Blacksmith Viktor Kuznetsov. Viktor Kuznetsov NKVD against the Gestapo Kuznetsov Viktor Vasilievich
UPI graduate. Since 1953 - at the Instrument-Making Plant in the city of Trekhgorny. Worked at the company for 43 years.
Assignment of special secrecy
My first trip to the 6th Main Command took place after just a month of work. I arrived at the Volodin Farm (as the secret facility under construction was then called) on September 3, 1953 and was hired as a senior foreman. Which workshop? And they didn’t exist then. The first buildings were just being built, but the plant had already received a government order. To complete it on time, it was necessary to create production.
Since I had an engineering education and fresh knowledge after college, a month later, in October, I was appointed head of the tool bureau and sent to Moscow. Everything was very secret, they didn’t even allow me to write down the address, the first director, Konstantin Arsenievich Volodin, ordered me to memorize it. The purpose of the trip was also not explained. The ministry was located near the Kazan station, where trains from the Urals and Siberia arrive.
I found the right building. Seven-story, our 6th office is on the sixth floor. I called my secretary Marya Sergeevna, she ordered a pass and explained how to find the checkpoint. I went into the room, there were no people there. Everyone is waiting, the officer shouts out his name through the window. As soon as I had time to enter, I heard my name being called. I received a one-time pass using my passport (later they gave me a permanent one, because my first business trip lasted a whole month).
I found the right office. Three young specialists were sitting there, actually my peers. One of them turned out to be the head of the department, A. A. Zhinzhikov, and he oversaw the PSZ. It was only from him that I learned that our plant would produce nuclear weapons.
Most of those who arrived at the construction site had no idea what they were building. A secret object - that's all. Only the most enlightened knew that they were working for the defense industry. “Do not be curious” - that’s what the instructions said. Do not mention nearby settlements or other geographical names either in letters, or by phone, or in conversations. Yuryuzan was the Yu River. The junction railway station Vyazovaya is simply a train station. Where? - From Zlatoust. (Go figure out that the real Chrysostom is a hundred kilometers away from us, and ours is a license plate). Where do you work? - At the factory. - By whom? - Technologist.
Only later, in 1954, when B.L. Vannikov arrived at the site, did I witness his frank address to a group of plant employees for the only time: “The Party and the Government have entrusted you with a special task. You will make atomic and hydrogen bombs." Everyone gasped. And the deputy director for the regime, A.D. Ryazantsev, immediately ordered everyone to shut their mouths and threatened with 25 years of imprisonment or even execution for disclosing the secret.
As it turned out, I was sent to Moscow to fill out applications and contracts for the manufacture of technological equipment for Tatyana (RDS-4). They set up a table for me in the same room, and for a whole month I was putting together a package of orders. They issued reporting forms crossed out diagonally with a red stripe: state order, priority execution. 29 factories in the country, located throughout its territory, were involved in the production of equipment. Moscow, Leningrad, Kuibyshev, Kharkov, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk... The drawings came from Center-300 (Arzamas-16), often such parts were never made in factories. The Kyiv plant, for example, had to grind one-and-a-half meter plan washers; before that, they had not even produced meter-long ones. But the matter of national importance does not accept delays and excuses.
Here I learned to work quickly, because no overtime was allowed, from 9 am to 6 pm, an hour break. You also cannot take documents out of the building in order to work at home. Have time! The comrades sat nearby, and each did their own work, just as intense and urgent. They didn’t interfere in my affairs, no one placed a single order for me. Special typographical forms were printed for filling out; there should not even be any blots when filling them out. If you need to correct it, cross it out carefully and immediately sign and number it. But this is in rare, exceptional cases. Therefore, everything was filled out extremely carefully and carefully. You answer with your head!
I had a little more time than my colleagues because I didn't smoke. My colleagues took smoke breaks, but not every hour - time was precious. There was also a “supper”: an hour before the end of the working day, we went to the canteen to refresh ourselves. It’s very convenient for business travelers, because they didn’t always have dinner in the evening. I wanted to see everything since we were in Moscow.
The food in the dining room was delicious. No frills: cabbage soup, cutlets, side dish, compote - a complete Soviet set. There were always two salads to choose from: vinaigrette or fresh tomato and cucumber salad. They also sold cognac, some used it at lunch for an appetite, there was nothing wrong with that, everyone knew when to stop. We took a bottle or two home with us.
On weekends, we went to restaurants in an all-male group of four or five people - we could afford it because we made good money. We were in both “Aragvi” and “Balchug”. We had a good rest, but never discussed work issues: it was taboo. We followed the regime and understood that we could be under the control of certain services.
We lived in a hotel opposite Kotelnicheskaya Embankment. Within a month we became friends, became familiar, but there was no familiarity. In general, in the Main Directorate, everyone addressed each other respectfully, using “you”, and dressed strictly in suits and ties or in military uniform: everyone was so smart, business-like and polite. However, without arrogance, everything is simple.
The same thing happened at our factory. The engineering corps and managers were in suits, the foremen were in robes, the workers were in overalls, which were regularly washed. There was no dirt. Volodin did not tolerate slobs, but, in turn, there was no one to watch him, there was no female surveillance (no wife could stand such a working rhythm). Either the string on the ear of his earflap hat will come off, or a button from his famous leather coat will fly off. He covered so many kilometers a day that his shoes simply burned, and getting size 49 boots, you must admit, is not easy. But both the tunic and the shirts were always clean and ironed like a man. They loved him, appreciated his great hard work and dedication to the plant, which he built from scratch in the uninhabited taiga from scratch and launched on time.
The youth treated their elders with respect, were not rude, and did not snap back. The workers addressed each other in everyday life, of course, as they were accustomed to, but they always addressed the foreman and boss by their first and patronymic names. Between themselves as they wish, but in front of everyone they were taught to be respectful. This was probably a distinctive feature of nuclear scientists. They considered themselves intelligent people; after all, they were the intellectual elite of Soviet society.
Of course, we had exceptions. Both at the factory and in the industry. Even on that first business trip. One of the three who sat with us in the room, V.F. Zakoryukin, exactly lived up to his last name. A formalist, he wanted to curry favor with everyone. One day I put the drawings away on the table and went to lunch. So he reported me to the head of the first department. True, he turned out to be a smart man, he listened to me, and I proved that the drawings were not secret, and there was no need to put them in the safe. Zakoryukin and I were not friends, although we did not demonstrate this at work. When necessary, we resolved issues together. But they didn’t trust him, knowing that he was an informer.
Another comrade was sitting at the awards. It was then, listening out of the corner of my ear, that I learned that after successful development of a new product, awards were given out. And not by rank. By participating in development, assembly, testing. It was surprising to me that the reward from the reward in time should be separated by a certain number of years. Sometimes a simple worker - a good turner, for example - did not even understand why he was being awarded: he simply turned high-quality parts and did not know that they were used to assemble a certain special product. It’s just that everyone was focused on doing the assigned work efficiently. And not to show curiosity is a state secret!
Everyone worked hard. It was such a time - an arms race. It was necessary to release the product as quickly as possible. It was considered prestigious to carry out the plan. For a long time we had a slogan hanging on our workshop building: “Fulfilling the plan is a duty, overfulfillment is an honor!”
One day, on November 10, right after the November holidays, we were sent drawings by plane. Raw, unfinished. And December 30 is the production release date. Everyone was shocked. It was rumored that such an unrealistic deadline was set for K. A. Volodin specifically to check, as a test, whether he could cope. The hope was that he would fail. Everyone knew that the then head of the 6th Directorate, V.I. Alferov, did not really like our Konstantin Arsenievich from the time when they worked together in Arzamas-16.
The team was mostly young. The director appealed to Komsomol honor. No one asked what the accomplishment would be, what rewards, what honors. We distributed the work and stood at the machines. They worked day and night, 18 hours a day, and forgot about weekends and holidays. And on the 28th the order was completed. When the director saw the finished painted product on the stand, he even shed a tear.
They weren’t afraid to trust the young people back then. Take me: at the age of twenty-three, I was sent to Glavk for such an important task, entrusted with interaction with factories throughout the country. A month later, upon my return, I had to get ready to travel again. I visited all 29 enterprises to which applications were sent. I walked up to the checkpoint, gave my order number, and was immediately taken to the director or chief engineer. These were people older than me, but they treated me very seriously, because the papers came with a red stripe, which means they were of national importance. People in production were afraid of such orders.
In Vitebsk, at a factory destroyed by the war, the chief technologist, 20 years older than me, begged to expand the angular tolerances on a device for milling hexagons and pentahedrons; their equipment did not allow turning parts of this level of accuracy. It is forbidden. I don’t know how they finished it there, maybe even manually; but they did.
Only once did we make a mistake. There was an error in the drawings: a mirror image in the jig for drilling holes, the assembly did not fit. And then Volodin forced me to personally recheck all the parts on the VL-5 coordinate machine. I had to learn how to work as a machine operator, but this came in handy later. Fortunately, only one conductor was defective, the rest were fine. It could be given to workshops for work. But we spent a month rechecking.
Career progressed quickly. They didn't pay attention to age. Young people were sent to responsible areas. They believed in her. We grew up on the ideology of the Communist Party, we were devoted to our Motherland, ready for exploits and eager to accomplish great things.
From 1963, for 10 years, I headed the factory party organization. At that time, the word of the party committee was significant, it meant a lot. At that time, we had Yu. T. Kosyakov, the head of the quality control department of the plant, a very rude and self-confident, arrogant comrade. He brought the controllers, mostly women, to tears more than once with his rudeness. He did not recognize people as people. I called him to talk twice, to no avail: “What are you going to do to me, the minister appointed me!” The issue was raised at the party committee, and the following decision was made: to consider such behavior incompatible with the position held. Kosyakov threatened a ministerial commission to examine the issue, shouting that they would not pat us on the head for arbitrariness. But two days later, Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building L.G. Mezentsev called and asked director A.G. Potapov: “Are you a director or not? The party committee has made a decision, but the administration has still not taken any action!” An order was immediately written, the untouchable was removed and left the city.
The ministry listened to local decisions. Party discipline contributed to the strengthening of order and created responsibility and integrity.
Managers were required to know everything and competently organize the labor process and rest of their employees. As soon as the first workshops began operating, Volodin introduced daily operating procedures in the workshops. 30 minutes before the start of the shift, the foremen, site managers, and foremen discussed what was to be done. The director knew the situation better than anyone, he went around and visited every single object every day. Once every ten days I held production meetings after work, believing that no one should be distracted from the work process.
One day, my friend and I came to his office to ask for an apartment in a new rental building. So he called us selfish people and scolded us for taking time away from production, although we came during our break. But Konstantin Arsenievich was a very fair and decent person, he understood that young families needed housing, and the very next day we were issued warrants.
He did not have office hours; workers contacted him directly in the workshops, on the street, or came to his office at about eleven in the evening, knowing that he was still working. He demanded that superiors be accessible to subordinates. Every month, four meetings were held in the workshops: general, party, Komsomol, trade union. Weekly – five-minute political information. All available information was communicated to people, emerging issues were resolved, and employees were listened to.
They cared. Vouchers were allocated to our ministerial health resorts - to Sudak, Gelendzhik, Adler. Then they built their own “Ryabinka” in Yevpatoria and began taking children to the Black Sea for the whole summer.
They helped organize leisure activities, especially sports. In every yard, young people hung up volleyball nets in the evenings and played until they sweated after work. In the clearings they set up goals made of poles and played football. There were sports grounds everywhere near the workshop buildings; they even managed to play in the towns during lunch breaks.
We were paid well. We were called chocolate makers in the area because everything was in the stores, and we were proud of our belonging to the Ministry of Medium Machine Building and the fact that we live “behind the thorns.”
People from all over the area sought to settle in the ZATO. It was prestigious. We selected the best. But they couldn’t always find the right personnel. When I worked as deputy director for personnel, the head of the 2nd Main Directorate, Yuri Sergeevich Semendyaev, complained to me because of the delay in appointing a deputy director for capital construction at the plant. We couldn't find the right candidate. Then reserve albums were formed. At the PSZ we had an album of factory-level reservists, and at the Ministry of Medium Machinery we had our own album. I went to him, they picked up the ministerial album, and Yuri Sergeevich proposed his candidacy - Mikhail Konstantinovich Mamaev from the site of N.V. Firsov (Angarsk Construction Department). We called on HF and asked Nikolai Vladimirovich to characterize this specialist. It was a pity for him, but he let Mamaev come to us, and it so happened that he was not alone, but together with his wife Klara Nikolaevna, a journalist by training, who organized the publication of a factory newspaper at our PSZ. The Mamayevs worked successfully until retirement, and now their children work at FSUE PSZ. This is how, with the light hand of Yu. S. Semendyaev, a labor dynasty was born.
Enterprises: Ministry of Medium Engineering of the USSR, apparatus (Ministry of Medium Machine Building of the USSR, Ministry of Atomic Energy and Industry of the USSR, Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic Energy, Minatom of Russia, Federal Atomic Energy Agency, Rosatom, State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom, State Corporation Rosatom), Instrument-Making Plant, Federal State Unitary Enterprise (PSZ, Zlatoust-20, Zlatoust-36)
Personalities: Alferov V. I., Vannikov B. L., Volodin K. A., Umanets M. P., Mamaev M. K., Mezentsev L. G., Semendyaev Yu. S.
Year of text creation: 2014
Recorded: E. Ger
"Chief of the Gestapo and SD Berlin ZV 11
Prinz Albrechtstrasse 8
SECRET
Reich Treasurer and Reichsleiter of the NSDAP
Xaver Schwartz
NSDAP Office
Dear Mr. Reichsleiter!
On behalf of the Reichsführer SS and the Chief of the German Police, I am sending you the attached report on the disclosure of the communist espionage and treason organization in the Reich and Western Europe - the “Red Chapel” - with a request to personally familiarize yourself with it.
Heil Hitler!
Sincerely devoted to you
The report, which was reported by Gestapo chief Heinrich Müller and which numbered about a hundred pages, subsequently grew to several hundred typewritten sheets. The document was secret and fell into the hands of the Western Allies only after World War II. Subsequently, it was supplemented with new materials and, in the end, took the form of a CIA report.
In 1973, the US State Department compiled its report on the activities of the Soviet intelligence network. The report was classified as “secret”. Only three years later, this document, codenamed 0/7708, was retrieved from the caches of the American State Department, and the “secret” stamp was removed.
Report 0/7708 covers not only reports from British and American agents, but also RSHA (Reich Security Main Office) and Gestapo documents that were captured by the victors in World War II.
One can be amazed at the foresight of the leaders of Soviet intelligence, in particular Ya. Berzin, who even earlier than J.V. Stalin foresaw the inevitable clash of the Soviet Union with Nazi Germany. It is not without reason that a few years before Hitler’s Germany attacked the USSR, a Soviet intelligence network was created in Europe directed against the Third Reich. Soviet intelligence officers worked not only in Germany, Belgium, France, Holland, but also in “neutral” Switzerland. The impression of a bomb exploding was made by the equipment of Soviet intelligence agents connected with the most prominent military leaders of the Reich. As a result, Moscow could very quickly receive answers to its questions.
After the publication of the report, historians decided that the mystery of the informant “Werther” had finally been solved. It was suggested that the Soviet resident settled not in Hitler’s main apartment and not in the OKB (Wehrmacht General Staff), but at the head of the leadership of the Abwehr (German counterintelligence). Reports from Berlin to Bern reached not only via long-distance communication lines, but also through a courier service that connected the conspirators in Berlin with the German consulate in Zurich. In addition, Swiss intelligence, which maintained close ties with the Red Chapel, transmitted secret information to American intelligence, which it was able to overhear by connecting to long-distance communication lines with German military institutions.
Based on the documents collected, at least three of the four main sources of Rudolf Ressler, the most important Soviet intelligence agent in Switzerland, became known. They were, according to American researchers, Hans-Bernd Gisevius, the former mayor of Leipzig Goerdeler and General Oster. Who Ressler's fourth main informant was is still unclear. Presumably, traces from it lead to Bern, and from there to Berlin.
From the document presented by employees of the US State Department, it is clear that the participants in the anti-Hitler putsch on July 20, 1944 worked not only for the collapse of the regime they hated, to which they involuntarily swore allegiance, but, first of all, for the sake of Stalin’s victory. The German publishers of the document ask themselves the question: “Would it have been possible to avoid the collapse of the Third Reich without the work of the Red Chapel, without the participation of the largest German military and civilian figures in it?” Information to the enemy about the number of German troops, plans for their redeployment and directions of attack, according to German journalists, contributed to the shedding of the blood of millions of innocent German soldiers.
Regarding the innocence of German soldiers (and even more so generals), it would be better to remain silent. Much has been written about German crimes against the population of countries occupied by the Germans and their allies, especially those areas that were captured by the Germans in World War II, and we will not repeat them. Let us repeat only the well-known truth: the Hitler regime and the military machine it created collapsed under the weight of its crimes.
The name "Red Chapel" was coined by the German Reich Main Security Office (RSHA). It referred to a network of intelligence organizations that had been uncovered in Western Europe. Intelligence was transmitted to Moscow mainly through radio transmitters. The “music” of the broadcasts was performed by “pianists” (radio operators), and the “bandmaster” (“Big Chief”) was behind enemy lines, and the Director, the head of Soviet intelligence, was in Moscow. This kind of comparison was not new to the German Abwehr (counterintelligence). The word “kapella” also denoted secret transmitters and counterintelligence operations created by the German side.
The name “Red Chapel” originally denoted a secret operation carried out by the Abwehr in August 1941 against the Soviet station in Belgium (in Brussels they discovered a radio transmitter working for Soviet intelligence). The investigation soon led to the discovery of transmitters in Holland, Germany, France, Switzerland and Italy. The designation "Red Chapel" was also given to these operations.
In July 1942, further work on uncovering the Soviet intelligence network was entrusted to the radio counterintelligence department 1UA.2 in Belgium, organized by the German security service. After the arrest in November 1942 of two leading Soviet agents - Leopold Trepper and "Kent" (Anatoly Gurevich) - the Gestapo created a small "Sonderkommando "Red Chapel" in Paris.
The name of this Sonderkommando is often misinterpreted. The real goal of the Gestapo special counterintelligence group under this designation was to penetrate Soviet intelligence structures and re-recruit Soviet agents. Since then, it has become the custom that both the Soviet intelligence network and the German counterintelligence service that fought it began to be designated the same. In this work, the word “Red Chapel” refers exclusively to the Soviet intelligence network. The name "Sonderkommando Red Chapel" refers to a German group engaged in counter-espionage.
As already mentioned, Operation Red Chapel was an operation carried out by the Abwehr and Gestapo to detect Soviet intelligence officers in Germany, Belgium, Holland, France, Switzerland and Italy during World War II. However, some agents active during the war were recruited by Soviet intelligence and carried out their activities even before the outbreak of hostilities. Thus, the “Red Chapel” is by no means a product of wartime. It has its roots in the Soviet intelligence network created in Europe in the pre-war years. According to a US State Department report, the creation of the network spans the period from 1936 to 1945.
The actions of Red Chapel agents were not limited to the countries listed above. They were also carried out in England, Scandinavian countries, Eastern Europe, the USA and other countries. The report often points to the connections of these countries with the Soviet station in Belgium, France, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and Italy.
Most information about the activities of the Red Chapel is based on the testimony of Soviet intelligence officers who were arrested during German counter-operations between 1941 and 1943. Some details are based on observations of the German security authorities in 1941–1942. Regardless of them, testimonies of Soviet officers - prominent figures of the Red Chapel are given, indicating that the first cells of the Soviet intelligence network arose in Europe already in 1935 and 1936. For this purpose, first-class intelligence officers were trained. Some of them went to study at European universities, others took jobs as technicians and merchants in order to acquire “the necessary practical knowledge and experience.” A number of former Comintern agents were also invited to take part in the creation and organization of the Red Chapel agent network.
With all the fame of his sharp and durable knives in Russia and abroad, you can often hear questions: when and where was Victor Kuznetsov born? The biography of the blacksmith is simple and intricate at the same time. Viktor Vasilievich Kuznetsov was born in 1947. His small homeland is Eastern Siberia. It took me a long time to get into blacksmithing.
No fuss
School, army, university (faculty of oriental studies, department of Chinese), life in a huge, noisy city... As it turned out, all these and other stages of human existence led the Siberian to the main thing - the blacksmith's forge in a small village near Mtsensk. It is there, far from the bustle of people, without a TV, with limited access to the Internet, that Viktor Kuznetsov, one of the best Russian specialists in hand forging, has lived and worked for more than forty years. It happens that he comes to Moscow to visit his daughter and checks his mail.
Self-development for him means reading up to a hundred historical and philosophical books every year. Divides At the very beginning, it contains advice for those who want to truly open their hearts to people: “Leave the city, settle closer to the earth...” Wise teaching considers it not a religion, but a philosophy of life.
Purity is the god of metal
People's interest in hard patterned steel for blades - damask steel - has existed for many centuries. Voluntary hermit Viktor Kuznetsov became interested in the ancient craft in the 70s.
The first information about elastic steel with an unusual internal texture (“pattern”) was gleaned from P. P. Anosov’s book “On Damask Steel.” Kuznetsov once and for all learned the important postulate of metallurgist Pavel Anosov - to smelt damask steel you need pure iron, it is the most malleable. Purity is the god of metal.
Blacksmithing is all about practice. Viktor Vasilyevich began working with metal in 1985. He was pushed into action by a simple chisel - a tool for woodworking. Kuznetsov needed it, and he went to the railway forge (PCh).
The worker could not make a chisel, but showed Victor how to heat, forge, and harden metal. Later, Kuznetsov became an excellent craftsman in making a variety of chisels, including those for creating miniatures and netsuke.
Go to the bathhouse
Kuznetsov heated the first chisels in a sauna stove and forged them on a rail stump. Later he developed an anvil and pincers. This blacksmith's tool lived out its life in an abandoned collective farm forge, but, installed on Kuznetsov's farmstead, it found a “second wind.” was located under a canopy, which did not allow it to be used in winter.
Then the blacksmith built a small forge with an area of 12.5 square meters and installed a small coal forge in it. Viktor Vasilyevich claims that he works only with his own burnt charcoal. This natural biofuel was used by our ancestors.
One day a blacksmith set out to achieve a difficult goal - to make excellent steel, the best in the world. Believes he is close to achieving his goal. Swung too high? Kuznetsov never recognized the low bar. He says that transcendence stimulates a person more to action; only it contributes to true professional (and personal) growth. The Siberian works selflessly and doesn’t take days off: if not in the forge, then at Vernissage.
Perfect simplicity
Experience is the son of difficult mistakes. Step by step, Viktor Kuznetsov accumulated skill. There were fewer and fewer defective chisels, then none at all. Blacksmithing has become familiar (and at the same time always new). For the next fifteen years, Kuznetsov learned to make knives: sharp, durable, simple in shape.
He did not like artistic forging. Although the blacksmith reached the heights of mastery through decorativeness, to which he quickly lost interest. Simplicity, as we know, is the extreme limit of experience. Any line distorted even by a micron is noticeable. Viktor Kuznetsov's knives are elegant, often too simple-minded, but they cut perfectly.
Kuznetsov made the first smelting of damask steel in 2004, having twenty years of blacksmithing experience. By the beginning of 2013, he had made 830 melts, analyzing each in detail. Viktor Vasilyevich has written almost 30 articles on blacksmithing, conducts seminars, and has students. He took the laurels of the winner of the championship and the Russian championship in rope cutting. He developed his own system for testing knives (“in an adult way”).
Testing knives “like an adult”
Testing of edged weapons for strength has existed since the time of Peter I; there are test standards in the forensic center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (for hardness, deflection, etc.). Kuznetsov developed his own standards for cutting properties (a kind of QC). He considers the strength test to be the most important.
The main buyers of Kuznetsov knives are hunters. The product is in demand among foreigners. All consumers highly appreciate the work of the unique “technical control department”. It is effective, there is practically no return. Most reviews indicate that the Moscow-Mtsensk blacksmith Viktor Kuznetsov makes damask steel of decent quality.
Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1-4
(01/23/1928, Neya, Kostroma province - 02/06/2014, St. Petersburg), writer, translator, in PB 1954-65.
From a family of workers. In 1942 he was evacuated to the village of Zarechye, where he graduated from the 7th grade, and in 1944 he returned to Leningrad. In the same year he entered Archangel. mor. school for the department of navigators and upon graduation in 1948 worked for a year on Balt ships. shipping company, then to Izhora. z-de.
In 1950 he entered the English department. philology translation. fak. 1st LGPIIYA.
After early graduation from the institute on September 9. 1954 went to work at the OSKh GPB, where he was engaged in serving readers, censor. viewing foreign lit., prepared cards with the “secret” stamp removed for transfer to OKart. After graduating from VBK, he was transferred on January 19. 1956 to the position of Art. b-rya. Bible combined work with translations. In 1956 in the magazine. "Ogonyok" appeared first lane. South American writer J. Cone “A Crack in the Sky.” 29 Jan 1959 transferred to OKart in the same position, was involved in cataloging foreign materials. maps of the 16th century, cartographic organization. fund, serving readers. In 1964 he wrote an article. “Incunabula cards in the funds of the State Public Library named after. M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin” based on the report. in the Russian Geographical Society (Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Ser. Geogr. 1964. No. 3).
In July 1965 he left the PB to become a teacher. job and until 1976 worked as an English teacher. language in English school Frunzen. district, then in France. school No. 392 Kirov. district. From 1976 to 1988 he worked as a lecturer. English language in the Institute of Nuclei. physics, translated into English. language tech. lit. in geodesy, surveyor. business, soil mechanics, petrochemistry, etc. He continued to study the lane. artist lit.
His lane occupies a special place. mor. Romana Shotl. writer A. McLean “The Cruiser Ulysses”, which was reprinted 20 times from 1991 to 2006, and other op. the same author.
Lastly years began to write his own. work. Member Writers' Union since 1994.
Op.: Russian Golgotha. St. Petersburg, 2003; Following in the footsteps of royal gold. St. Petersburg, 2003; Love of the Grand Duke (Mikhail Alexandrovich). M., 2005; Night of the Long Knives. M., 2005; Confrontation. Soviet intelligence during the Second World War. St. Petersburg, 2007; Hitler's mountain riflemen. Edelweiss in battle. M., 2008; “Just Olga...”: (about Grand Prince Olga Alexandrovna). St. Petersburg, 2010.
Per.: Gilbert K. E., Kuhn G. History of aesthetics. M., 1960 (reprint 2000) (jointly with I. G. Tikhomirova); Dubois W. The Trials of Mansart: a novel. M., 1960; Simenon J. Maigret's fluctuations: novels. L., 1991; Wertenbaker L. Lion's Eye, or the Life and Death of Mata Hari: a novel. M., 1994; Den L. The Genuine Queen. Worres J. The Last Grand Duchess. M., 1998; King G. Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. M., 1999; Massey R. Nicholas and Alexandra. St. Petersburg, 2004; Benag K. Englishman at the Royal Court: biogr. S. Gibbs. St. Petersburg, 2006; Berdik Yu. The Ninth Wave: a novel. St. Petersburg, 2007.
Bibliography: PB in print; “Just Olga...”
Arch.: OAD RNB. F. 10/1; F. 10/2.
