Read the biography of the Romanov family. Russian tsars of the Romanov dynasty. During the reign of the Romanovs fell

Romanovs.
There are two main versions of the origin of the Romanov family. According to one they come from Prussia, according to the other from Novgorod. Under Ivan IV (the Terrible), the family was close to the royal throne and had a certain political influence. The surname Romanov was first adopted by Patriarch Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich).

Tsars and emperors of the Romanov dynasty.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645).
Years of government - 1613-1645.
The son of Patriarch Filaret and Xenia Ivanovna Shestova (after the tonsure, nun Martha). On February 21, 1613, sixteen-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected tsar by the Zemsky Sobor, and on July 11 of the same year he was married to the kingdom. Was married twice. He had three daughters and a son - the heir to the throne Alexei Mikhailovich.
The reign of Mikhail Fedorovich was marked by rapid construction in large cities, the development of Siberia and the development of technical progress.

Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1629-1676)
Years of government - 1645-1676
The reign of Alexei Mikhailovich was noted:
- church reform (in other words, a split in the church)
- peasant war led by Stepan Razin
- reunification of Russia and Ukraine
- a number of riots: "Salt", "Copper"
Was married twice. His first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, bore him 13 children, including the future tsars Fedor and Ivan, and Princess Sophia. Second wife Natalya Naryshkina - 3 children, including the future Emperor Peter I.
Before his death, Alexei Mikhailovich blessed his son from his first marriage, Fedor, to the kingdom.

Fedor III (Fyodor Alekseevich) (1661-1682)
Years of government - 1676-1682
Under Feodor III, a census was conducted and the cutting off of hands for theft was abolished. Orphanages began to be built. The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established, with admission to study in it for representatives of all classes.
Was married twice. There were no children. He did not appoint heirs before his death.

Ivan V (Ivan Alekseevich) (1666-1696)
Years of government - 1682-1696
He took over the reign after the death of his brother Fedor by the right of seniority.
He was very painful and incapable of governing the country. The boyars and the patriarch decided to depose Ivan V and declare the underage Peter Alekseevich (future Peter I) the king. Relatives from both heirs fought desperately for power. The result was a bloody Streltsy rebellion. As a result, it was decided to crown both of them, which happened on June 25, 1682. Ivan V was a nominal tsar and never engaged in public affairs. In reality, the country was ruled first by Princess Sophia, and then by Peter I.
He was married to Praskovya Saltykova. They had five daughters, including the future Empress Anna Ioannovna.

Princess Sofya (Sofya Alekseevna) (1657-1704)
Years of government - 1682-1689
Under Sophia, the persecution of the Old Believers was intensified. Her favorite Prince Golits undertook two unsuccessful campaigns against the Crimea. As a result of the coup in 1689, Peter I came to power. Sophia was forcibly tonsured a nun and died in the Novodevichy Convent.

Peter I (Peter Alekseevich) (1672-1725)
Years of government - 1682-1725
He was the first to take the title of emperor. When there were many global changes in the state:
- the capital was moved to the newly built city of St. Petersburg.
- the Russian navy was founded
- carried out a lot of successful military campaigns, including the defeat of the Swedes near Poltava
- another church reform was carried out, the Holy Synod was established, the institution of the patriarch was abolished, the church was deprived of its own funds
- the Senate was established
The emperor was married twice. The first wife is Evdokia Lopukhina. The second is Marta Skavronskaya.
Three children of Peter survived to adulthood: Tsarevich Alesya and daughters Elizabeth and Anna.
Tsarevich Alexei was considered the heir, but was accused of high treason and died under torture. According to one version, he was tortured to death by his own father.

Catherine I (Marta Skavronskaya) (1684-1727)
Years of government - 1725-1727
After the death of her crowned husband, she took his throne. The most significant event of her reign was the opening of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Peter II (Peter Alekseevich) (1715-1730)
Years of government - 1727-1730
Grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei.
He ascended the throne quite young and was not involved in state affairs. He was passionate about hunting.

Anna Ioannovna (1693-1740)
Years of government - 1730-1740
Daughter of Tsar Ivan V, niece of Peter I.
Since there were no heirs after Peter II, the members of the Privy Council decided the issue with the throne. They chose Anna Ioannovna, forcing her to sign a document limiting royal power. Subsequently, she tore the document, and the members of the Privy Council were either executed or sent into exile.
Anna Ioannovna declared the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, Ivan Antonovich, her heir.

Ivan VI (Ivan Antonovich) (1740-1764)
Years of government - 1740-1741
Great-grandson of Tsar Ivan V, nephew of Anna Ioannovna.
First, under the young emperor, the favorite of Anna Ioannovna Biron was regent, then his mother Anna Leopoldovna. After the accession to the throne of Elizabeth Petrovna, the emperor and his family spent the rest of their days in captivity.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1709-1761)
Years of government - 1741-1761
Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. The last ruler of the state, who is a direct descendant of the Romanovs. She ascended the throne as a result of a coup d'état. All her life she patronized the arts and science.
She declared her nephew Peter to be her heir.

Peter III (1728-1762)
Years of government - 1761-1762
Grandson of Peter I, son of his eldest daughter Anna and Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl Friedrich.
During his short reign, he managed to sign a decree on equality of religions and the Manifesto of the Liberty of the Nobility. He was killed by a group of conspirators.
He was married to Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica (future Empress Catherine II). He had a son, Pavel, who would later take the Russian throne.

Catherine II (née Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica) (1729-1796)
Years of government - 1762-1796
She became empress after the coup d'état and the assassination of Peter III.
The reign of Catherine is called the golden age. Russia conducted a lot of successful military campaigns and gained new territories. Science and art developed.

Pavel I (1754-1801)
Years of government - 1796-1801
Son of Peter III and Catherine II.
He was married to the princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, at baptism Natalya Alekseevna. They had ten children. Two of whom later became emperors.
Killed by conspirators.

Alexander I (Alexander Pavlovich) (1777-1825)
Reign 1801-1825
Son of Emperor Paul I.
After the coup and the murder of his father, he ascended the throne.
Defeated Napoleon.
He had no heirs.
A legend is connected with him that he did not die in 1825, but became a wandering monk and ended his days in one of the monasteries.

Nicholas I (Nikolai Pavlovich) (1796-1855)
Years of government - 1825-1855
Son of Emperor Paul I, brother of Emperor Alexander I
Under him, the Decembrist Uprising took place.
He was married to the Prussian princess Friederika Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina. The couple had 7 children.

Alexander II the Liberator (Alexander Nikolaevich) (1818-1881)
Years of government - 1855-1881
Son of Emperor Nicholas I.
He abolished serfdom in Russia.
Was married twice. First time on Mary, Princess of Hesse. The second marriage was considered morganatic and was concluded with Princess Catherine Dolgoruky.
The emperor died at the hands of terrorists.

Alexander III the Peacemaker (Alexander Alexandrovich) (1845-1894)
Years of government - 1881-1894
Son of Emperor Alexander II.
Under him, Russia was very stable, rapid economic growth began.
He married the Danish princess Dagmar. The marriage produced 4 sons and two daughters.

Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich) (1868-1918)
Years of government - 1894-1917
Son of Emperor Alexander III.
The last Russian emperor.
The time of his reign was quite difficult, marked by riots, revolutions, unsuccessful wars and a fading economy.
He was greatly influenced by his wife Alexandra Feodorovna (nee Princess Alice of Hesse). The couple had 4 daughters and a son Alex.
In 1917, the emperor abdicated.
In 1918, together with his entire family, he was shot by the Bolsheviks.
Ranked by the Russian Orthodox Church to the Face of Saints.

The ruling dynasty of the Romanovs gave the country many brilliant kings and emperors. It is interesting that this surname does not belong to all of its representatives, the noblemen Koshkins, Kobylins, Miloslavskys, Naryshkins met in the family. The family tree of the Romanov dynasty shows us that the history of this family dates back to 1596.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: the beginning

The ancestor of the family is the son of the boyar Fyodor Romanov and the boyar Xenia Ivanovna, Mikhail Fedorovich. The first king of the dynasty. He was a cousin-nephew of the last emperor from the Moscow family branch of the Rurikovichs - Fedor the First Ioannovich. On February 7, 1613, he was elected to reign. On July 21 of the same year, a ceremony was performed for the reign. It was this moment that marked the beginning of the reign of the great Romanov dynasty.

At the beginning of 1917, the Romanov dynasty consisted of 32 males, 13 of whom were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918-19. Those who escaped this settled in Western Europe (mostly in France) and the United States. In the 1920s and 30s, a significant part of the representatives of the dynasty continued to hope for the collapse of Soviet power in Russia and the restoration of the monarchy.

1. The Council recognized that the right to exercise supreme power in Russia belongs to the dynasty of the House of Romanov.
2. The Council considered it necessary and in accordance with the desire of the population to head the national statehood by the Supreme Ruler from the members of the Dynasty, whom the members of the House of Romanov indicate.
3. The government was asked to enter into negotiations with representatives of the Romanov dynasty.

All current representatives of this family are descendants of the four sons of Nicholas I:

* Aleksandrovichi, descendants of Alexander II. This branch has four living representatives - his great-great-granddaughter, Maria Vladimirovna, her son Georgy, and brothers Dmitry and Mikhail Pavlovich Romanov-Ilyinsky (the youngest of whom was born in 1961).
* Konstantinovichi, descendants of Konstantin Nikolaevich. In the male line, the branch was cut short in 1973 (with the death of Vsevolod, the son of John Konstantinovich).
* Nikolaevich, descendants of Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder. The two living male representatives are the brothers Nikolai and Dmitry Romanovich Romanov, the youngest of whom was born in 1926.
* Mikhailovichi, descendants of Mikhail Nikolaevich. All other living Romanov men (see below) belong to this branch, the youngest of them was born in 2009.

Only two of the descendants of the Romanovs in the male line remained on the territory of the USSR - the children of Alexander Iskander: (Natalya and Kirill (1915-1992) Androsovs); the rest either left or died.

On December 22, 2011, the President of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic I.N. Smirnov signed the Decree "On the status of the Russian Imperial House in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic". According to this decree, on the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the Russian Imperial House is recognized as a unique historical institution without the rights of a legal entity, taking part in the patriotic and spiritual and moral education of citizens of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, preserving the historical and cultural heritage, traditions of the Pridnestrovian society. Back in 2009, Maria Vladimirovna Romanova was awarded the highest award of the PMR - the Order of the Republic. On June 9, 2011, for the first time since 1917, a representative of the House of Romanov was awarded the state award of Russia: Prince Romanov, Dmitry Romanovich.

In total, as of May 2010, the Romanov family consisted of 12 male representatives. Among them, only four (grandchildren and great-grandson of Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich) are not older than forty years.

Outstanding personalities - the Romanov dynasty.

The genealogical tree includes about 80 people. In this article, we will not touch on everyone, but only the reigning persons and their families.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty

Mikhail Fedorovich and his wife Evdokia had one son - Alexei. He headed the throne from 1645 to 1676. Was married twice. The first wife is Maria Miloslavskaya, from this marriage the tsar had three children: Fedor - the eldest son, Ivan the Fifth and daughter Sophia. From his marriage with Natalya Naryshkina, Mikhail had one son - Peter the Great, who later became a great reformer. Ivan married Praskovya Saltykova, from this marriage they had two daughters - Anna Ioannovna and Ekaterina. Peter had two marriages - with Evdokia Lopukhina and Catherine the First. From the first marriage, the tsar had a son, Alexei, who later married Sophia Charlotte. Peter II was born from this marriage.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great

Three children were born from the marriage - Elizabeth, Anna and Peter. Anna married Karl Friedrich, and they had a son, Peter the Third, who married

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Miloslavsky branch Catherine II. She, in turn, took the crown from her husband. But Catherine had a son - Pavel the First, who married Maria Feodorovna. From this marriage, the emperor was born, who in the future married Alexandra Feodorovna. Alexander II was born from this marriage. He had two marriages - with Maria Alexandrovna and Ekaterina Dolgorukova. The future heir to the throne - Alexander the Third - was born from his first marriage. He, in turn, married Maria Fedorovna. The son from this union became the last emperor of Russia: we are talking about Nicholas II.

Ivan the Fourth and Praskovya Saltykova had two daughters - Ekaterina and Anna. Catherine married Karl Leopold. From this marriage, Anna Leopoldovna was born, who married Anton Ulrich. The couple had a son, known to us as Ivan the Fourth.

Such, in brief, is the genealogical tree of the Romanovs. The scheme includes all the wives and children of the rulers of the Russian Empire. Second-order relatives are not considered. Undoubtedly, the Romanovs are the brightest and most powerful dynasty that ruled Russia.

400 years ago, the first ruler of the Romanov family, Mikhail Fedorovich, reigned in Russia. His ascension to the throne marked the end of the Russian turmoil, and his descendants were to rule the state for another three centuries, expanding the borders and strengthening the power of the country, which, thanks to them, became an empire. We remember this date with the associate professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities, head of the department of auxiliary historical disciplines, author of the books “The Romanovs. History of the dynasty”, “Genealogy of the Romanovs. 1613-2001" and many others by Evgeny Pchelov.

- Evgeny Vladimirovich, where did the Romanov family come from?

The Romanovs are an old family of the Moscow boyars, whose origins date back to the first half of the 14th century, when the earliest ancestor of the Romanovs lived - Andrei Ivanovich Kobyla, who served Semyon the Proud, the eldest son of Ivan Kalita. Thus, the Romanovs are connected with the family of the Great Moscow princes almost from the very beginning of this dynasty, this, one might say, is the “root” family of the Moscow aristocracy. The earlier ancestors of the Romanovs, before Andrei Kobyla, are unknown to chronicle sources. Much later, in the 17th - 18th centuries, when the Romanovs were in power, a legend arose about their foreign origin, and this legend was created not by the Romanovs themselves, but by their relatives, i.e. descendants of clans of the same root as the Romanovs - the Kolychevs, the Sheremetevs, and others. from the Prussian land, once inhabited by the Prussians - one of the Baltic tribes. His name was allegedly Glanda Kambila, and in Rus' he became Ivan Kobyla, the father of the same Andrei who is known at the court of Semyon the Proud. It is clear that Glanda Kambila is an absolutely artificial name, distorted from Ivan Kobyla. Such legends about departures of ancestors from other countries were common among the Russian nobility. Of course, this legend has no real basis.

- How did they become Romanovs?

The descendants of the grandson of Fyodor Koshka, Zakhary Ivanovich, were nicknamed the Zakharyins, his son, Yuri, was the father of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin, and already on behalf of Roman, the surname Romanovs was formed. In fact, these were all generic nicknames, derived from patronymics and grandfathers. So the surname of the Romanovs has a rather traditional origin for Russian surnames.

- Were the Romanovs related to the Rurik dynasty?

They intermarried with the dynasties of the Tver and Serpukhov princes, and through the branch of the Serpukhov princes, they were directly related to the Moscow Rurikovichs. Ivan III was the great-great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka by his mother, i.e. starting with him, the Moscow Rurikoviches were descendants of Andrei Kobyla, but the descendants of Kobyla, the Romanovs, were not descendants of the family of Moscow princes. IN 1547 . the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva, the daughter of Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin, who is often and incorrectly called a boyar, although he did not have this rank. From the marriage with Anastasia Romanovna, Ivan the Terrible had several children, including Tsarevich Ivan, who died in a quarrel with his father in 1581 ., and Fedor, who became king in 1584 . Fyodor Ioannovich was the last of the dynasty of Moscow tsars - Rurikovich. His uncle Nikita Romanovich, brother of Anastasia, enjoyed great fame at the court of Ivan the Terrible, Nikita's son, Fyodor, later became the Moscow Patriarch Filaret, and his grandson, Mikhail, was the first tsar from the new dynasty, elected to the throne in 1613

- Were there other pretenders to the throne in 1613?

It is known that in that year, at the Zemsky Sobor, which was supposed to choose a new king, the names of several applicants sounded. The most authoritative boyar at that time was Prince Fyodor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, who headed the Seven Boyars. He was a distant descendant of Ivan III through his daughter, i.e. was a royal relative. According to sources, the leaders of the zemstvo militia, Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy (who was heavily spent during the Zemsky Sobor) and Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky, also claimed the throne. There were other notable representatives of the Russian aristocracy.

- Why was Mikhail Fedorovich elected?

Of course, Mikhail Fedorovich was a very young man, he could be controlled, and he stood outside the court factions fighting for power. But the main thing is the family connection of Mikhail Fedorovich and the Romanovs with Tsar Fedor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. Fedor Ivanovich was perceived at that moment as if the last "legitimate" Moscow tsar, the last representative of the real royal "root". His personality and reign were idealized, as always happens after the era of bloody crimes, and the return to the interrupted tradition, as it were, restored those quiet and calm times. No wonder the Zemstvo militia minted coins with the name of Fyodor Ivanovich, by that time he had already died for 15 years. Mikhail Fedorovich was the nephew of Tsar Fedor - he was perceived as a kind of "reincarnation" of Fedor, a continuation of his era. And although the Romanovs did not have a direct relationship with the Rurikovichs, it was precisely their inherent and family ties through marriages that were of great importance. The direct descendants of the Rurikovichs, whether they were the Pozharsky princes or the Vorotynsky princes, were not perceived as part of the royal family, but only as subjects of the royal dynasty, in their status exalted above their peers. That is why the Romanovs turned out to be the closest relatives of the last of the Moscow Rurikovichs. Mikhail Fedorovich himself did not take any part in the work of the Zemsky Sobor and found out about his decision when an embassy came to him with an invitation to the throne. It must be said that he, and especially his mother, nun Martha, stubbornly refused such an honor. But then, succumbing to persuasion, they nevertheless agreed. Thus began the reign of a new dynasty - the Romanovs.

- Who are the most famous representatives of the Romanov dynasty today? What are they doing?

Now the Romanov family, let's talk about the family, is not very numerous. Representatives of the generation of the 1920s, the first generation of the Romanovs who were born in exile, are still alive. The oldest ones today are Nikolai Romanovich, who lives in Switzerland, Andrei Andreevich, who lives in the USA, and Dimitri Romanovich, who lives in Denmark. The first two recently turned 90 years old. All of them repeatedly came to Russia. Together with their younger relatives and some descendants of the Romanovs along the female lines (like Prince Michael of Kent, for example), they make up the public organization "Association of Members of the Romanov Family." There is also a fund for helping the Romanovs for Russia, which is headed by Dimitri Romanovich. However, the activities of the "Association" in Russia, at least, are not felt too strongly. Among the members of the association there are also very young people, like Rostislav Rostislavich Romanov, for example. A notable figure is a descendant of Alexander II from his second, morganatic marriage, His Serene Highness Prince Georgy Alexandrovich Yuryevsky. He lives in Switzerland and in St. Petersburg, where he often visits. There is a family of the late Prince Vladimir Kirillovich - his daughter Maria Vladimirovna and her son from marriage with the Prussian prince Georgy Mikhailovich. This family considers themselves legitimate contenders for the throne, does not recognize all the other Romanovs and behaves accordingly. Maria Vladimirovna makes "official visits", favors the nobility and orders of old Russia, and in every possible way presents herself as the "Head of the Russian Imperial House". It is clear that this activity has a very definite ideological and political connotation. The family of Vladimir Kirillovich is seeking for themselves some kind of special legal status in Russia, the rights to which are very convincingly questioned by many. There are other descendants of the Romanovs, more or less noticeable, such as Poul Edward Larsen, who now calls himself Pavel Eduardovich Kulikovsky - the great-grandson of Nicholas II's sister, Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna. He frequently appears at numerous events and presentations as a guest. But as such, almost none of the Romanovs and their descendants conduct meaningful and useful activities in Russia.

Perhaps the only exception is Olga Nikolaevna Kulikovskaya-Romanova. By her origin, she does not belong to the Romanov family, but is the widow of Nicholas II's own nephew, Tikhon Nikolaevich Kulikovsky-Romanov, the eldest son of the already mentioned Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna. I must say that her activities in Russia, unlike her other relatives, are extremely active and productive. Olga Nikolaevna heads the V.Kn. Olga Alexandrovna, which was founded by her together with her late husband Tikhon Nikolaevich, who lived in Canada. Now Olga Nikolaevna spends even more time in Russia than in Canada. The Foundation has carried out a huge charitable work, over the years of its existence, having provided real assistance to many medical and social institutions in Russia, the Solovetsky Monastery, etc., up to individual persons in need of such assistance. In recent years, Olga Nikolaevna has been carrying out a great cultural activity, regularly organizing exhibitions of artworks by Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna in different cities of the country, who was engaged in painting a lot and fruitfully. This side of the history of the royal family was completely unknown until recently. Now exhibitions of the works of the Grand Duchess were held not only in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, but also in centers as remote from the capitals as Tyumen or Vladivostok. Olga Nikolaevna traveled almost all over Russia, she is well known in many parts of our country. Of course, she is a completely unique person, literally charging with her energy everyone who had to deal with her. Her fate is very interesting - after all, before World War II, she studied at the Mariinsky Don Institute, formed before the revolution in Novocherkassk, following the example of the famous Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens, and in exile located in the Serbian city of Belaya Tserkov. The excellent upbringing in a Russian family of emigrants of the first wave and education in this educational institution could not but affect the personality of Olga Nikolaevna herself, she told me a lot about this period of her biography. She knew, of course, the Romanovs of the older generation, for example, the daughter of Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, the famous poet K.R. - Princess Vera Konstantinovna, with whom she and Tikhon Nikolaevich had friendly relations.

Each page of history has its own lessons for future generations. How does the history of the Romanovs teach us a lesson?

I believe that the most important thing that the Romanovs did for Russia is the emergence of the Russian Empire, a great European power with great culture and science. If they know Russia abroad (namely Russia, not the Soviet Union), then by the names of those people who lived and worked during this period. It can be said that it was under the Romanovs that Russia stood on a par with the leading world powers, and absolutely on an equal footing. It was one of the highest rises of our country in the entire history of its diverse existence. And the Romanovs played a very important role in this, for which we can be sincerely grateful to them.

For the final end of the Time of Troubles, it was necessary not only to elect a new monarch to the Russian throne, but also to ensure the safety of the Russian borders from the two most active neighbors - the Commonwealth and Sweden. However, this was impossible until a social consensus was reached in the Moscow kingdom, and a person appeared on the throne of the descendants of Ivan Kalita who would fully suit the majority of the delegates of the Zemsky Sobor of 1612-1613. For a variety of reasons, 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov became such a candidate.

CONTRIDENTS TO THE MOSCOW THRONE

With the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, the zemstvo people got the opportunity to proceed with the election of the head of state. In November 1612, the nobleman Filosofov told the Poles that the Cossacks in Moscow were in favor of electing one of the Russian people to the throne, “and they were trying on Filaret’s son and the thieves’ Kaluga one,” while the elder boyars were in favor of electing a foreigner. The Cossacks remembered "Tsarevich Ivan Dmitrievich" in a moment of extreme danger, Sigismund III stood at the gates of Moscow, and the surrendered members of the Seven Boyars could at any moment again go over to his side. Behind the back of the Kolomna prince stood the army of Zarutsky. The chieftains hoped that at a critical moment, old comrades-in-arms would come to their aid. But the hopes for the return of Zarutsky did not materialize. In the hour of trials, the ataman was not afraid to unleash a fratricidal war. Together with Marina Mnishek and her young son, he came to the walls of Ryazan and tried to capture the city. Ryazan governor Mikhail Buturlin came forward and put him to flight.

Zarutsky's attempt to get Ryazan for the "Vorenka" failed. The townspeople expressed their negative attitude towards the candidacy of "Ivan Dmitrievich". Agitation in his favor began to subside in Moscow by itself.

Without the Boyar Duma, the election of the tsar could not have legal force. With a thought, the election threatened to drag on for many years. Many noble families claimed the crown, and no one wanted to give way to another.

SWEDEN PRINCE

When the Second Militia stood in Yaroslavl, D.M. Pozharsky, with the consent of the clergy, service people, settlements, feeding the militia with funds, entered into negotiations with the people of Novgorod about the candidacy of the Swedish prince for the throne of Moscow. On May 13, 1612 letters were written to Metropolitan Isidore of Novgorod, Prince Odoevsky and Delagardie and sent to Novgorod with Stepan Tatishchev. For the sake of the importance of the matter with this ambassador, the Militia went and the elected ones - from each city, one person. It is interesting that Metropolitan Isidore and the voivode Odoevsky were asked how the relations between them and the Novgorodians with the Swedes were? And Delagardie was informed that if the new Swedish king Gustav II Adolf releases his brother to the throne of Moscow and orders him to be baptized in the Orthodox faith, then they are glad to be with the Novgorod land in council.

Chernikova T. V. Europeanization of Russia inXV-XVII centuries. M., 2012

ELECTION TO THE KINGDOM OF MIKHAIL ROMANOV

When quite a lot of authorities and elected officials gathered, a three-day fast was appointed, after which councils began. First of all, they began to talk about whether to choose from foreign royal houses or their natural Russian, and decided not to elect the Lithuanian and Swedish king and their children and other German faiths and none of the states of the non-Christian faith of the Greek law on the Vladimir and Moscow state, and They don’t want Marinka and her son in the state, because the Polish and German kings saw in themselves a lie and a crime of the cross and a peaceful violation: the Lithuanian king ruined the Muscovite state, and the Swedish king Veliky Novgorod took by deceit. They began to choose their own: here intrigues, unrest and unrest began; everyone wanted to do according to his own thought, everyone wanted his own, some wanted the throne themselves, bribed and sent; sides formed, but none of them prevailed. Once, says the chronograph, some nobleman from Galich brought a written opinion to the cathedral, which said that Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was the closest in kinship with the former tsars, and he should be elected tsars. Dissatisfied voices were heard: “Who brought such a letter, who, from where?” At that time, the Don ataman comes out and also submits a written opinion: “What did you submit, ataman?” - Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky asked him. “About the natural tsar Mikhail Fedorovich,” answered the ataman. The same opinion, submitted by the nobleman and the Don ataman, decided the matter: Mikhail Fedorovich was proclaimed tsar. But not all of the elected were in Moscow; there were no noble boyars; Prince Mstislavsky and his comrades left Moscow immediately after their liberation: it was embarrassing for them to remain in it near the liberators; now they sent to call them to Moscow for a common cause, they also sent reliable people around the cities and counties to find out the people's thoughts about the new chosen one, and the final decision was postponed for two weeks, from February 8 to February 21, 1613. Finally, Mstislavsky and his comrades arrived, the belated elected representatives also arrived, envoys from the regions returned with the news that the people gladly recognized Michael as king. On February 21, the week of Orthodoxy, that is, on the first Sunday of Great Lent, there was the last council: each rank submitted a written opinion, and all these opinions were found to be similar, all the ranks pointed to one person - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Then the Archbishop of Ryazan Theodorit, the Trinity cellar Avraamy Palitsyn, the Novospassky Archimandrite Joseph and the boyar Vasily Petrovich Morozov went up to the Lobnoye Mesto and asked the people who filled Red Square who they wanted to be king? "Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov" - was the answer.

1613 CATHEDRAL AND MIKHAIL ROMANOV

The first thing the great Zemsky Sobor, which elected the sixteen-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Russian throne, was to send an embassy to the newly elected tsar. When sending the embassy, ​​the cathedral did not know where Michael was, and therefore the order given to the ambassadors said: “To go to Sovereign Mikhail Fedorovich, Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus', to Yaroslavl.” Arriving in Yaroslavl, the embassy here only found out that Mikhail Fedorovich lives with his mother in Kostroma; without delay, it moved there, along with many Yaroslavl citizens who had already joined here.

The embassy arrived in Kostroma on March 14; On the 19th, having convinced Mikhail to accept the royal crown, they left Kostroma with him, and on the 21st they all arrived in Yaroslavl. Here, all Yaroslavl residents and noblemen who had gathered from everywhere, boyar children, guests, merchants with their wives and children met the new tsar with a procession, brought him images, bread and salt, and rich gifts. Mikhail Fedorovich chose the ancient Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery as the place of his stay here. Here, in the cells of the archimandrite, he lived with his mother, nun Martha and the temporary State Council, which was composed of Prince Ivan Borisovich Cherkassky with other nobles and the clerk Ivan Bolotnikov with stewards and solicitors. From here, on March 23, the first letter from the tsar was sent to Moscow, informing the Zemsky Sobor of consent to accepting the royal crown.

For 10 centuries, the representatives of the ruling dynasties determined the domestic and foreign policy of the Russian state. As you know, the greatest prosperity of the state was under the rule of the Romanov dynasty, the descendants of an old noble family. Its ancestor is Andrey Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father, Glanda-Kambila Divonovich, baptized Ivan, came to Russia in the last quarter of the 13th century from Lithuania.

The youngest of the 5 sons of Andrei Ivanovich, Fedor Koshka, left numerous offspring, which include such surnames as Koshkin-Zakharyins, Yakovlevs, Lyatskys, Bezzubtsevs and Sheremetevs. In the sixth generation from Andrei Kobyla, in the Koshkin-Zakharyin family, there was a boyar Roman Yuryevich, from whom the boyar family originates, and later the Romanov tsars. This dynasty ruled in Russia for three hundred years.

Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov (1613 - 1645)

The beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty can be considered February 21, 1613, when the Zemsky Sobor took place, at which the Moscow nobles, supported by the townspeople, proposed to elect the sovereign of all Rus', 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The proposal was accepted unanimously, and on July 11, 1613, in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, Mikhail was married to the kingdom.

The beginning of his reign was not easy, because the central government still did not control a significant part of the state. In those days, the robber Cossack detachments of Zarutsky, Balovia and Lisovsky walked around Russia, which ruined the state, already exhausted by the war with Sweden and Poland.

So, the newly elected king had two important tasks: the first, the end of hostilities with his neighbors, and the second, the pacification of his subjects. He was able to cope with this only after 2 years. 1615 - all free Cossack groups were completely destroyed, and in 1617 the war with Sweden ended with the conclusion of the Stolbovsky peace. According to this agreement, the Muscovite state lost access to the Baltic Sea, but peace and tranquility were restored in Russia. It was possible to begin to bring the country out of a deep crisis. And then the government of Michael had a chance to make a lot of efforts to restore the devastated country.

At first, the authorities undertook the development of industry, for which foreign industrialists were invited to Russia on favorable terms - miners, gunsmiths, foundry workers. Then the turn came to the army - it was obvious that for the prosperity and security of the state it was necessary to develop military affairs, in connection with this, in 1642, transformations began in the armed forces.

Foreign officers trained Russian military men in military affairs, “regiments of a foreign system” appeared in the country, which was the first step towards creating a regular army. These transformations were the last in the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich - 2 years later the tsar died at the age of 49 from "water sickness" and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin.

Alexei Mikhailovich, nicknamed the Quietest (1645-1676)

His eldest son Alexei began to reign, who, according to contemporaries, was one of the most educated people of his time. He himself wrote and edited many decrees and was the first of the Russian tsars to personally sign them (others signed decrees for Mikhail, for example, his father Filaret). Meek and devout, Alexei earned the people's love and the nickname of the Quietest.

In the first years of his reign, Alexei Mikhailovich took little part in state affairs. The state was ruled by the tsar's educator boyar Boris Morozov and the tsar's father-in-law Ilya Miloslavsky. Morozov's policy, which was aimed at strengthening the tax oppression, as well as the lawlessness and abuse of Miloslavsky, caused popular indignation.

1648, June - an uprising broke out in the capital, followed by uprisings in southern Russian cities and in Siberia. The result of this rebellion was the removal of Morozov and Miloslavsky from power. 1649 - Alexei Mikhailovich had a chance to take over the rule of the country. On his personal instructions, they compiled a set of laws - the Cathedral Code, which satisfied the main wishes of the townspeople and nobles.

In addition, the government of Alexei Mikhailovich encouraged the development of industry, supported Russian merchants, protecting them from the competition of foreign merchants. They adopted customs and new trade charters, which contributed to the development of domestic and foreign trade. Also, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, the Muscovite state expanded its borders not only to the south-west, but also to the south and east - Russian explorers mastered Eastern Siberia.

Fedor III Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

1675 - Alexei Mikhailovich declared his son Fyodor the heir to the throne. 1676, January 30 - Alexey died at the age of 47 and was buried in the Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin. Fedor Alekseevich became the sovereign of all Rus' and on June 18, 1676 he was married to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral. Tsar Fyodor ruled for only six years, he was extremely independent, power was in the hands of his maternal relatives - the boyars Miloslavsky.

The most important event of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was the destruction in 1682 of localism, which made it possible for not very noble, but educated and enterprising people to advance in the service. In the last days of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, a project was drawn up on the establishment in Moscow of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy and theological school for 30 people. Fedor Alekseevich died on April 27, 1682 at the age of 22, without making any order regarding the succession to the throne.

Ivan V (1682-1696)

After the death of Tsar Fyodor, ten-year-old Peter Alekseevich, at the suggestion of Patriarch Joachim and at the insistence of the Naryshkins (his mother was from this family), was proclaimed king, bypassing his older brother, Tsarevich Ivan. But from May 23 of the same year, at the request of the boyars Miloslavsky, he was approved by the Zemsky Sobor as the "second tsar", and Ivan - the "first". And only in 1696, after the death of Ivan Alekseevich, did Peter become the sovereign tsar.

Peter I Alekseevich, nickname the Great (1682 - 1725)

Both emperors pledged to be allies in the conduct of hostilities. However, in 1810 relations between Russia and France began to take on an openly hostile character. And in the summer of 1812, a war broke out between the powers. The Russian army, having expelled the invaders from Moscow, completed the liberation of Europe with a triumphant entry into Paris in 1814. Successfully ended wars with Turkey and Sweden strengthened the country's international position. In the reign of Alexander I, Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia, and Azerbaijan became part of the Russian Empire. 1825 - during a trip to Taganrog, Emperor Alexander I caught a bad cold and died on November 19.

Emperor Nicholas I (1825-1855)

After the death of Alexander, Russia lived for almost a month without an emperor. On December 14, 1825, the oath was announced to his younger brother Nikolai Pavlovich. On the same day, an attempted coup d'état took place, later called the Decembrist uprising. The day of December 14 made an indelible impression on Nicholas I, and this was reflected in the nature of his entire reign, during which absolutism reached its highest rise, the costs of officials and the army absorbed almost all state funds. During the years, the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire was compiled - a code of all legislative acts that existed in 1835.

1826 - a Secret Committee was established to deal with the peasant question, in 1830 a general law on estates was developed, in which a number of improvements were designed for the peasants. About 9,000 rural schools were organized for the primary education of peasant children.

1854 - the Crimean War began, ending with the defeat of Russia: according to the Paris Treaty of 1856, the Black Sea was declared neutral, and Russia was able to regain the right to have a fleet there only in 1871. It was the defeat in this war that decided the fate of Nicholas I. Not wanting to admit the fallacy of his views and beliefs, which led the state not only to a military defeat, but also to the collapse of the entire system of state power, the emperor, it is believed, deliberately took poison on February 18, 1855.

Alexander II the Liberator (1855-1881)

The next from the Romanov dynasty came to power - Alexander Nikolaevich, the eldest son of Nicholas I and Alexandra Feodorovna.

It should be noted that he was able to somewhat stabilize the situation both within the state and at external borders. Firstly, under Alexander II, serfdom was abolished in Russia, for which the emperor was nicknamed the Liberator. 1874 - a decree on universal military service was issued, which abolished recruiting kits. At this time, higher educational institutions for women were created, three universities were founded - Novorossiysk, Warsaw and Tomsk.

Alexander II was able to finally conquer the Caucasus in 1864. Under the Argun Treaty with China, the Amur Territory was annexed to Russia, and under the Beijing Treaty, the Ussuri Territory. 1864 - Russian troops began a campaign in Central Asia, during which the Turkestan Territory and the Ferghana Region were captured. Russian rule extended up to the peaks of the Tien Shan and the foothills of the Himalayan range. Russia also had possessions in the United States.

However, in 1867 Russia sold Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to America. The most important event in Russia's foreign policy during the reign of Alexander II was the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-1878, which ended with the victory of the Russian army, which resulted in the proclamation of the independence of Serbia, Romania and Montenegro.

Russia received part of Bessarabia, torn away in 1856 (except for the islands of the Danube Delta) and a cash contribution of 302.5 million rubles. In the Caucasus, Ardagan, Kars and Batum with their environs were annexed to Russia. The emperor could still do a lot for Russia, but on March 1, 1881, his life was tragically cut short by a bomb of terrorists of the People's Volunteers, and the next representative of the Romanov dynasty, his son Alexander III, ascended the throne. Hard times have come for the Russian people.

Alexander III the Peacemaker (1881-1894)

During the reign of Alexander III, administrative arbitrariness increased to a large extent. In order to develop new lands, mass migration of peasants to Siberia began. The government took care of improving the life of workers - the work of minors and women was limited.

In foreign policy at that time, there was a deterioration in Russian-German relations and there was a rapprochement between Russia and France, which ended with the conclusion of the Franco-Russian alliance. Emperor Alexander III died in the autumn of 1894 from kidney disease, which worsened due to bruises received during a railway accident near Kharkov and constant immoderate alcohol consumption. And power passed to his eldest son Nikolai, the last Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty.

Emperor Nicholas II (1894-1917)

The entire reign of Nicholas II passed in an atmosphere of growing revolutionary movement. At the beginning of 1905, a revolution broke out in Russia, which marked the beginning of reforms: 1905, on October 17, the Manifesto was issued, which established the foundations of civil freedom: personal immunity, freedom of speech, assembly and unions. They established the State Duma (1906), without the approval of which no law could enter into force.

According to the project of P.A. Stolshin, an agrarian reform was carried out. In the field of foreign policy, Nicholas II took some steps to stabilize international relations. Despite the fact that Nicholas was more democratic than his father, popular dissatisfaction with the autocrat was growing rapidly. At the beginning of March 1917, the chairman of the State Duma, M.V. Rodzianko, told Nicholas II that the preservation of autocracy was possible only if the throne was handed over to Tsarevich Alexei.

But, given the poor health of his son Alexei, Nicholas abdicated in favor of his brother Mikhail Alexandrovich. Mikhail Alexandrovich, in turn, abdicated in favor of the people. The republican era has begun in Russia.

From March 9 to August 14, 1917, the former emperor and members of his family were kept under arrest in Tsarskoye Selo, then they were transferred to Tobolsk. On April 30, 1918, the prisoners were brought to Yekaterinburg, where on the night of July 17, 1918, by order of the new revolutionary government, the former emperor, his wife, children, and the doctor and servants who remained with them were shot by the Chekists. Thus ended the reign of the last dynasty in the history of Russia.