Table of values ​​of sines cosines tangents cotangents trigonometry

Table of basic trigonometric functions for angles of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, ... degrees

From the trigonometric definitions of the functions $\sin$, $\cos$, $\tan$ and $\cot$, you can find out their values ​​for angles $0$ and $90$ degrees:

$\sin⁡0°=0$, $\cos0°=1$, $\tan 0°=0$, $\cot 0°$ not defined;

$\sin90°=1$, $\cos90°=0$, $\cot90°=0$, $\tan 90°$ is not defined.

In a school geometry course, when studying right triangles, one finds the trigonometric functions of the angles $0°$, $30°$, $45°$, $60°$ and $90°$.

Found values ​​of trigonometric functions for the indicated angles in degrees and radians, respectively ($0$, $\frac(\pi)(6)$, $\frac(\pi)(4)$, $\frac(\pi)(3) $, $\frac(\pi)(2)$) for ease of memorization and use are entered into a table called trigonometric table, table of basic values ​​of trigonometric functions and so on.

When using reduction formulas, the trigonometric table can be expanded to an angle of $360°$ and, accordingly, $2\pi$ radians:

Using the periodicity properties of trigonometric functions, each angle, which will differ from the already known one by $360°$, can be calculated and recorded in a table. For example, the trigonometric function for angle $0°$ will have the same value for angle $0°+360°$, and for angle $0°+2 \cdot 360°$, and for angle $0°+3 \cdot 360°$ and etc.

Using a trigonometric table, you can determine the values ​​of all angles of a unit circle.

In a school geometry course, you are supposed to memorize the basic values ​​of trigonometric functions collected in a trigonometric table for the convenience of solving trigonometric problems.

Using a table

In the table, it is enough to find the required trigonometric function and the value of the angle or radians for which this function needs to be calculated. At the intersection of the row with the function and the column with the value, we obtain the desired value of the trigonometric function of the given argument.

In the figure you can see how to find the value of $\cos⁡60°$, which is equal to $\frac(1)(2)$.

The extended trigonometric table is used in the same way. The advantage of using it is, as already mentioned, the calculation of the trigonometric function of almost any angle. For example, you can easily find the value $\tan 1 380°=\tan (1 380°-360°)=\tan(1 020°-360°)=\tan(660°-360°)=\tan300°$:

Bradis tables of basic trigonometric functions

The ability to calculate the trigonometric function of absolutely any angle value for an integer value of degrees and an integer value of minutes is provided by the use of Bradis tables. For example, find the value of $\cos⁡34°7"$. The tables are divided into 2 parts: a table of values ​​of $\sin$ and $\cos$ and a table of values ​​of $\tan$ and $\cot$.

Bradis tables make it possible to obtain approximate values ​​of trigonometric functions with an accuracy of up to 4 decimal places.

Using Bradis tables

Using the Bradis tables for sines, we find $\sin⁡17°42"$. To do this, in the left column of the table of sines and cosines we find the value of degrees - $17°$, and in the top line we find the value of minutes - $42"$. At their intersection we obtain the desired value:

$\sin17°42"=0.304$.

To find the value $\sin17°44"$ you need to use the correction on the right side of the table. In this case, to the value $42"$, which is in the table, you need to add a correction for $2"$, which is equal to $0.0006$. We get:

$\sin17°44"=0.304+0.0006=0.3046$.

To find the value $\sin17°47"$ we also use the correction on the right side of the table, only in this case we take the value $\sin17°48"$ as a basis and subtract the correction for $1"$:

$\sin17°47"=0.3057-0.0003=0.3054$.

When calculating cosines, we perform similar actions, but we look at the degrees in the right column, and the minutes in the bottom column of the table. For example, $\cos20°=0.9397$.

For tangent values ​​up to $90°$ and small angle cotangent there are no corrections. For example, let's find $\tan 78°37"$, which according to the table is equal to $4.967$.

Tables of values ​​of sines (sin), cosines (cos), tangents (tg), cotangents (ctg) are a powerful and useful tool that helps solve many problems, both theoretical and applied. In this article we will provide a table of basic trigonometric functions (sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents) for angles of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, ..., 360 degrees (0, π 6, π 3, π 2,... . , 2 π radians). Separate Bradis tables for sines and cosines, tangents, and cotangents will also be shown, with an explanation of how to use them to find the values ​​of basic trigonometric functions.

Table of basic trigonometric functions for angles 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, ..., 360 degrees

Based on the definitions of sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent, you can find the values ​​of these functions for angles of 0 and 90 degrees

sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1, t g 0 = 0, zero cotangent is not defined,

sin 90° = 1, cos 90° = 0, c t g 90° = 0, tangent of ninety degrees is not defined.

The values ​​of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents in the geometry course are defined as the ratio of the sides of a right triangle, the angles of which are 30, 60 and 90 degrees, and also 45, 45 and 90 degrees.

Defining trigonometric functions for an acute angle in a right triangle

Sinus- the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse.

Cosine- the ratio of the adjacent leg to the hypotenuse.

Tangent- the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side.

Cotangent- the ratio of the adjacent side to the opposite side.

In accordance with the definitions, the values ​​of the functions are found:

sin 30 ° = 1 2 , cos 30 ° = 3 2 , t g 30 ° = 3 3 , c t g 30 ° = 3 , sin 45 ° = 2 2 , cos 45 ° = 2 2 , t g 45 ° = 1 , c t g 45 ° = 1, sin 60° = 3 2, cos 45° = 1 2, tg 45° = 3, c tg 45° = 3 3.

Let's put these values ​​in a table and call it a table of the basic values ​​of sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent.

Table of basic values ​​of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents

α °	0	30	45	60	90
sin α	0	1 2	2 2	3 2	1
cos α	1	3 2	2 2	1 2	0
t g α	0	3 3	1	3	indefined
c t g α	indefined	3	1	3 3	0
α, r a d i a n	0	π 6	π 4	π 3	π 2

One of the important properties of trigonometric functions is periodicity. Based on this property, this table can be expanded using reduction formulas. Below we present an extended table of the values ​​of the main trigonometric functions for angles 0, 30, 60, ... , 120, 135, 150, 180, ... , 360 degrees (0, π 6, π 3, π 2, ... , 2 π radians).

Table of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents

α °	0	30	45	60	90	120	135	150	180	210	225	240	270	300	315	330	360
sin α	0	1 2	2 2	3 2	1	3 2	2 2	1 2	0	- 1 2	- 2 2	- 3 2	- 1	- 3 2	- 2 2	- 1 2	0
cos α	1	3 2	2 2	1 2	0	- 1 2	- 2 2	- 3 2	- 1	- 3 2	- 2 2	- 1 2	0	1 2	2 2	3 2	1
t g α	0	3 3	1	3	-	- 1	- 3 3	0	0	3 3	1	3	-	- 3	- 1		0
c t g α	-	3	1	3 3	0	- 3 3	- 1	- 3	-	3	1	3 3	0	- 3 3	- 1	- 3	-
α, r a d i a n	0	π 6	π 4	π 3	π 2	2 π 3	3 π 4	5 π 6	π	7 π 6	5 π 4	4 π 3	3 π 2	5 π 3	7 π 4	11 π 6	2π

The periodicity of sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent allows you to expand this table to arbitrarily large angle values. The values ​​collected in the table are used most often when solving problems, so it is recommended to memorize them.

How to use the table of basic values ​​of trigonometric functions

The principle of using the table of values ​​of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents is clear on an intuitive level. The intersection of a row and a column gives the value of the function for a particular angle.

Example. How to use the table of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents

We need to find out what sin 7 π 6 is equal to

We find a column in the table whose last cell value is 7 π 6 radians - the same as 210 degrees. Then we select the term of the table in which the values ​​of sines are presented. At the intersection of the row and column we find the desired value:

sin 7 π 6 = - 1 2

Bradis tables

The Bradis table allows you to calculate the value of sine, cosine, tangent or cotangent with an accuracy of 4 decimal places without the use of computer technology. This is a kind of replacement for an engineering calculator.

Reference

Vladimir Modestovich Bradis (1890 - 1975) - Soviet mathematician-teacher, since 1954 corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR. The tables of four-digit logarithms and natural trigonometric quantities developed by Bradis were first published in 1921.

First, we present the Bradis table for sines and cosines. It allows you to quite accurately calculate the approximate values ​​of these functions for angles containing an integer number of degrees and minutes. The leftmost column of the table represents degrees, and the top row represents minutes. Note that all angle values ​​of the Bradis table are multiples of six minutes.

Bradis table for sines and cosines

sin	0"	6"	12"	18"	24"	30"	36"	42"	48"	54"	60"	cos	1"	2"	3"
											0.0000	90°
0°	0.0000	0017	0035	0052	0070	0087	0105	0122	0140	0157	0175	89°	3	6	9
1°	0175	0192	0209	0227	0244	0262	0279	0297	0314	0332	0349	88°	3	6	9
2°	0349	0366	0384	0401	0419	0436	0454	0471	0488	0506	0523	87°	3	6	9
3°	0523	0541	0558	0576	0593	0610	0628	0645	0663	0680	0698	86°	3	6	9
4°	0698	0715	0732	0750	0767	0785	0802	0819	0837	0854	0.0872	85°	3	6	9
5°	0.0872	0889	0906	0924	0941	0958	0976	0993	1011	1028	1045	84°	3	6	9
6°	1045	1063	1080	1097	1115	1132	1149	1167	1184	1201	1219	83°	3	6	9
7°	1219	1236	1253	1271	1288	1305	1323	1340	1357	1374	1392	82°	3	6	9
8°	1392	1409	1426	1444	1461	1478	1495	1513	1530	1547	1564	81°	3	6	9
9°	1564	1582	1599	1616	1633	1650	1668	1685	1702	1719	0.1736	80°	3	6	9
10°	0.1736	1754	1771	1788	1805	1822	1840	1857	1874	1891	1908	79°	3	6	9
11°	1908	1925	1942	1959	1977	1994	2011	2028	2045	2062	2079	78°	3	6	9
12°	2079	2096	2113	2130	2147	2164	2181	2198	2215	2233	2250	77°	3	6	9
13°	2250	2267	2284	2300	2317	2334	2351	2368	2385	2402	2419	76°	3	6	8
14°	2419	2436	2453	2470	2487	2504	2521	2538	2554	2571	0.2588	75°	3	6	8
15°	0.2588	2605	2622	2639	2656	2672	2689	2706	2723	2740	2756	74°	3	6	8
16°	2756	2773	2790	2807	2823	2840	2857	2874	2890	2907	2924	73°	3	6	8
17°	2924	2940	2957	2974	2990	3007	3024	3040	3057	3074	3090	72°	3	6	8
18°	3090	3107	3123	3140	3156	3173	3190	3206	3223	3239	3256	71°	3	6	8
19°	3256	3272	3289	3305	3322	3338	3355	3371	3387	3404	0.3420	70°	3	5	8
20°	0.3420	3437	3453	3469	3486	3502	3518	3535	3551	3567	3584	69°	3	5	8
21°	3584	3600	3616	3633	3649	3665	3681	3697	3714	3730	3746	68°	3	5	8
22°	3746	3762	3778	3795	3811	3827	3843	3859	3875	3891	3907	67°	3	5	8
23°	3907	3923	3939	3955	3971	3987	4003	4019	4035	4051	4067	66°	3	5	8
24°	4067	4083	4099	4115	4131	4147	4163	4179	4195	4210	0.4226	65°	3	5	8
25°	0.4226	4242	4258	4274	4289	4305	4321	4337	4352	4368	4384	64°	3	5	8
26°	4384	4399	4415	4431	4446	4462	4478	4493	4509	4524	4540	63°	3	5	8
27°	4540	4555	4571	4586	4602	4617	4633	4648	4664	4679	4695	62°	3	5	8
28°	4695	4710	4726	4741	4756	4772	4787	4802	4818	4833	4848	61°	3	5	8
29°	4848	4863	4879	4894	4909	4924	4939	4955	4970	4985	0.5000	60°	3	5	8
30°	0.5000	5015	5030	5045	5060	5075	5090	5105	5120	5135	5150	59°	3	5	8
31°	5150	5165	5180	5195	5210	5225	5240	5255	5270	5284	5299	58°	2	5	7
32°	5299	5314	5329	5344	5358	5373	5388	5402	5417	5432	5446	57°	2	5	7
33°	5446	5461	5476	5490	5505	5519	5534	5548	5563	5577	5592	56°	2	5	7
34°	5592	5606	5621	5635	5650	5664	5678	5693	5707	5721	0.5736	55°	2	5	7
35°	0.5736	5750	5764	5779	5793	5807	5821	5835	5850	5864	0.5878	54°	2	5	7
36°	5878	5892	5906	5920	5934	5948	5962	5976	5990	6004	6018	53°	2	5	7
37°	6018	6032	6046	6060	6074	6088	6101	6115	6129	6143	6157	52°	2	5	7
38°	6157	6170	6184	6198	6211	6225	6239	6252	6266	6280	6293	51°	2	5	7
39°	6293	6307	6320	6334	6347	6361	6374	6388	6401	6414	0.6428	50°	2	4	7
40°	0.6428	6441	6455	6468	6481	6494	6508	6521	6534	6547	6561	49°	2	4	7
41°	6561	6574	6587	6600	6613	6626	6639	6652	6665	6678	6691	48°	2	4	7
42°	6691	6704	6717	6730	6743	6756	6769	6782	6794	6807	6820	47°	2	4	6
43°	6820	6833	6845	6858	6871	6884	6896	8909	6921	6934	6947	46°	2	4	6
44°	6947	6959	6972	6984	6997	7009	7022	7034	7046	7059	0.7071	45°	2	4	6
45°	0.7071	7083	7096	7108	7120	7133	7145	7157	7169	7181	7193	44°	2	4	6
46°	7193	7206	7218	7230	7242	7254	7266	7278	7290	7302	7314	43°	2	4	6
47°	7314	7325	7337	7349	7361	7373	7385	7396	7408	7420	7431	42°	2	4	6
48°	7431	7443	7455	7466	7478	7490	7501	7513	7524	7536	7547	41°	2	4	6
49°	7547	7559	7570	7581	7593	7604	7615	7627	7638	7649	0.7660	40°	2	4	6
50°	0.7660	7672	7683	7694	7705	7716	7727	7738	7749	7760	7771	39°	2	4	6
51°	7771	7782	7793	7804	7815	7826	7837	7848	7859	7869	7880	38°	2	4	5
52°	7880	7891	7902	7912	7923	7934	7944	7955	7965	7976	7986	37°	2	4	5
53°	7986	7997	8007	8018	8028	8039	8049	8059	8070	8080	8090	36°	2	3	5
54°	8090	8100	8111	8121	8131	8141	8151	8161	8171	8181	0.8192	35°	2	3	5
55°	0.8192	8202	8211	8221	8231	8241	8251	8261	8271	8281	8290	34°	2	3	5
56°	8290	8300	8310	8320	8329	8339	8348	8358	8368	8377	8387	33°	2	3	5
57°	8387	8396	8406	8415	8425	8434	8443	8453	8462	8471	8480	32°	2	3	5
58°	8480	8490	8499	8508	8517	8526	8536	8545	8554	8563	8572	31°	2	3	5
59°	8572	8581	8590	8599	8607	8616	8625	8634	8643	8652	0.8660	30°	1	3	4
60°	0.8660	8669	8678	8686	8695	8704	8712	8721	8729	8738	8746	29°	1	3	4
61°	8746	8755	8763	8771	8780	8788	8796	8805	8813	8821	8829	28°	1	3	4
62°	8829	8838	8846	8854	8862	8870	8878	8886	8894	8902	8910	27°	1	3	4
63°	8910	8918	8926	8934	8942	8949	8957	8965	8973	8980	8988	26°	1	3	4
64°	8988	8996	9003	9011	9018	9026	9033	9041	9048	9056	0.9063	25°	1	3	4
65°	0.9063	9070	9078	9085	9092	9100	9107	9114	9121	9128	9135	24°	1	2	4
66°	9135	9143	9150	9157	9164	9171	9178	9184	9191	9198	9205	23°	1	2	3
67°	9205	9212	9219	9225	9232	9239	9245	9252	9259	9256	9272	22°	1	2	3
68°	9272	9278	9285	9291	9298	9304	9311	9317	9323	9330	9336	21°	1	2	3
69°	9336	9342	9348	9354	9361	9367	9373	9379	9383	9391	0.9397	20°	1	2	3
70°	9397	9403	9409	9415	9421	9426	9432	9438	9444	9449	0.9455	19°	1	2	3
71°	9455	9461	9466	9472	9478	9483	9489	9494	9500	9505	9511	18°	1	2	3
72°	9511	9516	9521	9527	9532	9537	9542	9548	9553	9558	9563	17°	1	2	3
73°	9563	9568	9573	9578	9583	9588	9593	9598	9603	9608	9613	16°	1	2	2
74°	9613	9617	9622	9627	9632	9636	9641	9646	9650	9655	0.9659	15°	1	2	2
75°	9659	9664	9668	9673	9677	9681	9686	9690	9694	9699	9703	14°	1	1	2
76°	9703	9707	9711	9715	9720	9724	9728	9732	9736	9740	9744	13°	1	1	2
77°	9744	9748	9751	9755	9759	9763	9767	9770	9774	9778	9781	12°	1	1	2
78°	9781	9785	9789	9792	9796	9799	9803	9806	9810	9813	9816	11°	1	1	2
79°	9816	9820	9823	9826	9829	9833	9836	9839	9842	9845	0.9848	10°	1	1	2
80°	0.9848	9851	9854	9857	9860	9863	9866	9869	9871	9874	9877	9°	0	1	1
81°	9877	9880	9882	9885	9888	9890	9893	9895	9898	9900	9903	8°	0	1	1
82°	9903	9905	9907	9910	9912	9914	9917	9919	9921	9923	9925	7°	0	1	1
83°	9925	9928	9930	9932	9934	9936	9938	9940	9942	9943	9945	6°	0	1	1
84°	9945	9947	9949	9951	9952	9954	9956	9957	9959	9960	9962	5°	0	1	1
85°	9962	9963	9965	9966	9968	9969	9971	9972	9973	9974	9976	4°	0	0	1
86°	9976	9977	9978	9979	9980	9981	9982	9983	9984	9985	9986	3°	0	0	0
87°	9986	9987	9988	9989	9990	9990	9991	9992	9993	9993	9994	2°	0	0	0
88°	9994	9995	9995	9996	9996	9997	9997	9997	9998	9998	0.9998	1°	0	0	0
89°	9998	9999	9999	9999	9999	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	1.0000	0°	0	0	0
90°	1.0000
sin	60"	54"	48"	42"	36"	30"	24"	18"	12"	6"	0"	cos	1"	2"	3"

To find the values ​​of sines and cosines of angles not presented in the table, it is necessary to use corrections.

Now we present the Bradis table for tangents and cotangents. It contains values ​​of tangents of angles from 0 to 76 degrees, and cotangents of angles from 14 to 90 degrees.

Bradis table for tangent and cotangent

tg	0"	6"	12"	18"	24"	30"	36"	42"	48"	54"	60"	ctg	1"	2"	3"
											0	90°
0°	0,000	0017	0035	0052	0070	0087	0105	0122	0140	0157	0175	89°	3	6	9
1°	0175	0192	0209	0227	0244	0262	0279	0297	0314	0332	0349	88°	3	6	9
2°	0349	0367	0384	0402	0419	0437	0454	0472	0489	0507	0524	87°	3	6	9
3°	0524	0542	0559	0577	0594	0612	0629	0647	0664	0682	0699	86°	3	6	9
4°	0699	0717	0734	0752	0769	0787	0805	0822	0840	0857	0,0875	85°	3	6	9
5°	0,0875	0892	0910	0928	0945	0963	0981	0998	1016	1033	1051	84°	3	6	9
6°	1051	1069	1086	1104	1122	1139	1157	1175	1192	1210	1228	83°	3	6	9
7°	1228	1246	1263	1281	1299	1317	1334	1352	1370	1388	1405	82°	3	6	9
8°	1405	1423	1441	1459	1477	1495	1512	1530	1548	1566	1584	81°	3	6	9
9°	1584	1602	1620	1638	1655	1673	1691	1709	1727	1745	0,1763	80°	3	6	9
10°	0,1763	1781	1799	1817	1835	1853	1871	1890	1908	1926	1944	79°	3	6	9
11°	1944	1962	1980	1998	2016	2035	2053	2071	2089	2107	2126	78°	3	6	9
12°	2126	2144	2162	2180	2199	2217	2235	2254	2272	2290	2309	77°	3	6	9
13°	2309	2327	2345	2364	2382	2401	2419	2438	2456	2475	2493	76°	3	6	9
14°	2493	2512	2530	2549	2568	2586	2605	2623	2642	2661	0,2679	75°	3	6	9
15°	0,2679	2698	2717	2736	2754	2773	2792	2811	2830	2849	2867	74°	3	6	9
16°	2867	2886	2905	2924	2943	2962	2981	3000	3019	3038	3057	73°	3	6	9
17°	3057	3076	3096	3115	3134	3153	3172	3191	3211	3230	3249	72°	3	6	10
18°	3249	3269	3288	3307	3327	3346	3365	3385	3404	3424	3443	71°	3	6	10
19°	3443	3463	3482	3502	3522	3541	3561	3581	3600	3620	0,3640	70°	3	7	10
20°	0,3640	3659	3679	3699	3719	3739	3759	3779	3799	3819	3839	69°	3	7	10
21°	3839	3859	3879	3899	3919	3939	3959	3979	4000	4020	4040	68°	3	7	10
22°	4040	4061	4081	4101	4122	4142	4163	4183	4204	4224	4245	67°	3	7	10
23°	4245	4265	4286	4307	4327	4348	4369	4390	4411	4431	4452	66°	3	7	10
24°	4452	4473	4494	4515	4536	4557	4578	4599	4621	4642	0,4663	65°	4	7	11
25°	0,4663	4684	4706	4727	4748	4770	4791	4813	4834	4856	4877	64°	4	7	11
26°	4877	4899	4921	4942	4964	4986	5008	5029	5051	5073	5095	63°	4	7	11
27°	5095	5117	5139	5161	5184	5206	5228	5250	5272	5295	5317	62°	4	7	11
28°	5317	5340	5362	5384	5407	5430	5452	5475	5498	5520	5543	61°	4	8	11
29°	5543	5566	5589	5612	5635	5658	5681	5704	5727	5750	0,5774	60°	4	8	12
30°	0,5774	5797	5820	5844	5867	5890	5914	5938	5961	5985	6009	59°	4	8	12
31°	6009	6032	6056	6080	6104	6128	6152	6176	6200	6224	6249	58°	4	8	12
32°	6249	6273	6297	6322	6346	6371	6395	6420	6445	6469	6494	57°	4	8	12
33°	6494	6519	6544	6569	6594	6619	6644	6669	6694	6720	6745	56°	4	8	13
34°	6745	6771	6796	6822	6847	6873	6899	6924	6950	6976	0,7002	55°	4	9	13
35°	0,7002	7028	7054	7080	7107	7133	7159	7186	7212	7239	7265	54°	4	8	13
36°	7265	7292	7319	7346	7373	7400	7427	7454	7481	7508	7536	53°	5	9	14°
37°	7536	7563	7590	7618	7646	7673	7701	7729	7757	7785	7813	52°	5	9	14
38°	7813	7841	7869	7898	7926	7954	7983	8012	8040	8069	8098	51°	5	9	14
39°	8098	8127	8156	8185	8214	8243	8273	8302	8332	8361	0,8391	50°	5	10	15
40°	0,8391	8421	8451	8481	8511	8541	8571	8601	8632	8662	0,8693	49°	5	10	15
41°	8693	8724	8754	8785	8816	8847	8878	8910	8941	8972	9004	48°	5	10	16
42°	9004	9036	9067	9099	9131	9163	9195	9228	9260	9293	9325	47°	6	11	16
43°	9325	9358	9391	9424	9457	9490	9523	9556	9590	9623	0,9657	46°	6	11	17
44°	9657	9691	9725	9759	9793	9827	9861	9896	9930	9965	1,0000	45°	6	11	17
45°	1,0000	0035	0070	0105	0141	0176	0212	0247	0283	0319	0355	44°	6	12	18
46°	0355	0392	0428	0464	0501	0538	0575	0612	0649	0686	0724	43°	6	12	18
47°	0724	0761	0799	0837	0875	0913	0951	0990	1028	1067	1106	42°	6	13	19
48°	1106	1145	1184	1224	1263	1303	1343	1383	1423	1463	1504	41°	7	13	20
49°	1504	1544	1585	1626	1667	1708	1750	1792	1833	1875	1,1918	40°	7	14	21
50°	1,1918	1960	2002	2045	2088	2131	2174	2218	2261	2305	2349	39°	7	14	22
51°	2349	2393	2437	2482	2527	2572	2617	2662	2708	2753	2799	38°	8	15	23
52°	2799	2846	2892	2938	2985	3032	3079	3127	3175	3222	3270	37°	8	16	24
53°	3270	3319	3367	3416	3465	3514	3564	3613	3663	3713	3764	36°	8	16	25
54°	3764	3814	3865	3916	3968	4019	4071	4124	4176	4229	1,4281	35°	9	17	26
55°	1,4281	4335	4388	4442	4496	4550	4605	4659	4715	4770	4826	34°	9	18	27
56°	4826	4882	4938	4994	5051	5108	5166	5224	5282	5340	5399	33°	10	19	29
57°	5399	5458	5517	5577	5637	5697	5757	5818	5880	5941	6003	32°	10	20	30
58°	6003	6066	6128	6191	6255	6319	6383	6447	6512	6577	6643	31°	11	21	32
59°	6643	6709	6775	6842	6909	6977	7045	7113	7182	7251	1,7321	30°	11	23	34
60°	1,732	1,739	1,746	1,753	1,760	1,767	1,775	1,782	1,789	1,797	1,804	29°	1	2	4
61°	1,804	1,811	1,819	1,827	1,834	1,842	1,849	1,857	1,865	1,873	1,881	28°	1	3	4
62°	1,881	1,889	1,897	1,905	1,913	1,921	1,929	1,937	1,946	1,954	1,963	27°	1	3	4
63°	1,963	1,971	1,980	1,988	1,997	2,006	2,014	2,023	2,032	2,041	2,05	26°	1	3	4
64°	2,050	2,059	2,069	2,078	2,087	2,097	2,106	2,116	2,125	2,135	2,145	25°	2	3	5
65°	2,145	2,154	2,164	2,174	2,184	2,194	2,204	2,215	2,225	2,236	2,246	24°	2	3	5
66°	2,246	2,257	2,267	2,278	2,289	2,3	2,311	2,322	2,333	2,344	2,356	23°	2	4	5
67°	2,356	2,367	2,379	2,391	2,402	2,414	2,426	2,438	2,450	2,463	2,475	22°	2	4	6
68°	2,475	2,488	2,5	2,513	2,526	2,539	2,552	2,565	2,578	2,592	2,605	21°	2	4	6
69°	2,605	2,619	2,633	2,646	2,66	2,675	2,689	2,703	2,718	2,733	2,747	20°	2	5	7
70°	2,747	2,762	2,778	2,793	2,808	2,824	2,840	2,856	2,872	2,888	2,904	19°	3	5	8
71°	2,904	2,921	2,937	2,954	2,971	2,989	3,006	3,024	3,042	3,06	3,078	18°	3	6	9
72°	3,078	3,096	3,115	3,133	3,152	3,172	3,191	3,211	3,230	3,251	3,271	17°	3	6	10
73°	3,271	3,291	3,312	3,333	3,354	3,376							3	7	10
							3,398	3,42	3,442	3,465	3,487	16°	4	7	11
74°	3,487	3,511	3,534	3,558	3,582	3,606							4	8	12
							3,630	3,655	3,681	3,706	3,732	15°	4	8	13
75°	3,732	3,758	3,785	3,812	3,839	3,867							4	9	13
							3,895	3,923	3,952	3,981	4,011	14°	5	10	14
tg	60"	54"	48"	42"	36"	30"	24"	18"	12"	6"	0"	ctg	1"	2"	3"

How to use Bradis tables

Consider the Bradis table for sines and cosines. Everything related to sinuses is at the top and to the left. If we need cosines, look at the right side at the bottom of the table.

To find the values ​​of the sine of an angle, you need to find the intersection of the row containing the required number of degrees in the leftmost cell and the column containing the required number of minutes in the top cell.

If the exact angle value is not in the Bradis table, we resort to corrections. Corrections for one, two and three minutes are given in the rightmost columns of the table. To find the value of the sine of an angle that is not in the table, we find the value closest to it. After this, we add or subtract the correction corresponding to the difference between the angles.

If we are looking for the sine of an angle that is greater than 90 degrees, we first need to use the reduction formulas, and only then the Bradis table.

Example. How to use the Bradis table

Let's say we need to find the sine of the angle 17 ° 44 ". Using the table, we find what the sine of 17 ° 42 " is equal to and add a correction of two minutes to its value:

17°44" - 17°42" = 2" (necessary correction) sin 17°44" = 0. 3040 + 0 . 0006 = 0 . 3046

The principle of working with cosines, tangents and cotangents is similar. However, it is important to remember the sign of the amendments.

Important!

When calculating the values ​​of sines, the correction has a positive sign, and when calculating cosines, the correction must be taken with a negative sign.

If you notice an error in the text, please highlight it and press Ctrl+Enter

In the article, we will fully understand what it looks like table of trigonometric values, sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent. Let's consider the basic meaning of trigonometric functions, from an angle of 0,30,45,60,90,...,360 degrees. And let's see how to use these tables in calculating the values ​​of trigonometric functions.
First let's look at table of cosine, sine, tangent and cotangent from an angle of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90,... degrees. The definition of these quantities allows us to determine the value of the functions of angles of 0 and 90 degrees:

sin 0 0 =0, cos 0 0 = 1. tg 0 0 = 0, cotangent from 0 0 will be undefined
sin 90 0 = 1, cos 90 0 =0, ctg90 0 = 0, tangent from 90 0 will be uncertain

If you take right triangles whose angles are from 30 to 90 degrees. We get:

sin 30 0 = 1/2, cos 30 0 = √3/2, tan 30 0 = √3/3, cos 30 0 = √3
sin 45 0 = √2/2, cos 45 0 = √2/2, tan 45 0 = 1, cos 45 0 = 1
sin 60 0 = √3/2, cos 60 0 = 1/2, tg 60 0 =√3, cot 60 0 = √3/3

Let us represent all the obtained values ​​in the form trigonometric table:

Table of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents!

If we use the reduction formula, our table will increase, adding values ​​for angles up to 360 degrees. It will look like:

Also, based on the properties of periodicity, the table can be increased if we replace the angles with 0 0 +360 0 *z .... 330 0 +360 0 *z, in which z is an integer. In this table it is possible to calculate the value of all angles corresponding to points in a single circle.

Let's look at how to use the table in a solution.
Everything is very simple. Since the value we need lies at the intersection point of the cells we need. For example, take the cos of an angle of 60 degrees, in the table it will look like:

In the final table of the main values ​​of trigonometric functions, we proceed in the same way. But in this table it is possible to find out how much the tangent from an angle of 1020 degrees is, it = -√3 Let's check 1020 0 = 300 0 +360 0 *2. Let's find it using the table.

For more searching, trigonometric angle values ​​accurate to minutes are used. Detailed instructions on how to use them are on the page.

Bradis table. For sine, cosine, tangent and cotangent.

The Bradis tables are divided into several parts, consisting of tables of cosine and sine, tangent and cotangent - which is divided into two parts (tg of angles up to 90 degrees and ctg of small angles).

Sine and cosine

tg of the angle starting from 0 0 ending with 76 0, ctg of the angle starting from 14 0 ending with 90 0.

tg up to 90 0 and ctg of small angles.

Let's figure out how to use Bradis tables in solving problems.

Let's find the designation sin (designation in the column on the left edge) 42 minutes (designation is on the top line). By intersection we look for the designation, it = 0.3040.

The minute values ​​are indicated with an interval of six minutes, what to do if the value we need falls exactly within this interval. Let's take 44 minutes, but there are only 42 in the table. We take 42 as a basis and use the additional columns on the right side, take the 2nd amendment and add to 0.3040 + 0.0006 we get 0.3046.

With sin 47 minutes, we take 48 minutes as a basis and subtract 1 correction from it, i.e. 0.3057 - 0.0003 = 0.3054

When calculating cos, we work similarly to sin, only we take the bottom row of the table as a basis. For example cos 20 0 = 0.9397

The values ​​of tg angle up to 90 0 and cot of a small angle are correct and there are no corrections in them. For example, find tg 78 0 37min = 4.967


and ctg 20 0 13min = 25.83

Well, we've looked at the basic trigonometric tables. We hope this information was extremely useful to you. If you have any questions about the tables, be sure to write them in the comments!

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Simply put, these are vegetables cooked in water according to a special recipe. I will consider two initial components (vegetable salad and water) and the finished result - borscht. Geometrically, it can be thought of as a rectangle, with one side representing lettuce and the other side representing water. The sum of these two sides will indicate borscht. The diagonal and area of ​​such a “borscht” rectangle are purely mathematical concepts and are never used in borscht recipes.

How do lettuce and water turn into borscht from a mathematical point of view? How can the sum of two line segments become trigonometry? To understand this, we need linear angular functions.

You won't find anything about linear angular functions in math textbooks. But without them there can be no mathematics. The laws of mathematics, like the laws of nature, work regardless of whether we know about their existence or not.

Linear angular functions are addition laws. See how algebra turns into geometry and geometry turns into trigonometry.

Is it possible to do without linear angular functions? It’s possible, because mathematicians still manage without them. The trick of mathematicians is that they always tell us only about those problems that they themselves know how to solve, and never talk about those problems that they cannot solve. Look. If we know the result of addition and one term, we use subtraction to find the other term. All. We don’t know other problems and we don’t know how to solve them. What should we do if we only know the result of the addition and do not know both terms? In this case, the result of the addition must be decomposed into two terms using linear angular functions. Next, we ourselves choose what one term can be, and linear angular functions show what the second term should be so that the result of the addition is exactly what we need. There can be an infinite number of such pairs of terms. In everyday life, we get along just fine without decomposing the sum; subtraction is enough for us. But in scientific research into the laws of nature, decomposing a sum into its components can be very useful.

Another law of addition that mathematicians don't like to talk about (another of their tricks) requires that the terms have the same units of measurement. For salad, water, and borscht, these could be units of weight, volume, value, or unit of measure.

The figure shows two levels of difference for mathematical . The first level is the differences in the field of numbers, which are indicated a, b, c. This is what mathematicians do. The second level is the differences in the field of units of measurement, which are shown in square brackets and indicated by the letter U. This is what physicists do. We can understand the third level - differences in the area of ​​​​the objects being described. Different objects can have the same number of identical units of measurement. How important this is, we can see in the example of borscht trigonometry. If we add subscripts to the same unit designation for different objects, we can say exactly what mathematical quantity describes a particular object and how it changes over time or due to our actions. Letter W I will designate water with a letter S I'll designate the salad with a letter B- borsch. This is what linear angular functions for borscht will look like.

If we take some part of the water and some part of the salad, together they will turn into one portion of borscht. Here I suggest you take a little break from borscht and remember your distant childhood. Remember how we were taught to put bunnies and ducks together? It was necessary to find how many animals there would be. What were we taught to do then? We were taught to separate units of measurement from numbers and add numbers. Yes, any one number can be added to any other number. This is a direct path to the autism of modern mathematics - we do it incomprehensibly what, incomprehensibly why, and very poorly understand how this relates to reality, because of the three levels of difference, mathematicians operate with only one. It would be more correct to learn how to move from one unit of measurement to another.

Bunnies, ducks, and little animals can be counted in pieces. One common unit of measurement for different objects allows us to add them together. This is a children's version of the problem. Let's look at a similar task for adults. What do you get when you add bunnies and money? Here we can offer two solutions.

First option. We determine the market value of the bunnies and add it to the available amount of money. We have received the total value of our wealth in monetary terms.

Second option. You can add the number of bunnies to the number of banknotes we have. We will receive the amount of movable property in pieces.

As you can see, the same addition law allows you to get different results. It all depends on what exactly we want to know.

But let's get back to our borscht. Now we can see what will happen for different angle values ​​of linear angular functions.

The angle is zero. We have salad, but no water. We can't cook borscht. The amount of borscht is also zero. This does not mean at all that zero borscht is equal to zero water. There can be zero borscht with zero salad (right angle).

For me personally, this is the main mathematical proof of the fact that . Zero does not change the number when added. This happens because addition itself is impossible if there is only one term and the second term is missing. You can feel about this as you like, but remember - all mathematical operations with zero were invented by mathematicians themselves, so throw away your logic and stupidly cram the definitions invented by mathematicians: “division by zero is impossible”, “any number multiplied by zero equals zero” , “beyond the puncture point zero” and other nonsense. It is enough to remember once that zero is not a number, and you will never again have a question whether zero is a natural number or not, because such a question loses all meaning: how can something that is not a number be considered a number? It's like asking what color an invisible color should be classified as. Adding a zero to a number is the same as painting with paint that is not there. We waved a dry brush and told everyone that “we painted.” But I digress a little.

The angle is greater than zero but less than forty-five degrees. We have a lot of lettuce, but not enough water. As a result, we will get thick borscht.

The angle is forty-five degrees. We have equal quantities of water and salad. This is the perfect borscht (forgive me, chefs, it's just math).

The angle is greater than forty-five degrees, but less than ninety degrees. We have a lot of water and little salad. You will get liquid borscht.

Right angle. We have water. All that remains of the salad are memories, as we continue to measure the angle from the line that once marked the salad. We can't cook borscht. The amount of borscht is zero. In this case, hold on and drink water while you have it)))

Here. Something like this. I can tell other stories here that would be more than appropriate here.

Two friends had their shares in a common business. After killing one of them, everything went to the other.

The emergence of mathematics on our planet.

All these stories are told in the language of mathematics using linear angular functions. Some other time I will show you the real place of these functions in the structure of mathematics. In the meantime, let's return to borscht trigonometry and consider projections.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Wednesday, August 7, 2019

Concluding the conversation about, we need to consider an infinite set. The point is that the concept of “infinity” affects mathematicians like a boa constrictor affects a rabbit. The trembling horror of infinity deprives mathematicians of common sense. Here's an example:

The original source is located. Alpha stands for real number. The equal sign in the above expressions indicates that if you add a number or infinity to infinity, nothing will change, the result will be the same infinity. If we take the infinite set of natural numbers as an example, then the considered examples can be represented in this form:

To clearly prove that they were right, mathematicians came up with many different methods. Personally, I look at all these methods as shamans dancing with tambourines. Essentially, they all boil down to the fact that either some of the rooms are unoccupied and new guests are moving in, or that some of the visitors are thrown out into the corridor to make room for guests (very humanly). I presented my view on such decisions in the form of a fantasy story about the Blonde. What is my reasoning based on? Relocating an infinite number of visitors takes an infinite amount of time. After we have vacated the first room for a guest, one of the visitors will always walk along the corridor from his room to the next one until the end of time. Of course, the time factor can be stupidly ignored, but this will be in the category of “no law is written for fools.” It all depends on what we are doing: adjusting reality to mathematical theories or vice versa.

What is an “endless hotel”? An infinite hotel is a hotel that always has any number of empty beds, regardless of how many rooms are occupied. If all the rooms in the endless "visitor" corridor are occupied, there is another endless corridor with "guest" rooms. There will be an infinite number of such corridors. Moreover, the “infinite hotel” has an infinite number of floors in an infinite number of buildings on an infinite number of planets in an infinite number of universes created by an infinite number of Gods. Mathematicians are not able to distance themselves from banal everyday problems: there is always only one God-Allah-Buddha, there is only one hotel, there is only one corridor. So mathematicians are trying to juggle the serial numbers of hotel rooms, convincing us that it is possible to “shove in the impossible.”

I will demonstrate the logic of my reasoning to you using the example of an infinite set of natural numbers. First you need to answer a very simple question: how many sets of natural numbers are there - one or many? There is no correct answer to this question, since we invented numbers ourselves; numbers do not exist in Nature. Yes, Nature is great at counting, but for this she uses other mathematical tools that are not familiar to us. I’ll tell you what Nature thinks another time. Since we invented numbers, we ourselves will decide how many sets of natural numbers there are. Let's consider both options, as befits real scientists.

Option one. “Let us be given” one single set of natural numbers, which lies serenely on the shelf. We take this set from the shelf. That's it, there are no other natural numbers left on the shelf and nowhere to take them. We cannot add one to this set, since we already have it. What if you really want to? No problem. We can take one from the set we have already taken and return it to the shelf. After that, we can take one from the shelf and add it to what we have left. As a result, we will again get an infinite set of natural numbers. You can write down all our manipulations like this:

I wrote down the actions in algebraic notation and in set theory notation, with a detailed listing of the elements of the set. The subscript indicates that we have one and only set of natural numbers. It turns out that the set of natural numbers will remain unchanged only if one is subtracted from it and the same unit is added.

Option two. We have many different infinite sets of natural numbers on our shelf. I emphasize - DIFFERENT, despite the fact that they are practically indistinguishable. Let's take one of these sets. Then we take one from another set of natural numbers and add it to the set we have already taken. We can even add two sets of natural numbers. This is what we get:

The subscripts "one" and "two" indicate that these elements belonged to different sets. Yes, if you add one to an infinite set, the result will also be an infinite set, but it will not be the same as the original set. If you add another infinite set to one infinite set, the result is a new infinite set consisting of the elements of the first two sets.

The set of natural numbers is used for counting in the same way as a ruler is for measuring. Now imagine that you added one centimeter to the ruler. This will be a different line, not equal to the original one.

You can accept or not accept my reasoning - it is your own business. But if you ever encounter mathematical problems, consider whether you are following the path of false reasoning trodden by generations of mathematicians. After all, studying mathematics, first of all, forms a stable stereotype of thinking in us, and only then adds to our mental abilities (or, conversely, deprives us of free-thinking).

pozg.ru

Sunday, August 4, 2019

I was finishing a postscript to an article about and saw this wonderful text on Wikipedia:

We read: "... the rich theoretical basis of the mathematics of Babylon did not have a holistic character and was reduced to a set of disparate techniques, devoid of a common system and evidence base."

Wow! How smart we are and how well we can see the shortcomings of others. Is it difficult for us to look at modern mathematics in the same context? Slightly paraphrasing the above text, I personally got the following:

The rich theoretical basis of modern mathematics is not holistic in nature and is reduced to a set of disparate sections, devoid of a common system and evidence base.

I won’t go far to confirm my words - it has a language and conventions that are different from the language and conventions of many other branches of mathematics. The same names in different branches of mathematics can have different meanings. I want to devote a whole series of publications to the most obvious mistakes of modern mathematics. See you soon.

Saturday, August 3, 2019

How to divide a set into subsets? To do this, you need to enter a new unit of measurement that is present in some of the elements of the selected set. Let's look at an example.

May we have plenty A consisting of four people. This set is formed on the basis of “people.” Let us denote the elements of this set by the letter A, the subscript with a number will indicate the serial number of each person in this set. Let's introduce a new unit of measurement "gender" and denote it by the letter b. Since sexual characteristics are inherent in all people, we multiply each element of the set A based on gender b. Notice that our set of “people” has now become a set of “people with gender characteristics.” After this we can divide sexual characteristics into male bm and women's bw sexual characteristics. Now we can apply a mathematical filter: we select one of these sexual characteristics, no matter which one - male or female. If a person has it, then we multiply it by one, if there is no such sign, we multiply it by zero. And then we use regular school mathematics. Look what happened.

After multiplication, reduction and rearrangement, we ended up with two subsets: the subset of men Bm and a subset of women Bw. Mathematicians reason in approximately the same way when they apply set theory in practice. But they don’t tell us the details, but give us the finished result - “a lot of people consist of a subset of men and a subset of women.” Naturally, you may have a question: how correctly has the mathematics been applied in the transformations outlined above? I dare to assure you that essentially everything was done correctly; it is enough to know the mathematical basis of arithmetic, Boolean algebra and other branches of mathematics. What it is? Some other time I will tell you about this.

As for supersets, you can combine two sets into one superset by selecting the unit of measurement present in the elements of these two sets.

As you can see, units of measurement and ordinary mathematics make set theory a relic of the past. A sign that all is not well with set theory is that mathematicians have come up with their own language and notation for set theory. Mathematicians acted as shamans once did. Only shamans know how to “correctly” apply their “knowledge.” They teach us this “knowledge”.

In conclusion, I want to show you how mathematicians manipulate .

Monday, January 7, 2019

In the fifth century BC, the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea formulated his famous aporias, the most famous of which is the “Achilles and the Tortoise” aporia. Here's what it sounds like:

Let's say Achilles runs ten times faster than the tortoise and is a thousand steps behind it. During the time it takes Achilles to run this distance, the tortoise will crawl a hundred steps in the same direction. When Achilles runs a hundred steps, the tortoise crawls another ten steps, and so on. The process will continue ad infinitum, Achilles will never catch up with the tortoise.

This reasoning became a logical shock for all subsequent generations. Aristotle, Diogenes, Kant, Hegel, Hilbert... They all considered Zeno's aporia in one way or another. The shock was so strong that " ... discussions continue to this day; the scientific community has not yet been able to come to a common opinion on the essence of paradoxes ... mathematical analysis, set theory, new physical and philosophical approaches were involved in the study of the issue; none of them became a generally accepted solution to the problem..."[Wikipedia, "Zeno's Aporia". Everyone understands that they are being fooled, but no one understands what the deception consists of.

From a mathematical point of view, Zeno in his aporia clearly demonstrated the transition from quantity to . This transition implies application instead of permanent ones. As far as I understand, the mathematical apparatus for using variable units of measurement has either not yet been developed, or it has not been applied to Zeno’s aporia. Applying our usual logic leads us into a trap. We, due to the inertia of thinking, apply constant units of time to the reciprocal value. From a physical point of view, this looks like time slowing down until it stops completely at the moment when Achilles catches up with the turtle. If time stops, Achilles can no longer outrun the tortoise.

If we turn our usual logic around, everything falls into place. Achilles runs at a constant speed. Each subsequent segment of his path is ten times shorter than the previous one. Accordingly, the time spent on overcoming it is ten times less than the previous one. If we apply the concept of “infinity” in this situation, then it would be correct to say “Achilles will catch up with the turtle infinitely quickly.”

How to avoid this logical trap? Remain in constant units of time and do not switch to reciprocal units. In Zeno's language it looks like this:

In the time it takes Achilles to run a thousand steps, the tortoise will crawl a hundred steps in the same direction. During the next time interval equal to the first, Achilles will run another thousand steps, and the tortoise will crawl a hundred steps. Now Achilles is eight hundred steps ahead of the tortoise.

This approach adequately describes reality without any logical paradoxes. But this is not a complete solution to the problem. Einstein’s statement about the irresistibility of the speed of light is very similar to Zeno’s aporia “Achilles and the Tortoise”. We still have to study, rethink and solve this problem. And the solution must be sought not in infinitely large numbers, but in units of measurement.

Another interesting aporia of Zeno tells about a flying arrow:

A flying arrow is motionless, since at every moment of time it is at rest, and since it is at rest at every moment of time, it is always at rest.

In this aporia, the logical paradox is overcome very simply - it is enough to clarify that at each moment of time a flying arrow is at rest at different points in space, which, in fact, is motion. Another point needs to be noted here. From one photograph of a car on the road it is impossible to determine either the fact of its movement or the distance to it. To determine whether a car is moving, you need two photographs taken from the same point at different points in time, but you cannot determine the distance from them. To determine the distance to a car, you need two photographs taken from different points in space at one point in time, but from them you cannot determine the fact of movement (of course, you still need additional data for calculations, trigonometry will help you). What I want to draw special attention to is that two points in time and two points in space are different things that should not be confused, because they provide different opportunities for research.
I'll show you the process with an example. We select the “red solid in a pimple” - this is our “whole”. At the same time, we see that these things are with a bow, and there are without a bow. After that, we select part of the “whole” and form a set “with a bow”. This is how shamans get their food by tying their set theory to reality.

Now let's do a little trick. Let’s take “solid with a pimple with a bow” and combine these “wholes” according to color, selecting the red elements. We got a lot of "red". Now the final question: are the resulting sets “with a bow” and “red” the same set or two different sets? Only shamans know the answer. More precisely, they themselves do not know anything, but as they say, so it will be.

This simple example shows that set theory is completely useless when it comes to reality. What's the secret? We formed a set of "red solid with a pimple and a bow." The formation took place in four different units of measurement: color (red), strength (solid), roughness (pimply), decoration (with a bow). Only a set of units of measurement allows us to adequately describe real objects in the language of mathematics. This is what it looks like.

The letter "a" with different indices denotes different units of measurement. The units of measurement by which the “whole” is distinguished at the preliminary stage are highlighted in brackets. The unit of measurement by which the set is formed is taken out of brackets. The last line shows the final result - an element of the set. As you can see, if we use units of measurement to form a set, then the result does not depend on the order of our actions. And this is mathematics, and not the dancing of shamans with tambourines. Shamans can “intuitively” come to the same result, arguing that it is “obvious,” because units of measurement are not part of their “scientific” arsenal.

Using units of measurement, it is very easy to split one set or combine several sets into one superset. Let's take a closer look at the algebra of this process.

This article contains tables of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents. First, we will provide a table of the basic values ​​of trigonometric functions, that is, a table of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents of angles of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, ..., 360 degrees ( 0, π/6, π/4, π/3, π/2, …, 2π radian). After this, we will give a table of sines and cosines, as well as a table of tangents and cotangents by V. M. Bradis, and show how to use these tables when finding the values ​​of trigonometric functions.

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Table of sines, cosines, tangents and cotangents for angles of 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, ... degrees

Bibliography.

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• Bashmakov M. I. Algebra and the beginnings of analysis: Textbook. for 10-11 grades. avg. school - 3rd ed. - M.: Education, 1993. - 351 p.: ill. - ISBN 5-09-004617-4.
• Algebra and the beginning of analysis: Proc. for 10-11 grades. general education institutions / A. N. Kolmogorov, A. M. Abramov, Yu. P. Dudnitsyn and others; Ed. A. N. Kolmogorov. - 14th ed. - M.: Education, 2004. - 384 pp.: ill. - ISBN 5-09-013651-3.
• Gusev V. A., Mordkovich A. G. Mathematics (a manual for those entering technical schools): Proc. allowance.- M.; Higher school, 1984.-351 p., ill.
• Bradis V. M. Four-digit math tables: For general education. textbook establishments. - 2nd ed. - M.: Bustard, 1999.- 96 p.: ill. ISBN 5-7107-2667-2