Homophones: definition and examples in sentences. Semi-antique wood processing - old wood. Technologies and materials. Reviews of an old expert Giving the city under construction on the Neva

Option 22. Tasks for the exam 2018. Russian language. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 variants

Read the text and complete assignments 1 - 3

(1) Giving the city under construction on the Neva a metropolitan status, Peter I pursued two goals. (2) First: he sought to reduce the influence of the old Moscow boyar elite; the second is quite obvious: the renovated Russia needed a naval outpost, which would become a kind of "gateway" for trade with European countries. (3)<...> founded at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland, practically on the shores of the Baltic, the fortified city acquired special political significance during the Northern War.

1. Indicate two sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Giving the city under construction on the Neva a metropolitan status, Peter I sought to reduce the influence of the old Moscow boyar elite.

2) In the conditions of the Northern War, Russia needed a naval outpost, which became the city on the Neva, which was being built on European models.

3) The city under construction on the banks of the Neva was endowed by Peter I with the status of the capital in order to reduce the influence of the Moscow boyar elite, and this had an important commercial and military-political significance.

4) The future capital being built on the Neva became a kind of "gateway" for trade with European countries.

5) Solving the tasks of reducing the influence of the old Moscow boyar elite, intensifying trade, as well as important military-political tasks, Peter I gave the city, which was being built on the Neva, the status of a capital.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

On the contrary,

Furthermore,

To avoid this

Despite this

For example,

3. Read the glossary entry that describes the meanings of the word PURSUIT. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

CHECK, -blow, -blow; -anny; nesov.

1) someone what. Follow, chase someone. for the purpose of capture, destruction. P. of the enemy. P. of the beast.

2) transfer., Whom (what). Unrelentingly follow someone. P. a stranger.

3) transfer from whom (what). About thought, feeling, recollection: do not leave alone, torment. Memories haunt him.

4) transfer., Whom (what) than. Expose to something. unpleasant, pester with something. P. someone ridicule.

5) someone what. Oppress, oppress, persecute. P. their political opponents.

6) what. Strive for something. (to what is called a noun) (book). P. noble tasks.

4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is incorrectly highlighted. Write this word down.

divided

hugged

5. One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the lexical error by matching a paronym to the selected word. Write down the chosen word.

A specialist immediately sees the DIFFERENCE of a professionally made product from a fake.

You need to perform the proposed physical exercise after a deep INHALATION.

Irritability appeared in the character of Davydov.

The first performance of an aspiring artist was UNSUCCESSFUL.

MEMORIAL coins represent a fascinating and very interesting history of numismatics.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

young ACCOUNTANTS

THEIR work

MEASURES temperature

for THREE HUNDRED years

high towers

7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are allowed: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) violation in the construction of a participial sentence

B) violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms

B) incorrect construction of a sentence with an adverbial turnover

D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

E) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition

OFFERS

1) Performing an important function of support and movement, the human skeletal system, in addition, protects internal organs from mechanical damage.

2) While working on the essay, a remark was made to me.

3) The girl enters the hall and did not pay attention to me.

4) Those who have at least once admired the sunset have no doubt that this is one of the most beautiful spectacles.

5) The creation of the Slavic alphabet was carried out by Cyril and Methodius, who know the Slavic speech, because they were born on the outskirts of the bordering empire with the South Slavic lands.

6) One of the most famous schismatics, the fate of which interested the artist V.I.Surikov, was the noblewoman Theodosia Morozov.

7) The project of this car of the future belongs to a designer known for his development of cars for computer games.

8) Thanks to his friendship with the family of S. T. Aksakov, upon his arrival from St. Petersburg, N. V. Gogol settled in the writer's house.

9) Contrary to popular belief, alkali has no less strong disinfecting properties than the acid usually used, for example, to disinfect gutters.

8. Identify the word missing the unstressed verifiable root vowel. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

to .. constitutional

distribute

out..gat

unissolved ... reckless

9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

n .. visual, s .. sound

pr..morye, pr..obtained

in..washed, not..compressed

with .. played, over .. elegant

pr ... ran, pr ... sharp

10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass.

set up

peel off ... peel off

persistent

knock .. out

rod .. your

11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass.

you wanna

dozing ... you

bed..you

you break

12. Identify a sentence in which NOT with a word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write out this word.

(NOT) LOOKING at the complexity of the topic being studied, we will try to understand it as best we can.

Today his words sounded (NOT) WARM and gentle, as before, but cold and somehow alienated.

His eyes burned with nothing (NOT) CONTINUED passion.

It was a quiet, (NOT) HOT June day.

The visit to the dentist was (NOT) postponed.

13. Define a sentence in which both selected words are written LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

1) Just the same (SAME), as the childhood of a person seems beautiful to him, the memories of the harsh dawn of humanity THAT (SAME) are immersed in a romantic haze for us.

2) (ON) THE END I managed to catch (THAT) HOUR, when the slanting rays of the sun begin to penetrate the forest, like golden spokes.

3) Ryzhiks can be collected both in autumn and (IN) DURING the whole summer: it all depends (ON) WHAT summer is.

4) He knew the language as (SAME) easily as people own their voice, (BECAUSE) that he learned the language from ordinary people.

5) (FOR) OFTEN people do not realize (FOR) HOW important it is to monitor their health.

14. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) are written НН.

We see that in the bone (1) dug skates, found (2) dug by archaeologists in northern Europe, there were (3) holes for leather (4) dangling ribbons.

15. Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) There is a lot of fussy and funny businesslike and cunning in the behavior of a starling.

2) In the living room of the Count, the mirrors and paintings and vases were real works of art.

3) For many, the books of F.M.Dostoevsky or L.N.Tolstoy are more interesting than any detective novel.

4) It is good in the warm autumn to get lost in the thick thickets of aspens and birches and breathe the rotten smell of grass.

5) Both theater and cinema are forms of mass art.

16. Arrange all punctuation marks: write the number (s) followed by the comma (s).

A sparrow (1) suddenly taking off (2) disappeared into the light greenery of the garden (3) transparently showing through (4) against the background of the evening sky.

17. Arrange all punctuation marks: write the number (s), in the place of which (s) should be (s) the comma (s).

Whoever it is (1) you are (2) my sad (3) neighbor (4)

I love you as a friend of young years

You (5) comrade (6) my random (7)

Although fate is an insidious game

Forever we are separated from you

A wall now - and after a secret.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Arrange all punctuation marks: write the number (s), in which (s) should be (s) comma (s).

Stone paths (1) winding lines (2) which (3) symbolize the flow of energy (4) take on a special meaning in the Japanese garden.

19. Arrange all punctuation marks: list all numbers, in their place should be commas.

The fog was melting (1) and (2) when the boat went to the shore (3) it was seen (4) how specks of water lilies and lilies sway on the waves.

20. Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by excluding the extra word. Write this word down.

The inhabitants of the village were convinced that graduates of universities and young specialists would not go to their remote backwaters, and therefore the arrival of the young agronomist was unexpected for everyone.

Read the text and complete assignments 21 - 26

(1) Once I was sent from Brest to Moscow for medicines. (2) Doctors, nurses and orderlies gave me many assignments and letters. (3) At that time, everyone tried to forward letters of opportunity to avoid military censorship.

(4) Lyolya gave me her gold watch and asked me to give it to her uncle, a professor in Moscow. (5) This gold wrist watch confused Lyolya. (6) They were, of course, completely useless in the ambulance train.

(7) Lyolya also gave me a letter to my uncle. (8) In it she wrote a lot of good things about me and asked the professor to shelter me, if necessary.

(9) I found the apartment of a respected professor in Moscow and called. (10) They didn't open it for a long time. (11) Then, from behind the door, a disgruntled female voice asked me who I was and for what reason. (12) An elderly maid with a cross-eyed face opened the door. (13) 3 and there stood a tall, majestic, like a monument, an old lady in a snow-white starch blouse with a black bow tie - the professor's wife. (14) Her gray hair was pulled up in a haughty roller and shone just like the glass of her pince-nez. (15) She stood blocking the door to the dining room. (16) There the professor's family drank, tinkling with spoons, morning coffee.

(17) I gave the professor a box with a watch and a letter.

- (18) Wait here, - she said and went into the dining room, looking expressively at the maid. (19) She immediately began to wipe the dust from the polished table in the hallway, which had long since been wiped out and intolerably shiny.

- (20) Who called there? a squeaky old voice asked from the dining room. - (21) What do you need?

- (22) Imagine, - replied the professor, rustling with paper (obviously, she was opening the package), - Lyolya remained as crazy as she was in the war. (23) Sent a gold watch. (24) With some soldier. (25) What an imprudence after all. (26) All in mother!

- (27) Uh-huh! - the professor mumbled. (28) Apparently his mouth was full of food. - (29) Nothing worth pocketing.

- (30) In general, I don't understand Lyolya, - said the professor again. - (31) Here he writes, asks to shelter him. (32) What is it for? (ZZ) Where to shelter? (34) Pasha is sleeping in our kitchen.

- (35) Only this was not enough, - the professor muttered. - (36) Give him a ruble and send him out. (37) It's time for Lehle to know that I hate strangers.

- (38) It's awkward after all, the ruble, - said the professor doubtfully. - (39) What do you think, Pyotr Petrovich?

- (40) Well, then we gave him two rubles.

(41) I opened the door to the stairs, went out and slammed the door so hard that something fell in the professor's apartment and shattered with a lingering clink. (42) I stopped at the site.

(43) Immediately the door opened slightly through a chain. (44) The entire professorial family stood there as the maid holding the door: an arrogant professor, a horse-faced student, and an old professor with a crumpled napkin tucked behind his shirt front. (45) There were egg yolk stains on the napkin.

- (46) Why are you misbehaving? - the maid shouted into the crack. - (47) And also a soldier from the front! (48) Defender of the Fatherland!

- (49) Tell your masters, - I said, - that they are cattle.

(50) An indistinct crush began in the hall. (51) The student jumped to the door and grabbed the chain, but the professor pulled him away.

- (52) Genya, leave! she shouted. - (53) He will kill you. (54) They are used to killing everyone at the front.

(55) Then the old professor pushed forward. (56) His cleanly washed beard shook with indignation. (57) He shouted into the crack, putting his hands to his mouth with a straw:

Bully! (58) I'll send you to the police!

- (59) Oh you! - I said. - (60) Scientific luminary!

(61) The professor pulled the venerable old man and slammed the door.

(62) Since then, for all my life, I have remained distrustful of the so-called "priests of science", of pseudoscientists, of that tribe of people who are immensely proud of their learning, but in life they remain philistines and vulgar. (63) There are many kinds of vulgarity that we do not notice. (64) Even such an infallible "catcher" of vulgarity as Chekhov could not describe all its manifestations.

(According to K.G. Paustovsky)

21. Which of the statements do not correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.

1) At the time that the narrator describes, they tried not to send letters by mail, fearing military censorship.

2) Through the narrator, who was sent from Brest to Moscow for medicines, Lyolya gave her uncle a gold watch and a letter.

3) Since the narrator's family could not accept the professor for a long time, he decided to attract attention by loudly slamming the front door.

4) Unlike his wife, the professor was not ready to shelter the narrator in the kitchen, fearing that he would pocket their property.

5) Genya was at the front and therefore could mechanically kill the offender.

22. Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

1) Sentence 2 indicates the reason for what is said in sentence 3.

2) Sentences 5, 6 explain the content of sentence 4.

3) Sentences 12-14 provide a description.

4) Propositions 18-19 contain reasoning.

5) Sentences 41-42 contain a narrative.

23. From sentences 9-13 write out antonyms (antonymic pair).

24. Among sentences 9-16, find the one (s), which (s) are connected with the previous one using the possessive pronoun. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).

25. "K. G. Paustovsky so skillfully describes a generally ordinary incident from the life of a professor's family that by the end of the story the reader has a clear idea of \u200b\u200beach of its members. When describing the professor's wife, the writer uses the trope - (A) ___ ("high, majestic", in sentence 13, "arrogant" in sentence 14), as well as the technique - (B) ___ (sentences 23-24). Lexical means - (B) ___ ("mumbled" in sentence 27, "pocket" in sentence 29, and also "pushed through" in sentence 55) - helps to understand the true essence of the professor. The narrator expresses his attitude to what happened in the professor's apartment with the help of such syntactic means as (D) ___ (sentences 59, 60). "

List of terms:

1) parceling

2) colloquial and vernacular vocabulary

3) rows of homogeneous members of the sentence

4) metaphor

5) rhetorical question

7) hyperbole

8) synonyms

9) exclamation sentences

26. Write an essay.

Option 22

Job number

often how

furthermore

123 or any combination of these numbers

unsuccessful

2457 or any combination of these numbers

1234 or any combination of these numbers

inexhaustible

primorye acquired

345 or any combination of these numbers

pivotal

235 or any combination of these numbers

snow-white

despite

Problem

1. The problem of attitudes towards ordinary people, towards vulgarity. (How to relate to the townsfolk, to vulgarity?)

2. The problem of true and false decency, the problem of rudeness. (Is rudeness acceptable when communicating?)

1. People who “boast” of their position in society, in everyday life, often turn out to be philistines, that is, people who live with small personal interests. The townsfolk evoke a distrustful, contemptuous attitude towards themselves in the people around them.

2. People who are respected in society and consider themselves educated and intelligent do not always behave nobly and decently in everyday life. People should not behave in a rude way towards others, they should not look at everyone "from top to bottom."

Option No. 784252

When completing tasks with a short answer, write in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, word, sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. Answers to tasks 1-26 are a digit (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).

If the variant is set by the teacher, you can enter or upload answers to the tasks with a detailed answer into the system. The teacher will see the results of the assignments with a short answer and will be able to rate the uploaded answers to the assignments with a detailed answer. The points given by the teacher will appear in your statistics. The length of the essay is at least 150 words.

Version for printing and copying in MS Word

In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is incorrectly highlighted. Write this word down.

call them

bureaucracy

Answer:

One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the lexical error by matching a paronym to the selected word. Write down the chosen word.

There are many opportunities to abandon everyday worries, SHAKE the burden of accumulated fatigue from your shoulders, but perhaps the most effective of them is meeting old friends.

It is impossible to COVER with a glance the vastness of the fields, spread out in the distance.

On the way to victory, the soldiers were ready to ENDURE all disasters, overcome all obstacles.

Answer:

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.

about TRIST of photos

Go to town

couple of socks

most RELEVANT

greek goddess

Answer:

Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence:

Returning from a trip

1) an interesting incident happened.

2) we shared vivid impressions with friends.

3) I couldn't sleep.

4) interesting events along the way were remembered for a long time.

Answer:

Indicate a sentence with a grammatical error (with a violation of the syntactic norm).

1) In the play "The Seagull" the storyline develops in several directions.

2) In his articles, this journalist raised questions of concern to many of his contemporaries.

3) Science studies the laws of the surrounding world and at the same time relies on the experience of previous generations.

4) Painting not only enriches emotionally, but also makes you think.

Answer:

In which sentence cannot the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced with a participial phrase?

1) In the last decades of the 20th century, many wonderful works have appeared in Russian literature about adolescents, which even today do not leave readers indifferent.

2) There are two known translations of Burns' ballad "John Barleyseed", which is based on an old folk song.

3) E. Poe created seventy stories and novellas, which had a tremendous impact on the development of all world literature, on the work of many writers.

4) The impetus for the creation of the novel "Robinson Crusoe" was an essay that told about the fate of one English sailor - Alexander Selkirk.

Answer:

Which of the following sentences should be the FIRST in this text?

Which of the following words or word combinations should be in place of the gap in the second (2) sentence of the text? Write this word down.

Meanwhile

Apparently,

Besides,

Answer:

What word or combination of words is the grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts of a complex sentence of the text?

... (2) On the evening of November 23, 1706, during the holiday in honor of the victory of the Russian troops over the Swedes, by order of Peter, on four streets facing the Peter and Paul Fortress, lanterns removed from the houses were hung on the facades of the buildings. (3) These were the first street lights that illuminated the streets of the city. (4) With the transfer of the capital to Petersburg in 1712, the issues of building and improving the city became especially acute: Peter did not want his capital to be inferior to the European ones. (5) It was ordered to illuminate Petersburg with oil lanterns, and in the fall of 1718 the first four lanterns were created by the architect Jean-Baptiste Le Blond. (6) ... they were installed in front of the Winter Palace on the embankment of the Neva.

Indicate the correct description of the FOURTH sentence of the text.

Indicate a sentence that contains a valid past participle.

What is the meaning of the word YET (YET) (sentence 4).

(4) It was ordered to illuminate Petersburg with oil lanterns, and in the fall of 1718 the first four lanterns were created by the architect Jean-Baptiste Le Blond.

Indicate all the numbers in which one letter H is written?

If near the pole of the Moon there are (1) leading (2) reserves at the bottom of an eternally shaded (3) crater, then the problem of delivering the most important resources to the Earth's satellite for its development: oxygen, hydrogen and water will be solved.

Answer:

Determine the word missing the unstressed unchecked vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.

cry ... sing

c ... funny

wiped out

Answer:

Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.

pr..image, n..best;

pr..acquisition, pr..light;

c .. cherish, both .. share;

sub..jectively, howl..you;

pr..mother, pr..american.

Answer:

pay off ... you are

glued ...

regret ... you are

add ... you

epaulet ... you are

Answer:

Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass.

prolong

discover

saw cut

pensive ... out

Answer:

Identify a sentence in which NOT with the word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write out this word.

I feel that it is (not) necessary to change the subject.

Unfortunately, the problem is (not) solved.

Your daughter calls you - she will (not) report.

What (not) happened in those days.

This, gentlemen, is (not) anyone other than Captain Kopeikin.

Answer:

Determine a sentence in which both selected words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.

(BY) the way a person is arguing, one can determine his character, and SO (SAME) his intentions.

I (THE SAME) worked hard, BECAUSE (THAT) I had a serious exam.

WHAT (WOULD) shorten the way, we went through the park, WHEN (WHAT) got there before everyone else.

(B) FOR THE WHOLE March it was snowing, (AS) IT WAS spring and was not going to come.

I had (IN) SEE (SAME) as you.

Answer:

Please provide the correct explanation for punctuation in the sentence:

A short downpour passed () and the streets smelled of the bitter sweetness of birch buds.

1) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union AND a comma is not needed.

2) A compound sentence, before the union AND a comma is not needed.

3) Compound sentence, before the union And you need a comma.

4) A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the union And a comma is needed.

Immediately beyond the river (1), going up (2), one could see rocky mountains (3) outlined below (4) by a broken line of blackening low bushes.

Answer:

Arrange any missing punctuation marks: specify the digit (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Here (1) according to eyewitnesses (2) there was once a rich village. The investigator was able to restore precisely (3) from eyewitness accounts (4) the sequence of events.

Answer:

Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Roof leaks in all three bedrooms on the top floor were damp and smelled like mold.

2) Flowers grew near the snow itself and even gentle green shoots made their way through the snow.

3) My neighbor was clearly not inclined to communication and conversations, preferred concentrated reading of the newspaper.

4) Stanislav did not hear the question or did not want to answer it.

5) Tanya became cold and she woke up.

Answer:

How to explain the use of the colon in this sentence?

Ivan Nikolaevich was absolutely right: the kidnapper escaped through the back door, not wanting to be seen by the office staff.

Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the digit (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

The trees (1) near (2) which (3) we settled down (4) stood alone among the open field, which was sown with rye and buckwheat.

Answer:

Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the digit (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).

Alexey Pavlovich got up from early dawn (1) and (2) when he inhaled the cool air filled with the moist smell of dew (3) his soul became (4) light and spacious.

Answer:

Indicate the numbers of the sentences, which correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Artificial solid surfaces: asphalt, concrete, brick, glass & nbsp- cannot absorb atmospheric moisture, so all precipitation is removed through drains.

2) The dryness of the urban atmosphere, confirmed by low humidity and rare fogs, is due to the inability of urban artificial solid surfaces to absorb atmospheric precipitation.

3) There is a special microclimate in cities, since all precipitation is removed through drains, which leads to the drying up of artificial solid surfaces.

4) Due to the fact that in cities artificial solid surfaces cannot absorb precipitation, the air in cities is characterized by low humidity, and fogs are a very rare phenomenon.

5) The city consists of artificial solid surfaces: asphalt, concrete, brick, glass, which explains the absence of fog in large cities.

Answer:

What statements do not correspond content of the text?

1) Every action must find a response in the soul of a loved one, then the relationship will be harmonious.

2) In relationships, it is important to overcome feelings of possessiveness and selfishness.

3) People are united by jointly experienced difficulties.

4) Love is based solely on the similarity of the characters of people.

5) When one person is trying to "pull out" on himself any relationship - it is worthy of respect.

(By E. Sikirich *)

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.

Indicate the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentence 4 explains the proposition in sentence 3.

2) Proposition 8 contains the justification for the statement made in Proposition 7.

3) Sentences 9-11 provide a narrative.

4) Propositions 12-15 contain reasoning.

5) Proposition 6 contains a conclusion from the 5th.

(1) It is a waste of time trying to assess relationships, painstakingly and intently analyze what separates us. (2) The main question, after all, is another question to which we must find an answer if we want to improve or save our relationship: "What unites us?"

(H) The wise rightly said that our relationships with other people will last as long as there will be something that unites us. (4) If we are connected by a house, a summer residence, money, external attractiveness or any other short-term things that exist today and not tomorrow, then our relationship will be threatened with the very first problems in this area. (5) The connections, in which nothing unites people, are similar to Potemkin villages, where outwardly everything is normal, but behind a beautiful facade there are only problems and emptiness. (6) Often such formal relationships are worse than loneliness.

(7) People are united by jointly experienced difficulties and moments of crisis. (8) If, in overcoming obstacles, in finding solutions, all parties equally make efforts and fight to make things better, this not only strengthens any relationship, but also gives rise to new, deeper, amazing states of the soul that open up new horizons and directing the development of events in a completely different direction.

(9) One must learn to take the first step without losing oneself and one's inner dignity. (10) For a relationship, two are needed, and every step we take should cause a resonance, a response from another person, followed by his reaction, his reciprocal steps towards us. (11) If after our prolonged efforts this does not happen, then one of the conclusions suggests itself: either we are making the wrong steps, or our relationship is built on shaky ground, because they are held only on one person and one person is trying to drag everything on himself, and this is absurd and artificial.

(12) Success in any relationship requires that both parties try to overcome feelings of possessiveness and selfishness. (13) Very often we do not see the individuality, the uniqueness of the people we love, and continue to consider them as a reflection of our own views, requirements, ideas about what they should be. (14) We shouldn't

try to educate and remake people in their own image and likeness. (15) Love requires a sense of air and freedom of the soul. (16) People who love each other do not dissolve in each other and do not lose their individuality; they are two columns supporting the roof of one temple.

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

Answer:

Write out the antonyms from Proposition 2

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

(2) The main question, after all, is another question to which we must find an answer if we want to improve or save our relationship: "What unites us?"

(H) The wise rightly said that our relationships with other people will last as long as there will be something that unites us.

Answer:

Specify the way of forming the word THREAT (sentence 4).

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

(4) The connections, in which nothing unites people, are similar to Potemkin villages, where everything is outwardly normal, but behind a beautiful facade there are only problems and emptiness.

Answer:

Write out the passive participle from sentences 7–8.

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

(8) One must learn to take the first step without losing oneself and one's inner dignity.

Answer:

Indicate the type of subordinate relationship in the phrase DOES NOT HAPPEN (sentence 11).

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

(1) It is a waste of time trying to evaluate relationships, painstakingly and intently to analyze what separates us.

Answer:

Find a simple one-piece impersonal sentence among sentences 7-11. Write the number of this sentence.

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

(7) If, in overcoming obstacles, in finding solutions, all parties equally make efforts and fight to make things better, this not only strengthens any relationship, but also gives rise to new, deeper, amazing states of the soul that open new horizons and directing the development of events in a completely different direction.

(11) Success in any relationship requires both parties to try to overcome feelings of possessiveness and selfishness.

Answer:

Among sentences 5–10, find a sentence with a detached circumstance. Write the number of this sentence.

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

(5) Often such formal relationships are worse than loneliness.

(6) People are united by jointly experienced difficulties and moments of crisis. (7) If, in overcoming obstacles, in finding solutions, all parties equally make efforts and fight to make things better, this not only strengthens any relationship, but also gives rise to new, deeper, amazing states of the soul that open new horizons and directing the development of events in a completely different direction.

(8) One must learn to take the first step without losing oneself and one's inner dignity. (9) For a relationship, two are needed, and every step we take must cause a resonance, a response from another person, followed by his reaction, his reciprocal steps towards us. (10) If after our prolonged efforts this does not happen, then one of the conclusions suggests itself: either we make the wrong steps, or our relationship is built on shaky ground, for they are held on only by one person and one person is trying to drag everything on himself, and this is absurd and artificial.

Answer:

Among sentences 10-16, find a complex sentence that includes subordinate reasons. Write the number of this complex sentence.

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

Answer:

Among sentences 4–8, find the one (s) that are related (s) to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and lexical repetition. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

(4) The connections, in which nothing unites people, are similar to Potemkin villages, where everything is outwardly normal, but behind a beautiful facade there are only problems and emptiness. (5) Often such formal relationships are worse than loneliness.

“The author makes the reader think about concepts that are important for every person. For this purpose, already in the first paragraph, he uses (A) _____ ("separates" - "unites"). Syntactic means - (B) _____ (in sentences 4, 13), trope - (C) _____ ("they are two columns supporting the roof of one temple" in sentence 16) and lexical means - (D) _____ ("take the first step "In sentence 9) help the author express his attitude to the essence of the concepts under consideration."

List of terms:

1) phraseological unit

3) rows of homogeneous members

5) metaphor

6) antonyms

7) syntactic parallelism

8) expressive repetition

9) exclamation sentences

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	IN	D

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

Answer:

Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.

Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in the commentary two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.

The length of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten source text without any comments, then such work is evaluated 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(By E. Sikirich *)

* Elena Anatolyevna Sikirich (born in 1956) - modern publicist, philosopher, psychologist, public figure.

Text source: Unified State Exam 2013, Center, option 1

FIPI Bank block number 97F618

The Turkish fortress, built 565 years ago, has survived to this day so well that it gives a complete picture of the fortification art of the Ottoman Turks in the 15th century. Having become a bridgehead on the European coast of the Bosphorus, Rumeli-hisar formed a system of fortifications that controlled navigation along the Bosphorus with the Anadolu-hisar fortress located opposite (“Fortress on the Anatolian coast”, built in 1394).

Rumeli-Hisar was built by order of Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror less than a year before the capture of Constantinople by the Turks: in April - August 1452. Someone Muslikhuddin Agha is considered its architect, although there is no reliable information about this. The general supervision of the construction was entrusted to the Grand Vizier Chandarly Khalil Pasha, and behind the main towers to the viziers Sarudzhe Pasha and Zaganos Mehmed Pasha. It is noteworthy that the last May 30, 1453, that is, after the capture of Constantinople, himself became the Grand Vizier. All this speaks of the importance that the Sultan attached to the fortress under construction. And the sultan himself was keenly interested in this object, since he understood that the success of the planned assault on the capital of the Byzantine Empire, planned for next year, could depend on him.

The fortress includes walls 5-15 m high and 5 passable towers reaching a height of 33 m, as well as 15 small towers that reinforced the walls. The thickness of the walls reaches 9 m. The area of \u200b\u200bthe fortress is three hectares, which made it possible to concentrate in it the forces necessary for operational transfer to cover or reinforce the assault detachments from land.

At first the fortress was called “Boğazkesen”, which can be translated as “Cutting the Strait” and as “Cutting the Throat”.

Today, Rumeli-Hisar is a wonderful open-air museum with an observation deck that offers a magnificent view of the Bosphorus and its opposite (Asian) coast. On the territory of the fortress, you can also get acquainted with samples of Turkish artillery pieces of the 17th – 19th centuries, which undoubtedly have historical and artistic value.

In Russian linguistics there are many interesting phenomena that confuse schoolchildren and students. One of these is considered to be homophones. Let's figure out what it is, consider specific examples and learn how to use this linguistic phenomenon to our advantage. After all, the richer and more diverse a person's speech, the more chances he has with honors to graduate from school, enter the desired university, find a decent job and ensure his well-being.

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Homophones - definition

Homophones are phonetic homonyms, a special case of homonymy, which differs in the following features:

Words must be of one part of speech.
Have an absolute match in spelling and sound.
But at the same time, have a completely different interpretation.

Let's give an example of homonyms.

Leaf in notebook and maple leaf. In this example, the homonyms are “leaf” and “leaf”. They are identical in spelling and sound, both are nouns, but have different meanings.
Birds are sitting in a cage - the body of an amoeba consists of one cage. Homonymic "cell" and "cell".
Fox cubs sat in a mink - mink molts in winter. In the first case, mink means a dwelling of animals, in the second - a small animal with valuable fur.

Homophones are such words, which are pronounced the same, but at the same time are spelled differently, the spelling of difficult words can be checked against the dictionary. Their meaning also differs.

As you can see from the examples, the meaning of a homonym can be understood either in context or by spelling. It is impossible to recognize words by sound, since they have the same set of sounds. Due to the prevalence of the phenomenon, there are special dictionaries. Homophones are present not only in Russian, but also in English and French. The reason for their origin is that many consonants are not readable.

Sources of origin of homophones

There are several sources of homophones emergence:

In the dictionary of homonyms, you can meet all the couples, there are now more than 10 thousand of them!

The easiest way recognize homophones in sentences... Examples:

In our village there was a beautiful meadow where my grandmother drove the cows to graze. And onions grew in the garden.
A worker emerged from a hatch on the road. Well, he is a spiteful person, a terribly displeased face.
This fruit was juicy and aromatic. We boarded the raft and enjoyed the silence and fresh air.

From the context, the meaning and meaning of each word becomes clear. In difficult cases, the spelling of a word can be checked using a dictionary. Often, this grammatical phenomenon is used by writers to create a funny pun. Example:

Punished him for the cause

But it hurt him!

Homophones typology

Depending on the part of speech russian homophones can be subdivided:

On nouns: mascara and ink, meadow and onion, lump and sadness.
Verbs: to get through - to get through, to betray - to lend, to build - to be built, to decide - to decide.
Verb and noun: wonder and damsel.

In general, the study of homophones for schoolchildren is quite successful and does not cause any particular difficulties, since the native speaker understands the meaning of the word and the peculiarities of its spelling from the context. But in difficult cases, you should look into the dictionary.

Common household and home furnishings made from aged wood have a special charm that makes them a popular part of home decor. However, finding an old tree at an antique store, or collecting yourself while traveling through the countryside can be difficult and expensive. Wooden furniture, photo frames, upholstery bookshelves and much more can be purchased new and artificially aged by using special technologies and materials to make them look like antiques. The process of processing semi-antique wood takes time and talented hands, but the results provide a good alternative to buying old things.

It is possible to give a wooden house under construction the look of a hundred-year-old rarity, and not just from the store, using several aging methods. For example, by adding rustic wooden beams to your kitchen ceiling, installing primitive garden benches that should look old. The suggested wood aging methods can be used for almost any project involving a new tree.

Mechanical method

Carefully make dents on the wood surface using the flat part and edges of the hammerhead. According to an old expert, this will create a worn look without compromising the strength of the wood.

Use a piece of sandpaper, or better yet, a stiff metal brush (brushing technique) to create a scuff and “natural” wear effect on the entire object or a few specific areas, depending on your preference and the effect you want to create. Try this semi-antique wood treatment for areas that are likely to be worn away by natural aging, such as the center of the stairs, the armrests of the chair, and parts of the door clapboard.

As a difference in the finished shades, you can use the "folk" technology:

Soak a steel wool in vinegar for a day. Then brew a strong (for dark brown) or moderate (for a lighter finish) tea. When the tea is ready, use the brush to apply a layer of tea to the wood surface. After the wood is dry, use a washcloth to apply a layer of vinegar solution. This will give the “old wood” a persistent yellow-silver or brownish wear.

Determine where natural wear and tear would exist in your home if it really was old (old experts say this is usually the scuffed floorboards at the entrance, seat of chairs, corners and doors). For processing semi-antique wood, clean it with coarse sandpaper. Then use a paper towel or soft brush to wipe the area with wax paste or petroleum jelly. Paint over the entire surface of the wood (including the areas you waxed) preferably with latex paint - it does not absorb well on waxed surfaces.

After the paint is dry, use a soft cloth to wipe the areas you waxed. You will begin to see the texture of the wood under the paint, which gives your piece of wood an aged look. Once you are happy with the appearance of the object, remove excess wax with white spirit, a natural degreaser using a brush.

Another unusual technology for aging wood is the careful treatment of certain areas of the surface with a blowtorch. It will give your wood a darkened look to popular primitive rustic interiors, cabinets and shelves.

To give the wood the “gray” effect of the old wood from weathering, apply an alkali-based oven cleaner to the wood surfaces. Once you get the tone you want, use a brush to wipe the finish with white vinegar. It neutralizes alkali.

When reproducing antiques, you can create an artificial patina using a 10% nitric acid solution (available from most chemical household stores). Let the acid soak into the surface of the new wood for a few minutes, then heat it up with a hair dryer. As the surface temperature rises, the wood becomes darker. Keep heating, do not dry the surface.

When treating with alkali or acid (as in the last two methods), wear a face shield and rubber gloves. Work outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.

Homophones: definition and examples in sentences. Semi-antique wood processing - old wood. Technologies and materials. Reviews of an old expert Giving the city under construction on the Neva

Homophones - definition

Sources of origin of homophones

Homophones typology

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Homophones: definition and examples in sentences. Semi-antique wood processing - old wood. Technologies and materials. Reviews of an old expert Giving the city under construction on the Neva

Homophones - definition

Sources of origin of homophones

Homophones typology

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