What are minerals in Chechnya. Deposits of minerals Chechen Republic. Mountain forest zone

It is located in the central part of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (height up to 4493 m, Tebulosmta), adjacent to the Chechen plain and the Terek-Kuma lowland. The length of the territory from north to south is 170 km, from west to east - 110 km. It borders: in the south - with the Republic of Georgia, in the southeast, east and northeast - with the Republic of Dagestan, in the northwest - with the Stavropol Territory, in the west - with the Ingush Republic. According to the relief, the territory of the republic is divided into flat northern (2/3 of the area) and mountainous southern (1/3 of the area). The south of Chechnya is made up of the foothills and slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range, the northern part is occupied by the plain and the Terek-Kuma lowland.

The hydrographic network of the republic belongs to the basin of the Caspian Sea. The main river of the republic, crossing it from west to east, is the Terek River. The rivers on the territory of the Chechen Republic are unevenly distributed. The mountainous part and the adjacent Chechen plain have a dense, highly branched river network. But on the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya Upland and in the areas located north of the Terek, there are no rivers. This is due to the features of the relief, climatic conditions and, above all, the distribution of precipitation. According to the water regime, the rivers of the Chechen Republic can be divided into two types. The first includes rivers, in which glaciers and high mountain snows play an important role. These are Terek, Sunzha (below the confluence of Lesa), Assa and Argun. In the summer, when high in the mountains, snow and glaciers melt energetically, they overflow. The second type includes rivers originating from springs and devoid of glacial and high-mountain snow supply. This group includes Sunzha (before the confluence of Assy), Valerik, Gekhi, Martan, Goita, Dzhalka, Belka, Aksai, Yaryk-Su and others, less significant. They don't have floods in summer.

The natural conditions of Chechnya are varied. When moving from north to south, the latitudinal zones of semi-desert and steppe are replaced by high-altitude zones of forest-steppe, mountain forests, meadows - and, finally, eternal snow and ice. The semi-desert zone covers the Tersko-Kuma lowland, with the exception of its southern part, adjacent to the valley of the Terek River. Soddy grasses typical of the steppes (fescue, feather grass) and desert drought-resistant semishrubs (wormwood, cochia, etc.) grow here. Of the typical representatives of the Central Asian deserts, there are camel thorn, sandy wormwood - sarazhin, sandy oats - kiyak, etc. An attraction of the Pritersky sands is a pine grove planted back in 1915, 9 kilometers north of the village of Chervlennaya. It consists of Crimean and Austrian pine. Now about 200 trees have been preserved. The fauna of the semi-desert, although not rich, is diverse.

Of the large mammals, one can meet here the saiga antelope, the steppe wolf, and the small fox. There are a lot of rodents in the semi-desert, especially jerboas; there live a large earthen hare, an earthen hare, and a furry-footed jerboa. There is a hare-hare.

The steppe zone includes the strip of the left bank of the Terek, the eastern part of the Terek-Sunzhenskaya upland and the northern outskirts of the Chechen plain. Floodplain forests, largely already cut down, consist of oak, willow, elm, wild apple and pear. Their undergrowth is formed by dense, often impenetrable, thickets of privet, euonymus, buckthorn, hawthorn, and elderberry. Only those animals have survived that are adapted to life in the territory, economically developed and densely populated. Among them there are many rodents - pests of agriculture: hamsters, ground squirrels, field mice, baby mice, etc. The hare is quite common. The fauna of the floodplain forests is peculiar: the noble Caucasian deer has been preserved. Wild ducks and geese nest in the reed beds of the Terek. On dry areas in the forest, and more often in the bushes, the Caucasian pheasant lives.

The forest-steppe zone includes most of the territory of the Chechen and Ossetian plains, as well as the western part of the Terek-Sunzhenskaya upland. Small areas of the forest consist most often of oak with an admixture of ash, maple, and Caucasian pear. There are many willows and alders in the river valleys. The undergrowth is thickets of hawthorn, blackthorn, wild rose. The forest-steppe is inhabited by almost the same animals that inhabit the steppe zone of the republic. Wolves, foxes, badgers have been preserved in the deaf ravines.

The zone of mountain forests occupies the entire region of the Black Mountains and the lower parts of the northern slopes of the Pasture, Rocky and Side Ranges. Its upper limit passes at an altitude of 1800 meters above sea level, but in some places it rises to 2000-2200 meters. The lower part of the slopes of the mountains is covered with dense low forest. Oak, hazel, buckthorn, hawthorn, ash, maple grow here. Of the large animals, a bear is found here, you can meet a roe deer. There are many wild boars in the forests of the republic. A wild forest cat lives in the deaf ravines, occasionally a lynx is found.

Of the other animals in the mountain forests, there are wolves, foxes, hare, pine and stone martens, badgers, weasels, and others. A squirrel was brought to the republic from the Altai Territory. There are many birds in the mountain forests: buzzards, hawks, woodpeckers, finches, tits, owls. The mountain-meadow zone covers a strip enclosed between the heights of 1800 and 3800 meters. Here you can see such plants as hogweed, catchment area, larkspur, aconite, etc.

The Chechen Republic is located in the central part of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (height up to 4493 m, Tebulosmta), adjacent to the Chechen plain and the Terek-Kuma lowland.

The length of the territory from north to south is 170 km, from west to east - 110 km.
It borders: in the south - with the Republic of Georgia, in the southeast, east and northeast - with the Republic of Dagestan, in the northwest - with the Stavropol Territory, in the west - with the Ingush Republic.

According to the relief, the territory of the republic is divided into flat northern (2/3 of the area) and mountainous southern (1/3 of the area). The south of the Chechen Republic is made up of the foothills and slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range, the northern part is occupied by the plain and the Terek-Kuma lowland. The hydrographic network of the republic belongs to the basin of the Caspian Sea. The main river of the republic, crossing it from west to east, is the Terek River. The rivers on the territory of the Chechen Republic are unevenly distributed. The mountainous part and the adjacent Chechen plain have a dense, highly branched river network. But there are no rivers on the Terek-Sunzhsnskaya Upland and in the areas located north of the Terek. This is due to the features of the relief, climatic conditions and, above all, the distribution of precipitation. According to the water regime, the rivers of the Chechen Republic can be divided into two types. The first includes rivers, in which glaciers and high mountain snows play an important role. These are Terek, Sunzha (below the confluence of Lesa), Assa and Argun. In the summer, when high in the mountains, snow and glaciers melt energetically, they overflow. The second type includes rivers originating from springs and devoid of glacial and high-mountain snow supply. This group includes Sunzha (before the confluence of Assy), Valerik, Gekhi, Martan, Goita, Dzhalka, Belka, Aksai, Yaryk-Su and others, less significant. They don't have floods in summer.

Minerals of the Chechen Republic include fuel and energy resources, such as: oil, gas, condensate, common minerals are represented by: deposits of brick raw materials, clays, building sands, sand and gravel mixtures, building stones, reserves of cement marls, limestones, dolomites, gypsum . The republic is also rich in hydropower resources, primarily the river. Argun, b. Assa and others (explored resources are 2000 MW) and heat and power resources located on the plains.

The main role in the development of the Republic in the near future will belong to the fuel and energy complex. The main wealth of the subsoil of the Chechen Republic is oil and gas, the explored reserves of which are respectively estimated as of 2005 at 40 million tons and gas at 14.5 billion cubic meters.

Natural features of the Republic of Chechnya

The Chechen Republic is located in the northeast of the North Caucasus and Eastern Ciscaucasia.

The western border runs with Ingushetia, in the northwest it borders with the Republic of North Ossetia Alania. The northern border runs with the Stavropol Territory, and in the east the border goes with Dagestan. The ridges of the Caucasian ranges separate it in the south from Georgia.

The length of the Republic from north to south is 170 km, and from west to east - more than 100 km.

A distinctive feature of the Republic is the exceptional diversity of natural conditions, which is clearly expressed in the soil and vegetation cover, in the differences in relief and climate.

Four parts are distinguished in the relief - flat, foothill, mountain, high-mountain:

• The flat northern part is occupied by the Terek sandy massif with a height of 0 to 120 m. In the northeast there is a flat plain of the Terek delta. The Gudermes Plain is located in the east;
• The foothill part is formed by the Tersky, Sunzhensky, Groznensky, Gudermessky ridges and an elevated plain south of the Sunzha River. The heights of this part are not more than 500 m. The Sunzha Plain adjoins the Black Mountains in the north;
• South of the Black Mountains is the Rocky Range;
• In the south of the Republic, the Side Range is located - this is a high-mountainous part of the territory. The heights here become much higher and reach 1000-2500 m.

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The temperate climate of the Republic varies with altitude and from north to south. The climate is formed in the process of interaction of local and general climatic processes. Hot and long summers, short and rather mild winters.

On the plains and in the foothills, the continental air of temperate latitudes dominates throughout the year.

The temperature distribution is greatly influenced by the height above sea level. The highest temperatures in the Tersko-Kuma lowland in July reach +25 degrees. On the Chechen plain +22…+24 degrees, and in the foothills already +21…+20 degrees.

With height, the January temperature decreases - on the Chechen plain the temperature is -4 ... -4.2 degrees, in the foothills -5 ... -5.5 degrees. At an altitude of 3000 m, it drops to -1, and in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bperpetual snow it is already -18 degrees.

Precipitation is unevenly distributed. The smallest amount of 300-400 mm falls on the Tersko-Kuma lowland, and towards the south it gradually increases to 800-1000 mm.

Remark 1

The Republic is characterized by dangerous geological processes, among them seismicity, subsidence, scree, avalanches, avalanches, landslides, mudflows, karst, erosion, floods.

The diverse climate and relief create preconditions for the diversity of the plant world. Forb-fescue vegetation is characteristic of the desert steppes of the Terek sandy massif in its northern part.

Solonchak-meadow and solonchak-marsh vegetation grows in the lower reaches of the Terek in the extreme north-east of the Republic.

Floodplain meadows in combination with shrub and forest vegetation grow in the depressions of the Terek and Sunzha valleys.

In more humid places, natural vegetation is represented by feather grass steppes. Oak forests grow in the low mountains, beech already predominates in the middle mountains.

Subalpine meadows are replacing continuous forest vegetation in the upper middle mountains. At an altitude of 1800-2800 m they occupy vast territories.

Alpine meadows begin at an altitude of 2700-3500 m.

Remark 2

The vast expanses of flat territories are almost all plowed up and cultural vegetation has replaced the natural vegetation.

Natural resources of the Republic

The main wealth of the Chechen subsoil is oil - there are about 30 hydrocarbon deposits in total. There are 20 deposits within the Tersky Ridge, 7 deposits on the Sunzha Ridge, and 2 deposits in the Black Mountains monocline.

Remark 3

Of the total number of fields, 23 are oil fields, 4 are oil and gas fields, and 2 are pure gas fields. Chechen oil is paraffinic in composition with a high content of gasoline.

Chechnya is rich in building materials. A large deposit of cement marls has been explored in the valley of the Chanty-Argun River. Huge reserves of limestone. In the Assinsky Gorge there are limestones of beautiful colors.

Between the rivers Gekhi and Sharo-Argun there are deposits of gypsum and anhydrite. Large deposits of sandstones of the Sernovodskoye, Semashinskoye, Chishkinskoye deposits.

Mumil and ocher are mined here from mineral paints.

Deposits of hard and brown coal are known, but the reserves and quality are low, so they have no industrial value.

Ore deposits have not been studied enough, there are several deposits of copper and polymetals in the upper reaches of the Armkhi and Chanty-Argun rivers.

Mineral sulfate-calcium hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen sulfide-chloride-sodium sources with high salinity and a high content of hydrogen sulfide are highly valued.

The Republic is insufficiently provided with underground fresh waters.

Surface waters are unevenly distributed - the mountainous part and the Chechen plain have a dense and branched river network. The territories north of the Terek have almost no rivers, which is due to the peculiarities of the climate. The main river is the Terek, the second largest is the Sunzha River.

In addition to rivers in Chechnya, there are lakes that are found both on the plains and in the mountains.

There are few lakes, but they are diverse in origin and water regime - eolian, floodplain, landslide, dam, karst, tectonic and glacial ones stand out. Eolian lakes often dry up in summer.

The natural reservoirs of Chechnya are high mountain snows and glaciers. Large glaciers are associated with the northern slope of the Side Range. Morphological types of glaciers in Chechnya are valley, cirque, hanging.

There are 10 valley glaciers, 23 cirque and 25 hanging glaciers within the Republic.

Chechen forests occupy an area of ​​361 thousand hectares or 18.7% of the territory of the Republic. In the forest fund there are relict beech forests, which are suppliers of valuable timber. In addition to them, Caucasian hornbeam, low-stemmed birch, ash, and light maple are forest-forming species. There are all the necessary natural conditions for the development of recreational resources.

Environmental problems of the Republic

Environmental problems are also characteristic of this Caucasian Republic.

Among them, the most serious include:

• pollution of air, water, soil at the local level of the zone of untouched landscapes;
• destruction of flora and fauna in areas affected by industry;
• intensive use of resources, leading to the depletion of renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

As for regional environmental problems, they are determined by the level of anthropogenic pressure and natural features of the region.

Natural and climatic conditions, the history of the formation of the territory determine the ecological situation of the capital - the city of Grozny, especially its industrial zone, which is located in a closed space in terms of geomorphology.

In such a space, emissions from industrial enterprises into the atmosphere stagnate for a long time, and natural air renewal is small.

The main air pollutants are Nurenergo JSC, oil refining, oil production and construction industries.

Pollutants are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides.

Causes of air pollution:

• the enterprises unsatisfactorily implement decisions on environmental protection;
• large irretrievable losses;
• weak control over the state of the environment by departmental organizations;
• poor control over the operation of treatment facilities;
• low efficiency of installed gas cleaners.

Being a part of nature, society should strive for mutually beneficial cooperation with nature.

The Chechen Republic (ChR) borders in the west with Ingushetia, in the northwest - with North Ossetia, in the east - with Dagestan, in the north - with the Stavropol Territory. In the south is the external state border with Georgia. The territory of the republic stretches from north to south for 170 km, and from west to east - for almost 100 km. The distance from Grozny to Moscow is 2007 km.

There is no officially demarcated border between the Chechen Republic and the Republic of Ingushetia. After the separation of Chechnya from the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, the unilateral declaration of its independence, and up to the present time, the delimitation of borders has not been carried out. In 1992, an agreement was reached between the two republics that the "conditionally" border between Chechnya and Ingushetia runs along the administrative borders of the regions of the former CHIASSR. At the same time, 3 districts (about 17% of the territory) passed to Ingushetia, and 11 districts (83% of the territory) of the former autonomous republic, which had an area of ​​19.3 thousand square meters, went to Chechnya. km. Part of the Malgobek and Sunzhensky districts is a disputed territory, which both Chechens and Ingush consider to be their original lands. That is why there are still discrepancies in determining the area of ​​the territories of both the Chechen Republic (from 15.5 to 17 thousand square kilometers) and the Republic of Ingushetia.

According to the relief, the Chechen Republic is divided into flat northern and mountainous southern parts. The mountainous part of Chechnya - the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range, they occupy 35% of the territory. The remaining 65% of the area is cultivated plains, steppes and semi-deserts: the Chechen plain and the Tersko-Kuma lowland. The Chechen plain in its natural state is a steppe with small forest-steppe areas. Most of it is plowed up and used in agriculture, because the soils here are fertile, black earth, less often - chestnut and light chestnut. The Tersko-Kuma lowland is mainly a semi-desert area with wormwood-saltwort vegetation, and in wet areas it is occupied by feather grass-fescue steppe. The vegetation of the mountains varies depending on the height: up to 2200 m there are broad-leaved forests with valuable tree species - beech, oak, hornbeam, higher - subalpine and alpine meadows. There are many comfortable pastures for livestock in the mountain valleys. The climate is continental, with average temperatures in January from -3 to -5 "C in the plains to -12" C in the mountains, and in July, respectively, from +21 to +25 "C. Large rivers are the Terek and Sunzha with the Argun tributary with large reserves of hydropower.

In general, natural and climatic conditions are favorable for the life of the population. The climate of the mountainous territories has therapeutic and balneological properties. Ecological situation until the mid-1990s. remained moderately acute and was associated mainly with water and soil pollution, as well as soil erosion. At present, the ecological state of the region is extremely unfavorable: the consequences of military operations, as well as the work of handicraft mini-factories for oil distillation, are affecting. The air and waters are heavily poisoned by oil products.

The region is characterized by high seismicity, earthquakes with an intensity of up to 9 points are possible here.

The main minerals are oil, gas, natural building materials, thermal and mineral waters.

The main natural resource is oil. Chechnya, like Ingushetia and the adjacent territories of the North Caucasus, is one of the oldest oil and gas regions in Russia. The main oil fields are concentrated around the city of Grozny and the settlement of Novogroznensky. The commercial oil reserves in the Chechen Republic are 50-60 million tons, and they have been largely exhausted. The total explored reserves exceed 370 million tons, but they lie in extremely unfavorable geological conditions at a depth of 4.5-5 km and are difficult to develop. At present, this is beyond the power of the Chechen Republic, since neither drilling nor field equipment is produced in the republic, and there are not enough specialists in the field of oil production.

The former production association "Grozneft" was developing 24 oil and gas fields, the reserves of which belonged to industrial categories (as of January 1, 1993). 90% of the initial recoverable oil reserves have been pumped out. The Oktyabrskoye, Goryacheistochnenskoye, Starogroznenskoye, Pravoberezhnoye, Bragunskoye, Severo-Bragunskoye and Eldarovskoye fields were considered the largest in terms of residual reserves - they provided 4/5 of the total oil production. In 1998 Chechnya produced 846,000 tons of oil, including gas condensate.

The republic's own energy resources are clearly insufficient. Electricity shortage - approximately 40% of the need - Chechnya in the early 90s. covered with deliveries from other regions of Russia through the RAO UES system. In 1997, the Czech Republic received up to 60% of the electricity consumed from outside.

In Chechnya, there are quite large reserves of hydropower resources of mountain rivers, but their use has not been established. Experts highly appreciate the potential of geothermal waters: on the basis of the Petropavlovsk and Khankal deposits, back in the 80s. it was planned to build three geothermal circular systems for heating Grozny, but these projects were never implemented.

The conditions for agriculture are favorable: soil fertility, abundance of heat, large areas of natural meadow pastures - all this contributes to the development of both lowland agriculture and animal husbandry on mountain pastures. According to the republican Ministry of Agriculture, the maximum area of ​​arable land in the republic reached in the early 90s. 300-330 thousand hectares, 517 thousand hectares were allocated for pastures, more than 20 thousand hectares for collective orchards and vineyards. According to the Ministry of Economy of Chechnya, in 1997 the total area of ​​agricultural land in the republic was over 1 million hectares, of which 34% (340-350 thousand hectares) is arable land, it seems that pre-war data on the size of arable land are somewhat exceeded.

Natural features of the Republic of Chechnya

The Chechen Republic is located in the northeast of the North Caucasus and Eastern Ciscaucasia.

The western border runs with Ingushetia, in the northwest it borders with the Republic of North Ossetia Alania. The northern border runs with the Stavropol Territory, and in the east the border goes with Dagestan. The ridges of the Caucasian ranges separate it in the south from Georgia.

The length of the Republic from north to south is 170 km, and from west to east - more than 100 km.

A distinctive feature of the Republic is the exceptional diversity of natural conditions, which is clearly expressed in the soil and vegetation cover, in the differences in relief and climate.

Four parts are distinguished in the relief - flat, foothill, mountain, high-mountain:

• The flat northern part is occupied by the Terek sandy massif with a height of 0 to 120 m. In the northeast there is a flat plain of the Terek delta. The Gudermes Plain is located in the east;
• The foothill part is formed by the Tersky, Sunzhensky, Groznensky, Gudermessky ridges and an elevated plain south of the Sunzha River. The heights of this part are not more than 500 m. The Sunzha Plain adjoins the Black Mountains in the north;
• South of the Black Mountains is the Rocky Range;
• In the south of the Republic, the Side Range is located - this is a high-mountainous part of the territory. The heights here become much higher and reach 1000-2500 m.

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The temperate climate of the Republic varies with altitude and from north to south. The climate is formed in the process of interaction of local and general climatic processes. Hot and long summers, short and rather mild winters.

On the plains and in the foothills, the continental air of temperate latitudes dominates throughout the year.

The temperature distribution is greatly influenced by the height above sea level. The highest temperatures in the Tersko-Kuma lowland in July reach +25 degrees. On the Chechen plain +22…+24 degrees, and in the foothills already +21…+20 degrees.

With height, the January temperature decreases - on the Chechen plain the temperature is -4 ... -4.2 degrees, in the foothills -5 ... -5.5 degrees. At an altitude of 3000 m, it drops to -1, and in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bperpetual snow it is already -18 degrees.

Precipitation is unevenly distributed. The smallest amount of 300-400 mm falls on the Tersko-Kuma lowland, and towards the south it gradually increases to 800-1000 mm.

Remark 1

The Republic is characterized by dangerous geological processes, among them seismicity, subsidence, scree, avalanches, avalanches, landslides, mudflows, karst, erosion, floods.

The diverse climate and relief create preconditions for the diversity of the plant world. Forb-fescue vegetation is characteristic of the desert steppes of the Terek sandy massif in its northern part.

Solonchak-meadow and solonchak-marsh vegetation grows in the lower reaches of the Terek in the extreme north-east of the Republic.

Floodplain meadows in combination with shrub and forest vegetation grow in the depressions of the Terek and Sunzha valleys.

In more humid places, natural vegetation is represented by feather grass steppes. Oak forests grow in the low mountains, beech already predominates in the middle mountains.

Subalpine meadows are replacing continuous forest vegetation in the upper middle mountains. At an altitude of 1800-2800 m they occupy vast territories.

Alpine meadows begin at an altitude of 2700-3500 m.

Remark 2

The vast expanses of flat territories are almost all plowed up and cultural vegetation has replaced the natural vegetation.

Natural resources of the Republic

The main wealth of the Chechen subsoil is oil - there are about 30 hydrocarbon deposits in total. There are 20 deposits within the Tersky Ridge, 7 deposits on the Sunzha Ridge, and 2 deposits in the Black Mountains monocline.

Remark 3

Of the total number of fields, 23 are oil fields, 4 are oil and gas fields, and 2 are pure gas fields. Chechen oil is paraffinic in composition with a high content of gasoline.

Chechnya is rich in building materials. A large deposit of cement marls has been explored in the valley of the Chanty-Argun River. Huge reserves of limestone. In the Assinsky Gorge there are limestones of beautiful colors.

Between the rivers Gekhi and Sharo-Argun there are deposits of gypsum and anhydrite. Large deposits of sandstones of the Sernovodskoye, Semashinskoye, Chishkinskoye deposits.

Mumil and ocher are mined here from mineral paints.

Deposits of hard and brown coal are known, but the reserves and quality are low, so they have no industrial value.

Ore deposits have not been studied enough, there are several deposits of copper and polymetals in the upper reaches of the Armkhi and Chanty-Argun rivers.

Mineral sulfate-calcium hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen sulfide-chloride-sodium sources with high salinity and a high content of hydrogen sulfide are highly valued.

The Republic is insufficiently provided with underground fresh waters.

Surface waters are unevenly distributed - the mountainous part and the Chechen plain have a dense and branched river network. The territories north of the Terek have almost no rivers, which is due to the peculiarities of the climate. The main river is the Terek, the second largest is the Sunzha River.

In addition to rivers in Chechnya, there are lakes that are found both on the plains and in the mountains.

There are few lakes, but they are diverse in origin and water regime - eolian, floodplain, landslide, dam, karst, tectonic and glacial ones stand out. Eolian lakes often dry up in summer.

The natural reservoirs of Chechnya are high mountain snows and glaciers. Large glaciers are associated with the northern slope of the Side Range. Morphological types of glaciers in Chechnya are valley, cirque, hanging.

There are 10 valley glaciers, 23 cirque and 25 hanging glaciers within the Republic.

Chechen forests occupy an area of ​​361 thousand hectares or 18.7% of the territory of the Republic. In the forest fund there are relict beech forests, which are suppliers of valuable timber. In addition to them, Caucasian hornbeam, low-stemmed birch, ash, and light maple are forest-forming species. There are all the necessary natural conditions for the development of recreational resources.

Environmental problems of the Republic

Environmental problems are also characteristic of this Caucasian Republic.

Among them, the most serious include:

• pollution of air, water, soil at the local level of the zone of untouched landscapes;
• destruction of flora and fauna in areas affected by industry;
• intensive use of resources, leading to the depletion of renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

As for regional environmental problems, they are determined by the level of anthropogenic pressure and natural features of the region.

Natural and climatic conditions, the history of the formation of the territory determine the ecological situation of the capital - the city of Grozny, especially its industrial zone, which is located in a closed space in terms of geomorphology.

In such a space, emissions from industrial enterprises into the atmosphere stagnate for a long time, and natural air renewal is small.

The main air pollutants are Nurenergo JSC, oil refining, oil production and construction industries.

Pollutants are hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides.

Causes of air pollution:

• the enterprises unsatisfactorily implement decisions on environmental protection;
• large irretrievable losses;
• weak control over the state of the environment by departmental organizations;
• poor control over the operation of treatment facilities;
• low efficiency of installed gas cleaners.

Being a part of nature, society should strive for mutually beneficial cooperation with nature.