New weapons during the First World War. Barbed wire and wire overalls The first invention of the First World War
Transformer combat soldier transformed into tank
French trench armor against bullets and fragments. 1915
SAPPENPANZER appeared on the Western Front in 1916. In June 1917, capturing several German body armor, the allies conducted research. According to these documents, the German body armor can stop the punch of the rifle at a distance of 500 meters, but its main purpose is against Shrapnel and fragments. Vest can be hung like on the back, so on the chest. The first samples were collected less severe than the late, with an initial thickness of 2.3 mm. Material - steel alloy with silicon and nickel.
Such a maker wearing the commander and the driver of the English Mark I to protect the face from fragments.
Barricade.
German soldiers are tested to the captured Russian "mobile barricade".
Mobile shield of infantryman (France).
Experimental shelter helmets. USA, 1918.
USA. Protection for pilots of bomber. Broneturuses.
Various options for armored shields for police officers from Detroit.
Austrian trench shield that could wear like a bib.
"Ninja Turtles" from Japan.
Broenshots for Sanitars.
Individual armor with the uncomplicated name "Turtle". As far as I understand the "floor" this thing was not and the fighter moved her himself.
Shovel-shield Makadama, Canada, 1916. Double use was assumed: both as a blade and rifle panel. It was ordered by the Canadian government of a series of 22,000 pcs. As a result, the adaptation was inconvenient as a shovel, inconvenient because of the too low location of the loophole as a rifle shield, and pierced the rifle bullets. After the war, they are integrated as scrap
Could not pass by such a wonderful stroller (though the post-war). United Kingdom, 1938.
Well, finally, the "armored cabin of public toilet - pepelats". Blinded observation point. Great Britain.
Little to sit down behind the shield. Opponent "Ski" because of the shield than? And then "Gol (soldiers) on the fiction of cunning ... There are quite exotic funds.
French bomb-throwing machine. Medieval technology is again in demand.
Well, they coexize ... slingshot!
But they needed to somehow move. Here, the engineering and technical genius and production facilities have come into operation.
Urgent and pretty stupid alteration of any self-moving mechanism gave birth sometimes amazing creatures.
On April 24, 1916, an anti-government uprising broke out in Dublin (Easter Rise - Easter Rising) and for the movement of troops on the fired streets, the British were needed at least some armored vehicles.
On April 26, in just 10 hours, specialists of the 3rd reserve cavalry regiment, using the equipment of the South Railway's workshops in an inchora, were able to assemble armored car from the usual commercial 3-ton cargo chassis "Daimler" and ... a steam boiler. And the chassis, and the boiler were delivered from the Brewerous Plant "Guinness"
You can write a separate article about the armor-drossin, because I will only limit the same photo for a general presentation.
And this is an example of banal hanging steel shields on board a truck for military purposes.
Danish armored car, made on the basis of a truck Gideon 2 T 1917 with armor of plywood (!).
Another French exercise (in this case, in the service of Belgium) - Peugeot armored car. Again without protecting the driver, engine and even the rest of the crew in front.
And how do you like this "Aerotaka" from 1915?
Or such ...
1915 Sizaire-Berwick "Wind Wagon". Death enemy (from diarrhea), infantry blows.
In the future, after 1mV, the idea of \u200b\u200baero-carts did not stall, but was developed and in demand (especially on the snow-covered expanses of the North of the USSR).
Aeroani had made of wood-free closed body, the front part of which was protected by a sheet of opponent armor. In the front of the body there was a department of management, which was located a mechanic-driver. To observe the road in the front of the front panel there was an observation gap with a glass bottle from BA-20 armored car. The combat department was located at the department, which was installed on the turret 7.62 mm Tank machine gun DT, equipped with a slight shield cover. The fire from the machine gun led the aerosan commander. The horizontal shelling angle was 300 °, vertical - from -14 to 40 °. The machine gun carcase consisted of 1000 ammunition.
By August 1915, two officers of the Austro Hungarian Army - Hauptman Engineer Romanik and Oberleytenent In Budapest constructed such a glamorous armored personnel, presumably on the basis of a Mercedes car with a 95 power engine. Named was the first letters of the names of Romfell. Booking 6 mm. The armed was one machine gun Schwarzlose M07 / 12 8 mm (100000 ammunition) in the turret, which could be used in principle and for air targets. The car was informed by the telegraph of Azbuchi Morse, from from Siemens & Halske. The speed of the device is up to 26 km / h. Weight 3 tons, length 5.67 m, width 1.8 m, height 2.48 m. Crew 2 people.
And this monster liked the Mironov so much that he would not refuse to show himself in the pleasure. In June 1915, the production of Marienwagen tractor at the Daimler plant began in Berlin-Marienfelde. This tractor was produced in several versions: a semi-caterpillar, completely crawler, although their base was a 4-ton Daimler tractor.
For breakthrough across the fields, hidden by barbed wire came up with such a sowing mower.
On June 30, 1915, another prototype was assembled in the courtyard of the London Prison Prison "Warmwood Scrabce" by the 20th squadron of the Royal School of Aviation Navy. As a basis, the chassis of the American tractor "Killen-Strait" with wooden trackers in the caterpillars was taken.
In July, the armoredorpus from the Belville armored vehicle "Delano-Belleville" was installed on him, then the hull from Austin and the Tower from Lanchester.
Tank frot-turmel-laffly, a wheeled tank, built on the chassis of the LaFfly road rink. It is protected by 7-mm reservations, weighs about 4 tons, armed with two 8-mm machine guns and a mitral of an unknown type and a caliber. By the way, in the photo weapons are much stronger than the declared - apparently "holes for the gun" cut through the reserve.
The exotic form of the body is due to the fact that the idea of \u200b\u200bthe designer (the very city of Froota), the car was intended for an attack on a wire barrier, which the car should have been subpaired by its body - because the monstrous wire barriers, along with machine guns, were one of the main problems for infantry.
The French had a brilliant idea - to use small-caliber guns shooting by the boarding hooks to overcome enemy wire borders. In the photo calculations of such guns.
Well, as soon as they were not messed over motorcycles, trying to adapt them to military actions ...
Mototaka on the trailer Motosacoche.
One more.
Communication.
Field ambulance.
Fuel delivery.
Triced armored motorcycle designed to solve intelligence tasks, especially for narrow roads.
Integer than this - only the "Crawler Cater Grill"! Just chase alligators on the swampy shores of the Adriatic, shooting the torpedoes ... In fact, who participated in sabotage operations, was shot when trying to sink Vribuse Unityis battle. Due to the silent electric motor, at night, it snuck into the port and, using caterpillars, moved through enclosing bones. But the port is seen and flooded.
The displacement of them was 10 tons, the armament is four 450-mm torpedoes.
But to overcome water obstacles individually, other means are developed. Such for example, as:
Martial water skiing.
Battle catamaran.
Martial stuff
But this is already R2D2. Self-propelled firepoint on electric traction. Behind her through the entire battlefield was dragged by "tail" -cabel.
One hundred years ago, when the First World War began, most Europeans predicted its rapid ending. However, a few months later, it became clear that their optimism does not have grounds. As combat dissemination, the technical inventions acquired increasing relevance.
In the end, the First World War became known in certain circles as the "War of Inventors". It should be noted that many of the inventions associated with the First World War: submarines, torpedoes, bombarding aviation, were intended much earlier. However, it was the war that gave impetus to their implementation. In our article we will tell about four such technologies that today play not the last role in our world.
Ultrasonic Hydrolector (Sonar)
In the pre-war years, submarines were used mainly for coastal defense. Germany has changed the situation and began to use their submarines within offensive purposes. This change in the military strategy forced allies, firstly, use submarines for the offensive, and secondly, to develop countermeasures to protect cargo delivery across the Atlantic.
The work of Reginald Fespenden was decisive. After in 1912, the Titanic sank as a result of a collision with Iceberg, the Canadian scientist began to conduct underwater acoustic experiments in search of a way of protecting ships from underwater obstacles. This led it to the invention of an electromechanical oscillator, a device transmitting sound through water at a given frequency, and then receiving the reflected sound from any type of objects.
At first, he developed technology as a means of communication with friendly submarines, and then as a signaling device that could be part of navigation and warn ships about shallow water, reefs and other hazards. In October 1914, the British fleet acquired sets of underwater oscillators as signaling devices, and in November 1915, they equip all their submarines.
French physicist Paul Lanzhen has developed an electronic version of the FASSENTEN device, which made it possible to improve the detection of moving objects. It included a quartz transmitter and receiver, which significantly improved the range and clarity of the signal. In February 1918, he reached a distance of 8km and a clear echo from the submarine.
Fastenden oscillators continued to be used at the end of World War II to detect such stationary objects as mines. And Fassenden, and Lanzhen laid the foundations of the device, which is now called.
SuperGetrode Receiver: Best Radio Setup
The technology existed even before the war, but two military inventors were able to significantly improve it. In 1917 and 1918, respectively, the French officer Lucien Levi and the American officer Edwin Armstrong, independently of each other, invented a device known as a super-metrogenous receiver - a method for setting a radio station to obtain remote signals. The receiver imposed one radio wave to another, significantly increased and filtered the resulting intermediate frequencies, which then demodulated to generate a sound signal, which, in turn, was displayed on a loudspeaker or headphones.
Initially, Levi was looking for a way to classify radio broadcasts. He worked on the Eiffel Tower, which the French military was used for radio spellings when the war began. Levi has an idea that supersonic waves may be applied on the radio frequency of the carrier wave, which herself could be modeled by an acoustic wave. He refined his idea by creating a supersonic wave in the receiver, and then received a signal from the local oscillator.
Armstrong was the captain of the military troops of the US Army and was sent to France in 1917 to work at the Allies in the field of radio communications. By that time, he was already known in the world of radio communications with its invention of the regenerative feedback circuit, a device that significantly increased the signal and for which he received his first medal at the Radio Engineering Institute.
In Paris, in early 1918, he witnessed the bombing of the German army. He decided that the accuracy of anti-aircraft guns can be improved if there was a method for detecting short electrical waves emitted by the ignition systems of aviation engines. This led it to the invention of the super-neurodine receiver.
After the war, the mutual claims of Armstrong and Levi on a heterodyne receiver did not prevent its widespread use and helped transform radio to an extremely popular consumer product.
Communication air-Earth: radiotelephonia swears into the sky
In 1910, scientists showed the wireless data transfer between aircraft and the Earth. Pilots played by Morse on the transmitter located between the knees. However, a number of problems arose. The engine noise, as a rule, drowned any received messages, and the pilots were too busy to transmit messages.
It became an obvious need to create voice radio in wireless communication. But the transfer of voice signals requires higher frequencies than the Alphabet of Morse, and radio stations and their power sources were too large and heavy to fit into the aviation of that time.
Engineers on both sides of the conflict managed to make improvements. In 1916, the French successfully experienced a voice connection of the air-Earth during the battle at Verden. On board the German aircraft, the transmitters became the usual means in 1916, and by the end of the year receivers appeared.
Analog Fire Management Calculators
With an increase in a number of large-caliber guns, it became much more complicated from them. During the sea battles off the coast of Chile and in the North Sea, artillery shelling was conducted from a distance of 13,000 to 15,000 meters. In order to hit the ship from such a distance, accurate calculations of the course of the vessel and its speed, as well as the speed and direction of the wind, which, in turn, was used to determine the height and direction of guns, as well as the impact of the wind on the flight of the projectile and correction Ship movements leading shooting.
In 1912, the British Royal Fleet first used the system in which all the guns on the ship were directed from one position (usually, this is the highest part of the ship). Officers responsible for fire management were used by T-shaped optical rangefinder, containing prisms to set the distance, azimuth and azimuth change to the target by means of triangulation. The officer then transmitted this information on the phone to the sailor to the control center in the depths of the ship. They, in turn, with the help of handles and levers introduced information into large mechanical calculators (some sizes with three or four refresheater), which used these constantly changing data for firing from guns. The guns were then shot to gun volley with different trajectories, thereby increasing the chances of hitting the target.
During the war, the Allied Military Forces and Ententes have achieved significant improvements in the development of these calculators to control fire. Scientific debates are not stopped about what fleet has the most advanced systems. The driver's tables of the British fleet are best documented by these devices, while the German SMS Derfflinger cruiser was widely known for the accuracy of firing at the sea. Derfflinger was flooded in Skap-Flow in 1919, and what is known about his fire management systems, it was told by his artillery officers in an interview with the Allies.
The number of terrestrial artillery also increased during World War II. By the end of the war, for example, the Germans fired at Paris with massive guns installed on railway cars. The gun, known as the Paris gun or the pipe of King Wilhelm, had a shooting range up to 130 km. And although it did not have much accuracy, it could hit something in size in the whole city, and the effect was, above all, psychological.
Analog mechanical calculators used to enter the target artillery guns directly led to the appearance of a computer. In fact, one of the most famous early EUM, ENIAC continued in essence the same task in World War II as analog calculators to control fire during the First World War.
World War II presented humanity a number of inventions, including those who are not associated with the military industry. Scientific and technical progress in the XX century was due to the efforts of physicists, doctors and engineers who worked for the front of the front. "Futurist" represents eight inventions of the war we use so far.
Space program
The German "Weapon of Retribution" (VergeltungSwaffe), according to some estimates, has taken the lives of more than 2.5 thousand people. With its production died 8 times more. Nevertheless, this ominous ambitious program for creating ballistic missiles, controlled aviation bombs and rocketoplans for the bombardment of English cities presented humanity orbital flights, disembarking on the moon and space telescopes. From the starts of the trophy, and later the Soviet and American missile programs began the modified missiles "FA-2".
Fau-2, in a hurry designed by Werner von Brown, was a rather raw ballistic rocket. 20% of the collected specimens was rejected, half of the launched missiles exploded, and the deviation from the goal was about 10 km. In essence, it was not intended for destruction, but to intimidate civilians. However, the main advantage of this single-stage rocket was liquid fuel and inertial navigation. The fuel in the combustion chamber was served with the help of two centrifugal pumps, driven by a turbine operating at the expense of the vapor. Fuel based on water and ethanol was mixed with liquid oxygen and created the necessary traction. This mixture continued to be used after the war: the American Redstone PGM-11 rocket used the same fuel configuration and remained in operation until 1964. The first in Australia satellite Wresat went to space in 1967 on one of these missiles. The rocket was unmanagered most of the flight, but its trajectory corrected the system of two gyroscopes.
Fow-2 became a sample for the Soviet ballistic missiles of the R series. On the basis of the legendary "seven" ("P-7"), the carrier launch vehicle was created, which sent to Space Yuri Gagarin. The American Hermes program, originally intended to create its own ballistic missiles, later reoriented to the modernization of FAu-2. Werner von Brown, captured by American soldiers, is considered the "father" of the US space program. Under his leadership, the first American Satellite "Explorer" was launched. And in 1961, von Brown headed the lunar program.
The first programmable computer
The British radio service service faced with the most complex German ciphers. The Enigma code, which was used in the field, during the war was well studied. However, the cipher that was created by the Lorentz encryption car remained for cryptologists a mystery. Lorentz's code has been strategically important, as it coded the message of the highest German command with it. British cryptologists called German encrypted messages "fish", but these messages received an individual nickname - "Tuna".
Thanks to the error of the German encrypper, who sent two messages slightly different from each other, managed to find out that the Lorentz car is a typical encryption device consisting of rotating wheels. But the wheels in it are twice as much as in Enigma - there were 10 of them. The key of encryption was determined by the original position of the wheels. Five wheels scrolled regularly, and five - irregularly. Two additional, engine wheels, controlled irregular rotation.
To encrypt data, the Lorentz machine used the XOR command. It generated five pairs of pseudo-random bits (1 or 0) and output 1, unless one of the characters was equal to 1, otherwise the result is 0. So 1 xor 0 \u003d 1, but 1 xor 1 \u003d 0. Each symbol in the machine Lorenz was compiled with pseudo-random bits, for example: 10010 xor 11001 \u003d 01011. The most important thing in this algorithm is that the machine actually encrypted data twice.
To decipher the Lorentz code, the British engineer Tommy Flauers and his team created the electronic programmable COLOSSUS computing machine ("Colossus"). The computer consisted of 1500 electronic lamps, which made it the biggest computer of that time. Modernization of COLOSSUS Mark II of 2500 lamps is considered the first programmable computer in the EU History.
Before creating a Colossus, a few weeks left to decrypt messages, now the result became known in a few hours. The machine fully functioned by the fact of the landing in Normandy in 1944. Thanks to the "Colossus", in particular, it became clear that the allies successfully disingravated the German troops. After the war, Churchill gave an order to destroy all computers, but in 1994 engineers managed to restore the working version of Colossus Mark II by photographs. Thanks to this work, it became known that half a century computers works at about the same speed as the laptop with the Pentium 2 processor.
Turbojet airplanes
Although Sir Frank Whittle received a patent for a turbojet engine back in 1930, the development was not particularly interested in the British government, and the work moved slowly. The Third Reich truly advanced this technology, and Messerschmitt ME.262 became the first fighter with a turbojet engine. The German Arado AR 234 was the first reactive bomber and the last Nazi aircraft flying over England in April 1945. By the end of the war, the HEINKEL HE 162 ("Sparrow") jet fighter was released, which was designed as soon as possible - in 90 days.
Nuclear weapon
The potential capabilities of nuclear energy were known for a long time. But it was during the Second World War that it became possible to experience them in practice. The first atomic bomb was created in the United States. In 1941, Enrico Fermi completed the theory of the chain nuclear reaction, and in two years led by the physics of Robert Openemeimer and General Lesli Groves launched the Manhattan project. Two bombs created during the project were discarded on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. It was estimated that directly during the bombardment were killed from 150 thousand to 244 thousand people. The problem of the spread of deadly nuclear weapons spawned a lot of discussion. However, without this discovery there would be no nuclear power.
Radio navigation
The first radar technology (Radio Detection and Ranging) was developed in the 1930s Robert Watson Watt and Arnold Wilkins. It made it possible to prevent the threat of air bombing. Historians say that the outcome of the Brittle battle may have been predetermined due to the support of the British on the radar defense system and the decision of Germany to focus on the bombing of cities. As a result, Britain was able to see the German bombers while they were at a distance of 100 miles and concentrate forces.
Penicillin
Howard Flory (left) observes a wounded soldier, passing the course of treatment with Penicillin in the American Military Hospital in New York in 1944
Penicillin was highlighted in 1928 by Alexander Fleming due to disorder in his laboratory. The scientist discovered that a colony of mold mushrooms increased in one of Petri dishes with bacteria. Colonies of bacteria around mold mushrooms have become transparent due to the destruction of the cells. Fleming managed to highlight the substance that destroyed the cells. The study on the bactericidal properties of Penicillina was published in 1929, but attempts to get an antibiotic in its pure form and improving its quality was unsuccessful. Only after 10 years, Australian scientist Howard Flory was headed by research on medical penicillin. Together with a small group of scientists, which Ernst Boris Chene entered, they developed a complex drug by 1941, which successfully passed the test. For this, researchers awarded the Nobel Prize, and Alexander Fleming was awarded with them.
Aqualang
The first aqualung was invented invente in 1866, it was used in mines where the air was contaminated. In 1878, a device for long-stayed under water with a closed respiratory scheme appeared. Carbon dioxide is removed from the exhaled water diver, and clean oxygen from the container is added according to the need. In those days, it was not known that pure oxygen under pressure becomes toxic. Despite the danger, in the second world war, scubaled with a closed respiratory system was a regular rescue equipment for the underwater fleet. However, the Marine Officer of Jacques-Yves Kusto and Emil Ganyan Engineer, who worked in France occupied by the Germans, in 1943 were able to create a device with an open respiratory scheme, where the exhale was carried out directly into the water. This type of scuba is much safer.
Slinka
One of the most popular and durable toys in the world was invented by chance during World War II, by the American naval engineer Richard James in 1943. He tried to find out how springs can be used to store important and expensive equipment in the sea. The engineer accidentally dropped one of the springs and noted her interesting move. After the war, the toy became extremely popular: by the end of the XX century 250 million copies were sold.
Andrey Chamov,
When we hear about scientific achievements that were made during the First World War, which occurred 100 years ago, we, as a rule, expect to hear terrible stories about new weapons, such as tanks, poisonous gas and flamethos. But the Great War gave rise to new achievements in other areas of science. They could be less obvious, but at the same time they had a huge impact on our daily life. These seven unconditional scientific breakthroughs have become starting points for entire industries and were initiated by military necessity.
Synthetic rubber
The First World War was the first major armed coalchate, in which cars and automotive periments play a big role. Ford has delivered about 390,000 thousand trucks for the US Army in 1917. But trucks cannot move without tires, and in 1914 the economic blockade of Germany began in 1914, which stopped the supply of natural rubber from Southeast Asia.
The German chemical industry was height. The Pharmaceutical division of Bayer experimented with natural rubber with alternatives since 1910. The beginning of the war prompted the company to start large-scale production of synthetic rubber, the formula of which was opened with the use of lime and coal.
The first rubber tires were not as good as their analogues of their natural raw materials. The tires were rigid that during the imperfection of suspensions of those times was reflected in the form of a very strong shaking during a ride. But despite this, the synthetic industry helped the German army to keep cars on the go until the end of the war.
Blood banks
The first blood transfusions were made before the war, but they were made directly from the donor to the recipient, since there was no special way to store blood. Doctors knew about compatibility in blood groups and many soldiers in the war died due to the lack of a suitable ray factor. Professor Pentor Rose from the Rockefeller Institute in New York has been searching for the ways to preserve fresh blood, adding potassium citrate to it to prevent coagulation and dextrose as a source of energy.
Captain Oswald Roberson for the first time used blood from the bank in the US Medical Corps in Belgium in 1917. Blood flasks could be stored until 28 days in a special refrigerator. Already the first experience became extremely successful and saved many lives.
Ultrasound
Submarines carried a real threat during the First World War. About 5,000 allied shopping ships were surrounded by German submarines in several years of hostilities. The deep bombs were designed to fight them, but a big problem was correctly aiming and putting these shells.
Some success managed to achieve using hydrophones or directional underwater microphones, but this method had very large restrictions. Alternatively, the Department for Combating Submarines of the British Navy has developed an apparatus for underwater echolocation using ultrasound. The delay between the sound impulse and the reverse echo pointed to the distance to the object. This method is used to this day.
Radio
At the time of the first World War, the radio was a bulky device, which occupied two large wooden chests. The entire set was moved along the front using three mules harm to failure. Including, for the work of the radio, a manual current generator was required. Military necessity forced radio electronics to quit all the forces on the improvement of the cumbersome design. They became less and easier, and also began filtering static interference to better hear. Such companies like AT & T made great successes in the production of vacuum tubes, which were produced by millions of chairs already by 1918. All this has determined the rapid development of civilian radio in the postwar years.
Ammonia production
Even before the war, the Germans realized that in order to stop British domination over the seas, they need new explosives. Prior to that, all the explosives were made on the basis of Selitra, for which the calcite was needed in the Atakam desert was needed.
German chemists found that explosives can be made without nitrate using ammonia. A scientist Fran Haberu managed to synthesize it from almost air - the process included hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen. The Haber process demanded high temperatures and pressure, but by 1913 the BASF plant produced 30 tons of ammonia per day.
Plastic surgery
The First World War became the time of the first reconstructive operations, which were conducted under the leadership of the New Zealand surgeon Harold Gillis. His patients became soldiers with damage to facial coverings. Gillis convinced the medical corps of the British Army to allocate a whole hospital in the County of Kent. There he spent more than 5000 operations, successfully tested new methods for rehabilitation of skin.
The first patient of Gillis, who successfully undermined the operation, is considered a sailor Walter Yeo, who lost the eyelids in battle for Jutland. Gillis used skin transplant and successfully restored the eyelids Yoe.
Passenger air transport
The development of large multi-unit aircraft, which occurred during the First World War, led to the fact that the first commercial transportation of people through the air began. The first passenger aircraft were Handley Page O, which were built to reflect the attacks of German chapelins. They could lift the impressive cargo to 10 tons. After the war, these bombers were converted to passenger planes.
The first regular flight connected London and Paris and took place at a speed of 100 kilometers per hour at an altitude of three kilometers.
Right holder illustration Reuters. Image Caption. Over the past hundred years, wrist watches have undergone a noticeable evolution.
The First World War presented to humanity a number of unexpected inventions, not related to the military industry. Today we remember only some of them, firmly entered into use and radically changed our lifestyle.
1. Hygienic pads
The history of this time has long been familiar to women's item is associated with the advent of cellustone or cellulose wool - material with a very high degree of absorption. And to produce it began before the beginning of World War I, specialists are small at the time of the American company Kimberly-Clark.
Head of the research department Ernst Maler, as well as the vice-president of James Kimberly, in 1914, pulp and paper plants in Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries. There, they have noticed the material that absorbed moisture five times faster and accounted for producers two times cheaper than cotton.
Kimberly and Maller captured with them samples of cellulose wool to America, where they registered a new trademark. When in 1917, the United States joined the First World War, Kimberly-Clark began to dress dressings at a speed of 100-150 meters per minute.
However, the nurses of the Red Cross, taking the wounded and estimated a new dressing material for advantage, began to apply it in another capacity. It is the misuse of the cellookotone and became the basis of the prosperity of the company.
Nurses of the Red Cross, bandaged the wounded and estimated a new dressing material for advantage, began to apply it in another quality. It is the misuse of cellookotone and has become the basis of the prosperity of the company
"After the end of the war in 1918, the production of dressings had to suspend, as the main consumers - the army and the Red Cross - did not need them anymore," the current representatives of the company tell.
Almost 100 years ago, enterprising businessmen Kimberly-Clark bought the remnants of cellulosic wool from the military and created a new product and a new market.
After two years of intensive research, experiments and marketing, the company produced a hygienic gasket out of 40 thin layers of cellulose wool wrapped in gauze.
In 1920, in a small wooden barn in the town of Nina, Wisconsin, the mass production of gaskets, which were manufactured by women workers manually were launched.
The new product was dubbed Kotex (abbreviated from Cotton Texture / Cotton Texture). On the shelves, he entered in October 1920, after about two years after the signing of the armistice agreement.
2. ... and paper handkerchiefs
The company agreed with pharmacies, in which laying of this brand were sold, put two boxes from the box office. From one woman took the packaging with gaskets, it put 50 cents to another, but if the cash register was not observed, then it was possible to simply say the word "Kotek". It sounded like a password, and the seller immediately understood what was needed.
Gradually, the new product was gaining popularity, but not as fast as Kimberly-Clark would like. It was necessary to look for a new application with a wonderful material.
At the beginning of the 1920s, one of the company's employees - Berta Ferness - an idea arose to reflect cellulose under the hot iron, which made her surface smooth and soft. In 1924, after a number of experiments, napkins for the face appeared, who called Kleenex.
3. Quartz lamp
In the winter of 1918, about half of all children in Berlin suffered Rickets, one of the symptoms of which are bone deformations.
At that time, the causes of this disease were unknown. It was assumed that it was somehow connected with poverty.
Right holder illustration Getty. Image Caption. Improving effect of ultraviolet baths - the opening of Dr. GuldchinskyBerlin Doctor Kurt Guldchinsky noticed that many of his patients suffering from Rickets were very pale, without a tan. He decided to conduct an experiment on four patients, including a three-year-old boy. All that is now known about this child is what the name was His Arthur.
Kurt Guldchinsky began to irradiate this group of patients with ultraviolet rays from mercury-quartz lamps. After several sessions, the doctor discovered that the bone system in children began to strengthen.
In May 1919, with the onset of the summer season, he began to make sunbathing children. The results of his experiments caused great resonance.
In all Germany, children began to plant in front of quartz lamps. Where lamps lacked, as in Dresden, for example, even lamps shot by workers of social services from street lamps went into the case.
Later, scientists found out that ultraviolet radiation lamps contribute to the production of vitamin D, which actively participates in the synthesis and assimilation by the body of calcium. Calcium, in turn, is needed for the development and strengthening of bones, teeth, hair and nails.
So the treatment of children suffering from the years of war from malnutrition led to a very useful discovery of the benefits of ultraviolet rays.
4. Summer time
The idea of \u200b\u200bthe translation of the shooter for an hour ahead in the spring and an hour ago, in the fall, there existed before the beginning of World War.
Benjamin Franklin outlined it in a letter to Paris Journal in 1784. "Since people do not sleep with the sunset, it is worthwhile to make candles," the politician wrote. "The sunlight disappears in the morning, since people wake up later than the sun gets up."
In Britain for summer, they switched on May 21, 1916, other European countries followed
Similar offers were made in New Zealand in 1895 and in the UK in 1909. However, they did not led to anything.
World War I will contribute to the implementation of this idea.
In Germany lacked coal. On April 30, 1916, the authorities of this country issued a decree according to which the clock arrows were translated from 23:00 pm at 24:00. The next morning, everyone had to wake up, therefore, an hour earlier, saving an hour of day.
Germany's experience quickly moved to other countries. In Britain, summer time passed on May 21, 1916, other European countries followed. On March 19, 1918, the US Congress established several time zones and introduced the summer time from March 31 to the end of the First World War.
After imprisonment, the summer day was canceled, but the idea of \u200b\u200bsaving the light day remained to wait for the best times, and, as we know, these times eventually came.
5. Tea bags
Tea bag does not owe its origin to military time problems. It is believed that for the first time tea, packaged in small bags, began to send American Trader in 1908 to its customers.
Right holder illustration PA Image Caption. Tea in the package of soldiers of the First World War called "Tea Bomb"Someone from the fans of this drink dropped either plunged such a bag in a cup with boiling water, putting the beginning of a very convenient and rapid way to welding tea. So, at least, the representatives of the tea business say.
During the First World German German Company, Teekanne remembered this idea and began to supply tea bags for troops. The soldiers called them "tea bombs".
6. Wristwatch
It is not true that wristwatches invented specially for servicemen during the First World War. However, it is reliably that during these years the number of men who watched wrist watches increased many times.
After the war, the wrist watch became the usual attribute for which the time was twisted.
However, at the end of the XIX and early XX centuries, any man who lived in a sufficient did it with the help of pocket clock on the chain.
Women in this respect were pioneers - Queen Elizabeth I, for example, had small o'clocks, which she in case of need could be worn on his wrist.
But for the participants of the first global definition of time, an increasingly important problem was becoming more important, especially when it was necessary to synchronize mass performances or artillery shelling.
It was especially important to coordinate the actions of different divisions during the creation of a fire artillery curtain - that is, the fire of ground artillery before the infantry speech. Error in a few minutes could cost many lives of their own soldiers
There were hours that left both hands of a soldier free, that is, wrist watch. They were comfortable for aviator. So pocket watches on a solid chain, you can say, have been riveted in the fly.
During the English-Board Wars, Mappin and WebB made a wristwatch with ears through which the strap could be traded. Later, this company was not without pride claimed that its products were very useful during the battle of Omdurman - the general battle of the Second English-Sudanese war.
But it was the first world war that made a wrist watch everyday necessity. It was especially important to coordinate the actions of different divisions during the creation of a fire artillery curtain - that is, the fire of ground artillery before the infantry speech. A mistake in a few minutes could cost many lives of their own soldiers.
The distances between different positions were too large to use the signals, the time for their transfer was too little, and it would be unreasonable to do it in sight of the enemy. So wristwatches were a great way out of the situation.
Company H. Williamson, who produced the so-called trench clock in Coventry, reported in his report for 1916: "It is known that every fourth soldier has a wrist watch, and the remaining three will acquire them at the first opportunity."
Some brands of wristwatches, which have become a symbol of luxury and prestige, are beginning since the First World War. The Tank model of Cartier was presented in 1917 by the French master Louis Cartier, who created this watch, inspired by the form of new Renault tanks.
7. Vegetarian sausages
If you think that soy sausages were born somewhere in the mid-1960s in California thanks to some hippie, then you are mistaken.
Soya sausages invented Konrad Adenauer, the first chancellor of post-war Germany. This food product has become a symbol of exposure and good faith - to say that the taste of sausages left much to be desired, it would be too cruel.
During World War I, Adenauer was the mayor of Cologne, whose residents are starved because of the British blockade.
Having a living mind and the talent of the adenuclear inventor began to look for products that could replace bike and meat in the diet.
He began with the recipe for bread bull, where barley, rice and corn flour were used instead of wheat flour. It turned out quite edible, while Romania did not enter the war and the supply of corn flour did not come to the end.
It turns out that when it comes to sausages and sausages, German rules were very strict - to be called such, these products were supposed to contain meat
From the experimental bread, the mayor of the city switched to experimental sausages. He offered to use soy instead of meat. His work began to call the "sausages of the world" or the "Cologne Sosisk". Adenauer decided to patent his recipe, however, the imperial patent management refused to him.
It turns out that when it comes to sausages and sausages, German rules were very strict - to be called such, these products were supposed to contain meat. In short, there is no meat - no sausages.
This may seem strange, but Adenauer was more lucky in this regard with the enemy of Germany: the British King George V gave him a patent for a soy-savory on June 26, 1918.
Later, the Adenauer invented an "electric brush-ravel-rake to destroy the caterpillars", a device for eliminating dust created by a car, a lamp for a toaster and much more. However, none of these developments have been launched into production.
But the patented "Cologne Success" with soy content became in history.
Vegetarians all over the world should raise a glass with bio-wine for the modest finance minister of Germany, who created such an indispensable dish for them.
8. Zipper
Starting from the middle of the XIX century, many people tried to create a device that would help connect the details of clothing and shoes the fastest and most convenient way.
However, luck smiled at the American engineer Gideon Sundbeck, who emigrated to America from Sweden.
He became the main designer of Universal Fastener Company, where he invented the Hookless Fastener: the slider slider connected the teeth attached on two textile ribbons. Sundek received a patent for its version of "zipper" in 1913.
The US military began to use these zippers in military uniforms and shoes, especially on the Navy. After the First World War, Zippers moved to civilian clothes, where they continue to live to this day.
9. Stainless steel
For steel that does not rust and cannot corrosion, we must thank Harry Brelarley from the English city of Sheffield.
As the documents from the urban archive tell, "in 1913, Breelli developed what was considered the first model of the" stainless "or" clean "steel - a product that revolutionized the metallurgical industry and became the main component of the infrastructure of the modern world."
The British military just rolled their heads over what metal is best to produce weapons.
Right holder illustration Reuters. Image Caption. Stainless steel found a lot of applications in the twentieth centuryThe problem was that weapons trunks under the influence of high temperatures and friction began to deform. Metallurg Brearley was asked to create such an alloy that could withstand the effects of high temperatures, chemical elements, and so on.
Breelli began to conduct experiments, checking the properties of various alloys, including high chromium content.
According to the legend, many of the experiments, in his opinion, fail, and rejected bars turned out to be in a pile of scrap metal. However, later Brearley noted that some of them were not amenable to rust.
Thus, in 1913, Brearley opened the secret of stainless steel.
During the First World War, new aircraft engines were made of it, but later the stainless steel began to make spoons, knives and forks, as well as countless surgical instruments, without which no hospital in the world is now.
10. Communication system for pilots
Until World War II, the aviator turned out to be in the air one on one with the plane. He could not talk with other pilots or ground services.
At the beginning of the war, the relationship between army units was carried out mainly with the help of telegraph lines. However, often the art crews or tanks were out of order.
The Germans also managed to choose the key to British telegraph encryption. At that time, other communication methods were used - couriers, flags, pigeon mail, light signals or horse messengers, but each of them had its drawbacks.
Right holder illustration PA Image Caption. Modern pilot in flight is associated with air traffic controlherAviators had to do screams and gestures. It was not suitable anywhere. It was necessary to take something. The exit was the wireless connection.
Radio technologies were then in the infancy. During the First World War, the relevant research was conducted in Brookland and Biggin Hill, by the end of 1916 serious success was achieved.
"The first attempts to establish radiotelephones on airplanes ended in failure, as the noise of the motor created a lot of noise," writes the historian Keith Troeer in one of his books on the development of radio in Britain.
According to him, later this problem was decided by creating a helmet with built-in microphone and headphones. Thanks to this, civil aviation in the postwar years "took off" to a new height, and gestures and screams, with the help of which aviators had to come into contact, went into the past.
