After some time. After a time After a time a comma is needed or not
Can you please tell me if there is a comma before "and"? I hope Ivanov will be released and he will sign a new contract.
The comma is not needed because the introductory word hope refers to both parts of a compound sentence.
| Question #297655 | ||
Good afternoon. Tell me, what is the correct seed or seed? And accordingly: in flaxseed or flaxseed. Thank you. I hope for an answer.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Big explanatory dictionary
CE SWORD,-and; pl. genus. -check, dates -chkam; and. Razg. One sunflower or pumpkin seed. Break the seed. Full, empty s.
SE MECHKO,-a; pl. genus. -check, dates -chkam; cf. 1. Decrease to Se me (1 digit). 2. An oblong or flat seed in the fruit of a plants. C. apple. Watermelon, pumpkin seeds. 3. only pl.: all swords, check. Sunflower or pumpkin seeds as a treat. Click, gnaw, husk seeds. Raw, roasted seeds. Black seeds(sunflower). white seeds(pumpkin). Spitting seeds; the floor is covered in seeds(the husk of these seeds). These are seeds for us. (colloquial; about what does not require effort; empty ki, nonsense). < Se sword, oh, oh. (2-3 digits). C-s and stone fruits. C fruit trees. S-th halva(from sunflower seeds).
| Question #296806 | ||
Good afternoon. Tell me, please, what part of speech is the word "however", when the whole phrase consists of only this one word (in the meaning of surprise, amazement). Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Big explanatory dictionary
BUT. I. union. Use for joining sentences or individual members of a sentence with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency with the previous one or limitation of the previous one (similar in meaning to the union "but"). Star, oh energetic and upbeat. Goodbye ahead of time, oh did not explain the reasons. She likes to sing at home, but she is shy at a party. Oh. I know you too well to trust you completely. We didn't expect to meet, oh. saw each other years later. Although I appreciate you, oh. I don't overestimate. * Although it is sad to live, my friends, However, it is still possible to live(Pushkin). II. introductory sl. Nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless. I think it'll be all right, but be, oh, careful.The students love me, but, oh, they don't listen. Preparing for the performance all day; the meeting never took place. I fully share your indignation, but you, oh, are getting too excited. III. int. (with exclamation intonation). Use to express surprise, bewilderment, indignation, etc. He was recently elected to the academics. - O.! I will definitely become a great singer. - O.!
| Question #295676 | ||
Hello, please tell me whether it is necessary to isolate the expression indicated by numbers: "A sharp cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river and (1) after a few moments (2) it was repeated further"
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
There is no reason to use commas.
| Question No. 295208 | ||
Hello. Is it necessary to put a comma in the sentence: "These pills begin to act after 12 hours." On one of the sites they write that you need to put a comma after the word "pills".
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
A comma is not required.
| Question No. 294158 | ||
When should you use "through" and when "after"?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
In the meaning of "after some time" prepositions through and later are equivalent. It is difficult to give an example when a construction with a preposition later cannot be replaced by a construction with a preposition through.
| Question #293990 | ||
GOOD AFTERNOON. IS A COMMA NEEDED: BUT, AFTER TIME,......
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
You don't need to put commas.
| Question #293396 | ||
Good afternoon. Please tell me if the punctuation marks are correctly placed in the phrase "it received its current name - Mercedes Cup - a year later - in 1979."? Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Better: its current name - Mercedes Cup - it received a year later, in 1979.
| Question #292436 | ||
Good afternoon! Please tell me whether the phrase "years later" stands out in the letter in the following sentence: "In the worst case, years later, covering the earth with an eternal glacier."
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
There is no need for a comma before the words "after years".
| Question No. 292090 | ||
Please let me know if a comma is needed in place of the gap. Almost ten years later () at the session held in 1966.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
The comma is needed.
| Question #291998 | ||
Hello, please clarify the spelling of the word "post * nuclear" - with "b" after the prefix or together. There are two diametrically opposed options on your site (see below). § 70. The letter ъ is written only before e, u, i in the following cases: 1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, will, inter-tier. http://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/130-mtz POST... The first part of compound words. [from lat. post - after, after] (serves to form adj. and noun). Book. Introduces the meaning: existing, occurring after what is indicated in the second part of the word. Post-adaptation, post-volcanic, post-impressionism, post-modernism, post-industrial, post-embryonic, post-nuclear. http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?lop=x&bts=x&zar=x&ag=x&ab=x&sin=x&lv=x&az=x&pe=x&word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82- Post-nuclear spelling dictionary http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82*%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&all=x Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
See dictionary commit: post-nuclear and fast. The discrepancy between the explanatory dictionary and spelling guides concerns only which morpheme is the part fast-. In the explanatory dictionary, it is defined as part of compound words, but it can also be qualified as a prefix. In spelling, it is considered to be a prefix (see, for example, in the reference books of D. E. Rosenthal). On this basis fast is written according to the rule together and requires a separating sign after itself before the next part, starting with e, yo, yu, i.
| Question #290928 | ||
Good afternoon! The spelling of the union "like that" before the colon on your site in section VII raised doubts. Commas with circumstantial turns, § 153, p. 1: Note 1. Commas are not distinguished by gerunds with explanatory words, which are whole expressions, such as: folded arms, headlong, sleeveless, with bated breath, etc. (http ://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/151-zap-19-32)
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
In "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" 1956, which you quote, an explanatory compound unionsomehowwritten with a hyphen. But the norm has changed. AT« Complete Academic Reference» 2006, this union was recorded in a separate spelling, whichmade it possible to distinguish orthographicallyfrom an indefinite pronoun (adverb)somehow.
| Question #290583 | ||
Hello, our teacher gave us the task to compare modern norms for the use of the form of s.p. pl. including the words "gram", "kilogram" and the norms of use in the 2000s, and sent us to your portal to figure it out. I found how to use these words correctly today, but I would like to ask you how it was in the 2000s.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Thanks for the interesting question! But it is curious to trace the history of forms gram - grams, kilogram - kilograms starting not from the 2000s, but at least over the past half century. It is still widely believed that the gram, kilogram in the genitive case pl. the numbers are wrong. Meanwhile, dictionaries indicated their admissibility back in the 1950s.
In the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress", ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegova (M., 1959) carried out the following division: grams - predominantly in writing gram - mainly in oral speech after numerals. The same with kilograms: kilograms - in writing, kilogram - in oral (here we do not talk about numerals).
Such a division survived until the early 2000s, although over these half a century dictionaries then indicated the option gram, kilogram as acceptable, it was not indicated. For example, in the 10th edition of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1970) - only grams and kilograms, and the 9th edition of S. I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” (under the editorship of N. Yu. Shvedova), which came out two years later, repeats the 1959 recommendation: grams -predominantly in writinggram -mainly in oral speech after numerals;kilograms -in writing,kilogram -in oral. Academic "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980) also indicated that in oral speech forms grams, kilograms uncommon.
In the 21st edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1989), options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms already given as equals. It would seem that the forms gram and kilogram eventually became the norm. However, the 2nd edition of the dictionary by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya “Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech” (M., 2001) states that the division into oral and written speech in the last decade of the 20th century and at the turn of the century, it was also noted: “Household units of measurement of weight gram, kilogram in oral speech, they are used in the vast majority with zero inflection. In written speech, under the influence of editorial proofreading, only forms are currently used grams and kilograms».
Modern dictionaries of the Russian language, as a rule, no longer give separate recommendations for the use of these words in oral and written speech. There are publications where forms with zero ending and with ending - ov are recorded as equal in rights - for example, "The Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language for Media Workers" by M. A. Studiner (M., 2016). But still, most dictionaries give a more detailed recommendation, distinguishing between the use of these forms in combination with a numeral (in countable form) and without such a combination. Combined with numeral options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms recognized as equal, but outside of such a combination (which occurs, however, much less often), only grams, kilograms. Such a recommendation ˜ - in the Russian Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ed. V. V. Lopatina, O. E. Ivanova (4th ed. M., 2012), “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. N. A. Eskova (10th ed. M., 2015), "The Big Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed. V. V. Morkovkina (Moscow, 2016). It seems to be the most reasonable.
So now it's true: five grams and five grams, six kilograms and six kilos, but (out of combination with the numeral): counting grams and kilograms(not grams and kilograms).
| Question No. 290392 | ||
Are the commas placed correctly? A year later, shortly before the organization was founded, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correct punctuation: A year later, shortly before the organization was formed, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.
| Question #290365 | ||
Employees of Soyuz LLC, as part of their job assignment, compiled a reference book “Medical institutions of the city”. This handbook was published in large numbers and distributed throughout the mountains. Novosibirsk. Some time later, representatives of Soyuz LLC found in the places where their directory was distributed, another directory published by Moment LLC. The content of the new directory was identical to the content of the directory "Medical institutions of the city". Soyuz LLC filed a lawsuit to oblige Moment LLC to stop violating the exclusive right to the work - the City Medical Institutions Directory, to withdraw all distributed copies of the City Medicine directory from civil circulation. Moment LLC did not agree with the claim, motivating its objections by the fact that the plaintiff's reference book is not the result of creative activity and, accordingly, cannot be recognized as an object of intellectual property; both directories contain publicly available information about the names of medical institutions, types of medical care provided, phone numbers and addresses. What legally significant circumstances must be established for the correct resolution of the case? Resolve the dispute on the merits.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
"Russian Language Reference Service" does not provide legal advice. You've come to the wrong address.
Good afternoon. Tell me, please, what part of speech is the word "however", when the whole phrase consists of only this one word (in the meaning of surprise, amazement). Thank you.
Big explanatory dictionary
BUT. I. union. Use for joining sentences or individual members of a sentence with the meaning of opposition, inconsistency with the previous one or limitation of the previous one (similar in meaning to the union "but"). Star, oh energetic and upbeat. Goodbye ahead of time, oh did not explain the reasons. She likes to sing at home, but she is shy at a party. Oh. I know you too well to trust you completely. We didn't expect to meet, oh. saw each other years later. Although I appreciate you, oh. I don't overestimate. * Although it is sad to live, my friends, However, it is still possible to live(Pushkin). II. introductory sl. Nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless. I think it'll be all right, but be, oh, careful.The students love me, but, oh, they don't listen. Preparing for the performance all day; the meeting never took place. I fully share your indignation, but you, oh, are getting too excited. III. int. (with exclamation intonation). Use to express surprise, bewilderment, indignation, etc. He was recently elected to the academics. - O.! I will definitely become a great singer. - O.!
| Question #295676 | ||
Hello, please tell me whether it is necessary to isolate the expression indicated by numbers: "A sharp cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river and (1) after a few moments (2) it was repeated further"
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
There is no reason to use commas.
| Question No. 295208 | ||
Hello. Is it necessary to put a comma in the sentence: "These pills begin to act after 12 hours." On one of the sites they write that you need to put a comma after the word "pills".
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
A comma is not required.
| Question No. 294158 | ||
When should you use "through" and when "after"?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
In the meaning of "after some time" prepositions through and later are equivalent. It is difficult to give an example when a construction with a preposition later cannot be replaced by a construction with a preposition through.
| Question #293990 | ||
GOOD AFTERNOON. IS A COMMA NEEDED: BUT, AFTER TIME,......
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
You don't need to put commas.
| Question #293396 | ||
Good afternoon. Please tell me if the punctuation marks are correctly placed in the phrase "it received its current name - Mercedes Cup - a year later - in 1979."? Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Better: its current name - Mercedes Cup - it received a year later, in 1979.
| Question #292436 | ||
Good afternoon! Please tell me whether the phrase "years later" stands out in the letter in the following sentence: "In the worst case, years later, covering the earth with an eternal glacier."
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
There is no need for a comma before the words "after years".
| Question No. 292090 | ||
Please let me know if a comma is needed in place of the gap. Almost ten years later () at the session held in 1966.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
The comma is needed.
| Question #291998 | ||
Hello, please clarify the spelling of the word "post * nuclear" - with "b" after the prefix or together. There are two diametrically opposed options on your site (see below). § 70. The letter ъ is written only before e, u, i in the following cases: 1. When combining a prefix ending in a consonant and a root, for example: entrance, volume, supernatural, will, inter-tier. http://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/130-mtz POST... The first part of compound words. [from lat. post - after, after] (serves to form adj. and noun). Book. Introduces the meaning: existing, occurring after what is indicated in the second part of the word. Post-adaptation, post-volcanic, post-impressionism, post-modernism, post-industrial, post-embryonic, post-nuclear. http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?lop=x&bts=x&zar=x&ag=x&ab=x&sin=x&lv=x&az=x&pe=x&word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82- Post-nuclear spelling dictionary http://gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?word=%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82*%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&all=x Thank you.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
See dictionary commit: post-nuclear and fast. The discrepancy between the explanatory dictionary and spelling guides concerns only which morpheme is the part fast-. In the explanatory dictionary, it is defined as part of compound words, but it can also be qualified as a prefix. In spelling, it is considered to be a prefix (see, for example, in the reference books of D. E. Rosenthal). On this basis fast is written according to the rule together and requires a separating sign after itself before the next part, starting with e, yo, yu, i.
| Question #290928 | ||
Good afternoon! The spelling of the union "like that" before the colon on your site in section VII raised doubts. Commas with circumstantial turns, § 153, p. 1: Note 1. Commas are not distinguished by gerunds with explanatory words, which are whole expressions, such as: folded arms, headlong, sleeveless, with bated breath, etc. (http ://new.gramota.ru/spravka/rules/151-zap-19-32)
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
In "Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation" 1956, which you quote, an explanatory compound unionsomehowwritten with a hyphen. But the norm has changed. AT« Complete Academic Reference» 2006, this union was recorded in a separate spelling, whichmade it possible to distinguish orthographicallyfrom an indefinite pronoun (adverb)somehow.
| Question #290583 | ||
Hello, our teacher gave us the task to compare modern norms for the use of the form of s.p. pl. including the words "gram", "kilogram" and the norms of use in the 2000s, and sent us to your portal to figure it out. I found how to use these words correctly today, but I would like to ask you how it was in the 2000s.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Thanks for the interesting question! But it is curious to trace the history of forms gram - grams, kilogram - kilograms starting not from the 2000s, but at least over the past half century. It is still widely believed that the gram, kilogram in the genitive case pl. the numbers are wrong. Meanwhile, dictionaries indicated their admissibility back in the 1950s.
In the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress", ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegova (M., 1959) carried out the following division: grams - predominantly in writing gram - mainly in oral speech after numerals. The same with kilograms: kilograms - in writing, kilogram - in oral (here we do not talk about numerals).
Such a division survived until the early 2000s, although over these half a century dictionaries then indicated the option gram, kilogram as acceptable, it was not indicated. For example, in the 10th edition of the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1970) - only grams and kilograms, and the 9th edition of S. I. Ozhegov’s “Dictionary of the Russian Language” (under the editorship of N. Yu. Shvedova), which came out two years later, repeats the 1959 recommendation: grams -predominantly in writinggram -mainly in oral speech after numerals;kilograms -in writing,kilogram -in oral. Academic "Russian Grammar" (M., 1980) also indicated that in oral speech forms grams, kilograms uncommon.
In the 21st edition of the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1989), options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms already given as equals. It would seem that the forms gram and kilogram eventually became the norm. However, the 2nd edition of the dictionary by L. K. Graudina, V. A. Itskovich, L. P. Katlinskaya “Grammatical Correctness of Russian Speech” (M., 2001) states that the division into oral and written speech in the last decade of the 20th century and at the turn of the century, it was also noted: “Household units of measurement of weight gram, kilogram in oral speech, they are used in the vast majority with zero inflection. In written speech, under the influence of editorial proofreading, only forms are currently used grams and kilograms».
Modern dictionaries of the Russian language, as a rule, no longer give separate recommendations for the use of these words in oral and written speech. There are publications where forms with zero ending and with ending - ov are recorded as equal in rights - for example, "The Dictionary of the Difficulties of the Russian Language for Media Workers" by M. A. Studiner (M., 2016). But still, most dictionaries give a more detailed recommendation, distinguishing between the use of these forms in combination with a numeral (in countable form) and without such a combination. Combined with numeral options gram and grams, kilogram and kilograms recognized as equal, but outside of such a combination (which occurs, however, much less often), only grams, kilograms. Such a recommendation ˜ - in the Russian Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ed. V. V. Lopatina, O. E. Ivanova (4th ed. M., 2012), “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language”, ed. N. A. Eskova (10th ed. M., 2015), "The Big Universal Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed. V. V. Morkovkina (Moscow, 2016). It seems to be the most reasonable.
So now it's true: five grams and five grams, six kilograms and six kilos, but (out of combination with the numeral): counting grams and kilograms(not grams and kilograms).
| Question No. 290392 | ||
Are the commas placed correctly? A year later, shortly before the organization was founded, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correct punctuation: A year later, shortly before the organization was formed, some documents were published. Some documents were published shortly before the organization was formed.
| Question #290365 | ||
Employees of Soyuz LLC, as part of their job assignment, compiled a reference book “Medical institutions of the city”. This handbook was published in large numbers and distributed throughout the mountains. Novosibirsk. Some time later, representatives of Soyuz LLC found in the places where their directory was distributed, another directory published by Moment LLC. The content of the new directory was identical to the content of the directory "Medical institutions of the city". Soyuz LLC filed a lawsuit to oblige Moment LLC to stop violating the exclusive right to the work - the City Medical Institutions Directory, to withdraw all distributed copies of the City Medicine directory from civil circulation. Moment LLC did not agree with the claim, motivating its objections by the fact that the plaintiff's reference book is not the result of creative activity and, accordingly, cannot be recognized as an object of intellectual property; both directories contain publicly available information about the names of medical institutions, types of medical care provided, phone numbers and addresses. What legally significant circumstances must be established for the correct resolution of the case? Resolve the dispute on the merits.
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
"Russian Language Reference Service" does not provide legal advice. You've come to the wrong address.
| Question No. 289223 | ||
Hello. Can you please tell me if a comma is needed in the following sentence: "After several centuries, the connection in the sentence became the subject of syntax"?
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Comma after centuries not required.
| Question #286065 | ||
Is it correct to put the word "after" in the sentence: After that, a company began in the city to collect clothes for the army and the militia. Or is it more appropriate to put the word "Then in the city ..." Thanks for the answer!
The answer of the reference service of the Russian language
Correctly. Word after used in the meaning "after some time, then."
Nichel held the cigarette between his index finger and thumb, puffing the smoke upwards. It has become noticeably colder outside over the past week, and he even has nowhere to go to warm up, except in the ward to his sister. However, in a day, he will have to think about how to keep both of them warm. The money that he rescued from Tom should have been enough for the operation and part of the rehabilitation period, however, the cost of the operation increased sharply, and he had difficulty finding the missing amount. The attending physician made it clear that without proper rehabilitation, the girl is unlikely to live until next summer, which means they have very little time left to be together. The day after tomorrow, the postoperative period ended, and he had to either get the money or pick up his sister. The young man took another puff and threw the bull into the bin. He still had to tell his sister about this, and yet she believed so much that now she would be healthy.
-What's going on here? The nurses were cleaning the empty room. The bed was empty, neither the girl nor her things were there, - Where is my sister?
“She was moved,” one of the girls answered.
-Where did you move it? What for? – he turned around and rushed to the office of the heads of the doctor. As he expected, she was there. In her old clothes, which she had been out of size for a long time, judging by the way her arms stuck out of her sleeves, and her trousers rose above her ankles.
-What's happening? He walked over to his sister, who immediately leaned against him. She was still very weak, - I thought we still have time.
- You have plenty of time now, - the doctor said and closed the patient's personal file, - your sister is being transferred to another place.
-Which place?
- Strange, I thought that you should be aware of what is happening - he took out a document and handed it to the young man. He ran his eyes over it, and stared at the name.
- Wait, there's some kind of mistake. I can't pay for insurance, let alone… To pay for a day's stay in this place, I will need to work for a year, - he clenched the sheet in his fist.
- Look, I don't know. But I received a request last night that I should have my medical history, paperwork, and discharge ready by noon. Deal with them yourself, but my advice to you. Even if it's a mistake, it will save you a couple of days. Or maybe no one will know, and then your sister will receive rehabilitation in one of the best research centers. In any case, they are already here, and you have nowhere to go.
Nihel's sister was strictly forbidden to move on her own, so at the moment she was in a special wheelchair, which was slowly driven in front of her by a young man. In the corridor, he was met by orderlies dressed in the uniform of the research center where they were being taken.
- Let me do it, - the guy carefully watched how carefully and carefully people in uniform treat his sister, and how happily she smiles at them. Yes, she would have been very good there, and perhaps there she would have had a chance. Provided he could afford it.
The first thing he did was go to the administrator to clarify the situation. Of course, he could have listened to the doctor and pretended that everything was as it should be, but now, when he had nothing to pay for even his yesterday's dinner and today's breakfast, and now apparently also lunch, he could not afford to plunge into another a nasty story that she and her sister were forced to pay fines, and pay the full cost of living in this place.
“Listen, girl,” he wearily leaned on the counter, “I simply don’t have that kind of money. It's some kind of mistake. Then you yourself will fly in from the leadership.
-So! - a young girl with long curly sand-colored hair, who wore a white uniform like no one else, looked menacingly at a dark-skinned guy, - How many times do I have to tell you that it will fly into me much more if I don’t place you in the next 5 minutes. Here, - she unfolded the registration journal and pointed to the line with her finger, - Is that her name?
- Yes, but, - the guy bit his tongue. He could not admit that this name was false.
- So, no buts! The girl slammed the magazine shut and stood up.
-Listen, how many people with the same name. I'm homeless! I can't even pay for my lunch, let alone keep her here.
"I shouldn't care," she held out her palm, indicating that she didn't intend to argue anymore. - All paid for 3 months in advance. And you're taking my time, I should check if your sister is well accommodated, and not hear about how it's too good for her!
The girl quickly walked down the corridor, away from the strange young man. Nichel, sighing bitterly, followed her. There was no logic in all this, but at least the fact that his sister would be warm and well-fed, for some time, could not but please him.
As he entered the room, he felt even more empty inside himself. It didn't look like a hospital block or a research center at all, it was a real children's room. Beige light walls, with watercolor paintings, looking at which you feel peace, large windows into which the sun shines in good weather, soft toys, even a carpet on the floor.
Nichel looked at his sister. She seemed so happy, sitting in a big bed and hugging her already beloved bear with one arm. Maybe when they get kicked out, the guy could steal it for her.
He looked at her and for the first time in a long time he saw her like this, not in pain.
“Dinner will be brought soon,” the girl said softly, smoothing the child’s tousled hair, and left.
- I like it here so much! - the girl said enthusiastically, - And Uncle Bill gave me a cake.
- What else Uncle Bill? The guy immediately got worried. There really was a tiny children's cake on a small table, weighing 250 grams, no more. Nichel was ready to swear that he had already seen him somewhere - I told you that you should not talk to strangers. You never can. Especially accepting gifts from them. Not all people are good, my dear, and some want to harm us.
"Some, perhaps, but not me," came a male voice from behind them. Nichel turned around and opened his mouth in surprise. That's someone he certainly didn't expect to see...alive. Bill was dressed in cream-colored skinny jeans tucked into rough boots and a black turtleneck over which a white robe was thrown over - hello, - he said affably and extended his hand.
-It's you? – not believing his eyes, Nihel shook the outstretched hand, rather in order to verify the reality of the person standing in front of him, - So you did it?
-To some extent…
- Tom, he...
-He's alive. But for now, - Bill licked his lips, - let's not talk about this "bye". They told me that you are too nervous about all this, - he spread his arms to the sides, pointing to the room, - And I came to calm you down.
-Is this your doing?
-Let's go out?
They left the ward, not completely closing the door, in order to see the girl, who, however, was already carried away by her new plush friend, and did not pay attention to everything else.
- Bill, why?
- You helped us, so I want to help you.
- I didn't help you. We had a deal.
- You did not extradite us, let us go and fulfilled your part of the contract, I believe that under the conditions of that situation, this is help. I'm alive, and not without your merit, - Nichel vaguely recalled the events of that day, and suddenly remembered exactly where he saw that little cake standing on his sister's table now. It was in this, only more, that he handed Tom the weapon.
- This, – guy sighed and threw up his hands. He had no words to describe everything he felt. Despair, relief, pain, hope, disappointment, faith, love, gratitude, and many more conflicting emotions. He swayed and leaned against the wall to keep himself on his feet. When was the last time he cried? Yes, probably when he was five years old. It had been an eternity since then, but right now he just couldn't….couldn't keep it to himself. He slid down the wall, sitting on the floor, and could not even squeeze out a “thank you”.
-Too much? - Bill, not sparing his clean light clothes, sat down beside him, - I understand. Believe me, I now know perfectly well what it is to feel hope and how difficult it is. Think of it as the missing piece that we didn't have with Tom back then.
-That's not the part.
-The same one. Saved life for saved life. It sounds very ... pretentious or something, - Bill grinned, - and I have no right to say that we will succeed and we will cure her. But this is the best research center in the country, and one of the best in the world. If she can be helped, then only here, and believe me, I will make sure that every effort is made.
It is very expensive….
-Stop! Money is... believe me, the events of my life show that money is not something to hold on to. I paid too much for what I have. In addition, there are enough patients in this place who are able to pay their maintenance to the extent that they deserve. Well, - Bill hesitated a little.
-What?
- We have not disclosed all the left accounts of my uncle. I appropriated a certain part of the money for myself. And, you know? He did so many terrible things for them…. Nothing can be corrected, but I can send them to good deeds. Some of it went to start a charitable foundation that will sponsor research into rare diseases like your sister's. My mom is in charge of all this, so don't worry about being scammed or anything. She has a talent for this.
"Thanks," the boy whispered, wiping his cheeks. His sister must not see him cry.
Nichel spent almost the whole day with his sister, and only when it got dark outside, and the girl fell asleep, did he leave the ward. He still had nowhere to go and no money for food. In the afternoon, he ate the cake that his sister gave him, saying with all responsibility that she was not allowed, and the cake would be lost. But for a man who had not eaten for two days, this was very little.
The guy buttoned up his shabby jacket, because it was raining outside, and goosebumps were already running on his skin, and he hadn’t even left the warm room yet.
"Goodbye," he said to the girl he had been arguing with in the morning.
Where are you going in this weather? I understand you have nowhere to go.
- I can't stay here.
The girl frowned slightly, as if considering something.
- Rumor has it that you talked to the CEO of it all today. This is true? - the girl blushed slightly, embarrassed, - With William Kauffman .. and you called him Bill?
-Something like that…
-Don't get me wrong, it's not like it's…. If you have nowhere to go, then… you could… stay with me for a while. No, no, no, this is not at all because you are familiar with our director .... Lord, - she covered her face with her hands, - what am I talking about?! It's just, I….. don't make a habit of inviting home every homeless person I meet.
- That's... probably right, - said the guy, not yet fully aware of what exactly the girl was trying to tell him.
- Yes, but I thought that if Mr. Kauffman .... He stood up for you, then you can be trusted .... And I….
-I don't understand what you're trying to say.
-Lord, I invite you to spend the night at my house, and not on the street, where it's raining!!! the girl exploded.
-O…. - only the guy could squeeze out of himself a little dumbfounded by such a proposal.
-O? Is that all you can say?! O? - the girl got up from her seat and took her purse, - I was counting on thanks, not on Oh, - she took off her robe, under which was a turquoise dress made of fine wool, which was extremely suited to her.
Nihel was also surprised because this type of girl is usually characterized by excessive self-love. She was one of those to whom men do not approach to get acquainted on the street, knowing in advance that they will not be pulled.
"Won't your boyfriend kill me?" Nichel smiled. He is not a fool to refuse to spend the night in warmth and in the company of a beautiful girl, who, moreover, called him herself.
-Ha! My last boyfriend was a complete idiot, but my cat may well be, - she approached the young man and held out her hand, - I, by the way, Marley.
- Nichel, - he answered the handshake.
-Do you like pizza? I'm dying to want pizza with sausage.
The guy followed the girl with his eyes to the hanger, where she took her coat, opened the door in front of her, and held an open umbrella over her head on the way to the car, and to himself he thought that he knew when he would now celebrate Christmas.
Separation (separation by commas) of circumstances depends, first of all, on the way they are expressed.
A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds
1. Circumstances expressed by gerunds (you can ask morphological questions to the gerund doing what? having done what?) and participles (that is, participles with dependent words), as a rule, stand apart regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the verb-predicate:
Example: Spread your arms wide, sleeping grimy bulldozer(Peskov). Xenia had dinner spreading a scarf on a rod (Peskov).
If a circumstance expressed by a participle and a participle is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:
And then to the break leaving your bulldozer Nikolay ran up(Peskov). The bird, startled, picked up its wings(Permitov).
Separate circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are close in meaning to a secondary predicate (but they are never independent predicates!). Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.
Wed: And then to the break leaving your bulldozer Nicholas ran up. - Nikolai left his bulldozer and ran up to the cliff. The bird, startled, picked up its wings. - The bird shuddered and picked up its wings.
Note!
1) Restrictive particles are only, only included inside a separate structure and stand out along with it.
The match struck only for a second illuminating the face of a man.
2) The participle and participle turnover after the coordinating or subordinating union / allied word are separated from it by a comma (such a turnover can be torn off from the union, rearranged to another place in the sentence or removed from the sentence).
Wed: He threw down his pen and leaning back in the chair, began to look at the clearing flooded with moonlight(Permitov). - He dropped his pen and stared at the moonlit clearing; Life is arranged in such a way that without knowing how to hate, it is impossible to sincerely love.(M. Gorky). - Life is arranged in such a way that it is impossible to sincerely love, unable to hate.
3) A union, an allied word is not separated by a comma with a gerund and participle turnover in the event that the gerund construction cannot be torn off from the union, allied word, removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the coordinating union a.
Wed: He tried to read books unnoticed, and after reading, he hid somewhere(impossible: He tried to read books unnoticed, but hid them somewhere); but: He did not name the author of the note, but, after reading it, put it in his pocket. - He did not name the author of the note, but put it in his pocket.
Two homogeneous gerunds or participles connected by single coordinating or disjunctive unions and, or, or , are not separated by a comma.
The telephone operator sat with his knees clasped and lean on them(Baklanov).
If the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for punctuation with homogeneous members, in a compound sentence, etc.
Wed: 1. I took the note and after reading it put it in my pocket. Single union and connects predicates ( took and put) and a comma is placed after the union;
2. He stopped, thinking about something, and , turning sharply, called the sentry. A single union and connects two predicates ( stopped and called). Circumstances - adverbial phrases refer to different predicates ( has stopped , thinking about something; called, turning sharply ). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.
2. Not isolated circumstances expressed by participles and participles in the following cases:
adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit:
He worked carelessly; He ran headlong.
Note. Most often, the following phraseological units are not isolated in the texts: run headlong, run headlong, work slipshod, work roll up your sleeves, work tirelessly, sit back, rush with your tongue out, listen with bated breath, shout without taking a breath, lie staring at the ceiling, rush about without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing your eyes, listen with ears wide open. But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word ( to be honest, frankly, frankly, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he was not going to help me; In short, we have to do everything ourselves.
before the participle there is an intensifying particle and (not a union!):
Can live and not boasting of the mind;
Note!
The participle in modern Russian is never a predicate, therefore verb and gerund cannot be homogeneous members!
the gerund participle is part of the subordinate clause and has the allied word which as a dependent. In this case, the comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the gerund and the allied word:
We face the most difficult tasks without deciding which we will not be able to get out of the crisis;
adverbial turnover includes the subject.
In this case, the comma only separates the entire turnover from the predicate, and the subject and participle are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:
On the fir tree the crow perched, had breakfast quite assembled...(Krylov); compare: Crow, perched on a spruce going to have breakfast;
the gerund acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it by the union and:
He walked quickly and did not look around.
3. Do not isolate participle constructions and single participles that have lost their verbal meaning. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation parsing. They require special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.
Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have passed into the category of adverbs or have acquired an adverbial meaning in this context are not separated:
She looked at me without blinking(it is forbidden: stared and didn't blink); We drove slowly(it is forbidden: we were driving and not in a hurry); The train was running do not stop (it is forbidden: walked and didn't stop); He answered sitting(it is forbidden: he answered and sat); He walked with his back(it is forbidden: he walked and bent).
Such single gerunds, less often gerunds, are usually circumstances of the mode of action (they answer questions as? how?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause and most often stand immediately after the predicate:
looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, spoke yawning, chattered incessantly, sat ruffled, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked limping, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money without counting and etc.
Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.
Wed: He talked about it smiling. - He talked about it with a smile; The train was running do not stop. - The train went without stopping.
In all such uses, the participle does not indicate an independent action, but the mode of action expressed by the predicate.
For example, in a sentence: He walked bent over- single action went), and the former gerund ( hunched over) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.
If, in this context, the verbal meaning is preserved, then the single gerund participle or the gerund participle are isolated. Usually in this case, with the verb-predicate, there are other circumstances; the gerund takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and intonation stands out.
Wed: He walked without looking back. He walked hurriedly without looking back.
The degree of prevalence of the participial turnover can contribute to the strengthening of the verbality in gerunds.
Wed: She sat waiting. She sat, waiting for an answer.
Not isolated former participles that lost their connection with the verb and moved into the category of function words: starting from (in the meaning of "from such and such time"), based on (in the meaning of "based on"), depending on (in the meaning of "in accordance") :
Everything has changed since last Monday; The estimate is based on your calculations; Act according to circumstances.
However, in other contexts, turnovers may stand apart:
turnover with words starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:
The word beginning in such contexts cannot be dropped without damaging the meaning of the sentence;
the turnover with words proceeding from is isolated if in meaning it corresponds to the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:
We made a budget based on your calculations (we proceeded from your calculations);
turnover with words looking at is isolated if clarification or attachment matters:
I had to act carefully, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert "namely"); Leave can be used for various sports, depending on the season (attachment).
B) Circumstances expressed by nouns
1. Always separate concession circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions in spite of, in spite of. Such turns can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the union though.
Wed: Despite the rainy summer, the harvest was excellent(Pochivalin). - Although the summer was rainy, the harvest was excellent; Despite heavy shelling, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post. - Although the shelling was strong, Fedyuninsky went up to his observation post.
2. Can separate circumstances:
reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations owing to, owing to, in view of, due to lack, due to absence, in accordance with, due to, due to etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union since).
Wed: Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion advised to return. - Since Savelich agreed with the opinion of the coachman, he advised to return; children due to infancy, have not identified any positions(Turgenev). - Since the children were small, they were not assigned any positions;
concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced with a subordinate clause with a union though).
Wed: his life, despite the severity of his situation, went easier, slimmer than the life of Anatole(Herzen). - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier, more harmonious than the life of Anatole; Against his instructions, ships put out to sea in the early morning(Fedoseev). - Although he gave instructions, the ships were put out to sea in the early morning.
conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations in the presence, in the absence, in case etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union if).
Wed: workers, in case of refusal decided to go on strike. - If the workers are refused, they decide to go on strike;
goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union to).
Wed: Money, to avoid delay, translate by telegraph. - To avoid delay, transfer money by telegraph;
comparisons with union like .
Wed: Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like elder brother Paul (Turgenev).
However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.
More often, turns are isolated, which are located between the subject and the predicate:
Savelich, according to the coachman's opinion advised to return.
In addition, isolated constructions are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:
Thanks to great weather and especially holiday, the street of the village of Maryinsky revived again(Grigorovich).
As a rule, the indicated turns at the end of the sentence are not isolated.
Wed: workers, at the direction of the master, went to the neighboring shop. - The workers went to the neighboring shop at the direction of the master.
In general, the isolation of turns with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several adverbial meanings (temporal and causal, temporary and concessive, etc.).
For example: Petya, after a resounding rejection, went to his room(L. Tolstoy).
In this case, the circumstance combines the values of time and cause ( when did you leave? and why did he leave?). Pay attention to the fact that the turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.
Note!
Separate circumstances expressed by nouns are always distinguished intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. So, the circumstances that are at the beginning of the sentence are always highlighted intonation.
Wed: In St. Petersburg / I was last year; Last year / I was in Petersburg.
However, a comma after such a circumstance is not put!
C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs
Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them, if they have the meaning of a passing remark, etc.:
A moment later, in the yard, no one knows where, a man ran out in a nanke caftan, with a head as white as snow(Turgenev).
Isolation (comma separation) circumstances depends primarily on the way they are expressed.
A) Circumstances expressed by gerunds
1. The circumstances expressed by gerunds, as a rule, are isolated regardless of the place they occupy in relation to the verb-predicate:
For example: With legs spread wide, a grimy tractor driver sleeps. Maria ate dinner, spreading a tablecloth on the table.
If a circumstance expressed by a participle and a participle is in the middle of a sentence, then it is separated by commas on both sides:
For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. The caterpillar, shuddering, tucked its paws.
Separate circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are close in meaning to a secondary predicate, but they are never independent predicates! Therefore, they can be replaced by subordinate clauses or independent predicates.
For example: And then Ivan ran up to the river, leaving his tractor. Ivan left his tractor and ran to the river. The caterpillar, shuddering, tucked its paws. - The caterpillar shuddered and tucked its paws.
1) Restrictive particles are only, only included inside a separate structure and stand out along with it.
A spark flared, illuminating the woman's face for only a second.
2) The participle and participle turnover after the coordinating or subordinating union / allied word are separated from it by a comma. Such a turn can be torn off from the union, rearranged to another place in the sentence, or removed from the sentence.
For example: She threw down her pencil and, leaning back in her chair, began to look out the window. She threw down her pencil and began to look out the window;
3) The union, allied word is not separated by a comma with the gerund and participle turnover in the event that the gerund construction cannot be torn off from the union, the allied word, removed from the sentence without destroying the structure of the sentence itself. This is most often observed in relation to the coordinating union "a".
For example: He tried to write letters imperceptibly, and when he wrote, he hid them somewhere (impossible: He tried to write letters imperceptibly, but hid them somewhere); but: He did not name the author of the letter, but, after reading it, put it in his pocket. He did not name the author of the letter, but put it in his pocket.
Two homogeneous gerunds or participles connected by single coordinating or disjunctive conjunctions and, or, or, are not separated by a comma.
The waitress sat with her arms around the chair and her head resting on it.
If the union connects not two gerunds, but other constructions (predicates, parts of a complex sentence, etc.), then commas are placed in accordance with the rules for punctuation with homogeneous members, in a compound sentence, etc.
For example: 1. I took a candy and, after looking, put it in my pocket. A single union and connects the predicates (took and stuck) and a comma is placed after the union;
2. He slowed down, thinking about something, and, turning around sharply, called the watchman. A single union and connects two predicates (stopped and called). Circumstances - adverbial phrases refer to different predicates (slowed down, thinking about something; called, turning around sharply). Therefore, they are separated on both sides by commas from other members of the sentence.
2. The circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles are not separated in the following cases:
The adverbial turnover is a phraseological unit:
For example: He ran headlong. He worked carelessly;
Note. Most often, such phraseological units are not isolated in the texts: run headlong, work rolled up your sleeves, work tirelessly, sit back, work like a squirrel in a wheel, listen with bated breath, lie spitting at the ceiling, rush about without remembering yourself, spend the night without closing eyes, listen with open ears. But if such a phraseological unit is an introductory word (in all honesty, to be honest, frankly, in short, apparently), then it is separated by commas, for example: Apparently, he was not going to help me; In short, we will have to do it ourselves.
Before the participle there is an intensifying particle and (not a union!):
You can live without showing off your mind;
The participle in modern Russian is never a predicate, therefore the verb and the participle cannot be homogeneous members!
The gerund participle is part of the subordinate clause and has the allied word which as a dependent. In this case, the comma only separates the main clause from the subordinate clause, and there is no comma between the gerund and the allied word:
For example: You are facing the most difficult tasks, without solving which we will not be able to get out of the predicament;
The adverbial turnover includes the subject.
In this case, the comma only separates the entire turnover from the predicate, and the subject and participle are not separated by a comma. Such constructions are found in poetic texts of the 19th century:
For example: Forty perched on a spruce tree, it was quite ready to have breakfast ...; Example: Magpie, perched on a spruce, was about to have breakfast;
The participle acts as a homogeneous member with a non-isolated circumstance and is associated with it by a union and:
For example: He walked quickly and did not look around.
3. Participle constructions and single participles that have lost their verbal meaning are not isolated. These are the most difficult cases for punctuation parsing. They require special attention to the meaning of the gerund, to the context in which the gerund is used, etc.
Participles and adverbial phrases that have finally lost their verbal meaning, have passed into the category of adverbs or have acquired an adverbial meaning in this context are not separated:
For example: He looked at her without blinking (impossible: looked and did not blink); They drove slowly (impossible: they drove and were in no hurry); The bus went without stopping (it is impossible: it went and did not stop); She answered while standing (impossible: she answered and sat down); He walked with his back straight (impossible: he walked and straightened it).
Such single gerunds, less often gerunds, are usually circumstances of the mode of action (they answer the questions how? in what way?), merge with the predicate into one whole, are not separated from the predicate by a pause, and most often stand immediately after the predicate:
For example: he looked silently, looked smiling, listened with a frown, chatted incessantly, walked bent over, walked stumbling, walked limping, sat ruffled, walked with his head bowed, wrote with his head bowed, entered without knocking, lived without hiding, spent money not counting it .d
Often such gerunds can be replaced by adverbs, nouns with and without prepositions.
For example: He talked about it angry. - He spoke of it with malice;
In all such uses, the participle does not indicate an independent action, but the mode of action expressed by the predicate.
For example, in the sentence: He walked upright - the action is one (walked), and the former gerund (straightened) indicates the mode of action - a characteristic posture when walking.
If, in this context, the verbal meaning is preserved, then the single gerund participle or the gerund participle are isolated. Usually in this case, with the verb-predicate, there are other circumstances; the gerund takes on the meaning of clarification, explanation and intonation stands out.
For example: He walked without stopping. He walked hurriedly without stopping.
The degree of prevalence of the participial turnover can contribute to the strengthening of the verbality in gerunds.
For example: He sat waiting. He sat, waiting for an answer.
Former gerunds that have lost their connection with the verb and have moved into the category of function words are not isolated: starting from (in the meaning of “from such and such time”), based on (in the meaning of “on the basis of”), looking at (in the meaning of “in accordance with "):
For example: Everything has changed since last Tuesday; the report is based on your data;
However, in other contexts, turns can be isolated:
Separation of circumstances
The turnover with words starting with is isolated if it is in the nature of clarification, explanation and is not associated with the concept of time:
For example: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with England and the USA;
The word beginning in such contexts cannot be dropped without damaging the meaning of the sentence;
A turnover with words based on is isolated if, in meaning, it correlates with the producer of the action, which can “come from something”:
For example: We compiled a report based on your data (we based on your data);
Turnover with words looking at is isolated if clarification or attachment matters:
For example: I had to act selectively, depending on the circumstances (clarification, you can insert “namely”); depending on the time of year (attachment).
B) Circumstances expressed by nouns
1. The circumstances of the concession are always isolated, expressed by nouns with the prepositions "despite", "regardless of". Such turns can be replaced by subordinate clauses of concession with the union though.
For example: Despite the cold spring, the harvest turned out to be excellent. Although the spring was rainy, the harvest was excellent;
2. Circumstances may be isolated:
Reasons with prepositions and prepositional combinations such as: due to, due to absence, due to, in view of, due to lack, according to, due to, in connection with, due to, on occasion, etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union since).
For example: Petrovich, according to the opinion of the chief, advised to return. - Since Petrovich agreed with the opinion of the chief, he advised to return; Children, due to their infancy, were not given any work. Since the children were small, they were not given any work;
Concessions with prepositions in spite of, with (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with a union though).
For example: His life, with all his disasters, was easier than Anton's life. - Although the situation was difficult, his life was easier than the life of Anton;
Conditions with prepositions and prepositional combinations if present, absent, in case, etc. (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union if).
For example: Prisoners, in case of refusal, decided to go on a hunger strike. – If the prisoners are refused, they decide to go on a hunger strike;
Goals with prepositions and prepositional combinations to avoid (can be replaced by a subordinate clause with the union to).
For example: goods, in order to avoid damage, transport by mail. – To avoid damage, transport the goods by mail;
Comparisons with the union are similar.
For example: Ivan Nikolaevich was born in the north of Russia, like his older brother Anton.
However, phrases with such prepositions and prepositional combinations may not be isolated.
More often, turns are isolated, which are located between the subject and the predicate:
Petrovich, in accordance with the opinion of the chief, advised to return.
In addition, isolated constructions are usually common, that is, they contain a noun with dependent words:
Thanks to the good weather and especially the holiday, our street has become lively again.
As a rule, the indicated turns at the end of the sentence are not isolated.
For example: The prisoners, on the order of the warden, went to the cells. – the prisoners went to the cells on the order of the warden.
In general, the isolation of turns with the indicated prepositions and prepositional combinations is optional.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns, without prepositions or with other prepositions, are isolated only if they acquire an additional semantic load, have an explanatory meaning, or combine several adverbial meanings. For example: temporary and causal, temporary and concessive, etc.
For example: Vova, after he received a decisive refusal, went home.
In this case, the circumstance combines the meanings of time and reason and answers the questions when did he leave? and why did he leave? The turnover is expressed by a noun with dependent words and is located between the subject and the predicate.
Separate circumstances expressed by nouns are always distinguished intonationally. However, the presence of a pause does not always indicate the presence of a comma. So, the circumstances that are at the beginning of the sentence stand out intonationally.
For example: In Moscow / I was last year; Last year / I was in Moscow.
However, a comma after such a circumstance is not put!
C) Circumstances expressed by adverbs
Circumstances expressed by adverbs (with dependent words or without dependent words) are isolated only if the author wants to draw attention to them or if they have the meaning of a passing remark.
For example: After some time, a boy in a white suit, with a head as black as coal, ran out into the street, out of nowhere.
