The concept of orthoepy. Orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language Orthoepic norms of the Russian language rules
Orthoepic norms of the Russian language- this is a whole set of rules that regulate pronunciation. It is thanks to orthoepic norms that a language acquires beauty, sonority and melody. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - correct, epos - speech) is not only a section of language that regulates and classifies everything spelling standards, these are also the very norms of the language that have developed over many centuries.
The Russian language that we first heard in childhood became so relatively recently, since modern language norms formed by the middle of the 17th century, and they were based on the norms of the Moscow urban colloquial language. Since that time, despite the constant development of the Russian language, orthoepic norms have undergone relatively minor changes.
Orthoepy is a section that is required to study, as to know spelling standards It is necessary not only for future poets and writers - it is necessary in everyday life. Man admitting spelling errors, can cause misunderstanding of others, or, worse, indignation and irritation. On the other hand, correct pronunciation indicates the level of education of the speaker. So, let's look at the basic rules of ideal literary pronunciation.
Pronunciation of vowel sounds.
Only those vowels that are located are pronounced clearly and distinctly in the Russian language. under stress. The pronunciation of other sounds in a word is regulated law of reduction (lat.reduce - to reduce). This law explains the less clear and distinct pronunciation of unstressed vowels in a word. Let us consider the manifestation of the law of reduction.
Sounds [O] And [A] pronounced like [A] in case they are at the beginning of the word, but in an unstressed position: d[a]horns, [a]laziness, [a]drive. In other cases, when the letter "O" is in an unstressed position and follows a hard consonant, it is read as a short, unclear reduced sound, something between [s] And [A](depending on position): head, side, side, fiber. It's the sound [ъ] in transcription this reduced sound is conventionally designated. If there is a soft consonant at the beginning of a word , then the letters following it "A" , "e" and "i" reads like something between [e] And [And](the lips stretch as if to pronounce [And], but pronounced [e]): p[i e ]ro - feather, s[i e ]ro - grey, [i e ]zyk - tongue.
After a solid consonant, preposition, or in a continuous phrase, the letter "And" pronounced with a sound [s]: laughter[s]tears - laughter and tears, pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute, to [s]van - to Ivan. In the case of the phrase “laughter and tears” "And" can also be pronounced like [And], if the phrase is not pronounced together, but an intonation pause is made at the place of the conjunction.
Orthoepic norms for the pronunciation of consonants.
When pronouncing consonants, other laws apply as orthoepic norms: likening And stun. So, if a voiced consonant is at the end of a word or before a voiceless one , then he is stunned: friend[k] - friend, hand[f] - sleeve, smo[x] - smog. As you can already understand, as a result of stunning [G] pronounced like [To], [b] How [P], [V] How [f], [h] How [With]. In combinations “gk” and “gch” [g] is read as [X]: le[hk]o, le[hh]e. If the situation is radically opposite, that is, there is a voiceless consonant in front of a voiced consonant, then it, on the contrary, becomes similar to the corresponding voiced vowel: about[z"]ba, [give.
Separately, it is necessary to say about the combination "chn". This combination in Old Moscow pronunciation always sounded like [shn]. Today, in most cases it is pronounced the same as [chn], but there are a few exceptions:
- In female patronymics: Lukini[sh]a, Kuzmini[sh]a.
- In single words: starling[shn]ik, sku[shn]o, eggs[shn]itsa and etc.
Consonant pronunciation [h] in the words “what” and “something” is usually considered a sign of some dialect, because normally "h" is stunned and replaced by [w]. Also changing "G" on [V] in the words “whom”, “what”, “some”, etc. To the sound [ cc] the ending of the verbs “-tsya” and “-tsya” changes: dare[ts]a, return[tss]a.
Words of foreign origin.
Orthoepic norms of literary language if the word is of foreign origin, for the most part they remain the same as in the case of native Russian words. But there are still some features of the pronunciation of borrowed words:
- No sound reduction [O]: model, [o]asis.
- Despite the softening of most consonants before "e", in some words the softening does not occur: ant[e]nna, genetic[e]tika.
- In some words of foreign origin, both options are allowed - both softening the consonant and no softening: therapist, terror, claim, etc..
Accent in Russian is not static and can change due to changes in the form of the word, case and much more. In order to find out the correct pronunciation of a particular word, as well as find out which syllable will be correctly emphasized, you can look at Russian spelling dictionary. Such dictionaries can become real helpers for those who want to learn to speak correctly and beautifully.
As a result of studying the chapter, the student should:
know
- features of Russian accent and pronunciation;
- a system of special marks used in spelling dictionaries to indicate pronunciation options;
be able to
- determine the reasons for the appearance of variants of stress in words, as well as the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations;
- identify cases of erroneous pronunciation of words and offer replacements in accordance with the norms of the literary language;
own
- norms of literary pronunciation;
- skills in analyzing options for placing stress in words and pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations using dictionaries and reference books on speech culture.
Orthoepic norms
Orthoepic norms and deviations from literary pronunciation norms
Orthoepia (from ancient Greek. oithos - straight, correct and epos - speech) establishes rules for the uniform pronunciation of words. Orthoepy consolidates the norms of pronunciation of sounds, combinations of sounds in certain phonetic positions. Orthoepic norms are rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations in words.
Orthoepic norms include two types of pronunciation norms: accentological norms (norms for placing stress (with a broad understanding of the term - the pronunciation of a stressed sound refers to orthoepy)) and actually spelling standards (norms for pronunciation of individual sounds).
Due to the fact that orthoepic norms regulate the rules for the use of linguistic units of a literary language, they are also called literary pronunciation norms. Norms for the pronunciation of sounds develop simultaneously with the formation of the national language.
Historical reference
Russian literary pronunciation developed under the influence of historical factors. In the 17th century, during the period when Moscow became the center of the Russian state, the unifier of Russian lands, a cultural center, many features of the Moscow dialect were perceived as exemplary and were actively adopted (the Moscow dialect was formed on the basis of northern Great Russian dialects under the strong influence of southern Great Russian dialects, i.e. it reflected the features of linguistic variants fixed in different territories). As a result, such features of the Moscow dialect as akanye - pronunciation - became established as an orthoepic norm in the literary language O in an unstressed position as [a |, - the norm of pronunciation of a letter combination chn as [sh] in a number of words, etc.
In the 19th century The historical and cultural situation is changing. St. Petersburg actively determines not only political, economic, social, but also cultural trends. The nature of the pronunciation of sounds began to be strongly influenced by the St. Petersburg dialect, which manifested itself, in particular, in the pronunciation of the letter combination chn like [chn], in pronunciation in borrowed words e after consonants like [e], etc. The speech of St. Petersburg residents of that time was characterized by orthoepic variants, close to the written form of the word, i.e. the word was pronounced close to how it was written: i[sh, h IR - box, |sh'ch]n - cabbage soup, [w]hat.
Many modern norms for pronunciation of endings of adjectives, endings and suffixes of verbs, letter combinations chn etc. appeared under the influence of spelling: modern pronunciation options like long>.go[dya|t, gathered, tapping, felt established themselves instead of historical ones dol|go th, hotsut, collected] With], tap]wat, felt
After the revolution of 1917, due to active social changes and a large influx of population to the capital cities, the differences in the speech of Muscovites and St. Petersburg residents began to gradually disappear and by the end of the 20th century. have practically disappeared.
Pronunciation variants, which were finally formed in the second half of the 19th century, reflect some features of both Moscow and St. Petersburg pronunciation. These pronunciation variations have become established as a national norm.
Deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation are caused by two main reasons. The first is due to the fact that the unified orthoepic norm is influenced by pronunciation features traditional for a certain territory. Even if the orthoepic norms of the literary language are observed, there are some differences in the pronunciation of individual sounds, characteristic of representatives of different regions.
These seemingly insignificant discrepancies lead to the fact that the pronunciation style of the residents of Samara and Arkhangelsk, Rostov-on-Don and Irkutsk, Voronezh and Yekaterinburg has distinctive features. For example, in the south of Russia there will be a noticeable pronunciation on the spot [g| special sound - [y], paired in deafness/voicing with the sound [x|. This sound is characteristic of southern dialects: |y|city, [y]tin, |y|say, but it will also be found in a less vivid version in the speech of those who generally master the norms of orthoepy. In the north of Russia, Okanye is a stable dialect feature. Okanye in its pure form may be lost as a result of mastering literary norms, but in the place of unstressed | about | in the speech of educated people living in the northern territories, a sound close to fuzzy [e] is often found: water - [veda], home - [demoy], Then - [pet|. According to the norms of literary pronunciation, a vague [a] should be pronounced in the indicated positions: [vada], [dama], [patom]. In Moscow, on the contrary, in similar positions in place of the fuzzy |a| a clear, open sound |a| is pronounced, which leads to akan. The speech of the inhabitants of the Ural region is characterized by a kind of “patter”, which arises as a result of rapid speaking, “swallowing” of consonants, and shortening the duration of vowel sounds. It loses the melodiousness characteristic of the literary language and often becomes difficult to understand.
Thus, pronunciation features that are traditional for a particular territory can manifest themselves in varying degrees of severity in the speech of native speakers of a literary language and, in some cases, cause violations of orthoepy norms.
The second reason for deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is due to the fact that There is not always a correspondence between the letter and sound form of a word. For example, words are written with the letter h, and in pronunciation it corresponds to the sound [sh|: of course, but, boringly, mo, - or written with a letter G, in place of which it is pronounced [v]: legally va], legally va|; is written resume, de jure, computer, and is pronounced summary [me], [deyure], computer[te]r. Letter G, in particular, can be pronounced as [G]- annual, [To] -forgery, pledge, [in| -legal, lawful, [X] -God, [h] -accountant, accounting, bookkeeping.
In the indefinite form of the verb in place -tsya According to the literary norm, a long sound is pronounced ts - |zza|:engage - busy tsa],develop - develop[tsa, strive - striving[sha] and so on. Under the influence of dialects, they often mistakenly speak as they write - engage], develop], strive [to]. In common parlance, in place of letter combinations - there is , -tsya An erroneous pronunciation often occurs, which is characterized by the absence of a long sound [ts|:I don't like it - don't like it[ tsa] instead of the correct one don't like it. No need to be afraid - battle[ tsa] instead of the correct one battle[ 1 sh]a.
Suffix -xia used in verbs after consonants: laughed, washed his face. After vowels the variant -съ is used: laughed, washed. Other pronunciation - laughed, washed - is colloquial.
There are quite a lot of various inconsistencies between letters and sounds, letter combinations and sound combinations in the Russian language, and it is in these cases that spelling errors often arise: we can often hear incorrect pronunciations of words: boring, trivial, computer, producer at er, buhtalteria, boro]a] and so on.
- The throat sound [h] - average between the sounds [g] and [x] - is not typical for Russian pronunciation; it can be found in interjections, yeah, wow. This sound can be heard in southern dialects.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepy(Greek orthos correct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called a set of rules of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is of great importance. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. Therefore, the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.
Let's consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.
Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, they lose clarity and clarity of sound; they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction.
The vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: ravine –[a] enemy, autonomy –[a] w[a] nomiya, milk - m[a]l[a]ko.
In the remaining unstressed syllables, i.e. in all unstressed syllables, except the first prestressed one, in place of the letter oka after hard consonants, a very short (reduced) unclear sound is pronounced, which in different positions ranges from a pronunciation close to [s] to a pronunciation close to [a]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [ъ]. For example: head – g[b]lova, side - st[b]rona, Expensive - d[b] horny, city - gor[ъ]d, watchman - side [ъ] g.
Letters e And I in a pre-stressed syllable they denote a sound intermediate between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - p[i e ] so, feather - p[i e] ro.
The vowel [and] after a hard consonant, preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one is pronounced as [s]: medical school – medical institute from a spark - from[s] hidden, laughter and grief - laughter[s] grief. If there is a pause, [i] does not transform into [s]: laughter and grief.
The absence of vowel reduction interferes with the normal perception of speech, since it reflects not the literary norm, but dialectal features. So, for example, the letter-by-letter (unreduced) pronunciation of the word [milk] is perceived by us as a voicing, and the replacement of unstressed vowels with [a] without reduction - [malako] - as a strong akan.
Pronunciation of consonants. Basic laws of consonant pronunciation - stun And assimilation.
In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[n] – bread, sa[t] – garden, smo[k] – could, any[f"] – Love etc. This deafening is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be taken into account that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a paired unvoiced sound [k]: le[k] - lay down, poro[k] – threshold etc. Pronouncing the sound [x] in this case is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word God - bo[x].
In the position before vowels, sonorant consonants k (v), the sound [g] is pronounced as a voiced plosive consonant. Only in a few words, Old Church Slavonic in origin - bo [γ] a, [γ] lord, blah [γ] o, bo [γ] aty and derivatives from them, the fricative velar consonant [γ] sounds. Moreover, in modern literary pronunciation and in these words, [γ] is replaced by [g]. It is most stable in the word [γ] Lord,
[G] pronounced as [x] in combination gk And gh: le[hk"] – ii – easy, le[hk] o – easily.
In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants (as well as voiceless and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second.
You should pay attention to the combination chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.
According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn this is usually pronounced [chn], especially for words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing).
Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling chn currently required in female middle names on – ichna: Ilyini[shn]a, Lukini[shn]a, Fomini[shn]a, and is also preserved in separate words: horse[shn]o, pere[shn]itsa, laundry[shn]aya, empty[shn]y, skvore [shn]ik, ya[shn]itsa, etc.
Some words with combination chn in accordance with the norm, they are pronounced in two ways: order [shn] o and order [chn] o. In some cases, different pronunciation of the combination chn serves for semantic differentiation of words: heart [chn] – th blow – heart [sh] friend.
Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of the sound [o] is preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o] del, [o] azis, [o] tel) and hard consonants before the front vowel [e] (s[te] nd, ko[de] ks, cough [ne]). In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t"] et, pa[t"] ephon, faculty[t"] et, mu[z"] her, [p"] ector, pio[n" ] er. The back-lingual consonants are always softened before [e]: pa[k"] et, [k"] egli, s[x"] ema, ba[g"] et.
A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R.I. Avanesov “Russian literary pronunciation”, as well as in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in particular, in the one-volume “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special section of linguistics - orthoepia (Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepy is also called set of rules of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is very important. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech; the listener's attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. That's why the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become the means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.
Let's consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.
Ò Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. IN In an unstressed position, they lose clarity and clarity of sound; they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It's called law reduction. The reduction may be quantitative(when the sound only changes the length of the sound) and quality(when the sound changes its quality).
Vowels A And O at the beginning of words without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable they are pronounced as [A]: ravine - [a]enemy, autonomy - [a]vt[a]nomia, milk - m[a]l[a]ko.
Letters e And I in a pre-stressed syllable denotes a sound intermediate between [e] and [i]: nickel - p[i]so, feather - p[i]ro.
Vowel [And] after a solid consonant, a preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one, it is pronounced as [s]: medical institute - medical institute, from spark - from [s]skra.
Special mention should be made about words with E and E. Errors in their use are due to the fact that in writing these letters are usually not distinguished. Therefore, in oral speech they are often mixed, i.e. on the spot Yo pronounced E and vice versa. Yes, it should be pronounced op E ka, af E ra, os E length, cave E ra, but man Yo Vry, St. Yo cla. Variant pronunciation is allowed in some words: bl Yo kly - bl E cool, w Yo lie - w E lie, pozol ABOUT plated – gilded Yo white, white Yo sy - white E sy.
Ò Pronunciation of consonants. Basic laws pronunciation of consonants – deafening and assimilation.
In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[p] – bread, sa[t] – garden, lyubo[f’] – love etc. ABOUT muffling is one of the characteristic features of Russian literary speech. It should be taken into account that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into its paired unvoiced sound [k]: lyo[k] – lay down, poro[k] – threshold etc. Pronouncing the sound [x] in this case is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word god - bo[x]. [G] is pronounced like [X] and in combinations gk And hh : le[h'k']y - light, le[x"ch"]e - lighter.
You should pay attention to the combination chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.
According to the norms of modern Russian literary language, the combination chn That's how it's usually pronounced [chn], This especially applies to words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing). Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling chn V currently required in female patronymics -ichna: Ilin[sh]a, Lukin[sh]a, Fomini[sh]a, and also stored in separate words: horse[sh]o, per[sh]itsa, empty[sh]y, star[sh]ik, egg[sh]itsa, boring, dvo[sh]ik, bitter[sh]ik, naro[ shn]o, och[sh]ik, sve[sh]ik.
Some words with combination chn according to the norm they are pronounced in two ways : orderly [sh]o and orderly [chn]o, mountain[chn]aya and mountain[sh]aya, baked [chn]aya and baked [shn]aya, laundry[chn]aya and laundry[sh]naya. In some cases, different pronunciation of the combination chn serves for semantic differentiation of words: a heartbeat is a heartfelt friend.
Ò Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of a sound is preserved [O] in unstressed syllables (model, [o]asis, [o]tel), those. in these words there is no reduction of vowels and hard consonants before the front vowel [e] (s[te)nd, ko[de]ks, kash[ne]). In some words, both hard and soft pronunciation of consonants before [e](dean and (de)kan). In most borrowed words before [e] consonants are softened: ka[t’]et, pa[t’]efon, faculty[t’]et, mu[z’]ey, [r’]ector, pio[n’]er. Always before [e] back lingual consonants are softened: pa[k’]et, [k’]egli, s[x’]ema, ba[g’]et.
Pay attention to the table, which describes spelling errors, the list of which was not explained in the previous material.
SPELLING ERRORS
| NATURE OF ERROR | EXAMPLES |
| 1. Assimilation (similarity of sounds) | Labo R atorium ( NOT bad l atorium); brane chipboard oops (NOT braneSatohit); co R idor (NOT tolidor); bi d He( NOT biTHe); car T He( NOT cardHe). |
| 2. Epenthesis (unjustified insertion of sounds) | Besprets units entny (NOT besprets e nd entny; howl on headman( NEvoebutboss);leatherette (NOT dermisntin); porcupine (NOT wild O braz); computer no entny (NOT computerntent); compromise no edit ( NOT a compromisentirate); competitive That capable (NOT a competitorncapable); const at edit (NOT constntitrate); years OS number (NOT summerAnddead reckoning); ne rs pective (NOTpereperspective); ne rt urbation( NOT pereturbation); P OS slip ( NOT bydslip); light fixture EU pressure ( NOT lightpredsetting); chr extraordinary (NOT heextraordinary, I'm with twa( Not meVstva). Something to remember: horseYunkculture– “the situation created in any area”; horseektour- “restoring a damaged text based on a guess.” |
| 3. Dieresis (erroneous elimination of sounds) | It should be said wandered O ka(R.p., singular), and NOT keychain; Azerbaijan th jan, but NOT Azerbaijan; time pre escort, and NOT a pastime. |
| 4. Metathesis (change of sounds), simplification | Skr upulous (NOT sk ur bullety); injury (NEtra mv A); du rshlag( NOT d RU hose). |
A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in book by R.I. Avanesov “Russian literary pronunciation”. Spelling dictionaries record words that cause difficulties in terms of pronunciation and formation of grammatical forms.
Words are arranged in dictionaries in alphabetical order and emphasized. To display the correct pronunciation of words in dictionaries, selective transcription is used.
Orthoepic dictionaries include the most important phenomena of accentology necessary for the formation of literate speech. So, in spelling dictionaries pairs of words are given, one of which is the norm, and the second is not for some reason. For example, in pairs Y burs - choice A , contract Yo ness - agreement ABOUT renality, assistant professor E nt – d ABOUT cent, the second form is considered incorrect (its use is a common speech error).
References
1. L.A. Vvedenskaya and others. Russian language and speech culture: examination answers. Series “Passing the Exam.”/ L.A. Vvedenskaya, L.G. Pavlova, E.Yu. Kashaeva. – Rostov n/Don: “Phoenix”, 2003 – 288 p. (pp. 31 – 33; 61 – 62)
2. Russian language and speech culture: Course of lectures/G.K. Trofimova – M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2004 – 160 p. (pp. 59 – 61)
QUESTIONS and TASKS
What is a literary norm?
What is the dynamic nature of the norm?
What are the sources of norm change in language?
How do language variants and the norm relate to each other?
What is the difference between mandatory norms and dispositive norms?
What are the causes of speech errors?
What are the characteristics of Russian accent?
What functions are inherent in Russian accent?
What norms are called orthoepic?
What are the orthoepic norms for literary pronunciation of vowel sounds?
What are the orthoepic norms for literary pronunciation of consonant sounds?
What are the reasons for soft and hard pronunciation of consonants before the vowel E?
What are the reasons for the different pronunciation of the combination CN in modern Russian?
Assignments for independent work.
Exercise 1. State the main provisions of the lecture course in the form of a table or diagram.
Task 2. Compile a dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation of individual words related to your future profession.
Task 3. Observe the speech of the people around you. What accentological and spelling errors are most common?
Task 4. Write an argument on the topic: “Why are language norms needed?”
These are the rules for pronunciation of vowels and consonants.
The pronunciation norms of the modern Russian literary language have evolved over centuries, changing. So, for example, in Ancient Rus' the entire population who spoke Russian was Okala, i.e. pronounced the sound [o] not only under stress, but also in unstressed syllables (similar to how this happens today in the dialects of the North and Siberia: in [o] yes, d[o] va, p[o] I’m going etc.). However, okanye did not become the norm of the national Russian literary language. What prevented this? Changes in the composition of the Moscow population. Moscow in the XVI-XVIII centuries. accepted many people from the southern provinces and absorbed features of southern Russian pronunciation, in particular akanye: in [a] yes, d[a] va, p[a] I’m coming. And this happened just at the time when the solid foundations of a single literary language were being laid.
Since Moscow and subsequently St. Petersburg were the capitals of the Russian state, centers of economic, political and cultural life in Russia, it so happened that the literary pronunciation was based on Moscow pronunciation, on which some features of St. Petersburg were subsequently “layered.”
To successfully master orthoepic norms you need:
1) learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;
2) learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;
3) listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which should be mastered by radio and television announcers, masters of literary expression;
4) consciously compare your pronunciation with the exemplary one, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;
5) correct mistakes through constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.
The complete style is characterized by:
1) compliance with the requirements of orthoepic standards;
2) clarity and distinctness of pronunciation;
3) correct placement of verbal and logical stress;
4) at a moderate pace;
5) correct speech pauses;
6) neutral intonation.
With an incomplete pronunciation style, the following is observed:
1) excessive abbreviation of words, loss of consonants and entire syllables, for example: shchas (now), thousand (thousand), kilogram of tomato(kilograms of tomatoes), etc.;
2) unclear pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations;
3) inconsistent tempo of speech, unwanted pauses.
If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.
Some difficult cases of pronunciation of vowels and consonants
Pronunciation of vowel sounds
In some words of foreign origin in place unstressed spelling "o" instead of a sound close in pronunciation to [a], the sound [o] is pronounced: beau monde, trio, boa, cocoa, biostimulant, advice note, oasis, reputation. Pronunciation of the words poetry, credo, etc. with unstressed [o] is optional. Proper names of foreign origin also retain unstressed [o] as a variant of literary pronunciation: Chopin, Voltaire, etc.
In the pronunciation of a number of words like scam, guardianship, grenadier, fur, faded and so on. Difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of the letters e/e in printed text, since only one graphic symbol is used to denote them - e. This situation leads to a distortion of the phonetic appearance of the word and causes frequent pronunciation errors.
List of words with stressed vowel [e]:
af e ra
breve started
being
head
holole ditsa
potted
grenada r
single-, foreign-, single-, tribal (but: multi-, multi-tribal)
hagiography
expired (year); but: drained (blood)
Kiev-Pechersk Lavra
perplexed
guardianship
ose long
produced
List of words with stressed vowel [o]:
bl damn
why lie; iron (additional [zhe])
same forehead
oblivion
manyo vr; manyo loyalty
nothing much
eponymous
tip
named
tenyo ta
lye
Pronunciation of consonants
According to Old Moscow norms, the spelling combination -chn- was pronounced as [shn] in the words bulo honest, deliberately, cheap, trifling, creamy, apple etc. Currently, the pronunciation [shn] has been preserved only in some words: horse chno, boring, egg, eyeglass, mustard, trifling, birdhouse, girlish. In the vast majority of other words, in place of the letter combination -chn- is pronounced [ch’n]: igrushe chalky, creamy, apple, snack, glass etc. In addition, according to the norms of the Russian literary language, the letter combination -chn- has always been pronounced and is pronounced as [ch’n] in words of book origin, for example: al eternal, eternity, carefree, as well as in words that recently appeared in the Russian language: otli chn ik, camouflage and etc.
The pronunciation [shn] today is preserved in female patronymics ending in -ichna: Nikiti chn a, Ilyinichna and so on.
The letter combination -ch- in the word that and in its derivatives is pronounced as [pcs]: [pcs] about, something [pcs] about, [pcs] something, not [pcs] about. The word something sounds [ch’t].
Combinations of letters zhzh and zzh can be pronounced as a long soft sound [zh’zh’] in accordance with the Old Moscow pronunciation: in [zh’zh’] and, dro [zh’zh’] and, later - by [zh’zh’] e etc. However, at present, soft [zh’zh’] in such words is being replaced by hard [zhzh]: in [zhzh] and, dro [zhzh] and, later - by [zhzh] e etc. Soft long [zh’zh’] is recommended for stage, as well as radio and television speech.
In the pronunciation of the word rain, the variant before predominates [PC'] with persisting but becoming obsolete to [sh’sh’]. In other forms of this word in modern Russian the sound combination [zh’] has been fixed: before [zh’] I, before [zh’] and.
Pronunciation of borrowed words
. The names Julien and Jules are also pronounced softly.
When pronouncing some foreign words, erroneous extra consonants or vowels sometimes appear. It should be pronounced:
precedent (not precedent)
dermatin (not dermatin)
compromise (not compromise)
competitive (not competitive [n] capable)
emergency (not w[e] emergency)
institution (not an institution)
future (not future)
thirsty (not thirsty)
In the position before the sound [e], denoted in writing by the letter e, both soft and hard consonants are pronounced in borrowed words, for example: detective - [dete] active, academy - aka[d’e] miya.
Lack of softness is often characteristic of dental consonants d, t, z, s, n and consonant r, for example: fo [ne] tika, [re] quiem. However, in borrowed words that have been fully mastered by the Russian language, these consonants are pronounced softly in accordance with the tradition of the Russian letter e to denote the softness of the preceding consonant sound: mu ze y, te rmin, shine el and etc.
Remember the pronunciation of the following words!
List of words with soft consonants before E (aka [d'e] mia, [b'er'e] t and etc.):
ah re sion
Academy Miya
disinfection
de pressia
de kan [d "e] and [de]
de fis
competence
congress ss
museum
Ode ssa
pathe nt
pressa
pre ssing
progress ss
se yf
service
se ssia [s"e] and [se]
those rmin
federal
the bus
express ss
jurisprudence
List of words with firmly pronounced consonants before E (a [de] pt, [dete] rminism and etc.):
A de quatny
antise bird
ate ism
business s, business change n
sandwich
degradation
de qualification
décolleté
de cor
de mping
dete rminism
dispensary
indexation
computer
conse nsus
mene jer (additional [m "ene])
nonce nose
desk
pretentious
producer r
protection
rating
requiem
stre ss
those zis
those ICBMs
those mp
trend
thermos
extrase ns
energy
P.S.
In borrowed words starting with the prefixes de- before vowels, dez-, as well as in the first part of complex words starting with neo-, with a general tendency towards softening, fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard din are observed:
devaluation [d"e and de]
disinformation [d"e and de]
neocolonialism [neo and additional. n"eo] IN foreign proper names recommended solid pronunciation consonants before e: and etc.
De Cartes, Flouber, "De Cameron", Rembrandt Hard [sh] is pronounced in the words parachute[shu], brochure [shu] . In the word jury it is pronounced soft hissing [f"]
