their alarmism and cowardice, interfere with the work of defense, regardless of their faces.
    In the event of the forced withdrawal of the Red Army units, it is necessary to hijack the entire rolling stock, not to leave the enemy a single steam locomotive, not a single carriage, not to leave the enemy a single kilogram of bread, not a liter of fuel. Collective farmers must steal all their livestock, hand over grain to government agencies for safekeeping for transportation to rear areas. All valuable property, including non-ferrous metals, bread and fuel, which cannot be taken out, must be destroyed unconditionally.
    In the areas occupied by the enemy, it is necessary to create partisan detachments, horse and foot, to create sabotage groups to fight parts of the enemy army, to foment partisan war everywhere and everywhere, to blow up bridges, roads, damage telephone and telegraph communications, set fire to forests, warehouses, carts. In the occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities.
    The war with fascist Germany cannot be considered an ordinary war. It is not only a war between two armies. At the same time, it is a great war of the entire Soviet people against the German fascist troops. The goal of this nationwide Patriotic war against the fascist oppressors is not only to eliminate the danger hanging over our country, but also to help all the peoples of Europe groaning under the yoke of German fascism. In this war of liberation, we will not be alone. In this great war, we will have loyal allies in the person of the peoples of Europe and America, including the German people enslaved by Hitler's rulers. Our war for the freedom of our Fatherland will merge with the struggle of the peoples of Europe and America for their independence, for democratic freedoms. It will be a united front of peoples standing for freedom, against enslavement and the threat of enslavement from Hitler's fascist armies. In this regard, the historic speech of the Prime Minister of Great Britain, Mr. Churchill, on aid to the Soviet Union and the declaration of the US government on its readiness to provide assistance to our country, which can only evoke a feeling of gratitude in the hearts of the peoples of the Soviet Union, are quite understandable and indicative.
    Comrades! Our strengths are incalculable. The arrogant enemy will soon have to make sure of this. Together with the Red Army, many thousands of workers, collective farmers and intelligentsia are rising to fight the attacked enemy. The millions of our people will rise. The working people of Moscow and Leningrad have already begun to create a multi-thousand people's militia to support the Red Army. In every city that is threatened by the danger of an enemy invasion, we must create such a people's militia, rouse all working people to fight in order to defend our freedom, our honor, our Motherland in our Patriotic war against German fascism with our breasts.
    In order to quickly mobilize all the forces of the peoples of the USSR, to repulse the enemy who treacherously attacked our Motherland, the State Defense Committee has been created, in whose hands all the power in the state is now concentrated. The State Defense Committee has begun its work and calls on the entire people to rally around the Lenin-Stalin party, around the Soviet government for selfless support of the Red Army and the Red Fleet, for the defeat of the enemy, for victory.
    All our forces are to support our heroic Red Army, our glorious Red Navy!
    All the forces of the people - to defeat the enemy!
    Forward, for our victory! "

    I.V. Stalin's speech on July 3, 1941
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr3ldvaW4e8
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pD5gf2OSZA&feature=related
    Another speech of Stalin at the beginning of the War

    Stalin's speech at the end of the War
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrIPg3TRbno&feature=related
    Sergey Filatov
    http://serfilatov.livejournal.com/89269.html#cutid1

    Article 4. Russian spirit

    Nikolay Biyata
    http://gidepark.ru/community/129/content/1387287
    www.ruska-pravda.org

    The fury of Russian resistance reflects a new Russian spirit, backed by new-found industrial and agricultural power

    Last June, most Democrats agreed with Adolf Hitler - in three months the Nazi armies will enter Moscow and the Russian case will be similar to the Norwegian, French and Greek. Even the American communists shivered in their Russian boots, believing less in Marshal Timoshenko, Voroshilov and Budyonny than in Generals Frost, Dirt and Slush. When the Germans got stuck, the disbelieving fellow travelers returned to their former convictions, a monument to Lenin was unveiled in London, and almost everyone breathed a sigh of relief: the impossible had happened.

    The purpose of Maurice Hindus's book is to show that the impossible was inevitable. According to him, the fury of Russian resistance reflects a new Russian spirit, behind which is a new-found industrial and agricultural power.

    Few of those who observe post-revolutionary Russia can speak about this more competently. Among American journalists, Maurice Gershon Hindus is the only professional Russian peasant (he arrived in the United States as a child).

    After four years at Colgate University and graduate school at Harvard, he managed to maintain a slight Russian accent and a close bond with the good Russian land. "I," he sometimes says, spreading his arms in Slavic, "a peasant."

    Fu-fu, it smells of the Russian spirit

    When the Bolsheviks began to “liquidate the kulaks [successful farmers] as a class,” the Hindus journalist traveled to Russia to see what was happening to his fellow peasants. The fruit of his observations is Humanity Uprooted, a bestseller whose main thesis is that forced collectivization is hard, exile to the High North for forced labor is even harder, but collectivization is the greatest economic restructuring in human history. ; it changes the face of the Russian land. The future belongs to her. Soviet planners were of the same opinion, giving the Hindus journalist extraordinary opportunities to observe the emergence of a new Russian spirit.

    In Russia and Japan, he, relying on his direct knowledge, answers a question that may well decide the fate of World War II. What is this new Russian spirit? It's not all that new. “Fu-fu, it smells of the Russian spirit! Before the Russian spirit had never heard of it, never seen by sight. Today the Russian is rolling around the world, striking in the eyes, hitting in the face. " These words are not taken from Stalin's speech. An old witch named Baba Yaga always pronounces them in the most ancient Russian fairy tales.

    Grandmothers whispered them to their grandchildren when the Mongols burned the surrounding villages in 1410.

    They repeated them when the Russian spirit expelled the last Mongol from Muscovy twenty years before Columbus discovered the New World. They probably repeat them today.

    Three Forces

    By “the power of the idea,” Hindus means that in Russia, the ownership of private property has become a social crime. "Deep into the minds of people - especially, of course, young people, that is, those who are twenty-nine and less years old, and there are one hundred and seven million in Russia - the concept of the deep depravity of private entrepreneurship has penetrated."

    By "force of organization" the author of Hindus understands the total control of the state over industry and agriculture, so that every function of peacetime actually becomes a military function. “Of course, the Russians never hinted at the military aspects of collectivization, and therefore foreign observers remained completely unaware of this element of a large-scale and brutal agricultural revolution. They emphasized only those consequences that concerned agriculture and society ... However, without collectivization, they would not have been able to wage war as effectively as they are waging it. "

    Machine Power is an idea for which an entire generation of Russians denied themselves food, clothing, cleanliness, and even the most basic comforts. "Like the power of a new idea and a new organization, it saves the Soviet Union from dismemberment and destruction by Germany." "In the same way," the author of the Hindus believes, "she will save him from the encroachments of Japan."

    His arguments are less interesting than his analysis of Russia's strength in the Far East.

    The Wild East of Russia, stretching three thousand miles from Vladivostok, is rapidly becoming one of the largest industrial belts in the world. Among the most fascinating sections about Russia and Japan are those that destroy the legend that Siberia is an Asian glacier or exclusively a place of hard labor. In fact, Siberia produces both polar bears and cotton, has large modern cities such as Novosibirsk ("Siberian Chicago") and Magnitogorsk (steel), and is also the center of Russia's giant arms industry. Hindus believes that even if the Nazis reach the Ural Mountains, and the Japanese reach Lake Baikal, Russia will still remain a powerful industrial state.

    No separate world

    In addition, he believes that the Russians will under no circumstances agree to a separate peace. After all, they are not just waging a war for liberation. In the form of a war of liberation, they continue the revolution. “Too alive to forget them, the memories of the sacrifices people made for every machine, every locomotive, every brick for the construction of new factories ... Butter, cheese, eggs, white bread, caviar, fish, which should have been there are they and their children; textiles and leather, from which clothes and shoes were to be made for them and their children, were sent abroad ... to receive the currency that was used to pay for foreign cars and foreign services ... Indeed, Russia is waging a nationalist war; the peasant, as always, is fighting for his home and his land. But today's Russian nationalism rests on the idea and practice of Soviet or collectivized control over "the means of production and distribution," while Japanese nationalism rests on the idea of ​​honoring the Emperor. "

    Directory

    The somewhat emotional judgments of the author of Hindus are surprisingly confirmed by the book of the author Yugov "The Russian Economic Front in Peace and War". Not such a friend of the Russian revolution as the author of Hindus, the economist Yugov is a former employee of the USSR State Planning Committee, who now prefers to live in the United States. His book on Russia is much more difficult to read than the book by the author of Hindus, and contains more facts. It does not justify the suffering, death and oppression of people that Russia had to pay for its new economic and military power.

    He hopes that one of the results of the war for Russia will be a pivot towards democracy - the only system in which, in his opinion, economic planning can really work. But author Yugov agrees with author Hindus in his assessment of why the Russians are fighting so violently, and this is not a "geographic, everyday variety" of patriotism.

    “The workers of Russia,” he says, “are fighting against a return to the private economy, against a return to the very bottom of the social pyramid ... The peasants are stubbornly and actively fighting Hitler, because Hitler would bring back the old landowners or create new ones according to the Prussian model. Numerous nationalities of the Soviet Union are fighting because they know that Hitler is destroying all opportunities for their development ... "

    “And, finally, all citizens of the Soviet Union go to the front to fight resolutely until victory, because they want to defend those undoubtedly majestic - albeit inadequately and insufficiently realized - revolutionary achievements in the field of labor, culture, science and art .. There are many claims and demands from workers, peasants, various nationalities and all citizens of the Soviet Union against Stalin's dictatorial regime, and the struggle for these demands will not stop for a day. But at the present time for the people above all is the task of protecting their country from the enemy, personifying the social, political and national reaction. "

    "Time", USA

    Article 5. Russians come for theirs. Sevastopol - the prototype of Victory

    Author - Oleg Bibikov
    In a wonderful way, the day of the liberation of Sevastopol coincides with the day of the Great Victory. In the May waters of the Sevastopol bays, we can still see the reflection of the fiery Berlin sky and the Victory Banner in it.

    Undoubtedly, in the solar ripples of those waters, the reflection of other future victories is also guessed.

    "Not a single name in Russia is pronounced with more reverence than Sevastopol" - these words do not belong to a patriot of Russia, but to a fierce enemy, and they are pronounced with the wrong intonation, which is to our hearts.

    Colonel-General Karl Almendinger, appointed on May 1, 1944, the commander of the 17th German Army, which was repelling the offensive operation of the Soviet troops, said to the army: “I received an order to defend every inch of the Sevastopol bridgehead. You understand its meaning. Not a single name in Russia is pronounced with greater reverence than Sevastopol ... I demand that everyone defend themselves in the full sense of the word, that no one leaves, holds every trench, every crater, every trench ... The bridgehead is heavily equipped in engineering respect, and the enemy, wherever he appears, will become entangled in the network of our defenses. But none of us should even think of retreating to these positions located in the depths. The 17th Army in Sevastopol is supported by powerful air and naval forces. The Fuehrer gives us enough ammunition, aircraft, weapons and reinforcements. The honor of the army depends on each meter of the assigned territory. Germany expects us to do our duty. "

    Hitler ordered that Sevastopol be held at any cost. In fact, this is an order - not a step back.

    In a sense, history repeated itself in a mirror image.

    Two and a half years earlier, on November 10, 1941, an order was issued by the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, F.S. Oktyabrsky, addressed to the troops of the Sevastopol defensive region: “The glorious Black Sea Fleet and the Maritime Army are entrusted with the defense of the famous historical Sevastopol ... We are obliged to turn Sevastopol into an impregnable fortress and on the outskirts of the city to exterminate more than one division of presumptuous fascist scoundrels ... We have powerful thousands of wonderful fighters Black Sea Fleet, Sevastopol coastal defense, glorious aviation. Together with us, the battle-hardened Maritime Army ... All this instills in us full confidence that the enemy will not pass, will break his skull against our strength, our might ... "

    Our army is back.

    Then, in May 1944, Bismarck's long-standing observation was reaffirmed: do not expect that once taking advantage of Russia's weakness, you will receive dividends forever.

    Russians always return their ...

    In November 1943, Soviet troops successfully carried out the Nizhnedneprovsk operation and blockaded the Crimea. The 17th Army was then commanded by Colonel General Erwin Gustav Jenecke. The liberation of the Crimea became possible in the spring of 1944. The operation was scheduled to begin on April 8th.

    It was the eve of Holy Week ...

    For most contemporaries, the names of fronts, armies, unit numbers, the names of generals, or even marshals, say nothing or almost nothing.

    It worked out - like in a song. Victory is one for all. But let's remember.

    The liberation of Crimea was entrusted to the 4th Ukrainian Front under the command of Army General F.I. Tolbukhin, a separate Primorsky army under the command of General of the Army A.I. Eremenko, to the Black Sea Fleet under the command of Admiral F.S. Oktyabrsky and the Azov military flotilla under the command of Rear Admiral S.G. Gorshkov.

    Recall that the 4th Ukrainian Front consisted of: 51st Army (commanded by Lieutenant General Ya.G. Kreizer), 2nd Guards Army (commanded by Lieutenant General G.F. Zakharov), 19th Tank Corps ( Commander Lieutenant General I.D.Vasiliev; he will be seriously wounded and on April 11 he will be replaced by Colonel I.A.

    Each name is a significant name. Everyone has years of war behind them. Others began their battle with the Germans back in 1914-1918. Others fought in Spain, in China, Khryukin had a sunken Japanese battleship on his account ...

    On the Soviet side, 470 thousand people were involved in the Crimean operation, about 6 thousand guns and mortars, 559 tanks and self-propelled guns, 1250 aircraft.

    The 17th Army consisted of 5 German and 7 Romanian divisions - a total of about 200 thousand people, 3600 guns and mortars, 215 tanks and assault guns, 148 aircraft.

    On the side of the Germans were a powerful network of defensive structures, which had to be torn to shreds.

    A big victory consists of tiny victories.

    The chronicles of the war capture the names of privates, officers and generals. The chronicles of the war allow us to see the Crimea of ​​that spring with cinematic clarity. It was a blissful spring, everything that could - bloomed, the rest - sparkled with green, everything dreamed of living forever. The Russian tanks of the 19th Panzer Corps had to bring the infantry out into the operational space, hack the defenses. Someone had to go first, lead the first tank, the first tank battalion, and almost certainly die.

    The chronicles tell about the day of April 11, 1944: “The lead tank battalion of Major IN. Mashkarin from the 101st Tank Brigade. Leading the attackers, I.N. Mashkarin not only controlled the battle of his units. He personally destroyed six cannons, four machine-gun points, two mortars, dozens of Nazi soldiers and officers ... "

    The brave battalion commander died that day.

    He was 22 years old, he had already participated in 140 battles, defended Ukraine, fought near Rzhev and Orel ... After the Victory he will be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). The battalion commander, who broke into the defense of the Crimea in the Dzhankoy direction, was buried in Simferopol in the Victory Square, in a mass grave ...

    An armada of Soviet tanks burst out into the operational space. On the same day, Dzhankoy was also released.

    Simultaneously with the actions of the 4th Ukrainian Front, the Separate Primorskaya Army also went over to the offensive in the Kerch direction. Its actions were supported by the aviation of the 4th Air Army and the Black Sea Fleet.

    On the same day, the partisans captured the city of Stary Krym. In response, the Germans retreating from Kerch carried out an army punitive operation, killing 584 people, shooting everyone who caught their eye.

    Simferopol was cleared of the enemy on Thursday 13 April. Moscow saluted the troops that liberated the capital of Crimea.

    On the same day, our fathers and grandfathers liberated the famous resort towns - Feodosia in the east, Evpatoria in the west. On April 14, on Good Friday, Bakhchisarai was liberated, and hence the Assumption Monastery, where many defenders of Sevastopol, who died in the Crimean War of 1854-1856, are buried. On the same day, Sudak and Alushta were released.

    Our troops hurricanes swept through Yalta and Alupka. On April 15, Soviet tankers reached the outer defensive line of Sevastopol. On the same day, the Maritime Army approached Sevastopol from the direction of Yalta ...

    And this situation was like a mirror image of the fall of 1941. Our troops, preparing for the storming of Sevastopol, stood in the same positions on which the Germans and Romanians were at the end of October 1941. The Germans could not take Sevastopol for 8 months and, as Admiral Oktyabrsky had predicted, smashed their skull on Sevastopol.

    Russian troops liberated their holy city in less than a month. The entire Crimean operation took 35 days. The direct assault on the Sevastopol fortified area took 8 days, and the city itself was taken in 58 hours.

    For the capture of Sevastopol, which could not be liberated outright, all our armies were united under one command. On April 16, the Maritime Army became part of the 4th Ukrainian Front. General K.S. Miller. (Eremenko was transferred by the commander of the 2nd Baltic Front.)

    Changes have also taken place in the enemy's camp.

    General Jenecke was dismissed on the eve of the decisive assault. It seemed to him expedient to leave Sevastopol without a fight. Jenecke has already survived the Stalingrad cauldron. Let's remember that in F. Paulus's army he commanded an army corps. In the Stalingrad cauldron, Yenecke survived only thanks to dexterity: he imitated a serious wound with shrapnel and was evacuated. Jenecke also managed to evade the Sevastopol boiler. He saw no point at all in defending Crimea under the conditions of the blockade. Hitler thought differently. The next unifier of Europe believed that after the loss of Crimea, Romania and Bulgaria would wish to withdraw from the Nazi bloc. On May 1, Hitler deposed Jenecke. General K. Almendinger was appointed commander-in-chief of the 17th Army.

    From Sunday 16 April to 30 April, Soviet troops made repeated attempts to break into the defenses; achieved only partial successes.

    The general assault on Sevastopol began on May 5 at noon. After a powerful two-hour artillery and aviation training, the 2nd Guards Army under the command of Lieutenant General G.F. Zakharova fell from the Mekenziev mountains to the region of the North Side. Zakharov's army was to enter Sevastopol, crossing the Northern Bay.

    The troops of the Primorsk and 51st armies, after an hour and a half of artillery and aviation training, launched an offensive on May 7 at 10:30. On the main direction Sapun-Gora - Karan (the village of Flotskoye), the Primorskaya Army operated. East of Inkerman and Fedyukhin's heights, the 51st Army was leading the offensive on Sapun Gora (this is the key to the city) ... Soviet soldiers had to break through a multi-tiered system of fortifications ...

    Hundreds of bombers belonging to the Hero of the Soviet Union, General Timofey Timofeevich Khryukin, were irreplaceable.

    By the end of May 7, Sapun Mountain became ours. Assault red flags were raised to the top by privates G.I. Evglevsky, I.K. Yatsunenko, corporal V.I. Drobyazko, Sergeant AA Kurbatov ... Sapun Mountain is the forerunner of the Reichstag.

    The remnants of the 17th Army, these are tens of thousands of Germans, Romanians and traitors to their homeland, have accumulated at Cape Chersonesos, hoping for an evacuation.

    In a sense, the situation of 1941 was repeated, it repeated itself in a mirror image.

    On May 12, the entire Chersonesos peninsula was liberated. The Crimean operation has been completed. The peninsula was a monstrous picture: skeletons of hundreds of houses, ruins, conflagrations, mountains of human corpses, twisted equipment - tanks, planes, guns ...

    A captured German officer testifies: “... we were constantly receiving replenishment. However, the Russians broke through the defenses and occupied Sevastopol. Then the command gave an obviously belated order - to hold powerful positions on Chersonesos, and in the meantime try to evacuate the remnants of the defeated troops from the Crimea. Up to 30,000 soldiers have accumulated in our sector. Of these, it was hardly possible to take out more than one thousand. On May 10, I saw four ships enter Kamyshevaya Bay, but only two left. Two other transports were sunk by Russian aircraft. Since then, I have not seen any more ships. Meanwhile, the situation became more and more critical ... the soldiers were already demoralized. Everyone fled to the sea in the hope that maybe some ships would appear at the last minute ... Everything got mixed up, and chaos reigned all around ... It was a complete disaster for the German troops in the Crimea. "

    On May 10 at one in the morning (at one in the morning!) Moscow saluted the liberators of the city with 24 volleys from 342 guns.

    It was a victory.

    This was the foreshadowing of the Great Victory.

    The newspaper Pravda wrote: "Hello, dear Sevastopol! Favorite city of the Soviet people, hero city, hero city! The whole country joyfully greets you!" "Hello, dear Sevastopol!" the whole country really repeated then.

    "Fund for Strategic Culture"

    S A M A R Z N K A
    http://gidepark.ru/user/kler16/content/1387278
    www.odnako.org
    http://www.odnako.org/blogs/show_19226/
    Author: Boris Yulin
    I think everyone knows that the Great Patriotic War began on June 22, 1941.
    But when reminded of this event on TV, you usually hear about a "preemptive strike", "Stalin is no less guilty of the war than Hitler," "why did we get involved in this unnecessary war", "Stalin was Hitler's ally" and other vile nonsense.
    Therefore, I consider it necessary to once again briefly recall the facts - for the flow of Artistic Truth, that is, vile nonsense, does not stop.
    On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked us without declaring war. She attacked deliberately, after a long and careful preparation. Attacked with superior forces.
    That is, it was an impudent, uncovered and unmotivated aggression. Hitler made no demands or claims. He did not try to urgently scrape away the troops for a "preemptive strike" - he simply attacked. That is, he arranged an act of obvious aggression.
    On the contrary, we were not going to attack. In our country, no mobilization was carried out or even started, no orders were given for an offensive or preparation for it. We fulfilled the terms of the non-aggression pact.
    That is, we are a victim of aggression, without any options.
    A non-aggression pact is not a union treaty. So the USSR was never (!) An ally of Nazi Germany.
    The Non-Aggression Pact is precisely the Non-Aggression Pact, no less, but no more. It did not give Germany the opportunity to use our territory for hostilities, did not lead to the use of our armed forces in hostilities with Germany's opponents.
    So all the talk about the alliance between Stalin and Hitler is either a lie or nonsense.
    Stalin fulfilled the terms of the treaty and did not attack - Hitler violated the terms of the treaty and attacked.
    Hitler attacked without making claims or conditions, without giving the opportunity to resolve everything peacefully, so the USSR had no choice whether to enter the war or not. The war was imposed on the USSR without asking for consent. And Stalin had no choice but to fight.
    And it was impossible to resolve the "contradictions" between the USSR and Germany. After all, the Germans did not seek to seize the disputed territory or change the terms of peace agreements in their favor.
    The goal of the Nazis was the destruction of the USSR and the genocide of the Soviet people. It just so happened that the communist ideology, in principle, did not suit the Nazis. And it just so happened that some Slavs insolently lived in the place that represented the "necessary living space" and intended for the harmonious resettlement of the German nation. And all this was unambiguously voiced by Hitler.
    That is, the war was not for the reshaping of treaties and border lands, but for the destruction of the Soviet people. And the choice was simple - to die, disappear from the map of the Earth, or fight and survive.
    Did Stalin try to avoid this day and this choice? Yes! Tried to.
    The USSR made every effort to prevent the war. He tried to stop the partition of Czechoslovakia, tried to create a system of collective security. But the contracting process is so complicated that it requires the consent of all the contracting parties, and not one of them. And when it turned out to be impossible to stop the aggressor at the beginning of the journey and save the whole of Europe from war, Stalin began to try to save his country from war. Hold back from war at least until defense readiness is achieved. But I managed to win only two years.
    So on June 22, 1941, the might of the strongest army and one of the strongest economies in the world fell upon us without a declaration of war. And this power was intended to destroy our country and our people. Nobody was going to negotiate with us - only to destroy.
    On June 22, our country and our people accepted a battle that they did not want, although they were preparing for it. And they withstood this terrible, difficult battle, broke the back of the Nazi creature. And they got the right to live and the right to be themselves.

    Everyone remembers what the outcome of the talks between Vladimir Putin and Barack Obama looked like. The leaders of the two countries could not look each other in the eye. The moment of truth has arrived. The details of the meeting of the leaders of the two countries are beginning to filter through and many still unclear things become clear. Why there was no face on both presidents. Today it is safe to say that today the two powers are closer than ever to fatal actions.
    Everything turned out to be very simple. Realizing the impossibility of pushing through the UN Security Council the resolution on Syria necessary for the war, Washington is betting on putting pressure or striking Iran. After all, it is not Syria that is interesting to Washington, but Iran. The United States is moving troops to Kuwait, only 80 kilometers from the Iranian border. The very troops that Obama promised to withdraw from Afghanistan will now be redeployed to Kuwait. The first 15,000 troops have already received a redeployment order.
    In the editorial offices of the Western media, travel sentiment reigns. Everything is moving towards a serious deterioration in the situation.
    President Vladimir Putin said quite a lot in his own words, saying that he would not go into intelligence with anyone, jokingly that he had "not served for a long time."

    The world did not understand his joke, but was wary.

    In this joke, as indeed in all others, there is a grain of truth, sometimes a very large fraction. In general, it was necessary to listen carefully to what the Russian president was saying.
    It seems that the US Marines are quite seriously going to act against the Russian paratroopers.
    At the mere thought of what might happen, a cold sweat appears on the body. This location of ground forces, which is too dangerous for its proximity, is almost guaranteed to end in a collision.

    This first step - the redeployment of 15 thousand marines to Kuwait, may not be the most obvious intention, because in the end you cannot start a war with such forces, but if this batch of soldiers is followed by the next one, it will be possible to speak with confidence about an impending threat.

    In the meantime, in fact, this redeployment plays into the hands of Russia more than America. Of course, now the oil will creep up, the risks are getting higher. Russia will be the main beneficiary in this show, because it is always good to be a seller when the price of your product is high, and, of course, it is unprofitable to buy oil when you yourself "raised" the price for it.
    In this case, the US budget will bear additional burdens.
    Another truth in this story is that none of the presidents will be able to back down in this confrontation. If Obama backs down, he will bury his election because Americans don't like weaklings (and who loves them?).
    Therefore, Obama will have to come up with something to stay with a "beautiful face".
    Putin, too, cannot back down. In addition to geopolitical interests, there is an expectation among Russian citizens that their president will not give up this time, just as he never gave up before. No wonder they voted for him and entrusted him to build a strong Russia.
    Putin cannot deceive the expectations of his citizens, he has never really deceived those who voted for him, and it seems that this time he is also going to demonstrate his highly advanced qualities of a leader, perhaps even a crisis manager.
    The matter, perhaps, could be resolved in a peaceful way, if the presidents of the two countries announced some new idea, program, joint project of the two states. In this case, no one would dare to reproach their president, because two countries would benefit from this, and the whole world would become safer.
    Here, both presidents would benefit. But such a project still needs to be invented. Judging by the faces of Obama and Putin, there is no such project.
    But there are more and more disagreements.
    In this case, Obama's career is a big question, nothing threatens Putin's career. Putin has already passed the elections, and Obama is still ahead.
    However, as always in such cases, you need to look at the details. They are sometimes very eloquent.

    Nuclear ships make the first moves

    According to some reports, the nuclear-powered ships of the two most powerful fleets - the North and the Pacific, in the coming days may receive a combat mission to take a strike position in neutral waters off the mainland of the United States. This was the case earlier, when in 2009, two nuclear missile carriers surfaced in different places off the east coast of the United States. This was done completely deliberately, in order to indicate their presence.
    The report of an American journalist, an expert on military topics, looks strange. Then he said that these boats are not terrible, because they do not have intercontinental missiles. It remains only to understand why a boat, which is 200 nautical miles from the coast, needs intercontinental ballistic missiles, if its standard P-39s cover a distance of up to 1,500 nautical miles.
    The R-39 missiles, solid-propellant with three-stage propulsion engines, used by the D-19 complex, are the largest submarine-launched missiles with 10 multiple nuclear warheads, 100 kilograms each. Even one such missile can lead to a global catastrophe for an entire country, 20 units are nominally located aboard the Project 941 Akula submarine that surfaced in 2009. Considering that there were two boats, the optimistic mood of the American commentator of this event is simply incomprehensible.

    Where is Georgia and where is Georgia

    The question may arise, why now talk about what happened in 2009. I think there are parallels here. On August 5, 2009, when the military events of the 08.08.08 war were still fresh in the memory, serious pressure was exerted on Russia. The orders of the Russian authorities to withdraw from Abkhazia and South Ossetia were dictated almost by order. Then all the events revolved around Georgia. On July 14, 2009, the US Navy destroyer Stout entered Georgian territorial waters. Of course, this is putting pressure on the Russians. Then, after half a month, two boats surfaced off the coast of North America.
    If one of them was near Greenland, then the second surfaced under the very nose of the largest naval base. The Norfolk naval base is located just 250 miles northwest of the ascent site, but it may be indicative that the boat surfaced nevertheless closer to the coastline of Georgia (this is the name of the former Georgian SSR, now Georgia, in the English manner.) That is, in some special way, these two events may intersect. You sent a ship to us in Georgia (Georgia), so get our submarine from your Georgia.
    It looks like some kind of hellish joke, from which it would never occur to anyone to laugh. By this juxtaposition of events, the author wants to show that there is no need to think that Putin has no way out and he must yield in Syria, where the US Navy group is ten times more representative than the Russian Navy in Tartus, even after the arrival of Russian paratroopers there.
    Today, the war may be such that having defeated Russia in Syria, one can again be surprised off the coast of Georgia. The Pentagon understands this very well. Americans are good at understanding the meaning of what is said, and even better they understand the meaning of what is shown.
    Thus, one should not expect Putin to back down from his plans in Syria. The only thing that can force Putin to take a step back is truly normal human relations.
    Naive Russians still believe in friendship. The author of these lines is already tired of repeating to his American colleagues and writing in his articles: Russians, in general, are best at making friends and at war. Whatever the Russian president prefers to choose from this, it will always be done "from the heart and on a grand scale."

    http://gidepark.ru/community/8/content/1387294

    "Democratic" America surpassed Nazi Germany ...
    Olga Olgina, with whom I am constantly in contact in Hydepark, published an article by Sergei Chernyakhovsky, whom I know from honest, relevant publications.
    I read it and thought ...
    June 22, 1941. I have just published in my blogs an article by my friend Sergei Filatov "Why was the German attack on the USSR called" treacherous "? And in one comment, an anonymous blogger, no data, I looked into his personal account - he writes to me (I keep his spelling):
    “On June 22, 1941, at 4:00, the Reich Foreign Minister Ribbentrop handed the Soviet Ambassador to Berlin Dekanozov a note declaring war. Officially, the formalities were followed. "
    This anonymous person is unhappy that we, the Russians, call the German attack on our homeland treacherous.
    And then I caught myself that ...
    My parents survived on June 22, 1941. Father, a colonel, a former cavalryman, was then in Monino. At the aviation school. As they said then, from "horse to motor!" We trained personnel for aviation…. Dad and Mom experienced the first bombings ... and then .... Four terrible years of war!
    I experienced something else - March 19, 2011. When the NATO alliance began to bomb the Libyan Jamahiriya.
    What am I doing this for?
    “Foreign Minister Ribbentrop handed the Soviet Ambassador to Berlin Dekanozov a note declaring war. Officially, the formalities were followed. "
    Was the note given to the Ambassador of the Libyan Jamahiriya in some capital of a democratic country of the NATO alliance?
    Have the formalities been officially followed?
    The answer is no!
    There were no notes, memoranda, letters, no formalities.
    It turns out that this was a new, humane, democratic war of a humane, democratic West against a sovereign, Arab, African state.
    To anyone who begins to hint at the UN Security Council resolution 1973, which allegedly gave the NATO alliance the right to this war, I will say - and I will be supported by all international lawyers who still have a conscience: make a tube out of the paper of this resolution and insert yourself into one place ... This resolution gave no one any right in any of its letters. Everything is invented, composed, distributed, and therefore cast in bronze! Steadfast as the Statue of Liberty!
    I really like one image of her, which I found on the Internet: the statue, unable to withstand the bullying of America and its partners over freedom and human rights, covers its face with its hands. She's ashamed!
    Why is it embarrassing?
    Because there was no declaration of war. And no one can say about the treachery of the West in relation to the Jamahiriya and personally to its leader, with whom every Western politician - and thousands of photographs confirm this - sought to personally kiss each other.
    Kiss of Judas!
    Now each of us knows what it is!
    Kissed - and now everything is possible!
    No notes and formalities!

    And so I came to the most important thing: if the West is talking at every corner that it is ready to strike Syria, then, forgive me, will the formalities be observed? Notes on the declaration of war will be handed in ADVANCED to the Syrian ambassadors in the Western capitals?
    Ah, there are no ambassadors already?
    And there is no one to hand over?
    What a shame!
    It turns out that the smart, cunning West surpassed Hitler. Now you can attack, bomb, kill, commit any atrocities WITHOUT DECLARATION OF WAR!
    And no treachery!
    Now read the article by Chernyakhovsky, which was published by Olgina.
    "Democratic" America has surpassed fascist Germany ...
    Olga Olgina:

    Sergey Chernyakhovsky:
    Sergey Filatov:
    http://gidepark.ru/community/2042/content/1386870
    Anonymous blogger:
    http://gidepark.ru/user/4007776763/info
    The situation in the world is worse now than it was in 1938-1939. Only Russia can stop the war
    On June 22, we remember the tragedy. We mourn the lost. We are proud of those who took the blow and responded to it, as well as the fact that, having received this terrible blow, the people gathered their strength and crushed the one who struck it. But all this is turned into the past. And society has long forgotten about the thesis that kept the world from war for 50 years - "The forty-first year should not be repeated", and it kept it not by repetition, but by practical implementation.
    Sometimes even quite pro-Soviet-oriented people and political figures (not to mention those who think of themselves as subjects of other countries) are skeptical about the overloading of the USSR's economy with military expenditures, ironically about the "Ustinov doctrine" - "The USSR must be ready to wage a simultaneous war with any two other powers "(meaning the United States and China) and claim that it was precisely the adherence to this doctrine that undermined the economy of the USSR.
    It is a big question whether it has blown up or not, because up to 1991, output was growing in the overwhelming majority of industries. But why, at the same time, the shelves of the stores turned out to be empty, but at the same time they were filled with products for some two weeks after it was allowed to arbitrarily increase prices for them - this is another question for other people.
    Ustinov really defended this approach. But he did not formulate it: in world politics, the status of a great country has long been determined through the ability to wage a simultaneous war with any two other countries. And Ustinov knew why he was defending him: because on June 9, 1941, he accepted the post of People's Commissar of Armaments of the USSR and knew what it was worth to arm the army when it was already forced to wage a war unarmed. And with all the changes in the title of the position, he remained in it until he became Minister of Defense - until 1976.
    Then, in the late 1980s, it was announced that the USSR's weapons were no longer needed, that the Cold War was over, and that now no one threatened us. The Cold War has a very important merit: it is not "hot". But as soon as it ended, in the world, and now in Europe, precisely "hot" wars began.
    True, no one has attacked Russia yet - from among independent countries and directly. But, firstly, it has already been repeatedly attacked by "small military subjects" - under the guidance and with the support of large countries. Secondly, the large ones did not attack mainly because Russia had the weapons that were created in the USSR, and, with all the decomposition of the army, state and economy, these weapons were enough to repeatedly destroy any of them individually and all together. But after the creation of the American missile defense system, such a situation will no longer exist.
    Moreover, the current situation in the world is not much better, or rather, no better than the situation that developed both before 1914 and before 1939-1941. The talk that if the USSR (Russia) ceases to resist the West, disarms and renounces its socio-economic system, then the threat of a world war will disappear and everyone will live in peace and friendship, cannot even be considered bewilderment. This is an outright lie aimed at the moral surrender of the USSR, in particular, because most wars in history were not wars between countries with different socio-political systems, but between countries with a homogeneous system. In 1914, England and France differed little from Germany and Austria-Hungary, and monarchist Russia fought on the side not of the last monarchies, but of the British and French democracies.
    In the 30s, the leader of fascist Italy Benito Mussolini was one of the first to call for the creation of a system of European collective security to repel a possible Nazi aggression, and he entered into an alliance with the Reich only when he saw that Britain and France were refusing to create such a system. And the Second World War began not with the war of the capitalist countries against the socialist USSR, but with conflicts and wars between capitalist countries. And the immediate cause was the war between two not just capitalist, but fascist countries - Germany and Poland.
    To believe that there can be no war between the United States and Russia because both of them today are, let’s be careful, “non-socialist”, is simply to be held captive by aberrations of consciousness. By 1939, Hitler had conflicts not so much with the USSR as with countries that were socially homogeneous to him, and these conflicts were fewer than those in which the United States was already involved.
    Hitler then sent troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, which was, however, on the territory of Germany itself. Implemented the Anschluss of Austria, formally - peacefully on the basis of the will of Austria itself. With the consent of the Western powers, he seized the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, and then seized Czechoslovakia itself. And he fought on Franco's side in the Spanish Civil War. There are only four conflicts, of which one is actually armed. And everyone recognized him as the aggressor and said that the war was on the doorstep.
    USA and NATO today:
    1. Twice carried out aggression against Yugoslavia, dismembered it into parts, seized part of its territory and destroyed it as a single state.
    2. They invaded Iraq, overthrew national power and occupied the country, establishing a puppet regime there.
    3. The same was done in Afghanistan.
    4. Prepared, organized and unleashed a war of the Saakashvili regime against Russia and took it under open protection after the military defeat.
    5. Carried out aggression against Libya, subjected it to barbaric bombing, overthrew national power, killed the country's leader, brought a barbaric regime to power.
    6. They unleashed a civil war in Syria, practically participate in it on the side of their satellites, and are preparing military aggression against the country.
    7. Threatening war on sovereign Iran.
    8. Overthrew national governments in Tunisia and Egypt.
    9. They overthrew the national government in Georgia and established a puppet dictatorial regime there, and in fact occupied the country. Up to the deprivation of her right to speak her native language: now the main requirement in Georgia when applying for civil service and when receiving a diploma of higher education is fluency in the US language.
    10. Partially implemented the same or tried to implement in Serbia and Ukraine.
    In total, there are 13 acts of aggression, and 6 of them are direct military interventions. Against four, including one armed, Hitler had by 1941. The words are pronounced different - the actions are similar. Yes, the United States can say that in Afghanistan they acted in self-defense, but Hitler could also say that in the Rhineland he acted in defense of German sovereignty.
    It would seem ridiculous to compare the democratic United States with fascist Germany, but this does not make it easier for the Libyans, Iraqis, Serbs and Syrians killed by the Americans. In terms of the scale and number of acts of aggression, the United States has long and far surpassed the pre-war Nazi Germany. Only Hitler, paradoxically, was much more honest: he sent his soldiers into battle, sacrificing their lives for him. The United States, on the other hand, mainly sends its mercenaries, and itself strikes almost from around the corner, killing the enemy from aircraft from a safe position.
    The United States, as a result of its geopolitical offensive, committed three times as many acts of aggression and unleashed six times as many military acts of aggression as Hitler did in the pre-war period. And the point in this case is not which of them is worse (although Hitler looks almost like a moderate politician against the background of the non-stop wars of the United States in recent years), but the fact that the situation in the world is worse than it was in 1938-39 ... A leading and hegemonic country carried out more aggression than its counterpart by 1939. Acts of Hitler's aggression were relatively local and mainly concerned the adjacent territories. Acts of US aggression are widespread throughout the world.
    In the 1930s, there were several relatively equal centers of power in the world and in Europe, which, with a fortunate coincidence, could prevent aggression and stop Hitler. Today there is one center of power striving for hegemony and many times superior in its military potential to almost all other participants in world political life.
    The danger of a new world war is greater today than in the second half of the 1930s. The only factor that so far makes it unrealistic is Russia's constraining capabilities. Not the rest of the nuclear powers (their potential is insufficient for this), but Russia. And this factor will disappear in a few years, when the American missile defense system is created.
    Maybe war is inevitable. Maybe she won't. But it will not be there only if Russia is ready for it. The whole situation is developing too much like the beginning of the 20th century and the 1930s. The number of military conflicts with the participation of the leading countries of the world is growing. The world is heading for war.
    Russia has no other choice: it must prepare for it. To put the economy on a war footing. Seek allies. Re-equip the army. Destroy agents and the fifth column of the enemy.
    June 22, 1941 really shouldn't happen again.
    Here is an article by Sergei Chernyakhovsky. I will add: of course, it should not be repeated. But if it repeats itself, then the first strikes, vile, BELIEVE, and you cannot name them otherwise, will fall on peaceful Syrian cities and villages ...
    As it happened with the cities and villages of the Soviet Union.
    June 22, 1941 ...
    http://gidepark.ru/community/8/content/1386964


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