Types of mutations, causes, examples. Between the types of mutations and their characteristics

TYPE OF MUTATION

A) change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule

B) change in the structure of chromosomes

B) change in the number of chromosomes in the nucleus

D) polyploidy

E) changing the sequence of the location of genes

1) gene

2) chromosomal

3) genomic

Answer: 12332.

Depending on the level of hereditary material at which the mutation occurred, there are: gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations.

Gene mutations are changes in the structure of genes. Since a gene is a region of a DNA molecule, a gene mutation is a change in the nucleotide composition of this region. Gene mutations can occur as a result of: 1) replacement of one or more nucleotides with others; 2) insertion of nucleotides; 3) loss of nucleotides; 4) doubling of nucleotides; 5) changing the order of nucleotide alternation. These mutations lead to a change in the amino acid composition of the polypeptide chain and, therefore, to a change in the functional activity of the protein molecule. Due to gene mutations, multiple alleles of the same gene arise.

Chromosomal mutations are changes in the structure of chromosomes, changes in the location of genes in chromosomes. Rearrangements can be carried out both within one chromosome - intrachromosomal mutations (deletion, inversion, duplication, insertion), and between chromosomes - interchromosomal mutations (translocation).

A genomic mutation is a change in the number of chromosomes. Genomic mutations result from disruption of the normal course of mitosis or meiosis.

Gene: a change in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule within a gene. Chromosomal: a change in the structure of chromosomes, a change in the sequence of the location of genes. Genomic: change in the number of chromosomes in the nucleus, polyploidy.

Task 9. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of variability and its types: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

TYPES OF VARIABILITY

A) changes the phenotype within the normal reaction range

B) is inherited

B) affects genes, chromosomes

D) causes the same changes in all individuals of the species

D) causes individual changes

E) adaptable to environmental conditions

1) mutational

2) modification

Answer: 211212.

Mutational variability underlies the emergence of new traits and is characterized by abrupt changes in the genotype that are passed on to subsequent generations. Modification variability is similar changes in traits in all individuals of the offspring of a population of a particular species under similar conditions of existence. Modification variability does not affect the genotype and is not transmitted from generation to generation. The difference between mutational and modification variability:

Mutations are hereditary variability (inherited), modifications are non-hereditary.

Mutations are genotypic variability (the genotype, that is, the DNA, changes), modifications are phenotypic (only the phenotype, that is, the traits, changes).

Mutations are indeterminate variability, because it is impossible to determine in advance which mutation will be. Modification is a certain amount of variability because it can be predicted in advance.

Mutations are individual variability, because each organism has its own mutations. Modifications are group variability, because under the same conditions everyone changes the same

Mutations are most often harmful, less often indifferent and very rarely useful for the population.

Modification changes are aimed at improving the adaptation of the population to changes in the external environment, that is, they are adaptive in nature.

Mutations are random, undirected and can affect the locus of any gene, that is, as a result of mutations, both vital signs and signs that are less essential for the body can change.

Modification changes can occur only within the genotype - they do not go beyond the reaction norm for a given trait.

Mutations provide material for the evolutionary process.

Modification changes adapt the species to the conditions of existence and do not play a significant role in the evolutionary process.

Mutational: inherited; affects genes, chromosomes; causes individual changes. Modification: changes the phenotype within the reaction norm; causes the same changes in all individuals of the species; adaptable to environmental conditions.

Unified State Exam in Biology under the section "Organism as a Biological System".

The articles in this section provide answers only to those questions that caused difficulties for students.

It is clear that these are mainly questions from Part 2 of the test tasks, but there are also "tricky" questions from Part 1 .

In this section, the students found it difficult to questions related to the forms of asexual and sexual reproduction. For example, one must remember that parthenogenesis is a special form of sexual reproduction, which is inherent in daphnia, aphids, and bees.

Serious problems arise when answering questions about the individual development of organisms. Most do not know much about the alternation of generations in plants, the change of gametophyte and sporophyte in the cycle of their development; find it difficult to compare the stages of development of the embryo of animals (blastula, gastrula, neurula); determine the sequence of processes occurring during gametogenesis.

Especially difficult were the tasks in genetics, in which it was required to determine the chromosome set of the genome, its difference from the genotype, the number of alleles in gametes, the formulation and application of the law of gamete purity, the ratio of offspring in mono- and dihybrid crosses.

In order to prevent similar mistakes in the future, as a biology tutor on Skype, I recommend repeating the material about meiosis, as a special type of cell division, before starting to study genetics, since it underlies the formation of gametes and the inheritance of characters. And it is not at all superfluous, I think, to purchase my paid book:.

What method of reproduction is parthenogenesis?
1) sexual
2) vegetative
3) budding
4) by dispute.

The genes for the color of the cat's coat are located on the X chromosome. Black color is determined by the XB gene, red - by the Xb gene, heterozygotes have a tortoiseshell color. From a black cat and a ginger cat were born: one tortie and one black kitten. Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents and offspring, the possible sex of the kittens.
R: XBXB * XbY G: XB… .Xb, Y F: XBXb - tortoiseshell kitty, XBY - black kitten.

Closely related crossing in animal breeding is used for:
1) fixing the desired features
2) improvement of signs
3) an increase in heterozygous forms
4) selection of the most productive animals.

The phenomenon of heterosis is associated with:
1) a new combination of genes
2) gene variability
3) modification variability
4) chromosomal rearrangements.

Selection by genotype is called:
1) natural
2) unconscious
3) individual
4) methodical.

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the mutation and its type.
1) chromosomal:
D) rotation of the chromosome section by 180 degrees
2) gene:
A) the inclusion of two extra nucleotides in the DNA molecule C) violation of the amino acid sequence in the protein molecule E) doubling of nucleotides in DNA
3) genomic:
B) a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell E) change in the number of chromosomes for individual pairs.

To determine the genotype of an individual, it is crossed with an individual with recessive genes. This crossing is called:
1) analyzing
2) monohybrid
3) dihybrid
4) interspecific.

In animal breeding, they practically do not use:
1) mass selection
2) unrelated crossing
3) related crossing
4) individual selection.

With incomplete dominance, the following splitting of traits by genotype occurs in F2:
1) 3: 1
2) 1: 1
3) 9: 3: 3: 1
4) 1: 2: 1.

Some kind of "crooked" question. And with complete dominance, there will be a splitting of traits by genotype in F2 1: 2: 1.

Albinism is defined by a recessive autosomal gene, and hemophilia is defined by a recessive sex-linked gene. Indicate the genotype of an albino woman, hemophiliac.
1) AaHNY or AAXHY
2) AaXHXH or AA XHXH
3) aaXhY
4) aaXhXh.

Mutations differ from modifications in that they:
1) persist in offspring in the absence of the factor that caused them
2) occur simultaneously in many individuals in the population
3) are always adaptive
4) cause a certain variability.

The frequency of crossing over between two genes is determined by:
1) the dominance of one of the genes
2) the dominance of both genes
3) the difference in gene dominance
4) the distance between genes.

The role of recessive mutations in evolution is that they:
1) appear in the first generation
2) are a hidden reserve of hereditary variability
3) usually harmful to the body
4) affect the genes of body cells, not gametes.

The differences between identical twins are due to:
1) the influence of the external environment on the phenotype
2) a different type of inheritance
3) different genotypes of twins
4) multiple gene action.

With self-pollination of a heterozygous tall pea plant (high stem - A), the proportion of dwarf forms is:
1) 25 %
2) 50 %
3) 75 %
4) 0 %.

What is characteristic of parthenogenesis?
1) violation of postembryonic development
2) development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg 3) death of sperm after penetration into the egg
4) development of the egg cell due to the genetic material of the sperm.

When rabbits were crossed with shaggy and smooth hair, all the rabbits in the offspring had shaggy hair. What pattern of inheritance manifested itself in this case?
1) independent distribution of features
2) incomplete dominance
3) uniformity of first generation hybrids
4) splitting of signs.

Determine the genotype of the parent pea plants if 50% of plants with yellow seeds and 50% with green seeds were formed during their crossing (recessive trait).
1) AA x aa
2) Aa x Aa
3) AA x Aa
4) Aa x aa.

If the genes responsible for the development of several traits are located on the same chromosome, then the law appears:
1) splitting
2) linked inheritance
3) incomplete dominance
4) independent inheritance.

The development of an animal's body, including zygote, blastula, gastrula, neurula, organogenesis, is called:
1) embryonic
2) postembryonic
3) with complete transformation
4) with incomplete transformation.

Polyploidy is one of the forms of variability:
1) modification
2) mutational
3) combinative
4) relative.

Changes in the structure and number of chromosomes are studied using the method:
1) centrifugation
2) hybridological
3) cytogenetic
4) biochemical.

In a hybrid individual, germ cells contain one gene from each pair - this is the wording:
1) hypothesis of gamete purity
2) the law of splitting

4) intermediate inheritance.

Why are somatic mutations not inherited during sexual reproduction?
1. In order for mutations to be inherited during sexual reproduction, they must occur in the germ cells (eggs or sperm).
2. Somatic mutations arise in the cells of the body and disappear with the death of the body.

What phenotype can be expected in the offspring of two white-coated guinea pigs (recessive trait)?
1) 100% white
2) 25% white and 75% black
3) 50% white and 50% black
4) 75% white and 25% black.

Establish the correct sequence for the breeder to develop a new variety.
C) selection of source material
A) hybridization
D) reproduction of hybrid individuals
B) artificial selection.

A mutation is considered chromosomal if:
1) the number of chromosomes increased by 1-2
2) one nucleotide in DNA is replaced by another
3) a section of one chromosome is transferred to another
4) there was a loss of a chromosome section
5) the chromosome section is inverted 180 degrees
6) there was a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes.

The pure line of plants is the offspring:
1) heterotic forms
2) one self-pollinating individual
3) an intervarietal hybrid
4) two heterozygous individuals.

In contrast to the Asian locust, the cabbage whitefish is characterized by the following development cycle:
1) egg -\u003e larva -\u003e pupa -\u003e adult insect
2) egg -\u003e pupa -\u003e larva -\u003e adult insect
3) adult insect -\u003e egg -\u003e larva
4) adult insect -\u003e larva -\u003e pupa -\u003e egg.

Mutations can be caused by:
1) a new combination of chromosomes as a result of gamete fusion
2) crossing of chromosomes during meiosis
3) new combinations of genes as a result of fertilization
4) changes in genes and chromosomes.

Areas with the greatest diversity of plant varieties are considered to be their places of origin, as they:
1) are located on the plains
2) concentrated in river valleys
3) correspond to modern regions of developed agriculture
4) correspond to the ancient centers of agriculture.

The cytogenetic method for studying human heredity is to study:
1) chromosome cell sets
2) inheritance of traits in twins
3) inheritance of traits in a number of generations
4) the type of inheritance of recessive genes.

When two varieties of tomato are crossed with red spherical and yellow pear-shaped fruits in the first generation, all fruits are spherical, red. Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents, the first generation hybrids, the ratio of the second generation phenotypes.
1. Since in the first generation all the offspring turned out to be the same (uniform, Mendel's first law), it means that homozygotes were interbred and a dominant trait appeared in the offspring.
2. A - red fruits, and - yellow fruits. B - spherical fruits, b - pear-shaped fruits. Parents AABB, aabb. P AABB x aabb G AB ab F1 AaBb red globular 100%.
3. In the second generation, when crossing the AaBb * AaBb diheterozygotes, we get the usual Pennett lattice 4 x 4 and the phenotype splitting will be 9: 3: 3: 1.

When crossing white rabbits with smooth hair with black rabbits with shaggy hair, the offspring were obtained: 25% black hairy, 25% black smooth, 25% white hairy, 25% white smooth. Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents, offspring and the type of crossing. White color and smooth coat are recessive symptoms.
1. Genotypes of parents: white smooth rabbit - aabb; black furry rabbit - AaBb.
2. Genotypes of offspring: black hairy - AaBb, black smooth - Aabb, white hairy - aaBb, white smooth - aabb.
3. Analyzing dihybrid crossing.

How to explain the constancy of the number of chromosomes in individuals of the same species?
1) diploid organisms
2) the process of cell division
3) haploid organisms
4) the processes of fertilization and meiosis. The answer "by meiosis and fertilization" would be more correct. When answering, one should especially carefully read the question itself, in which it is not a question of the constancy of the number of chromosomes in an individual, but precisely in "individuals of the same species."

What human disease is the result of a gene mutation?
1) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
2) flu
3) sickle cell anemia
4) hepatitis /

When crossing a heterozygous individual with a homozygous one in F1, the proportion of heterozygotes will be:
1) 25%
2) 50%
3) 75%
4) 100%.

Microorganisms are used in industrial production:
1) vitamins
2) flour
3) mineral salts
4) distilled water
5) drugs
6) hormones.

Determine the correct sequence of stages of postembryonic development of the swimming beetle.
1) larva → adult → pupa
2) pupa → larva → adult
3) larva → pupa → adult
4) pupa → adult → larva.

If, during monohybrid crossing in the second generation of hybrids, a splitting according to the phenotype 1: 2: 1 is observed, then this is a consequence:
1) incomplete dominance
2) complete domination
3) gene interactions
4) linked inheritance.

To restore the ability to reproduce in hybrids bred by distant hybridization:
1) get polyploid organisms
2) they are propagated vegetatively
3) get heterotic organisms
4) display clean lines.

Nitrifying bacteria are referred to as:
1) chemotrophs
2) phototrophs
3) saprotrophs
4) heterotrophs

When two guinea pigs with black wool were crossed (dominant trait), offspring were obtained, among which individuals with white wool accounted for 25%. What are the genotypes of the parents?
1) AA x aa
2) Aa x AA
3) Aa x Aa
4) AA x AA

Mammalian sperm are different from flowering plant sperm
1) a haploid set of chromosomes
2) large size
3) mobility
4) the presence of a supply of nutrients.
In gymnosperms, as well as in flowering sperm, are immobile.

Changing body color in a praying mantis is an example of variability
1) cytoplasmic
2) geographical
3) modification
4) mutational.

When a gene mutation occurs:
1) replacement of one nucleotide in DNA with another
2) conjugation of homologous chromosomes and exchange of genes between them
3) the loss of several nucleotides in the DNA molecule
4) insertion of several nucleotides in the mRNA molecule
5) change in the combinations of genes of the paternal and maternal organisms
6) the appearance of an extra chromosome in the genotype.

What are the genotypes of the parents if it is known that when mice with long (B) ears are crossed, offspring with both long and short ears are obtained?
1) bb x Bb
2) bb x BB
3) Bb x Bb
4) BB x BB.

What type of mutations are changes in the structure of DNA in mitochondria?
1) genomic
2) chromosomal
3) cytoplasmic
4) combinative.

In humans, dark hair color (A) dominates over light color (a), brown eye color (B) over blue (b). Write down the genotypes of the parents, the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the children born from the marriage of a blonde-haired, blue-eyed man to a heterozygous brown-eyed blonde woman.
1. A fair-haired blue-eyed male has the genotype aabb. A fair-haired heterozygous brown-eyed woman has the aaBb genotype.
2. Genotypes of children aaBb and aabb - fair-haired brown-eyed and fair-haired blue-eyed.

Polyploid wheat varieties are the result of variability:
1) chromosomal
2) modification
3) gene
4) genomic.

The effect of heterosis is manifested due to:
1) increasing the proportion of homozygotes
2) the appearance of polyploid individuals
3) increasing the number of mutations
4) the transition of recessive mutations to a heterozygous state.

The knowledge of the centers of origin of cultivated plants is used by breeders when
1) creation of means of chemical protection against pests
2) determining the number of mutant genes in a variety
3) selection of starting material for obtaining a new variety
4) study of the drift of allelic genes in populations.

What stage of animal embryonic development does the structure of an adult freshwater hydra correspond to?
1) blastule
2) gastrula
3) neurule
4) zygote.

In mammals, animals and humans, in the process of fertilization, the following occurs:
1) the fusion of the nuclei of the sperm and the egg
2) the formation of three germ layers in the embryo
3) division of the egg
4) the movement of sperm in the genital tract.
Not only in the class of mammals, but in all multicellular animals and plants (only in seed plants, not spermatozoa, but immobile sperm) in the process of fertilization, the nuclei of the sperm and the ovum merge to form a zygote.

In chickens, a sex-linked lethal gene (a) is found that causes the death of embryos, heterozygotes for this gene are viable. A normal chicken was crossed with a cock heterozygous for this gene (in birds, the heterogametic sex is female). Draw up a scheme for solving the problem, determine the genotypes of the parents, the sex and genotype of the possible offspring, and the probability of embryo death.
1. Genotypes of parents: female XAY, male XAXa.
2. XAXA, XAXa -girls; XAY and XaY (dead) chickens.
3. The probability of death of embryos is 25%.

We crossed diheterozygous male Drosophila flies with a gray body and normal wings (dominant characters) with females with a black body and shortened wings (recessive characters). Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents, as well as the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the F1 offspring, if the dominant and recessive genes of these traits are linked in pairs, and crossing over does not occur during the formation of germ cells. Explain the results obtained.
1. Genotypes of parents: AaBb males, aabb females.
2. G: male gametes AB, ab and female ab. Although the genotype of males is also diheterozygous, they form only two types of gametes, since the studied traits are linked. There will be no other gametes, since it is said that crossing over does not occur.
3. Flies with genotypes AaBb and aabb will be hatched in F1, that is, like the parent individuals with a gray body, normal wings and a black body, shortened wings.

As a result of gametogenesis, the number of sperm formed is many times greater than the number of eggs, which increases:
1) the viability of fertilized eggs
2) the probability of fertilization
3) sperm viability
4) the rate of cleavage of the zygote.

To what type of variability is the manifestation of short-legged in sheep?
1) cytoplasmic
2) combinative
3) mutational
4) modification.

Individual selection, in contrast to mass selection, is more effective, since it is carried out:
1) by genotype
2) under the influence of environmental factors
3) under the influence of human activity
4) by phenotype.

Examples of sexual reproduction in animals are:
1) hydra budding
2) fish spawning
3) division of the common amoeba
4) regeneration of the earthworm
5) parthenogenesis of lizards
6) the development of a working ant from a zygote.

A significant influence on the development of offspring is exerted by the parents that have arisen:
1) modification changes
2) somatic mutations
3) gene mutations
4) age-related changes.
The answer "gene mutations" conceived by the authors is also not correct. If these mutations occur in somatic cells, then this will not affect the offspring in any way. And the correct answer "mutation in gametes" is not here.

Scheme AABB x aabb illustrates crossing:
1) monohybrid
2) polyhybrid
3) analyzing dihybrid
4) analyzing monohybrid.

The presence of one gene from each pair of alleles in a gamete is a cytological basis:
1) chromosomal theory of heredity
2) the law of linked inheritance
3) the law of independent inheritance
4) hypothesis of gamete purity.

What is the name of a mutation in which a portion of the chromosome is rotated by 180 °?
1) chromosomal
2) gene
3) genomic
4) combinative.

Breeders use cell engineering techniques to obtain:
1) effective drugs
2) hybrid cells and growing hybrids from them
3) feed protein for animal nutrition
4) food additives for food.

In the marriage of a woman with large eyes and a straight nose and a man with small eyes and a Roman nose, four children were born, half of whom had large eyes and a Roman nose. Determine the mother's genotype if large eyes (A) and Roman nose (B) are dominant.
1) Aabb
2) AaBB
3) AABB
4) AaBb.
Absolutely unnecessary information about the phenotype of the offspring, since for the genotype of a mother with a straight nose (bb) nothing other than answer 1) is not suitable.

A change in the phenotype of a small part of individuals in a population is a consequence of:
1) self-regulation
2) fluctuations in population size
3) stabilizing form of selection
4) mutational process.

The process of sexual reproduction includes:
1) parthenogenesis in bees
2) budding in yeast
3) sporulation in mosses
4) regeneration in freshwater hydra.

Human chromosomal disease - Down syndrome - has been studied using the method:
1) genealogical
2) twin
3) cytogenetic
4) biochemical.

The Datura plant with purple flowers (A) and smooth bolls (b) was crossed with a plant having purple flowers and spiny bolls. In the offspring, the following phenotypes were obtained: with purple flowers and spiny bolls, with purple flowers and smooth bolls, with white flowers and thorny bolls, with white flowers and smooth bolls. Make a scheme for solving the problem. Determine the genotypes of the parents, offspring and the possible ratio of phenotypes. Establish the character of traits inheritance.
1. Genotypes of parents: Aabb and AaBb.
2. Genotypes of offspring: 3A-Bb, 3A-bb, 1aaBb, 1aabb.
3. Independent inheritance of traits.

The absence of small molars in humans is inherited as a dominant autosomal trait. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of parents and offspring, if one of the spouses has small molars, and the other is heterozygous for this gene. What is the probability of having children with this trait?
1. Genotypes of parents aa and Aa.
2. Genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring: aa (small molars are present) and Aa (small molars are absent).
3. The probability of having children without small molars is 50%.

Organogenesis is a process of formation in ontogenesis:
1) germ layers
2) rudiments of organs and tissues
3) blastula
4) gastrula.

With sexual reproduction of animals:
1), as a rule, opposite-sex individuals interact
2) sex cells are formed by mitosis
3) spores are the starting material in the formation of gametes
4) gametes have a haploid set of chromosomes
5) the genotype of the offspring is a copy of the genotype of one of the parents
6) the genotype of the offspring combines the genetic information of both parents.

The loss of a chromosome section, in contrast to the crossing of chromatids in meiosis, is:
1) conjugation
2) mutation
3) replication
4) crossing over.

When pure lines are obtained in plants, the viability of individuals decreases, since:
1) recessive mutations become heterozygous
2) the number of dominant mutations increases
3) the number of mutations decreases
4) recessive mutations become homozygous.

Which of the following methods is widely used in plant and animal breeding?
1) selection by exterior
2) mass selection
3) obtaining polyploids
4) crossing organisms.

It is known that Huntington's chorea (A) is a disease that manifests itself after 35 - 40 years and is accompanied by progressive dysfunction of the brain, and a positive Rh factor (B) is inherited as unlinked autosomal dominant traits. The father is diheterozygous for these genes, and the mother is Rh negative and healthy. Make a scheme for solving the problem and determine the genotypes of the parents, possible offspring and the probability of having Rh-negative children with Huntington's chorea.
1. Genotypes of parents: father AaBb, mother aabb.
2. Genotypes and phenotypes of offspring: AaBb, Aabb, aaBb, aabb - healthy Rh-positive, healthy Rh-negative, Rh-positive patients, Rh-negative patients.
3. The probability of having Rh-negative children with Huntington's chorea is 25%.

Trait reaction rate:
1) is inherited
2) depends on the environment
3) is formed in ontogenesis
4) depends on the number of chromosomes.

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"Mutation in Biology" - Alignment ... Types of mutations. How to display the parent-child relationship for nucleotides? Today we will focus on mutations. Alignment example. What to do with residues that should not be leveled Envelope protein sequences from two strains of Coxsackie virus and human enterovirus. Alignment and Evolution.

"Mutation" - Homologous mutations. Ultraviolet radiation Radioactive radiation Viruses Chemical mutagens. The same or similar mutations can occur in species common in origin. Dominant mutation yellow. Inversion: cat - current. Deletion: cat - whale. "Gluttony will not help you to grow up to me, you need my genes."

"Gene mutations" - OMIM 100800 Mutation in the protein receptor for fibroblast growth factor. By the consequences. A mutation in an important connective tissue protein called fibrillin. A muton, the smallest unit of mutation, is equal to a pair of complementary nucleotides. All our cellular organelles from moms, dads bring only chromosomes. The regions are numbered from the centromere to the telomeres in each arm.

"Types of mutations" - They occur naturally. What is the significance of the occurrence of mutations for the evolutionary process? Harmful -. Inversion. Deletion. Translocation. Mutagenesis. Genome. dominant A. Genetic material. Modification. Induced. Variability. Chromosome. Variants of gene disorder in the chromosome. Hypothesis: Mutations can be both harmful and beneficial.

"Protection of flora and fauna" - The Red Book of Animals. Reserves. Reasons for the decline in biodiversity. Red Book of Plants and Mushrooms. Environmental organizations. Extinct species. Biological resources. The conflict between society and nature. The reasons. Book. Protection of flora and fauna. Environmental culture and ethics. Changing of the climate.

"Environmental protection" - O. Driz. Protect the environment. The negative and positive influence of man on nature. What can you do to protect nature. How to protect water. Why it is necessary to protect nature. Game "Name the Rule". How to protect the air. Traveler. Nature must be protected. How to protect soils. How to protect plants.

Mutations are changes in the DNA of a cell. They arise under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, radiation (X-rays), etc. They are inherited, serve as material for natural selection.

Gene mutations - change in the structure of one gene. This is a change in the sequence of nucleotides: dropout, insertion, substitution, etc. For example, replacing A with T. Causes - violations during duplication (replication) of DNA. Examples: sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria.

Chromosomal mutations - changes in the structure of chromosomes: loss of a site, doubling of a site, rotation of a site by 180 degrees, transfer of a site to another (non-homologous) chromosome, etc. The reasons are violations during crossing over. Example: cat cry syndrome.

Genomic mutations - change in the number of chromosomes. The reasons are violations during the discrepancy of chromosomes.

• Polyploidy - multiple changes (several times, for example, 12 → 24). It does not occur in animals, in plants it leads to an increase in size.
• Aneuploidy - changes by one or two chromosomes. For example, one extra twenty-first chromosome leads to Down syndrome (while the total number of chromosomes is 47).

Cytoplasmic mutations - changes in the DNA of mitochondria and plastids. They are transmitted only through the female line, because mitochondria and plastids from sperm do not enter the zygote. An example in plants is variegation.

Somatic - mutations in somatic cells (body cells; there can be four of the above types). With sexual reproduction, they are not inherited. They are transmitted during vegetative reproduction in plants, during budding and fragmentation in coelenterates (in hydra).

Choose the one that is most correct. Polyploid organisms result from
1) genomic mutations

3) gene mutations
4) combinative variability

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. Down syndrome is the result of a mutation
1) genomic
2) cytoplasmic
3) chromosomal
4) recessive

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. Recessive gene mutations alter
1) the sequence of stages of individual development
2) the composition of triplets in the DNA region
3) a set of chromosomes in somatic cells
4) the structure of autosomes

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. What type of mutations are changes in the structure of DNA in mitochondria?
1) genomic
2) chromosomal
3) cytoplasmic
4) combinative

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. Polyploid wheat varieties are the result of variability
1) chromosomal
2) modification
3) gene
4) genomic

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. The appearance of different alleles of the same gene occurs as a result
1) indirect cell division
2) modification variability
3) mutation process
4) combinative variability

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. Breeders can obtain polyploid wheat varieties due to mutation
1) cytoplasmic
2) gene
3) chromosomal
4) genomic

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. Variegation in night beauty and snapdragon is determined by variability
1) combinative
2) chromosomal
3) cytoplasmic
4) genetic

Answer

Choose the one that is most correct. Cytoplasmic variability is associated with the fact that
1) meiotic division is disrupted
2) mitochondrial DNA can mutate
3) new alleles appear in autosomes
4) gametes are formed that are incapable of fertilization

Answer

MUTATIONS EXCEPT
The concepts below, except for two, are used to describe the consequences of disrupting the arrangement of nucleotides in the DNA region that controls protein synthesis. Define these two concepts that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) violation of the primary structure of the polypeptide
2) chromosome discrepancy
3) changes in protein function
4) gene mutation
5) crossing over

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All but two of the terms listed below are used to classify mutations by changes in genetic material. Identify two terms that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) genomic
2) generative
3) chromosomal
4) spontaneous
5) gene

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GENE
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Gene mutations are associated with
1) a change in the number of sex chromosomes in cells
2) a change in the composition of triplets in DNA
3) a change in the structure of autosomes
4) loss of a nucleotide from a triplet
5) a change in the structure of chromosomes
6) insertion of a nucleotide into a triplet

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GENE EXCEPT
1. Below is a list of characteristics of variability. All but two of them are used to describe the characteristics of gene variation. Find two characteristics that "fall out" of the general range, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) due to a combination of gametes during fertilization
2) is caused by a change in the sequence of nucleotides in the triplet
3) is formed during gene recombination during crossing over
4) characterized by changes within the gene
5) is formed when the nucleotide sequence changes

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2. All but two of the characteristics below are responsible for the gene mutation. Define these two concepts that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) conjugation of homologous chromosomes and exchange of genes between them
2) replacement of one nucleotide in DNA with another
3) changing the sequence of the nucleotide connection
4) the appearance of an extra chromosome in the genotype
5) loss of one triplet in the DNA region encoding the primary structure of the protein

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3. All but two of the characteristics below are used to describe gene mutations. Identify two characteristics that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) replacement of a pair of nucleotides
2) the emergence of a stop codon within a gene
3) doubling the number of individual nucleotides in DNA
4) an increase in the number of chromosomes
5) loss of a chromosome section

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4. All but two of the characteristics below are used to describe gene mutations. Identify two characteristics that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) adding one triplet to DNA
2) an increase in the number of autosomes
3) changing the sequence of nucleotides in DNA
4) loss of individual nucleotides in DNA
5) a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes

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5. All but two of the characteristics below are typical of gene mutations. Identify two characteristics that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the emergence of polyploid forms
2) random doubling of nucleotides in a gene
3) loss of one triplet during replication
4) the formation of new alleles of one gene
5) violation of the divergence of homologous chromosomes in meiosis

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6sat. All but three of the characteristics below are characteristic of gene mutations. Identify three characteristics that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) arises in the process of DNA replication

2) insertion of nucleotides into DNA

3) loss of a portion of the chromosome

4) change in the structure of the DNA molecule

5) transfer of a section of one chromosome to another
6) rotation of the chromosome section by 180 degrees

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GENE - CHROMOSOMIC
Establish a correspondence between the categories of hereditary diseases and their examples: 1) gene, 2) chromosomal. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) hemophilia
B) albinism
C) color blindness
D) "cat cry" syndrome
E) phenylketonuria

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GENE - CHROMOSOMIC - GENOME
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the mutation and its type: 1) gene, 2) chromosomal, 3) genomic
A) change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule
B) change in the structure of chromosomes
C) change in the number of chromosomes in the nucleus
D) polyploidy
E) changing the sequence of the location of genes

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2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types of mutations: 1) gene, 2) genomic, 3) chromosomal. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) deletion of a chromosome section
B) change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule
C) a multiple increase in the haploid set of chromosomes
D) aneuploidy
E) changing the sequence of genes in the chromosome
E) loss of one nucleotide

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CHROMOSOMAL EXCEPT
1. Below is a list of characteristics of variability. All but two of them are used to describe the characteristics of chromosomal variation. Find two characteristics that "fall out" of the general range, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) loss of a chromosome section
2) rotation of the chromosome section by 180 degrees
3) a decrease in the number of chromosomes in the karyotype
4) the appearance of an additional X chromosome
5) transfer of a chromosome section to a non-homologous chromosome

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2. All but two of the following characters are used to describe a chromosomal mutation. Identify two terms that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the number of chromosomes increased by 1-2
2) one nucleotide in DNA is replaced by another
3) a section of one chromosome is transferred to another
4) there was a loss of a chromosome section
5) the chromosome section is turned 180 °

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3. All but two of the following characteristics are used to describe chromosomal variability. Find two characteristics that "fall out" of the general range, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) multiplying the chromosome section several times
2) the appearance of an additional autosome
3) changing the sequence of nucleotides
4) loss of the end of the chromosome
5) rotation of the gene in the chromosome by 180 degrees

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WE FORM
1) duplication of the same section of the chromosome
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2) a decrease in the number of chromosomes in germ cells
3) an increase in the number of chromosomes in somatic cells

4) nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes
5) replacing one nucleotide with another in DNA
6) shift of the reading frame

CHROMOSOMAL - GENOMIC
1. Establish a correspondence between characteristics and mutations: 1) genomic, 2) chromosomal. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes
B) rotation of the chromosome section by 180 degrees
C) exchange of sections of non-homologous chromosomes
D) loss of the central portion of the chromosome
D) duplication of the chromosome section
E) a multiple change in the number of chromosomes

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2. Establish a correspondence between the types of mutations and their characteristics and examples: 1) genomic, 2) chromosomal. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) loss or appearance of extra chromosomes as a result of a violation of meiosis
B) lead to dysfunction of the gene
C) an example is polyploidy in protozoa and plants
D) doubling or loss of a chromosome section
E) Down syndrome is a prime example.

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GENOMIC
Choose three options. What is the characteristic of a genomic mutation?
1) a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
2) the loss of one chromosome in the diploid set
3) a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes
4) changes in the structure of synthesized proteins
5) doubling the chromosome section
6) a change in the number of chromosomes in the karyotype

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GENOME EXCEPT
1. Below is a list of characteristics of variability. All but two of them are used to describe the characteristics of genomic variation. Find two characteristics that "fall out" of the general range, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) limited by the normal reaction of the trait
2) the number of chromosomes is increased and multiples of the haploid
3) an additional X chromosome appears
4) has a group character
5) there is a loss of the Y chromosome

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2. All but two of the characteristics below are used to describe genomic mutations. Identify two characteristics that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) violation of the divergence of homologous chromosomes during cell division
2) destruction of the fission spindle
3) conjugation of homologous chromosomes
4) change in the number of chromosomes
5) an increase in the number of nucleotides in genes

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3. All but two of the characteristics below are used to describe genomic mutations. Identify two characteristics that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA molecule
2) a fold increase in the chromosome set
3) a decrease in the number of chromosomes
4) duplication of the chromosome section
5) nondisjunction of homologous chromosomes

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4. Below is a list of characteristics of variability. All but three are used to describe the characteristics of genomic mutations. Find three characteristics that "fall out" of the general range, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) arise as a result of the redistribution of gene material between chromosomes
2) associated with nondisjunction of chromosomes during meiosis
3) arise due to the loss of part of the chromosome
4) lead to the appearance of polysomy and monosomy
5) are associated with the exchange of sites between non-homologous chromosomes
6) usually have a harmful effect and lead to the death of the body

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CYTOPLASMIC - COMBINATIVE
Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of variability and its type: 1) cytoplasmic, 2) combinative
A) occurs with an independent divergence of chromosomes in meiosis
B) occurs as a result of mutations in mitochondrial DNA
B) occurs as a result of chromosome crossing
D) manifests itself as a result of mutations in the DNA of plastids
D) occurs when gametes meet by chance

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Analyze the table "Types of variability". For each letter cell, select the appropriate concept or example from the list provided.
1) somatic
2) gene
3) replacement of one nucleotide with another
4) duplication of a gene in a region of a chromosome
5) adding or dropping nucleotides
6) hemophilia
7) color blindness
8) trisomy in the chromosome set

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Find three errors in the text provided and indicate the numbers of the sentences with errors. (1) Mutations are random, persistent changes in the genotype. (2) Gene mutations are the result of "mistakes" that occur during the duplication of DNA molecules. (3) Genomic mutations are those that change the structure of chromosomes. (4) Many cultivated plants are polyploids. (5) Polyploid cells contain one to three extra chromosomes. (6) Polyploid plants are more vigorous and larger in size. (7) Polyploidy is widely used in both plant breeding and animal breeding.

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