Language and speech as a source of conflict situations. Speech conflict. limitation of the subject of the dispute; uncertainty and the transition from a specific issue to a general one make it difficult to reach agreement

Speech conflicts are conventionally divided into actual speech and speech-behavioral. They can be in advance predict, and their sources are known.

Speech conflicts proper - they are allocated on the basis of the ratio of language to speech and are due to systemic linguistic insufficiency, that is, the absence in the language of the necessary nominations for a reasonable exchange of remarks.

1. the lack of a set of neutral Russian addresses.

2. different communication attitudes.

3. not knowledge of the language norm.

4. linguistic means expressing negative connotations.

5. different subcultures that have their own language.

Speech-behavioral conflict arises in the process of dialogical interaction and is caused by an intentional or random choice of mimic, gesture and movement forms of stimuli.

Violation of speech and behavioral role responsibilities. Failure in non-verbal speech behavior.

The sources and forms of manifestation of speech conflict and forms of manifestation are different and are explained by social, psychological and linguistic facts.

Unsolvable communicative failures are when the communicative intention is not realized and misunderstanding is revealed. The effectiveness of the principle of tolerance is reduced to zero.

In the process of communication, it is necessary to be guided by Grice's maxims (certain communicative obligations of the speaker towards the addressee, aesthetic, moral postulates):

Maxima of quality - tell the truth.

Maximum quantity - say no more and no less than what is needed for understanding.

Maxima relationship - you can't deviate from the conversation and from the general topic.

Maxima of manners is a way of presentation.

Tolerance

Politeness

Compliance with social, ethical…

Harmonious communication is when the goal of communication is achieved, the balance of relationships, psychological comfort are maintained.

Actually a conflict and conflict-generating situation.

The main sign of conflicts is the presence of deep essential contradictions in a person's motivations, hiding in open confrontation (confrontation, rejection of an alternative opportunity).

Conflict situation - This is an open clash of interests, the desire of one of the parties to realize its goal, to harm the other side.

Signs: contradictions between communicants, any conflict reflected verbally has dynamic and procedural characteristics (maturation, maturation, peak, decline, resolution), non-standardness deprives communication of automatism.

A conflict situation is resolved through the peak of its development, therefore, a conflict situation can be:

1. At the height of confrontation (negative).

2. Intermediate result "(adaptation, evasion, settlement)

3. Positive result.

Conclusions: 1) conflict and conflict-generating are not synonyms: a potentially conflict situation occurs only when the conflicting person initiates conflict-generating speech actions (objection, remark, reproach, insult, threat, etc.). 2) situational-communicative disagreements will be verbalized with using language and speech means.

Strategies and tactics of speech behavior.

Strategy is the art of planning.

Tactics is a set of means to achieve an end.

A communicative strategy is a macrointention (intention) corresponding to the plan and implemented throughout the entire communicative action.

Communicative tactics is one of the tasks that is realized from the communication strategy.

Typical disharmonious strategies that will lead to conflict.

(making claims, rivalry, ignoring, demonstrating negative emotions, discrediting, coercion, seizing the initiative, threats ...).

Neutral (relief) of the conflict - harmonious from a communicative point of view. External preservation.

Tactics - irony, forced consent, silence, sarcasm, ridicule, change of topic.

Harmonious communication is a positive result (the goal is achieved, the balance of communication is maintained, compliance with ethical norms, etc., psychological comfort).

The strategy is reconciliation.

Tactics - rapprochement, detachment, politeness, sincerity, compromise, forgiveness, restraint, etc.

	Speech party of the conflictant.	Speech part of the responder.
	Well, what are we going to watch that movie?	No, we agreed not for today. It’s your problem that you didn’t come on the appointed day.
	So you're saying that I'm irresponsible?	Yes, I would say a lot more about you.
	The question is a provocation.
	Well, tell me, or else I'm starting to think that you are not responsible for your words.	Well, now it has nothing to do with it, now we are not talking about that.
	Claim.	Avoiding the answer
	No, since you have already said "A", then say "B", otherwise I myself will now tell you everything.	Well, that you got started, I said so only because I lost my temper and wanted to hurt you.
		Smoothing conflict. Sincerity, justification.
	Oh, really. What is it me. The couple would get used to it. You always do that.	Well, that's nice, then I'll bring the disc tomorrow and watch the movie with you.
	Okay, I'll call you tonight. I have to go.

2. A small fragment of the conflict between the heroes of a literary work. Make a table.

3. I am non-conflict / conflict - because ...

What do I use when I resolve or intensify a conflict. A story for 3 minutes.

	Speech part of the conflictant (Pavel Petrovich)	Speech part of the responder (Bazarov)
	They say that the Germans have recently been very successful in this area.	Yes, the Germans are our teachers
	Do you think so highly of the Germans?	The local scientists are efficient people.
	Provocative question	The answer is ironic.
	So-so. Well, and about Russian scientists you probably do not have such a flattering concept?	Perhaps so.
	Provocative response	Calm answer
	This is a very commendable dedication, but how did Arkady Nikolaich tell us just now that you do not recognize any authorities? Don't believe them?	Why should I admit them? And what will I believe? They will tell me the case, I agree, that's all.
		Calm answer
	And the Germans say the whole thing?
	Provocative question	Calm answer
	As for me, I do not like Germans, a sinful person. I no longer mention the Russian Germans: it is known what kind of birds they are. But I don't like German Germans either. Still the old ones back and forth; then they had - well, there is Schiller, or something, Gette ... My brother is especially favorable to them ... And now all some chemists and materialists have gone ...	A Decent Chemist Twenty Times More Helpful Than Any Poet
	Personal point of view
	Here's how. So you don't recognize art?	The art of making money, or no more hemorrhoids!
		mockery
	So, sir, sir. Here you are as you please to joke. So you reject everything? Let's put. So you believe in one science?	I have already informed you that I do not believe in anything; and what is science - science in general? There are sciences, as there are crafts, knowledge; and science does not exist at all.
	Provocative question	Harsh response
	Very good, sir. Well, and what about other, adopted, decisions in human life, do you adhere to the same negative direction?	What is this, interrogation?
		Unfinished dialogue.

I am conflicted - because I really like to exacerbate situations around me. I have strict criteria for evaluating others. Against the background of overstated requests, dissatisfaction is revealed not only with oneself, but also with everyone around, which gives rise to conflicts. She is inclined to directly discuss issues, problems and grievances.

I can strive to pursue my interests to the detriment of another person. One of the ways is a way of attracting everyone's attention and finding (persuading) supporters, creating a so-called support group. Everyone knows that it is difficult to go against the majority opinion. If a person remains unconvinced even in such a case, I act by general ridicule of his views.

If I do not want to hurt a person much, I want him not to immediately understand that he has abandoned his opinion, then I try to convince this person to come to a compromise, convincing him of the advantages of my position.

To a greater extent, I am independent - I just keep my personal values \u200b\u200bwithout imposing them on others.

Transcript

1 In the laboratory of a scientist In modern conditions, the ideas of individualization of training and education are especially relevant. The problem of the pupil's fate applies to them. The task of the teacher is to free himself from the imposed fate and transfer the pupil to a free one, based on independence and freedom of choice. This presupposes the development of new ways of seeing, evaluating and self-realization among pupils. Taking into account the uniqueness of the life fate of each child, the teacher creates conditions for finding himself and his vocation. The article revealed the aspect of a pedagogical attitude oriented towards the Whole - fate as the basis of human existence in the world. Plato laid the foundations of pedagogy, which takes into account not only the present, but also the future of the pupil, examines the life of a person in society through the prism of his place in this structure. Plato's ideas were further developed in the context of the sociocentric model of education - education in society and for society. References Gaidenko V. 77. The theme of fate and the idea of \u200b\u200btime in the ancient Greek worldview // Vopr. philosophy Goran V. 77. Ancient Greek mythologem of fate. Novosibirsk, Yeager V. 77. Education of the ancient Greek (the era of great educators and educational systems). M., Losev A. F. History of ancient philosophy in a synopsis. M., Losev A. F. Essays on ancient symbolism and mythology. M., Marru A. I. History of education in antiquity (Greece). M., Pedagogical views of Plato and Aristotle / Ed. prof. F.F.Zelinsky. Fri., Plato. Coll. cit .: In 4 volumes. M., T. 3. Popper K. Open Society and Its Enemies: In 2 volumes. V. 1: The Chary of Plato. M., Psychology of fate: Sat. articles on depth psychology. Yekaterinburg, Rubinstein M. M. Pedagogical ideas of Plato // Problems of Philosophy and Psychology. Book. 124 (IV). M., V. S. Tretyakova CONFLICT AS A PHENOMENON OF LANGUAGE AND SPEECH The optimal way of speech communication is usually called effective, successful, harmonious, corporate, etc. When studying it, the ways of creating speech comfort for communication participants, the means and methods used by communicants are considered to ensure harmonious communication. It is impossible to describe harmonious communication without identifying its qualities and properties, which introduce disharmony into the speech actions of the communicants, destroy understanding, cause negative - V.S.Tretyakov,

2 2003 Izvestiya USU 27 emotional and psychological states of communication partners. Thus, the attention of researchers includes such phenomena as communication failure (E.V. Paducheva), communication failure (T.V. Shmeleva), communicative failure (formerly Yu. Gorodetsky, I.M. Kobozeva, I.G. Saburova, EA Zemskaya, OP Ermakova), communicative hindrance (TA Ladyzhenskaya), language conflict (SG Ilyenko), speech conflict, etc. These phenomena mark the negative field of communicative interaction. To designate various kinds of failures and misunderstandings in the course of verbal communication, the term communicative failure is most often used in special studies, which means complete or partial misunderstanding of the statement by the communication partner, that is, non-implementation or incomplete implementation of the speaker's communicative intention [Gorodetsky, Kobozeva, Saburova, 1985: 64-66]. Communicative failures, according to the concept of E. A. Zemskaya and O. P. Ermakova, also include "unwanted emotional effect arising in the process of communication not provided by the speaker: resentment, irritation, amazement" [Ermakova, Zemskaya, 1993: 31], in which, according to the authors, is the mutual misunderstanding of the speech partners. Failures, failures, misunderstandings can be neutralized in the process of communication with the help of additional speech steps: re-questions, clarifications, explanations, leading questions, reformulation, as a result of which the communicative intention of the speaker can be realized. Not every communication failure grows into conflict. A conflict implies a clash of parties, a state of confrontation between partners in the process of communication about diverging interests, opinions, communicative intentions that are revealed in a communication situation. Speech conflict takes place when one of the parties, to the detriment of the other, consciously and actively performs speech actions that can be expressed by the corresponding - negative - means of language and speech. Such speech actions of the speaker - the subject of speech - determine the speech behavior of the other side - the addressee: he, realizing that these speech actions are directed against his interests, takes response speech actions of this kind, expressing his attitude to the subject of speech or the interlocutor. This counter-directional interaction is speech conflict. Conflict as a reality of life is the object of research in many sciences: philosophy, jurisprudence, sociology, pedagogy. The linguist is interested in the speech specifics of the conflict as a manifestation of the interaction of various external factors, and the most important task is to establish the negative denotative space of speech communication and the factors that determine the origin, development and resolution of the conflict. The solution to such a problem is possible when identifying the means and methods used by communicants to ensure or destroy harmonious communication. The relevance of the problem proposed for discussion is determined by the fact that the reasons and conditions for the conflict and harmonious social and communicative interaction remain unresolved today. In the study of speech conflict, we apply an integrated approach, defining linguo-cognitive, psycholinguistic

3 In the laboratory of the scientist, cue and linguocultural aspects that characterize the leading directions of modern linguistics. A speech conflict is a state of confrontation between two parties (participants in the conflict), as a result of which each of the parties consciously and actively acts to the detriment of the opposite side, explicating their actions by verbal and pragmatic means. Since the explication of the contradictions existing between the two sides occurs most often at the verbal and speech-activity levels, the study of the speech behavior of the participants of this type of interaction from the point of view of the means and ways of expressing these contradictions becomes relevant. However, the material expression of the conflicting relations of the subjects of speech in the act of communication in the form of specific linguistic and speech structures is a reflection of their pre-communicative state (interests, positions, views, values, attitudes, goals, etc.). The study was based on the hypothesis of a speech conflict as a special communicative event that occurs in time, has its own stages of development, and is realized by specific multi-level linguistic and pragmatic means. At the same time, it is assumed that a speech conflict is assigned to typical scenarios of speech communication, the existence of which is due to social experience and the rules of speech behavior established in a given linguocultural community. In the minds of a native speaker, a speech conflict exists as a kind of typical structure - a frame. The "conflict" frame represents a special stereotyped situation and includes the obligatory components of the reflecting object (the upper level of the "conflict" frame): participants in a conflict situation, whose interests are in conflict; collision (goals, views, positions, points of view), revealing their contradiction or inconsistency; speech actions of one of the participants in a conflict situation, aimed at changing the behavior or state of the interlocutor; resistance to the speech actions of another participant through their own speech actions; damage that is caused by the participant's speech actions and which the other experiences as a result of the said speech actions. The optional components of the "conflict" frame (lower level) can be represented by the following slots: time duration, reflecting violations of the time sequence characteristic of the standard description of the situation; spatial extent associated with a violation of the spatial representation of the speech situation and introducing deception into the communicative expectations of one of the participants in the communication situation; a third party who may not be a direct participant in the conflict, but be its culprit, instigator or "arbitrator" and significantly influence the outcome of the communicative situation. The "conflict" frame reinforces the standard methods of action, regulating the verbal behavior of its participants through the structure of knowledge about this frame. Conflict is a communicative event taking place in time, therefore, like the “conflict” frame, it can be presented in dynamics. The basis of such a representation is, firstly, a scenario reflecting the development of the “main plots” of interaction within a stereotyped situation, and, secondly, a speech genre with prescribed linguistic structures. Scenario technology makes it possible to trace the stages 145

4 2003 Izvestia USU 27 conflict development: its origin, maturation, peak, decline and resolution. The analysis of the conflicting speech genre shows which language means the conflicting parties have chosen depending on their intentions, intentions and goals. The script fixes a standard set of methods of action, as well as their sequence in the development of a communicative event; the speech genre is built according to well-known thematic, compositional and stylistic canons enshrined in linguistic culture. Knowledge of scenarios of the conflict type of interaction and the corresponding speech genres ensures the predictability of speech behavior in such communication situations and has an explanatory power for recognizing potentially conflict situations, risk situations and actual conflict situations, as well as forecasting and modeling by the communicants of both the situation itself and their behavior in it. ... Since the frame, script and speech genre reinforce a stereotypical set of mandatory components, methods of action and their sequence, this makes it possible to identify the structure of the communicative expectations of participants in a speech event, avoid surprises, unpredictability in communication, and this, in turn, excludes the possibility of conflict development of interaction ... However, despite the stereotype and predictability of the development of a communicative event, set by the script within a particular speech genre, the speaker's specific speech actions are not of the same type. A native speaker - a linguistic personality - has its own repertoire of means and methods of achieving communicative goals, the use of which is limited by the framework of a given genre, but the speaker still has freedom of choice. In this regard, the development of communicatively conditioned scenarios (even within a given genre) is diverse: from harmonious, cooperative to disharmonious, conflict. The choice of one scenario or another depends on the personality type of the conflict participants, their communicative experience, communicative competence, communicative attitudes, and communicative preferences. The exchange of speech actions of participants in communication has its own name in communicative linguistics - the communicative act. It has its own structure and content. In a conflict communicative act (CCA), the structure and content of speech actions is determined by a number of inconsistencies and contradictions that exist between the participants. In the precommunicative phase of the CCA - the ripening of the conflict - its participants realize the existing contradictions between their interests (views, motives, attitudes, goals, the code of relationships, knowledge), both subjects begin to feel the conflict situation and are ready to undertake mutually aggressive speech actions. In the communicative phase - the maturation, peak and decline of the conflict - the realization of all pre-communicative states of the subjects occurs: both parties begin to act in their own interests to the detriment of the other side by using conflicting language (lexical, grammatical) and speech (confrontational speech tactics, corresponding non-verbal) means. The postcommunicative phase - conflict resolution - is characterized by the consequences arising from the previous stages: unwanted and / or unexpected speech reactions or emotional reactions.

5 In the laboratory of the scientific stand of the conflicting parties, the quality of which depends on the degree of "harmfulness" of the conflict means used by the participants of the CCA. Among the linguistic means that mark the CCA, the lexical-semantic and grammatical systems are especially sensitive to the conflict component, in which the national characteristics of the perception of such a reality as conflict are most clearly reflected. The carriers of conflicting meanings in the lexical-semantic system of the language are polysemantic words and homonyms, the use of which outside a sufficiently expanded context becomes a conflict-generating factor in the development of a communicative act. Most of all, the marked properties are possessed by profanity (obscene, invective) and negative evaluative vocabulary (the right position in the scale is good - bad, smart - stupid, beautiful - ugly, etc.), special nominations of interlocutors for any sign in the absence of a person's name nominations, words-agnonyms (unknown, incomprehensible or obscure words for many native speakers). The grammatical markers of the conflict are the 2nd person pronouns "you" and "you" and the 2nd person singular and plural verb forms, the choice of which has tactical grounds; personal pronouns "he", "she" in relation to the person present during the conversation, on the functioning of which certain restrictions are imposed by the situation of the utterance; imperatives of a perfect type, particles, introductory words, special syntactic structures in denotative meanings (phraseological schemes) that are not typical for them have a great conflict-generating force. The noted linguistic units form the content and structure of the CCA and serve as vivid markers of speech conflict. In addition to the obvious, observable signs of conflict in the communicative act, there are those that are "calculated" based on the comparison of linguistic and speech structures with the communicative context and are determined by the psychological and emotional effect that occurs among the participants in the communicative act. These are pragmatic CCA markers that are associated with various kinds of inconsistencies, misunderstandings, violation of any rules or intuitively perceived patterns of verbal communication. These include the discrepancy between the speech action and the speech reaction, as well as negative speech and emotional reactions, which create the effect of deceived expectations in the communicative act. The verbal behavior of the parties to the conflict is based on speech strategies. The typology of strategies can be built on different foundations. We propose a typology based on the type of dialogical interaction based on the result (outcome, consequences) of a communicative event - harmony or conflict. If the interlocutors carried out their communicative intentions and at the same time preserved the "balance of relations", then the communication was based on cooperation strategies. The interaction of communication partners in this case is an increasing confirmation of mutual role expectations, the rapid formation of a general picture of the situation in them and the emergence of an empathic connection with each other. On the contrary, if the communicative goal is not achieved, and communication does not contribute to the manifestation of positive personal qualities of the subjects of speech, then the communicative event is regulated by the strategies of confrontation. When this type of interaction is implemented, one-sided or mutual non-confirmation of role-based expectations occurs, 147

6 2003 Izvestia USU 27 divergence of partners in understanding or assessing the situation and the emergence of antipathy towards each other. The strategies of cooperation include strategies of politeness, sincerity and trust, proximity, cooperation, compromise, etc. They contribute to the full behavior of the participants in communication and the effective organization of speech interaction. Confrontational strategies include invective strategies, strategies of aggression, violence, discrediting, submission, coercion, exposure, etc., the implementation of which, in turn, brings discomfort to the communication situation and creates speech conflicts. The strategic intention of the participant in the conflict interaction determines the choice of methods for its implementation - speech tactics. There is a strict correlation between speech strategies and speech tactics. To implement cooperative strategies, cooperative tactics are used: proposals, consent, concessions, approval, praise, compliments, etc. Confrontation strategies are associated with confrontational tactics: threats, intimidation, reproach, accusations, mockery, taunts, insults, provocations, etc. There are also double-digit tactics that can be both cooperative and conflicting, depending on which strategy the given tactic is used in. These tactics include, for example, the tactics of lying. It performs a cooperative function in the implementation of the politeness strategy, the purpose of which is "not to harm" the partner, to "raise" his interlocutor. At the same time, this tactic can be a conflict tool when used within the framework of confrontation strategies, for example, a strategy of discrediting. Double-digit tactics also include tactics of irony, flattery, bribery, remarks, requests, change of topic, etc. Speech strategy is associated with planning speech behavior. The personal qualities of speech subjects play an important role in this process. Considering the forthcoming communication, future speech partners decide on the use of certain speech actions, as well as their sequence. To define and plan their speech actions, the speaker needs knowledge about the person with whom he will interact. This means that even before the communicative act, its participant must have information about his interlocutor, his goals for entering into communication, the communicative plan in general, his knowledge of the upcoming speech event, his cognitive attitudes, and behavior. An important role for the outcome of communication is played by mutual knowledge about the social and psychological characteristics of the parties, ethnocultural habits, knowledge of social status, temperament, type of perception of the world, etc. n. This knowledge determines the construction of the future communicative act and its successful course. Personal structures do not exist in isolation from a broader sociocultural context, they closely interact. Therefore, the communicative act is determined by the extent to which the participants in the interaction correlate it with the social characteristics of the situation as a whole. They plan their speech behavior in accordance with the setting, place and time of the communicative event, they have an idea of \u200b\u200btheir social roles, they predict each other's speech actions. The study of the laws of human communication involves the inclusion of each specific statement, a fragment of the text in a wider 148

7 In the scientist's laboratory there is a cue context, into a more global system, which we call the national-cultural space (in our case, this is the Russian national-cultural space). On the one hand, the national-cultural space, acting as a form of the existence of national culture in the mind of a person, is a regulative that determines the perception of reality, of which human communication is a part. On the other hand, each person - a representative of a national-cultural community - has his own space, which he fills with entities that are significant to him. Among these entities there are those that are the property of almost all members of the national-cultural community, and there are specific ones that are significant only for a given individual. Thus, there is an individual national-cultural space and a universal one. What function do they perform in regulating communication? Every society develops its own system of social codes in a particular communication situation. This set of typical programs of speech behavior is regulated by norms, conventions and rules developed in Russian linguoculture. The community is interested in adhering to and maintaining standards and designs. However, socially approved programs of behavior never cover the entire sphere of human behavior in society [Bayburin, 1985]. And then we are talking about the individual characteristics of speech behavior, its diversity and variability. This area of \u200b\u200bverbal behavior usually becomes the subject of a linguist's research when he tries to answer the questions: "What significant patterns of verbal communication have been violated?", "Are there any contradictions between the norms established by society and individual realizations of communication?" Thus, a model of an individual's behavior is investigated, included in a wide social and national-cultural paradigm. Models of speech behavior can exist at various levels of generalization. These can be individual (personal) models. They become significant for other people who find themselves in an unfamiliar communicative situation, since “they can be cut off from the context of a specific situation and become more abstract, that is, turn into socially significant scenarios of stereotypical knowledge” [Dyck van, 1989: 276]. Each person, since he is a subject of communication, participates in communicative events and the creation of texts, and hence various models of speech behavior, focusing on ideals, values, and norms of behavior that are significant for him and this society. Each of the models carries information for language users who assess and select these models. The task of society (represented by its individual representatives - subjects of communication, whose influence on the formation of exemplary models is significant) is to offer specific individuals such models that need to be included in the system of their speech activity, in their "database". These models can be enriched “through individual contributions” [Leontiev, 1979: 135] and subsequently serve as models of practical speech behavior. These should be positive models that reflect the ways of civilized behavior in various kinds of situations, especially dangerous ones that threaten the development of harmonious relations between the participants in communication. Knowledge of variants of speech behavior is manifested primarily in the awareness of alternative speech 149

8 2003 Izvestia USU 27 actions, it is necessary for the implementation of a practical choice of an adequate option and contributes to the development of skills for their effective use at each specific moment of communication. The lack of such knowledge will inevitably lead to the inappropriateness and inappropriateness of certain speech actions, to the inability to coordinate their practical speech actions with the actions of a partner, to maximally adapt to the communication situation. Speech behavior is the speech activity of an individual, it is always someone's behavior. There are several types of dialogical interaction in conflict. One of the types of such interaction is mutual conflict, when the communicant behaves aggressively, attacks the other and he responds in kind. The second type of dialogical interaction is a unidirectional conflict, when one of the communicants, at whom the conflicting actions are directed, is removed from the conflicting counteraction without taking any reciprocal steps. The third type of dialogical interaction in a conflict is harmonizing. It is characterized by the fact that one of the CCA participants is unrestrained, aggressively active in his speech behavior, while the other is benevolent and no less active in an effort to relieve tension, extinguish the conflict. We focused our attention on the speech behavior of a person who seeks to harmonize potentially and really conflicting interaction. This position seems to us important from a cultural perspective: the ability of people to regulate relations with the help of speech in various spheres of life, including everyday life, is urgently needed in modern Russian verbal communication, everyone should own it. Depending on the type of conflict situation, various models of harmonizing speech behavior are used: a conflict prevention model (potentially conflict situations), a conflict neutralization model (conflict risk situations) and a conflict harmonization model (conflict situations proper). These models have different degrees of cliché due to the multiplicity of parameters and components of the CCA, reflecting the objective complexity of planning speech behavior in it. To a greater extent, speech behavior in potentially conflict situations is subject to modeling. This type of situations contains conflict-provoking factors that are not clearly detected: there are no violations of the cultural and communicative scenario, there are no markers signaling the emotiogenicity of the situation, and only implicatures known to the interlocutors indicate the presence or threat of tension. To own a situation without letting it go into a conflict zone means knowing these factors, knowing the ways and means of neutralizing them, and being able to apply them. This model was identified on the basis of an analysis of the motivating speech genres of requests, remarks, questions, as well as evaluative situations that potentially threaten a communication partner. It can be presented in the form of cognitive and semantic clichés: the actual motivation (request, remark, etc.) + the reason for the motivation + the rationale for the importance of motivation + etiquette formulas. Semantic Model: Please do (don't) this (this), because ... We called it the conflict prevention model. 150

9 In the laboratory of a scientist The second type of situations - situations of conflict risk - are characterized by the fact that there is a deviation from the general cultural scenario development of the situation. This deviation signals the danger of an impending conflict. Usually, risk situations arise if, in potentially conflict situations, the communication partner did not use conflict prevention models in communication. In a risk situation, at least one of the communicants can still realize the danger of a possible conflict and find a way to adapt. The model of speech behavior in risk situations will be called the conflict neutralization model. It includes a whole series of sequential mental and communicative actions and cannot be represented by a single formula, since risk situations require additional efforts of the communicant seeking to harmonize communication (in comparison with potentially conflict situations), as well as more diverse speech actions. His behavior is a response to the actions of the conflicting party, and how he will react depends on the methods and means that the conflicting party uses. And since the actions of the conflictant can be difficult to predict and varied, then the behavior of the other party, harmonizing communication, in the context of the situation is more varied and creative. Nevertheless, the typification of speech behavior in such situations is possible at the level of identifying standard, harmonizing speech tactics. Just as in a chess game, knowing how chess pieces move, a player makes move after move depending on how the situation on the chess field develops, the speaker combines speech tactics according to the requirements of the communication situation. The behavior of communicants in situations of conflict risk requires them to master a rich repertoire of constructive tactics and the ability to use them creatively. This is the highest level of communicative competence of the speaker. The third type of situations is actually conflict situations, in which differences in positions, values, rules of behavior, etc., are explicated, which form the potential for opposition. The conflict is determined by extralinguistic factors, in connection with which it is difficult to limit ourselves to recommendations only of the speech plan. It is necessary to take into account the entire communicative context of the situation, as well as its presuppositions. As the analysis of various conflict situations has shown, people, faced with the aspirations and goals of other people, are incompatible with their own aspirations and goals, can use one of three models of behavior. The first model is "Playing along with the partner", the purpose of which is not to aggravate relations with a partner, not to bring existing disagreements or contradictions to an open discussion, not to sort things out. Compliance and focus on oneself and on the interlocutor are the main qualities of the speaker, necessary for communication according to this model. The tactics of agreement, concession, approval, praise, promises, etc. are used. The second model is "Ignoring the problem", the essence of which is that the speaker, not satisfied with the progress of communication, "constructs" a situation that is more favorable for himself and his partner. The speech behavior of the communicant who has chosen this model is characterized by the use of default tactics (tacit permission for the partner to make their own decisions), withdrawal from the topic or change of the scenario. The use of this model is most appropriate in a situation of open conflict. Third model, one of the ca 151

10 2003 Izvestia USU 27 constructive in the conflict, - "The interests of the business are above all." It involves the development of a mutually acceptable solution, provides for understanding and compromise. The strategies of compromise and cooperation - the main ones in the behavior of the communication participant using this model - are implemented with the help of cooperative tactics of negotiations, concessions, advice, agreement, assumptions, beliefs, requests, etc. Each model contains the basic postulates of communication, in particular, the postulates of the quality of communication (do no harm to the partner), quantity (communicate meaningful true facts), relevance (take into account the partner's expectations), which represent the basic principle of communication - the principle of cooperation. Models of speech behavior are abstracted from specific situations and personal experience; due to "decontextualization" they allow covering a wide range of similar communication situations with a number of primary parameters (it is impossible to take everything into account). This fully applies to spontaneous speech communication. The models developed by us in three types of potentially and really conflict situations fix such a type of generalization, which, in our opinion, allows us to use them in the practice of verbal behavior, as well as in the methodology of teaching conflict-free communication. A speech conflict with its multilevel structure creates a negative space for interpersonal dialogical interaction in Russian linguoculture. The study demonstrates the importance of the cognitive-pragmatic approach for an objective presentation of the factors that cause speech conflict, the mechanisms of conflict generation and the principles of its interpretation. The proposed theory of harmonization of potentially and really conflicting communication, the principles and methods of researching conflicting speech behavior in the procedural and productive aspects have explanatory power for other types of speech communication. References Bayburin A.K. Some questions of ethnographic study of behavior // Ethnic stereotypes of behavior. JL, Gorodetsky B. Yu., Kobozeva I. M., Saburova I. G. Towards the typology of communicative failures // Dialogue interaction and knowledge representation. Novosibirsk, Dyck T.A.wang. Language. Cognition. Communication. M., Ermakova O. P., Zemskaya E. A. Towards the construction of a typology of communicative failures (based on natural Russian dialogue) // Russian language in its functioning: Communicative-pragmatic aspect. M., Leontiev A.A. Expression as a subject of linguistics, psycholinguistics and communication theory // Text syntax. M.,

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Introduction

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL PROBLEMS OF DESCRIPTION OF SPEECH CONFLICT

1.1. Conflict as an interdisciplinary problem 17

1.1.1. The psychological nature of the conflict .; nineteen

1.1.2. The social nature of the conflict 23

1.1.3. Conflict and the Word 31

1.2. Conflict as a phenomenon of language and speech 55

1.2.1. Speech conflict (to the question of the term) 55

1.2.2. Factors causing speech conflict 60

1.3. Aspects of linguistic description of speech conflict 65

1.3.1. Cognitive aspect: scenario theory and speech conflict scenario 65

1.3.2. The pragmatic aspect: interpretation theory

and speech conflict 68

1.3.3. Linguocultural aspect: theory of communicative norms and speech conflict 71

CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SPEECH CONFLICT DESCRIPTION

2.1. Speech conflict in the light of the theory of speech activity 92

2.2. Principles of speech conflict analysis 116

Conclusions 131

CHAPTER 3. SPEECH CONFLICT: MARKERS AND GENRE SCENARIOS

3.1. Language markers of disharmony and conflict vKA 136

3.1.1. Lexical and semantic markers 136

3.1.2. Lexical markers 146

3.1.3. Grammar Markers 155

3.2. Pragmatic Markers 162

3.2.1. Inconsistency of speech action and speech reaction 163

3.2.2. Negative speech and emotional reactions ... 178

3.3. Conflict communicative act: options

scripts; 183

3.3.1. Communication threat scenarios 187

3.3.2. Communication scripts remark 193

3.3.3. Communicative scenarios for unreasonable requests. 201

3.4, -Conditions for selecting a scenario option 213

Conclusions 217

CHAPTER 4. HARMONIZING SPEECH BEHAVIOR IN CONFLICT SITUATIONS 221

4.1. Personality types according to the ability to cooperate in speech behavior 222

4.2. Model as a stereotypical sample of speech behavior 247

4.3. Harmonizing Communication Models 249

4.3.1. Models of speech behavior in potentially conflict situations 249

4.3.2. Models of speech behavior in situations of conflict risk. 255

4.3.3. Models of speech behavior in actual conflict situations 258

4.4. On the issue of conflict-free communication skills ... 269

Conclusions 271

CONCLUSION 273

MAIN TEXT SOURCES 278

DICTIONARIES AND REFERENCES 278

REFERENCES 278

Introduction to work

The appeal of researchers to the study of the speech behavior of communicants is determined by the peculiarities of the modern linguistic situation, which was formed at the turn of the century, during the period of economic civilization change, major social upheavals.

The undoubted result of the democratization of our society was the sharpening of interest in the problems of national identity, spiritual revival, accompanied by the formation of a new "paradigm of existence", which is invisible to the eye and intangible reality - the system of human values. Human values \u200b\u200bare the world of meanings, views, ideas, which constitutes the core of the spiritual culture of a community of people, developed by generations 1. There are various types of cultures, characterized by the fact that they have different value dominants, and in the interaction of people professing different spiritual values, conflicts of cultures and values \u200b\u200barise.

Epochs of social revolutions are always accompanied by a breakdown in public consciousness. The collision of old ideas with new ones leads to a tough cognitive conflict that spreads to the pages of newspapers and magazines, to television screens. Cognitive conflict spreads

1 See different definitions of values: “This is the world of meanings, thanks to which a person becomes involved in something more important and lasting than his own empirical existence” [Zdravomyslov 1996: 149]; “These are social, psychological views shared by the people and inherited by each new generation” [Sternin 1996: 17]; “They arise on the basis of knowledge and information, human life experience and represent a personality-colored attitude to the world” [Gurevich 1995: 120].

xia and the sphere of interpersonal relations. Researchers assess the period we are going through as revolutionary: the evaluative correlates of good and bad, which structure our experience and turn our actions into actions, are blurred; psychological discomfort and cognitive processes specific for a revolutionary situation are born: mobilization of new values, actualization of values \u200b\u200bof the immediately preceding socio-political period, actualization of culturally determined values \u200b\u200bthat have deep roots in the public consciousness of society [Baranov 1990: 167].

This process is accompanied by the escalation of social tension, confusion, discomfort, stress and, as psychologists believe, loss of integrating identification, loss of hope and life prospects, the emergence of feelings of doom and lack of meaning in life [Sosnin 1997: 55]. There is a resuscitation of some cultural values \u200b\u200band the devaluation of others, the introduction of new cultural values \u200b\u200binto the cultural space [Kupina, Shalina 1997: 30]. Such a psychological state gives rise to various negative emotions: “For today's Russians, this is“ despair, ”“ fear, ”“ anger, ”“ disrespect ”[Shakhovsky 1991: 30]; there is a certain reaction to the source of disappointment, which is realized in the search for those responsible for this condition; there is a desire to release accumulated negative emotions outside. This state becomes an incentive mechanism for generating conflicts. As V. I. Shakhovsky notes, emotions, being an important element of culture, “are verbalized both in the social and in the emotional index, in tune with chronotopic national trends, through the corresponding emotive signs of the language” [Shakhovsky 1991: 30]. Thus, the mental state and mood of a person are reflected in his linguistic consciousness and take verbalized forms of existence.

Human communicative behavior is determined by social (economic and political) factors, they affect the psychological state of the individual and affect the linguistic consciousness of the communicant. Description of the fact

moat that determine the speech behavior of the individual in the conflict zone, the study of the linguistic, social and psychological nature of the speech conflict belongs to the priority and promising direction of various fields of knowledge and is at the initial stage of study. With all the breadth and variety of studies on effective communicative behavior, this problem has not received full coverage. The need to study the optimal ways of teaching corporate, harmonious speech behavior, speech tactics for regulating behavior in conflict situations determines the appeal to the study of social and communicative interaction in conditions of a speech conflict.

The dissertation work is devoted to a comprehensive study of speech conflict, the identification of its linguistic specificity.

. The relevance of researchis determined by the need to develop theoretical foundations and practical methods of linguistic research of conflict and harmonious social and communicative interaction and the unresolved issue of this most important problem in relation to the modern language situation. Today, the interaction of linguistics with other sciences, multidimensionality and complexity in the study of both the process of speech activity itself and its result is relevant. It is this complex approach that is implemented in the dissertation research. The author's focus is on the “speaking person”, whose speech activity accumulates certain socio-cultural states. The study of speech conflict is carried out within the framework of all the leading areas of modern linguistics: linguo-cognitive, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic and linguocultural-turological. A keen interest in the problems of speech conflict and the harmonization of speech communication was also expressed within the framework of a new branch of anthropocentric linguistics - speech conflictology.

However, despite the intensification of research in the field of linguistic conflictology [Andreev 1992, Speech aggression ... 1997, Aspects of speech conflictology 1996,

Shalina 1998, etc.], many issues related to the nature and typology of speech conflicts cannot be considered finally resolved. In particular, questions about markers of disharmony and speech conflict in the communicative act, about cooperative and confrontational strategies and speech tactics, about functional models of harmonizing speech behavior remain open.

The relevance of the work is also associated with the need for general linguistic enlightenment of society and the education of native speakers of communication tolerance, for which, firstly, a complete consistent theory of discursive harmony / disharmony is required, and secondly, a description of strategies and tactics of this kind within the boundaries of Russian communication traditions and communicative norms of this linguistic culture. community.

Research subjectin the thesis is the semantic structure conflicting andharmoniously labeled communicative acts (conversational dialogues) as a set of speech actions performed by communicants. They represent integral dialogical unity, characterized by the unity of form and content, coherence and completeness, and ensuring the implementation of the author's intention. At the same time, the focus is on the linguistic and speech-activity means of expressing the conflict and harmonious speech behavior of the communicants. The subject of attention is also cognitive structures (knowledge about a fragment of the world, including a communicative situation) as a source of verbalized conflict.

The investigated materials- these are dialogues reproduced in fiction and periodical literature, as well as live conversational dialogues of the townspeople of the Urals, recorded by the author, teachers; graduate students and students of the Ural State Pedagogical University. The volume of the studied material is 400 text fragments, which in written fixation is more than 200 pages of printed text. The collection of live spoken material was carried out in natural conditions of communication by the method of included observation, by the method of hidden recording.

In the process of selecting material for research, the author

was guided by the methodological provisions on the ethnic and cultural specifics of communication. The author's attention was drawn to conversational dialogues, in which Russian verbal communication is reflected with the utmost reliability. The source of the material was the realistic prose of modern Russian writers and the speech of native speakers of the Russian language in an easy verbal communication. For comparison, the texts of Russian classical literature are sometimes used. Goals and objectives of the work.The main goal of the work is to build an integral, consistent concept of speech conflict and harmonize communication, to identify the features of their manifestation in Russian linguistic culture. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following main tasks:

substantiate the concept of "speech conflict";

to determine the essence and main features of speech ... conflict as a cognitive and linguocultural phenomenon,

verbally designed in the type of text, built according to the canons of Russian society;

to establish the denotative space of a speech conflict and the factors that determine the origin, development and resolution of a speech conflict;

identify and describe linguistic and pragmatic indicators (markers) of communicative failure and speech conflict in recorded texts;

create a classification of speech strategies and tactics by the type of dialogical interaction (conflict and harmonious);

to determine the role of the personal qualities of an individual in the development and resolution of a conflict-generating communicative situation, to create a unified classification of linguistic personalities according to their ability to cooperate in dialogical interaction;

develop the parameters and identify the components of cultural and communicative scenarios, build scenarios that are most indicative from the standpoint of the conflict of speech genres;

to build basic models of harmonizing speech behavior in various situations of conflict type.

The dissertation research is based on hypothesisabout a speech conflict as a special communicative event, flowing in time, having its own stages of development, realized by specific multi-level linguistic and pragmatic means. A speech conflict proceeds according to typical scenarios of speech communication, the existence of which is due to linguocultural factors and individual experience of speech behavior.

Methodological basis and research methods.The concept of speech conflict as a communicative, social and cultural phenomenon caused by linguistic and extralinguistic factors is based on the general provisions of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and the theory of language communication [L. S. Vygotsky, N. I. Zhin-kin, L. P. Krysin, A. A. Leontyev, A. N. Leontiev, E. F. Tarasov, etc.].

The methodological basis of the work is the position postulated in modern linguistics about the need for a communicative approach to linguistic material, the transition from the primacy of taxonomy to the primacy of explanation [Yu. N. Karaulov, Yu. A. Sorokin, Yu. S. Stepanov and

The choice of a strategic direction of research predetermined promising results in new areas of linguistic knowledge: linguopragmatics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of speech acts and speech genres [G. I. Bogin, V. I. Gerasimov, M. Ya. Glovinskaya, T. A. van Dyck, V. 3. Demyankov, V. V. Dement'ev, E. S. Kubryakova, J. La-coff, T . В1 Matveeva, J. Austin, V. V. Petrov, Yu. S. Stepanov, J. Searle, I. P. Susov, M. Yu. Fedosyuk, T. V. Shmeleva and others], as well as speech conflictology [B. Yu. Gorodetsky, I. M. Kobozeva, I. G. Saburova, P. Grice, N. D. Golev, T. G. Grigorieva, O. P. Ermakova, E. A. Zemskaya, S. G. Ilyenko, N. G. Komlev, The culture of Russian speech ...,. T. M. Nikolaeva, E. V. Paducheva, G. G. Pocheptsov, K. F. Sedov, E. N. Shiryaev and others].

Modern works on linguistic conceptology and linguistic map were essential for the construction of a scientific hypothesis and the development of research problems.

tine world [N. D. Arutyunova, A. N. Baranov, T. V. Bulygina,

A. Vezhbitska, G. E. Kreidlin, A. D. Shmelev and others].
Implementation of methodological software that is important for the author
statements on the national and cultural specifics of language and speech,
linguistic consciousness of native speakers was carried out with
swarm for research in the history of Russian linguistic
culture [M. M. Bakhtin, V. I. Zhelvis, Yu. N. Karaulov,

B. G. Kostomarova. M. Lotman, S. E. Nikitina, I. A. Ster
Nin, A.P. Skovorodnikov, R.M. Frumkina, R.O. Yakobson and

The dissertation research uses, first of all, those methods of analysis of linguistic material that have been developed and have shown their effectiveness in the framework of communicatively oriented studies of language and text stylistics [M. N. Kozhina, N. A. Kupina, L. M. Maidanova, T. V. Matveeva, Yu. A. Sorokin and others]. A comprehensive study of conversational dialogue (interpersonal communication) is based on the methods of scientific observation and linguistic description, the variants of which are the methods of discursive and textual analysis. Discourse analysis is carried out based on the basic provisions of the theory of speech activity [L. S. Vygotsky, N. I. Zhin-kin, A. A. Leontiev, A. N. Leontiev and others].

At certain stages of the study, special methods of distributive, transformational, and contextological analysis were used. A special role in the work is assigned to the methods of predictive modeling of cognitive structures (design and communicative presupposition) and the issuance of expert opinions.

The complex application of these methods is designed to provide a multidimensional linguistic analysis of the material under study.

The theoretical significance and scientific novelty of the research« vania.The dissertation carried out a complex systems approach to the study of one of the most important manifestations of interpersonal communication - speech conflict against the background of harmonious speech communication. This approach allows us to understand the nature and mechanisms of the functioning of this phenomenon, to reveal its deep cause-and-effect relationships.

wearing, to argue the functional features of the conflict statement, due to the unity of the linguistic, psychological (personal) and social.

The novelty of the work lies in the development of the concept of the Russian speech conflict as a speech-activity phenomenon that embodies interpersonal dialogical interaction in Russian linguoculture; in creating a theory of harmonization of potentially and really conflicting communication; in the development of a mechanism for the study of speech behavior in the procedural and effective aspects, which is applicable to the analysis of not only conflict and harmoniously marked communicative acts, but has explanatory power for other types of statements; in defining the principles of cognitive-pragmatic analysis of conflicting texts.

The study shows the degree of connection between language / speech and thinking, especially in the aspect of the dependence of the cognitive and pragmatic attitudes of individuals and their implementation in speech activity (the act of communication), which plays an important role both for the theory of language and for linguistic confirmation and concretization of many non-linguistic ( epistemological, social, psychological) explanations of the specifics of cognition.

From a descriptive point of view, the dissertation systematizes a variety of speech material, including, in addition to conflicting texts insufficiently described in the scientific literature, also texts that have recorded such communicative situations in which there are no obvious prerequisites for a conflict, but due to certain circumstances, communication develops as a conflict one.

The following basic provisions are put forward for defense:

1. A speech conflict is the embodiment of the confrontation of communicants in a communicative event caused by mental, social and ethical factors, the extrapolation of which occurs in speech.

howling tissue of dialogue. The systematization of various factors makes it possible to describe a speech conflict in a multifaceted and wide context.

In the minds of a native speaker, a speech conflict exists as a kind of typical structure - a frame that includes mandatory components (slots): participants in the conflict; contradictions (in views, interests, points of view, opinions, assessments, values, goals, etc.) among communicants; reason-reason; damage "; temporal and spatial extent.

A conflict is a communicative event that takes place in time and can be presented in dynamics. The ways of such representation include, firstly, a scenario that reflects development within the framework of a stereotypical

Situations of the “main plots” of interaction, and, secondly, the speech genre with typical linguistic structures.

Scenario technology makes it possible to trace the stages of conflict development: its origin, maturation, peak, decline and resolution. The analysis of the conflicting speech genre shows which language means the conflicting parties have chosen, depending on their intention. The script fixes a standard set of methods of action, as well as their sequence in the development of a communicative event; the speech genre is built according to well-known thematic, compositional and stylistic canons enshrined in lingvoculture. This ensures the predictability of speech behavior in various communication situations. Dynamic structuring of the conflict on the basis of the named terms has explanatory power for recognizing potentially conflict situations, risk situations and actual conflict situations, as well as for predicting and modeling both the situation itself and their behavior in it by the communicants.

4. A native speaker is a linguistic person who has
a repertoire of means and ways to achieve com
communicative goals, the application of which is not fully
limited to script and genre stereotypes and
predictability. In this regard, the development of communicative
but conditioned scenarios are diverse: from harmonious

go, cooperative to disharmonious, conflict. The choice of this or that scenario depends, firstly, on the type of linguistic personality and communicative experience of the participants in the conflict, their communicative competence, psychological attitudes, cultural and speech preferences, and secondly, on the traditions of communication and norms of speech behavior established in Russian linguistic culture. ...

The outcome (result) of a communicative situation - the postcommunicative phase - is characterized by the consequences arising from all previous stages of the development of the communicative act, and depends on the nature of the contradictions identified in the precommunicative stage between the participants in the communicative act, and the degree of "harmfulness" of the conflict means used in the communicative stage.

Among linguistic means, the conflict communicative act (CCA) is especially clearly marked by lexical-semantic and grammatical units. They most vividly reflect the national characteristics of the conflict. They form the content and structure of the CCA and are expressive markers of speech conflict.

A special group is formed by the pragmatic markers of the CCA, which are "calculated" based on the comparison of linguistic and speech structures and the communicative context and are determined by the psychological and emotional effect that occurs among the participants in the communicative act. They are associated with various kinds of inconsistencies, misunderstanding and violation of any rules or intuitively felt patterns of speech communication. These include the discrepancy between the speech act and the speech reaction, negative speech and emotional reactions, which create the effect of deceived expectations in the communicative act.

The verbal behavior of the participants in the conflict is based on speech strategies of cooperation or confrontation, the choice of which determines the outcome (result) of conflict communication.

The strategic intention of the participant in the conflict interaction determines the choice of tactical techniques for its implementation - speech tactics. Between the speech countries

there is a strict correlation between tags and speech tactics. To implement cooperative strategies, cooperation tactics are accordingly used: offers, consent, concessions, approval, praise, compliments, etc. Confrontation strategies are associated with confrontational tactics: threats, intimidation, reproach, accusations, mockery, taunts, insults, provocations, etc.

10. There are two-valued tactics, which can be both cooperative and conflicting, depending on which strategy, cooperative or confrontational, this tactic is used. Double-digit tactics include tactics of lying, irony, flattery, bribery, remarks, requests, changing topics, etc.

I. Depending on the type of conflict situation and the stage of the conflict, various models of harmonizing speech behavior are used: a conflict prevention model (potentially a conflict situation), a conflict neutralization model (a conflict risk situation) and a conflict harmonization model (a conflict situation itself). These models have varying degrees of cliché due to the multiplicity of parameters and components of the CCA, reflecting the objective complexity of planning speech behavior in it.

The practical significance of the studyassociated with the possibility of using speech material andthe results of its description in teaching courses on the culture of speech, rhetoric, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, as well as special courses on communication theory and functional linguistics. The patterns of dialogical communication described in the work can serve as a theoretical basis for the formation of communicative competence and speech culture of a linguistic personality, they are also essential for teaching Russian spoken dialogue to foreigners. The developed models of harmonizing speech behavior in conflict situations of various types can be used in the practice of speech behavior, as well as in the methodology of teaching conflict-free communication.

Approbation of research results.The results of the study were presented at international, all-Russian

kikh, zonal scientific conferences in Yekaterinburg (1996-2003), Smolensk (2000), Kurgan (2000), Moscow (2002), Abakan (2002), etc. The main provisions of the work were discussed at the Department of Russian, Language of the Ural State Pedagogical University (Ural State Pedagogical University ), at scientific seminars and meetings of the Department of Linguistics and Methods of Teaching the Russian Language of the Ural State Pedagogical University.

Thesis structure.The text of the dissertation research consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources of research materials and a bibliography.

The main content of the work.

The Introduction substantiates the relevance and novelty of the research, defines the subject, the goal and the tasks and methods of research corresponding to this goal, presents the main provisions for defense, notes the theoretical significance and novelty of the work, characterizes the main results of the research.

In Chapter 1, the object of research - the conflictual communicative act in its speech embodiment - is placed in a broad socio-cultural and psychological context and is considered in the cognitive, pragmatic and linguistic-cultural aspects.

Chapter 2 presents technologies, tools and principles of linguistic analysis of speech conflict. Various approaches to the study of the problem of conflict speech interaction are discussed, the main of which is the strategic approach as a special type of description of discursive activity.

Chapter 3 proposes the essential features of a speech conflict, defines the linguistic and pragmatic markers of the CCA that are fixed in conversational dialogues. The most indicative speech genres are analyzed from the standpoint of the severity of the conflict. The analysis is carried out in accordance with the methodology proposed in Chapter 2.

In Chapter 4, in an orientation towards the speech ideal of harmony, models of harmonizing speech behavior in potentially and really conflict situations are built. This takes into account the types of communicants' personalities, which are identified and given in the typology of individuals according to their ability to cooperate in communication.

The Conclusion summarizes the main findings of the study.

Conflict as an interdisciplinary problem

The problem of conflict as a life phenomenon stands on the axis of intersection of interests of scientists from different scientific fields. It is studied by lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, linguists, and teachers. New scientific areas of conflict research are emerging. So, before our eyes, legal linguistics was born, the object of study of which is the theoretical and practical problems of the interaction of language and law, linguistics and jurisprudence in the aspect of regulating various kinds of social conflicts associated with the use of language in different spheres of social life [Yurisling-vistika-I 1999 ; Jurislinguistics-II 2000; Jurislingvis-tika-III 2002]. Legal conflictology is developing successfully [Dmitriev, Kudryavtsev V., Kudryavtsev S. 1993], pedagogical conflictology [Belkin, Zhavoronkov, Zimina 1995; Zhuravlev 1995; Lukashonok, Shchurkova 1998];

Conflicts are a real phenomenon in our life, and each person faces them constantly. That is why the study of conflicts is becoming more and more active. You shouldn't exaggerate their importance in our life, but you shouldn't ignore them either. To develop the correct line of behavior in various conflicts, you need to determine what a conflict is, how it originates, what conflicts are, what are the ways out of difficult situations, as well as ways of resolving and resolving the conflict.

The study of conflicts is multifaceted.

On the one hand, general theoretical problems of describing the conflict are being developed, on the other hand, practical methods of analyzing, preventing and resolving conflicts of various kinds are proposed.

Speech conflictology is still in its infancy. It should incorporate the achievements of many sciences and create a holistic picture of the communicative behavior of the people. The complexity and versatility of the research object presupposes the creation of a new integral science at the intersection of sociology and cultural studies, psychology and psycholinguistics, communication theory and the theory of speech culture, linguodi-dactics and linguistics itself.

There are many definitions of the concept of "conflict". Most often, it is interpreted through more general concepts - collision (Latin conflictus - collision), contradiction, confrontation. Thus, the first mandatory component of the content of this concept can be distinguished: a conflict is a state (situation) of confrontation (collision). But these states or situations by themselves cannot exist, they arise when there are participants in the situation, carriers of contradiction. They can be various subjects - specific people, as well as groups of people, large or small. This means that the opposing sides (participants in the conflict, its subjects) are an obligatory component of the conflict, this is the “core of the conflict” [Dmitriev, V. Kudryavtsev, S. Kudryavtsev 1993: 27].

In a conflict, two parties necessarily act, showing incompatible interests, goals or views, and one of the parties has a desire to change the behavior of the other party in one way or another, but with the benefit of itself, as a result of which the first subject begins to act against the other, to his detriment. This is how the conflict begins. The second party takes retaliatory actions, realizing the deliberate actions against their interests. The conflict is developing. It is important to note that a conflict arises only if there is a communicative contact and on its basis, that is, the participant in the conflict must express his attitude (position) to the subject of disagreement or to his opponent physically (posture, action) or verbally. NG Komlev notes two cases when there is no conflict in the presence of contradictions: first, with perfectly coordinated interaction based on the complete mutual correspondence of the strategic and tactical interests of the communicating individuals and groups; secondly, in the absence of any contact between them [Komlev 1978: 90]. There is no conflict even in the case when only one participant acts. So, the speaker notices that the colleague is not listening to him. There are objective signs of a conflict situation: mismatch of goals and interests. But this is not a conflict. The speaker decides to tell a colleague later about his unethical behavior, disrespect to himself, but changes his mind. And this is not a conflict. Mental action, not expressed physically or verbally, is not an element of the conflict that has begun. A conflict can take place when both of its participants are aware of the existence of a contradiction and not only realize, but also begin to actively oppose each other.

Consequently, a conflict is a state of confrontation between two parties (participants in the conflict) in the field of goals, interests, views, as a result of which each of the parties consciously and actively acts to the detriment of the opposite, physically or verbally.

Speech conflict in the light of the theory of speech activity

In linguistics in recent decades, there have been significant changes in the definition of the object of research: their essence lies in the transition from the linguistics of language to the linguistics of communication. The most important object of research is discourse - “a coherent text in combination with extralinguistic - pragmatic, sociocultural, psychological and other factors” [LES, 1990: 136] 1. In contrast to the text, understood primarily as an abstract, formal construct [Arutyunova 1990; Serio 2001], discourse is viewed as a unit that addresses the mental processes of participants in communication and is associated with extralinguistic factors of communication [Dyck van 1989].

But the study of a speech conflict does not exclude an appeal to the linguistic side of discourse itself - linguistic units and their speech semantics, as well as to a special linguistic discipline - the culture of speech, which is a scientific field that has the subject of research linguistic means that allow in a certain communication situation to provide the greatest effect in achievement of communication tasks.

We can talk about two aspects of speech culture: normative and communicative (L. I. Skvortsov, L. K. Graudin, S. I. Vinogradov, E. N. Shiryaev, B. S. Schwarzkopf). The normative aspect is the elementary level of speech culture, associated with adherence to the norms of the literary language in the process of communication, the norm is the basis of speech culture. However, the volatility of the norm, its dynamism, variability, professional and territorial locality, and often ignorance of its foundations cause various deviations, errors leading to misunderstanding, various kinds of misunderstandings that reduce the effectiveness of communication, and even to speech conflicts. So, in a dialogue, ignorance of the orthoepic norm by one of the interlocutors negatively characterizes his speech appearance and causes a negative reaction from the other, which indicates a communicative failure in communication: How much plow? - Chill! The collective farm came to check, but you don't know how to say. What did you finish, District Commissioner? (V. Lipatov).

The subject of speech culture in the communicative aspect is successful communication. The main qualifying categories of the communicative (pragmatic) aspect are the following: effective / ineffective communication, successful / unsuccessful discourse, a communicative norm, which is assessed in a given culture within the framework of positions appropriate / inappropriate, ethical / unethical, polite / impolite, etc. Conflict in communication can occur as a result of a violation of a cultural standard, conditions that deform discourse, make communication difficult or impossible. Conflict factors of a pragmatic nature are manifold. Such factors can also include “the difference between the thesauri of the speaker and the listener, the difference in the associative-verbal network of the speaker and the listener, a variety of means of reference” [Ilyenko 1996: 9], one of the interlocutors ignoring the pragmatic component in the semantics of a word, violation of stereotypical connections between categories of meanings, the presence of stereotypes of speech behavior and thinking [Ermakova, Zemskaya 1993: 55-60], as well as imperfection in the possession of linguistic signs by both participants in the communicative act, different levels of sensory assessments of linguistic signs by each of the communication participants, and some others. All these factors can also be called linguopragmatic, since the understanding of the meaning of the judgment expressed by S and the perceived S2 is impeded by both the nature of the linguistic structure used in communication and the communication participants themselves who made its choice.

Language markers of disharmony and conflict vKA

The linguistic means used by speakers to carry out their communicative intentions are superficial, visible structures of the text. They are observable, they can signal the goals and intentions of the communicants, their analysis can provide information about the attitudes, strategic intentions and tactical tasks of the speaker.

The task of this section is to answer the question of which language units are conflictgenic, that is, they can become an incentive mechanism for generating a speech conflict or communicative failure.

Of course, within the framework of the paragraph, it is impossible to make a theoretical overview on this issue and consider the features of linguistic signs at all levels. Let us dwell on the basic units of language as a sign system: lexical, semantic and grammatical signals of a speech conflict.

Language as a complex system of signs is characterized by a number of properties that provoke an ambiguous interpretation of the meanings conveyed by these signs. These properties "live" within the language and are of a potential nature, since they require special conditions for their detection, the mechanisms that trigger them. These conditions are verbal: only in relation to the act of speech, the “virtual linguistic sign” [Ufimtseva 1990: 167] actualizes its meaning and, therefore, reveals its contradictory properties, which are of a conflict-generating nature.

The study of the properties of language, which predetermine the emergence of various kinds of misunderstandings and misunderstandings in communication, invariably leads to the need to describe, on the one hand, the substantial nature of linguistic units different levelsand, on the other hand, their functional characteristics in order to identify the nature of the impact of the actualized properties of the selected linguistic units on the participants in the communicative act and the speech situation as a whole.

Such a two-dimensional approach is due to the property of language as a system of signs, which consists in two-fold designation of its units: among the means of a particular system, a series - primary designation, and in combination with other signs in a linear row - secondary designation. The unit of primary meaning is the word as an undivided linguistic sign, that is, its individual meanings are not actualized in the utterance, in connection with which the addressee actualizes those meanings of the word that represent the zone of its “nearest meaning” [Potebnya 1958: 29] and which are significant for the speaker at the moment. The highlighted zone of meaning does not necessarily coincide with the zone of meaning of the interlocutor. Here a risk situation arises [Shmeleva 1988: 178], which can provoke a communication failure, a conflict or, with the communicative cooperation of the interlocutors, will be harmonized and will not end in conflict. The unit of secondary meaning is a sentence or utterance when a word is divided into its constituent meanings or the meaning that is necessary is actualized in it. The use of secondary signifying units usually does not entail misunderstanding or contradiction between the subjects of speech (if not supported by non-linguistic factors).

V.S. Tretyakov SPEECH CONFLICT AND ASPECTS OF ITS STUDY

The concept of "conflict" is included in the scientific paradigm of philosophy, sociology, psychology, jurisprudence, pedagogy. Linguistic research of this concept requires syncretism of sciences, which is the main trend in communicative linguistics and communication theory. This trend prompts the development of global concepts that can provide a holistic interpretation of a huge variety of means of achieving a communicative goal. The description of Russian discourse in one of the most important manifestations of interpersonal communication - speech conflict against the background of harmonious interaction - allows one to understand the nature and mechanisms of the functioning of this phenomenon, to reveal its deep cause-and-effect relations, to argue the functional features of the conflict statement, due to the unity of linguistic, psychological (personal) and social.

In linguistics, the concept of "conflict" correlates with the concepts of "speech conflict" and "conflict communicative act" and is considered from the perspective of the participants - the sender of speech (addressee) and recipient (addressee), as well as the contradictions that exist between them. A speech conflict is a state of confrontation between two parties (participants in the conflict), during which each of the parties consciously and actively acts to the detriment of the opposite side, explicating their actions by verbal and pragmatic means. The material expression of the conflicting relations of the subjects of speech in the act of communication in the form of specific linguistic and speech structures is a reflection of a certain pre-communicative state of the parties. Thus, a speech conflict is considered as a communicative event that proceeds in time, which has its development. In it, certain stages can be distinguished: maturation, maturation, peak, decline and resolution. Explication of the contradictions existing between the two sides occurs most often at the verbal and speech-activity levels, therefore, it becomes relevant to study the speech behavior of participants in this type of interaction from the point of view of the means and ways of expressing existing contradictions in the communicative phase of the development of the conflict. The result of conflict interaction can be

different, so that an important stage is the study of the consequences (outcome) of conflict interaction, namely the postcommunicative state of its participants.

In the maturing stage of a conflict (pre-communication phase), the subjects of the interaction realize their needs, interests, positions that influence the formation of communication goals and determine the intentions and choice of strategic and tactical means and methods of interaction. Both subjects begin to feel the conflict situation and are ready to take speech actions against each other. The maturation of the conflict can continue in the communicative phase, when the actions of the subjects are aimed at "reconnaissance" of the situation: identifying the position of the enemy, the possibilities of resolving contradictions, etc. The main stages of conflict - maturation, peak and decline - occur in the communicative phase. The ripening of a conflict is characterized by the fact that at this stage contradictions are clearly identified, their awareness occurs, and both sides begin to act in their own interests to the detriment of the other side. The peak of the conflict is determined by the use of the most conflicting language and speech means: from direct insult to the most sophisticated ways of humiliating the honor and dignity of the interlocutor. The decline of the conflict is characterized by the speech actions of the subjects associated with various kinds of concessions to each other, partial or complete agreement with the opposite side, a change in the topic (script) of the conversation, etc. The resolution of the conflict begins in the communicative phase, when the conflicting parties come to some kind of solution and end the contact, and continues in the postcommunicative phase in the form of negative or inadequate emotional reactions, negative psychological state, delayed reaction, fixation of any violations of communication conditions, etc. P.

A speech conflict in development fully corresponds to the concept of a communicative act (CA) as a bi-directional process of exchange of speech acts performed by communicants on the principle of illocutionary compulsion (J. Austin, J. Searle, P.F. Strawson, R.O. Jacobson, etc.). The conceptual apparatus includes the term "conflict communicative act" (CCA), the study of which is based on its pragmatic nature within the framework of social-role and interpersonal relations (V.V.Bogdanov, D.G. Bogushevich, V.V. Zelenskaya, N. A. Zmievskaya, L. P. Krysin, G. G. Pocheptsov, I. P. Susov, S. A. Sukhikh, V. I. Troyanov and others) and taking into account

wide socio-cultural and psychological context. Such a representation of a speech conflict allows one to cast a large glance at the vast sphere of speech activity and rise above the diversity of private facts. A holistic presentation of a speech conflict is possible in a sequential consideration of this phenomenon in different aspects: in cognitive, pragmatic, linguistic and cultural - and in further generalization of the results obtained.

The cognitive aspect in the study of speech behavior consists in identifying the relationship of thought processes and linguistic phenomena occurring in the mind of a person, a participant in communication, which are inseparable from thinking (A.N.Baranov, V.I. Gerasimov, V.Z. Demyankov, D.O. Dobrovolsky, E. S. Kubryakova, V. V. Krasnykh, L. G. Luzina, Yu. G. Pankrats, PB Parshin, V. V. Petrov, A. Chenki and others). A real explanation of speech processes can be obtained only through the explication of the connections of the language expression with the structures of knowledge and the procedures for their processing. Explication of these connections allows us to understand the communicative act and speech behavior of the individual, to reveal the structures of knowledge hidden in the CA. The unit of the knowledge processing procedure in cognitive linguistics is a frame (a typical situation) and a scenario (one of the options for the development of a typical situation).

The "conflict" frame represents a special stereotypical situation and includes obligatory slots reflecting the components of the object-situation (the upper level of the "conflict" frame): participants in a conflict situation, whose interests are in conflict; collision (goals, views, positions, points of view), revealing their contradiction or inconsistency; speech actions of one of the participants in a conflict situation aimed at changing the behavior or state of the interlocutor; resistance to the speech actions of another participant through their own speech actions; damage that is caused by the speech actions of one participant and which is experienced by the other as a result of the said speech actions. Additional components of the "conflict" frame (lower level) can be represented by the following slots: time length, reflecting violations of the normal time sequence; spatial extent associated with a violation of the spatial representation of a speech situation and introducing deception into the communicative expectations of one of the participants in the situation

communication; a third party who may not be a direct participant in the conflict, but be its culprit, instigator or "arbitrator" and significantly influence the outcome of the communicative situation (optional component).

The development of interaction within the framework of a stereotypical situation - a frame - can be represented in the form of various scenarios with prescribed "main plots", using pragmatic script structures, with the introduction of certain linguistic units into the speech circulation [Minsky, 1978: 295].

The presentation of communicatively conditioned scenarios in speech most adequately reflects the speech genre (RG), which gives a compositional form to a typical utterance and consolidates the content and patterns of speech behavior with the corresponding speech structures.

Almost any RL, depending on speech conditions, can develop according to two opposite scenarios: cooperative and confrontational. These conditions include the pragmatic goals of the communicants and their intentions. Depending on them, the speaker takes a variety of communicative steps, as relevant fragments of the RJ, which form the tone of communication necessary for him. So, RJ remarks do not apply to conflicting RJ. If the subject of speech, making a remark, cares about the emotional and psychological state of the addressee, then he uses such communicative steps as etiquette formulas, address, joke, compliment, etc., follows the rules of communication. Thus, the communicative scenario of the remark is positive.

Scenario 1. I encourage you to change your behavior or emotional state in order to mitigate or eliminate the likely negative consequences of your actions, while expressing my positive attitude towards you, because I want to help you (and others).

If the speaker does not intend to take care of the recipient's state, he ignores such communicative steps, violates the rules of speech behavior and creates conditions for speech conflict.

Scenario 2. I encourage you to change your behavior or emotional state in order to weaken or eliminate the likely undesirable consequences of your actions, and at the same time express a negative attitude towards you because I am dissatisfied with you (because you are bad).

The scripts are based on the speaker's different pragmatic goals, which are expressed in the last part of each script. They, as a rule, are not explicated in the RJ remarks, but it is they that determine the speaker's choice of one scenario or another, its qualitative content and direct communication into harmony or conflict.

The frame, script and speech genre consolidate a stereotyped set of mandatory components, methods of action and their sequence, which makes it possible to identify the typical structure of communicative expectations of participants in a speech event.

The pragmatic aspect of the study of verbal communication is realized in the interpretation of the text in relation to the person who created it, and the person who perceived it - text - 82), in identifying the prerequisites for its generation and understanding (ND Arutyunova, TV Bulygina, Yu. S. Stepanov, I.P.Susov and others).

The text as a speech work presupposes the presence of simultaneously two levels of perception: from the side of the speaker - the one who generates the text, and from the side of the listener. The speaker, creating a text, exercises control over what and how he says (it should be noted that this control does not guarantee him from the unsuccessful use of language and speech means). The listener also interprets the utterance of the speaker, and his interpretation may not coincide with the content laid down in the given text by the speaker. This is how factors of conflict risk arise, due to the contradictions between the generation of the text and its perception. In this case, the subject of analysis is the meanings that are determined not only by what is said, explicated by linguistic structures, but also by what was meant, namely the hidden meanings that arise intentionally or accidentally in the text. Revealed hidden meanings - implicatures [Grice, 1985: 220] allow us to explain how the “speaker's meaning” can include something more than the literal meaning of a sentence, how it can deviate from the literal meaning or even be opposite to it [Bulygina, 1981, p.339]. Subjective meaning (pragmatic meaning) depends on both the speaker and the addressee. The task of the addressee is to realize the intent of the interlocutor, decipher, "calculate" it (the implicatures of communication, according to P. Grice, have the property of "computability"). The nature of the verbal and / or behavioral response of the addressee depends on the degree of accuracy of the calculated pragmatic meaning and

the quality of the act of communication is in the zone of harmonious or disharmonious communication. Implications affect the success / failure of communication, since, requiring the addressee to maximize concentration of attention, intense mental activity, they can create an emotiogenic risk situation and make it possible to develop communication in the conflict zone.

The linguoculturological aspect of speech behavior (RP) is determined by considering the dyad "person - language" in relation to culture, which is based on language, namely, such unique forms of its existence preserved by society as norms on the basis of which activities in society are organized and experience is accumulated transmitted from generation to generation [Volkov, 2001, p. 12], as well as the language code itself.

The subjects of speech are representatives of a specific linguocultural community, national culture, and this fact determines the specificity of their RP. The ethnolinguocultural factor acts as a regulator of the RP of speakers through rituals and traditions, norms and rules, ethnic stereotypes, as well as national patterns, linguistic, speech and non-verbal mechanisms of speech activity of communicants and the specifics of constructing a discourse.

Culture, including speech, is based on the national mentality, which means the image and way of thinking of the linguistic community, the attitude and world perception of the people, reflected in the language.

The communicative norm deserves a separate consideration in the aspect of cultural linguistics. The communicative-activity approach to the norm is a logical continuation of the theory of Prague linguists, who consider the problem of the norm in connection with linguistic culture (V. Barnet, B. Havranek, K. Goralek, A. Edlichka, L. Elmslev, V.A. Itskovich, E. Koseriu, V. Matesius, D. Nerius, W. Härtung and others).

Recognition of communicative normativity is based on the fact of public approval, as well as on the basis of the mass and regular reproducibility of this phenomenon in the process of communication. The repetition of a norm in a given situation makes it socially significant, although it is based on individual models of speech activity of speakers. The communicative norm prescribes what a person should do, and what he should say in the framework of

existing frames, scenarios, models of speech behavior. The function of the norm is to exclude the influence of random, purely subjective motives and circumstances, to ensure reliability and predictability, a certain standard and generally understandable behavior.

Evaluation of text-scripts of speech behavior is carried out within the limits: positive scenarios, built in accordance with the communicative norm, and negative, demonstrating a violation of the norm. These assessments, marking only the limiting boundaries of speech communication according to its result, indicate the scope of variation of speech realizations. Scenarios located between these two poles can be used with known restrictions, taking into account the functional area and / or situational characteristics of communication.

The language code is also of interest from the point of view of the belonging of the subjects of communication to a particular linguoculture. The interaction of representatives of one linguocultural community (subcommunity) is obviously more successful, since their language code coincides to a greater extent than the code of representatives of different linguocultures. In intercultural interaction, the code chosen by the communicants for the implementation of joint speech activity partially coincides. Going beyond the common code is a conflict-provocative moment in a communication situation.

For successful communication, communicants need the ability to establish relationships in the field of the language code, to involve the metalanguage. “If a speaker or listener needs to check whether they are using the same code, then the code itself becomes the subject of speech: speech performs a metalinguistic function (ie, the function of interpretation)” [Yakobson, 1975, p. 202]. Caring for the speakers to understand the utterance avoids communicative failure. It is the presence of a certain community of signs that determines the possibility of communication, the adequacy and, consequently, the success of communication. The ability for metalinguistic operations in speech ensures the adaptation of speakers in a situation of increased conflict danger. It is especially important when a child assimilates a native language, or when mastering a foreign language, or when confronted in communication with an unfamiliar word. “What do you mean?”, “I don’t quite understand you,” “What does this word mean?” The listener asks. And the speaker, assuming that such

questions may arise, asks: "Do you understand this word?", "Do you understand what I mean?" etc. All these means, used in statements to establish their identity, carry information about the lexical code of the language that is chosen by the subjects for interaction.

The lexico-semantic and grammatical systems that make up the foundations of the lexicon and grammar of a linguistic personality are especially sensitive to the cultural component. They most vividly and vividly reflect the national characteristics of the perception of a “piece of reality” [Safarov, 1990, p. 109]

The success of interaction is determined not only by the general language, but also by the general speech code, which is part of the moral and ethical norms of behavior and regulates the behavior of speakers of a given language. Their content includes both ethno-specific and general rules of communication.

The general rules of communication include those that do not depend on the individual psychological qualities of the subject of speech, as well as on his ethnocultural affiliation. General rules of communicative behavior are based on the principles of politeness and cooperative communication (P. Grice, E.A. Zemskaya, Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky, I.P. Tarasova, D. Gordon, J. Lakoff, R. Lakoff, G. Leech , D. Tannen et al.). These rules are supplemented by culturally specific ones, which are based on the traditions and norms of a particular linguistic culture. In terms of harmonizing communication, it is important to know the presuppositional factors of verbal communication, the presence of which in partners allows you to avoid various kinds of communicative lacunae and, consequently, collisions of the subjects of speech about uncoordinated and sometimes contradictory communicative actions.

Communicative norms and rules are a factor influencing the success of communication and at the same time creating conditions for speech conflict. Deviations from them reduce the quality of communication, make it difficult or impossible. Following them harmonizes communication, allows you to effectively build speech behavior in specific linguocultural situations.

The multidimensionality and complexity in the study of both the process of speech activity itself and its result is determined by a complex and multifaceted object of research - a speech conflict, which cumulates in itself the psychological, socio-cultural, ethical states of the “speaking person”.

LITERATURE

Bulygina T.V. On the boundaries and content of pragmatics // Izv. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1981. T. 40. No. 4 (Ser. Literature and language).

A.A. Volkov Russian rhetoric course. M., 2001.

Grice P. Logic and speech communication // New in foreign linguistics. M., 1985. Issue. sixteen.

Minsky M. Structure for the representation of knowledge // Psychology of machine vision. M., 1978.

Safarov Sh. Ethnocultural concepts of discursive activity // Language, discourse and personality. Tver, 1990.

Jacobson R.O. Linguistics and Poetics // Structuralism "for" and "against". M., 1975.

Bibliographic list

Muravyova N.V. The language of conflict. - M., 2002.

V.S. Tretyakov

It is impossible to describe harmonious communication without identifying such qualities and properties that bring disharmony into the speech actions of the communicants, destroy understanding, and cause negative emotional and psychological states of communication partners. In this case, the attention of researchers includes such phenomena as communication failure (E.V. Paducheva), communication failure (T.V. Shmeleva), communication failure (B.Yu. Gorodetsky, I.M. Kobozeva, I.G. Saburova, EA Zemskaya, OP Ermakova), communicative interference (TA Ladyzhenskaya), language conflict (SG Ilyenko), speech conflict, etc. These phenomena mark the negative field of communicative interaction. To denote various kinds of failures and misunderstandings in the course of verbal communication, the term is most often used in special studies "Communication failure", which means complete or partial misunderstanding of the statement by the communication partner, i.e. non-implementation or incomplete implementation of the speaker's communicative intention [Gorodetsky, Kobozeva, Saburova, 1985, p. 64-66]. To communication failure, according to the concept of E.A. Zemskoy and O.P. Ermakova, also refers to “the unwanted emotional effect arising in the process of communication not provided by the speaker: resentment, irritation, amazement” [Ermakova, Zemskaya, 1993, p. 31], in which, according to the authors, the mutual misunderstanding of communication partners is expressed.

Not every communication failure grows into communication conflict. Communicative failures, failures, misunderstandings can be neutralized in the process of communication with the help of additional speech steps: repeated questions, clarifications, explanations, leading questions, reformulation, as a result of which the communicative intention of the speaker can be realized. A conflict implies a clash of parties, a state of confrontation between partners in the process of communication about diverging interests, opinions, communicative intentions that are revealed in a communication situation. A speech conflict occurs when one of the parties, to the detriment of the other, consciously and actively performs speech actions, which can be expressed by the corresponding - negative - means of language and speech. Such speech actions of the speaker - the subject of speech, the addressee - determine the speech behavior of the other party - the addressee: he, realizing that these speech actions are directed against his interests, takes response speech actions against his interlocutor, expressing his attitude to the subject of speech or the interlocutor. This counter-directional interaction is speech conflict .

Conflict as a reality of life is the object of research in many sciences. For a linguist, the most important task is to establish the negative denotative space of speech communication and the factors that determine the origin, development and resolution of a speech conflict. The solution to such a problem is possible when identifying the means and methods used by communicants to ensure or destroy harmonious communication.

The relevance of the problem proposed for discussion is determined by the need to develop theoretical foundations and practical methods for studying these types of communicative behavior. The focus of linguists' attention is on the “speaking person” who is immersed in a wide socio-cultural context and whose speech activity cumulates certain states of this context.

The change in the paradigm of linguistics naturally leads linguistic research to a wide-context study of the general patterns of the functioning of dialogic texts, genres of everyday speech communication, referring to the text as the embodiment of the intentions of the addressee and addressee, to identify the factors that determine the conflict or harmonious type of speech interaction. In turn, this allows us to identify the preferences of communicants in interpersonal communication, the motives for choosing the means and methods of achieving the intentions of speakers, the norms of behavior adopted in this society, ways to achieve the aesthetic effect of interaction and, in this regard, to determine the reasons for the occurrence of communication failures and speech conflicts, as well as to determine the ways of harmonization of potentially and really conflicting communication.

As mentioned earlier, a speech conflict is a state of confrontation between the parties to the conflict, as a result of which each of the parties consciously and actively acts to the detriment of the opposite side, explicating their actions by verbal and pragmatic means. Since the explication of the contradictions existing between the two sides occurs most often at the verbal and speech-activity levels, the study of the speech behavior of the participants of this type of interaction from the point of view of the means and ways of expressing these contradictions becomes relevant. However, the material expression of the conflicting relations of the subjects of speech in the act of communication in the form of specific linguistic and speech structures is a reflection of their certain pre-communicative state (interests, positions, views, values, attitudes, goals, etc.). At the same time, it is assumed that a speech conflict is assigned to typical scenarios of speech communication, the existence of which is due to social experience and the rules of speech behavior established in a given linguocultural community.

In the minds of a native speaker, a speech conflict exists as a kind of typical structure - a frame. Conflict frame represents a special stereotypical situation and includes mandatory components of the reflecting object (the upper level of the "conflict" frame): participants in a conflict situation, whose interests are in conflict; collision (goals, views, positions, points of view), revealing their contradiction or inconsistency - speech actions of one of the participants in a conflict situation, aimed at changing the behavior or state of the interlocutor and resistance to the speech actions of another participant through their own speech actions; damage (consequences) that is caused by the participant's speech actions and which the other experiences as a result of the said speech actions. The optional components of the "conflict" frame (lower level) can be represented by the following slots: time duration, reflecting violations of the time sequence characteristic of the standard description of the situation; spatial extent associated with a violation of the spatial representation of the speech situation and introducing deception into the communicative expectations of one of the participants in the communication situation; a third person who may not be a direct participant in the conflict, but be its culprit, accomplice, instigator or "arbiter" and significantly influence the outcome of the communicative situation. The "conflict" frame reinforces the standard methods of action, regulating the verbal behavior of its participants through the structure of knowledge about this frame.

A conflict as a communicative event passing in time can be presented in dynamics. The units for such a representation are, firstly, scenarioreflecting the development within the stereotypical situation of the "main plots" of interaction, and, secondly, speech genre with prescribed linguistic structures. Scenario technology makes it possible to trace the stages of conflict development: its origin, maturation, peak, decline and resolution. The analysis of the conflict speech genre shows which linguistic means the conflicting parties have chosen, depending on their intentions, intentions, intentions and goals. The script fixes a standard set of methods of action and their sequence in the development of a communicative event, and the speech genre is built according to well-known thematic, compositional and stylistic canons enshrined in linguistic culture. Knowledge of scenarios of the conflict type of interaction and the corresponding speech genres provides predictability of speech behavior in communication situations and has explanatory power for recognizing the conflict, as well as predicting and modeling both the situation itself and their behavior in it by the communicants. Since the frame, script and speech genre reinforce a stereotypical set of mandatory components, methods of action and their sequence, this makes it possible to identify the structure of the communicative expectations of participants in a speech event, to avoid surprises, unpredictability in communication, and this, in turn, excludes the possibility of conflict development of interaction ...

However, despite the stereotype and predictability of the development of a communicative event, set by the script within a particular speech genre, the speaker's specific speech actions are not of the same type. A native speaker - a linguistic personality - has its own repertoire of means and methods of achieving communicative goals, the use of which is limited by the framework of a given genre, but the speaker still has freedom of choice. In this regard, the development of communicatively conditioned scenarios (even within a given genre) is diverse: from harmonious, cooperative to disharmonious, conflict. The choice of one scenario or another depends on the personality type of the parties to the conflict, their communicative experience, communicative competence, communicative attitudes, and communicative preferences.

The exchange of speech actions of participants in communication has its own name in communicative linguistics - the communicative act. It has its own structure and content. IN conflict communication act (CCA) the structure and content of speech actions is determined by a number of inconsistencies and contradictions that exist between the participants. In the precommunicative phase of the CCA - the ripening of the conflict - its participants realize the existing contradictions between their interests (views, motives, attitudes, goals, the code of relationships, knowledge), both subjects begin to feel the conflict situation and are ready to take verbal actions against each other. In the communicative phase - the maturation, peak and decline of the conflict - all the pre-communicative states of the subjects are realized: both parties begin to act in their own interests to the detriment of the other side by using conflicting linguistic (lexical, grammatical) and speech (confrontational speech tactics, corresponding non-verbal) means. The postcommunicative phase - conflict resolution - is characterized by the consequences arising from the previous stages: unwanted or unexpected speech reactions or emotional states of the conflicting parties, the quality of which is characterized by the degree of “harmfulness” of the conflict means used by the participants of the CCA.

The verbal behavior of the parties to the conflict is based on speech strategies. The typology of strategies can be built on different foundations. We propose a typology based on the type of dialogical interaction based on the result (outcome, consequences) of the communicative act - harmony or conflict. If the interlocutors carried out their communicative intentions and at the same time kept the "balance of relations", it means that the communication was based on cooperation strategies... The interaction of communication partners in this case is a growing confirmation of mutual role expectations, the rapid formation of a general picture of the situation in them and the emergence of an empathic connection with each other. On the contrary, if the communicative goal is not achieved, and communication does not contribute to the manifestation of positive personal qualities of the subjects of speech, then the act of communication is regulated confrontation strategies... When implementing this type of interaction, there is a one-sided or mutual non-confirmation of role expectations, a divergence of partners in understanding or assessing the situation and the emergence of antipathy towards each other. The strategies of cooperation include strategies of politeness, sincerity and trust, intimacy, cooperation, compromise, etc. They contribute to the effective behavior of communication participants and the full organization of speech interaction. Confrontational strategies include invective strategy, aggression, violence, discrediting, submission, coercion, exposure, etc., the implementation of which, in turn, brings discomfort to the communication situation and creates speech conflicts.

The strategic intention of the participant in the conflict interaction determines the choice of tactical techniques for its implementation - speech tactics. There is a strict correlation between speech strategies and speech tactics. To implement cooperative strategies, respectively cooperation tactics: offers, consent, concessions, approval, praise, compliments, etc. Confrontation strategies are associated with confrontational tactics: threats, intimidation, reproach, accusations, mockery, taunts, insults, provocations, etc.

Exists double-digit tactics, which can be both cooperative and conflicting, depending on the strategy in which this tactic is used. These tactics include, for example, the tactics of lying. It performs a cooperative function in the implementation of the politeness strategy, the purpose of which is "not to harm" the partner, "to raise" the interlocutor. At the same time, this tactic can be a conflict tool when used within the framework of confrontation strategies, for example, a strategy of discrediting. Double-digit tactics also include the tactics of irony, flattery, bribery, etc.

Speech strategy is associated with planning speech behavior. The personal qualities of speech subjects play an important role in this process. Personality structures not isolated from a broader sociocultural context, they interact closely. Therefore, the communicative act is determined by the extent to which the participants in the interaction correlate it with the social characteristics of the situation as a whole. The study of the laws of human communication involves the inclusion of each specific statement, a fragment of the text in a wider context, in a more global system, which we call the national-cultural context. Speaking about the national and cultural context, we mean russian national-cultural space.

On the one hand, the national-cultural space, acting in the mind of a person as a form of existence of national culture, is a regulator that determines the perception of reality, of which human communication is a part. On the other hand, each person - a representative of a national-cultural community - has his own space, which he fills with entities that are significant to him. Among these entities there are those that are the property of almost all members of the national-cultural community, and there are specific ones that are significant only for a given individual. Thus, there is an individual national-cultural space and a universal one. What function do they perform in regulating communication? Every society develops its own system of social codes in a particular communication situation. This set of typical programs of speech behavior is regulated by norms, conventions and rules developed in Russian linguoculture. The community is interested in adhering to and maintaining standards and designs. However, socially approved behavior programs never cover the entire sphere of human behavior in society. And then we are talking about the individual characteristics of speech behavior, its diversity and variability. This area of \u200b\u200bverbal behavior usually becomes the subject of a linguist's study when he tries to answer the questions: "What significant patterns of verbal communication were violated?", "Are there any contradictions between the norms established by society and individual realizations of communication?" Thus, it is investigated individual behavior model, included in a wide social and national-cultural paradigm.

Models of speech behavior can exist at various levels of generalization. These are individual (personal) models. They can become significant for other people who find themselves in an unfamiliar communicative situation, since “they can be detached from the context of a specific situation and become more abstract, i.e. turn into socially significant scenarios of stereotypical knowledge ”[Dyck van, 1989, p. 276]. Each person participates in communicative events and the creation of texts, and therefore, various models of speech behavior, focusing on ideals, values, and norms of behavior that are significant for him and this society. Each of the models carries information for language users who assess and select these models. The task of society (represented by its individual representatives - subjects of communication, whose influence on the formation of exemplary models is significant) is to offer specific individuals such models that need to be included in the system of their speech activity, in their "database". These models could be enriched “through individual contributions” [Leontiev, 1979, p. 135] and subsequently serve as models for the practical implementation of speech behavior. These should be positive models reflecting the ways of civilized behavior in various situations, especially dangerous ones that threaten harmonious relations between the participants in communication. Knowledge of the options for speech behavior is manifested primarily in the awareness of alternative speech actions, it is necessary for the implementation of a practical choice of an adequate option and contributes to the development of skills for their effective use at each specific moment of communication. The lack of such knowledge will inevitably lead to the inappropriateness and inappropriateness of certain speech actions, to the inability to coordinate their practical speech actions with the actions of the partner, to adapt to the communication situation.

There are several types of dialogical interaction in conflict. One type of such interaction is mutual conflictwhen the communicant behaves aggressively, attacks the other, and he responds in kind. The second type of dialogical interaction is unidirectional conflictwhen one of the communicants, at whom the conflict actions are directed, is removed from the conflict influence without taking any retaliatory steps. The third type of dialogical interaction in the conflict is harmonizing... It is characterized by the fact that one of the CCA participants is unrestrained, aggressively active in opposition, while the other is benevolent and no less active in an effort to relieve tension, extinguish the conflict.

Depending on the type of conflict situation, various models of harmonizing speech behavior are used: a conflict prevention model, a conflict neutralization model and a conflict harmonization model. These models have varying degrees of cliché due to the multiplicity of parameters and components of the CCA, reflecting the objective complexity of planning speech behavior in it. To a greater extent, speech behavior in potentially conflict situations... This type of situations contains conflict-provoking factors that are not clearly detected: there are no violations of the cultural and communicative scenario, there are no markers signaling the emotiogenicity of the situation, and only implicatures known to the interlocutors indicate the presence or threat of tension. To own a situation without letting it go into a conflict zone means knowing these factors, knowing the ways and means of neutralizing them and being able to apply them. This model was identified on the basis of an analysis of the motivating speech genres of requests, remarks, questions, as well as evaluative situations that potentially threaten a communication partner. It can be represented in the form of cognitive and semantic clichés: the actual motivation (request, remark, etc.) + the reason for the motivation + the rationale for the importance of motivation + etiquette formulas. Semantic model: Please do (don't) it because….We named her conflict prevention model.

The second type of situations is conflict risk situations - characterized by the fact that there is a deviation from the general cultural scenario development of the situation. This deviation signals the danger of an impending conflict. Usually, risk situations arise if, in potentially conflict situations, the communication partner did not use conflict prevention models in communication. Therefore, in a situation of risk, at least one of the communicants must realize the danger of a possible conflict and find a way to adapt. The model of speech behavior in risk situations is called conflict neutralization model.This model includes a whole series of sequential mental and communicative actions and cannot be represented by a single formula, since risk situations require additional efforts compared to potentially conflict situations and more varied speech actions from the communicant seeking to harmonize communication. His behavior is a response to the actions of the conflicting party, and then , as he will react depends on the methods and means that the conflicting person uses. And since the actions of the conflictant can be difficult to predict and varied, then the behavior of the other party, harmonizing communication, is more varied and more creative. Nevertheless, the typification of speech behavior in situations of this type is possible at the level of identifying typical speech tactics that harmonize communication: the speaker knows the tactics, and makes their combinations himself. Such verbal behavior can be compared to a chess game, when a player, knowing how the chess pieces move, combines the game, making move after move depending on how the situation is developing on the chess field. The behavior of communicants in situations of this type requires them to possess a rich repertoire of constructive tactics and the ability to use them creatively. This is the highest level of communicative competence of the person speaking.

The third type of situations is actually conflicting, which explicate differences in positions, values, rules of behavior, etc., which form the potential for opposition. The conflict is determined by non-speech structures, in connection with which it is difficult to limit ourselves to recommendations only of the speech plan. It is necessary to take into account the communicative context of the situation. As the analysis of various conflict situations has shown, people, faced with the aspirations and goals of other people, which turned out to be incompatible with their own aspirations and goals, can use one of three models of behavior. The first model is "Play along to the partner", the purpose of which is not to aggravate relations with a partner, not to bring existing disagreements or contradictions to an open discussion, not to sort things out. Compliance and focus on oneself and on the interlocutor are the main qualities of the speaker, necessary for communication according to this model. The tactics of agreement, concession, approval, praise, promises, etc. are used. The second model is "Ignoring the problem", the essence of which lies in the fact that the speaker, dissatisfied with the progress of communication, "constructs" a situation more favorable for himself and his partner. The speech behavior of the communicant who has chosen this model is characterized by the use of tactics of silence (tacit permission for the partner to make their own decisions), avoiding the topic or changing the scenario. The use of this model is most appropriate in a situation of open conflict. The third model is one of the most constructive in the conflict - "Business interests first"... It presupposes the development of a mutually acceptable solution, provides for understanding and compromise. The strategies of compromise and cooperation - the main ones in the behavior of the communication participant using this model - are implemented using cooperative tactics of negotiations, concessions, advice, agreements, assumptions, beliefs, requests, etc.

Models of verbal behavior are abstracted from specific situations and personal experience and, due to "decontextualization", allow covering a wide range of similar communication situations with a number of primary parameters (it is impossible to take everything into account). Any model is a simpler construct compared to the reflected object. This fully applies to spontaneous speech communication. At the same time, the models of speech behavior proposed by us fix a type of generalization that allows, in our opinion, to use them in the practice of speech behavior, as well as in the methodology of teaching conflict-free communication.

This is how we imagine the main linguistic categories of such a multifaceted and complex phenomenon as conflict.