How to emphasize heterogeneous definitions. Homogeneous definitions. How to distinguish homogeneous from heterogeneous definitions in a sentence
We continue to explore the levels of the language system, relying on the book "Russian language: I understand - I write - I check." We will talk about homogeneous members of the sentence.
Lesson 28. Homogeneous members of the sentence. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
Homogeneous are members of a sentence that are interconnected by a coordinating connection and have the following characteristics:
1) often appear as the same parts of speech, used in the same grammatical form;
2) are interconnected by a coordinating connection, therefore they are equal and do not depend on each other, unlike the components of a phrase;
3) if these are minor members, then they extend one member of the sentence and define it lexically in the same way;
4) in speech they are often connected with each other by a special enumerative intonation.
Exercise. Read two sentences and determine in them: a) grammatical basis; b) guided by signs of homogeneity, which members of the sentence are homogeneous.
1) It was necessary to sell furniture, horses, and a dacha.(A. Chekhov)
2) The earth, air, month, stars are chained together, riveted by frost.(A. Pushkin)
The listed signs of homogeneity and the completed task show that:
a) each of the homogeneous members and all together act as identical members of the sentence: in the first example as additions, in the second as subjects and predicates;
b) any members of a sentence can be homogeneous - both main and secondary.
I. Homogeneous members connected only by intonation. Members of the sentence that are not homogeneous
When homogeneous members are connected by intonation, the punctuation marks commas, semicolons and dashes are used in writing.
1. Comma- the most common punctuation mark, separating homogeneous members from each other, connected by the intonation of enumeration (a connecting conjunction can be inserted between them And), For example:
They're crowding along the embankment steamships, schooners, barges . (A. Serafimovich)
Sentences with homogeneous members can be complicated by isolated secondary members. When placing punctuation marks, watch the intonation of the statement, and then analyze the structure of the sentence, for example:
Books are a spiritual testament from one generation to another, advice from a dying old man to a young man beginning to live, an order passed on to a sentry going on vacation to a sentry taking his place.(A. Herzen)
Exercise. Explain all the punctuation in this sentence. Which parts of the sentence are homogeneous?
2. Semicolon common homogeneous members connected by the intonation of enumeration are separated, especially if there are commas inside them. As a rule, this happens if the speech is divided into clear parts-pictures, for example:
Along the ravine on one side are neat barns, cages with tightly closed doors; on the other side five six pine hut with plank roofs.(I. Turgenev)
Exercise. Prove that this is an incomplete sentence. Which part of the sentence is missing?
3. Dash is put if homogeneous members are connected by adversarial relations, that is, they are opposed to each other, and unions can be inserted between them A or But. In speech, an intonation pause is made in place of the adversative conjunction, for example:
Not fishing sail small - ships I'm dreaming.(N. Nekrasov)
Compare the synonymous sentence with the conjunction: Not a fishing sail, but (but) I dream of ships.
Exercise. Remember the figure of speech of non-union. What is its essence?
4. There are words and expressions that are not homogeneous members, are used mainly in colloquial, artistic and artistic-journalistic functional styles and give imagery to speech. Such words and expressions can generally be used without punctuation marks, separated by a comma and a hyphen.
No signs punctuation is not separated:
1) two verbs included in a complicated simple verbal predicate. The predicates in this case represent a single semantic whole, for example:
I'll go horse with oatsI'll feed you ;
2) repeating identical forms of words included in the complicated predicate, connected by particles no, that’s true (believe it or not, like it or not, write it like this, you have to write it like that), For example:
Like it or not , but you will have to make a concession.
Comma is placed between repeated words used to emphasize the multitude of objects, the duration of an action, etc. These words act as one member of a sentence, for example:
White fragrant chamomile flowers run under his feet back, back. (A. Kuprin)
Hyphen put:
1) between repeated words, if the repetition is intended to strengthen an action or attribute; at the same time, they are pronounced with a single intonation, different from the intonation of the enumeration, for example:
By blue-blue Clouds are floating in the sky.(A. N. Tolstoy);
2) between paired synonymous combinations (find out the truth), antonym combinations (conditions of purchase and sale), combinations of associative nature (collect mushrooms and berries), which represent a single concept, for example:
We called a neighbor on the other side and went there more than once, this and that we tasted it, but all soberly.(N. Leskov)
II. Homogeneous and heterogeneous single consistent definitions
Before you start studying this paragraph, remember:
a) which adjectives are qualitative and which are relative;
b) what definitions are called consistent;
c) reasons for separating agreed definitions.
When single agreed definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles, are adjacent, it is quite difficult to establish their homogeneity and heterogeneity, since a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, but not between heterogeneous ones.
| Definitions are homogeneous (a comma is used) | Definitions are heterogeneous (no comma is used) |
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1. When the word order is reversed, when agreed upon definitions appear after the word being defined, for example (watch the intonation): Alyosha handed him a mirror, small, foldable, round. 2. In direct word order, when agreed definitions come before the word being defined, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them are combined according to some common characteristics (by appearance, similarity of the impression made, causal connection, etc.). Then: 1) each definition directly relates to the defined noun; 2) there are synonymous relations between definitions, the intonation of enumeration arises when a conjunction is allowed And. For example: Big, fat, fattened The hog was digging the ground with his nose right next to the house. The hog is big, and fat, and well-fed; all definitions characterize the defined noun as “the appearance of an object.” 3. In direct word order, if this definition is an epithet: 4. In direct word order, if the first definition is an adjective and the second is a participial phrase: It was kind of sad about it old, already touched in the fall garden. |
In direct word order, if the adjectives or participles expressed by them characterize the object from different sides, that is, they represent features related to different concepts. Then: 1) the preceding definition refers to the combination of the subsequent definition with the defined noun; 2) there are no synonymous relations between definitions, no intonation of enumeration arises, and a conjunction cannot be inserted And. For example: Alyosha gave it to him small folding round a mirror standing on the chest of drawers.(F. Dostoevsky) Three definitions related to complement mirror, are heterogeneous: a) the adjectives expressed by them characterize the subject from different sides: small indicates the size of the object, folding- on the property, what can be done with this item, round- on appearance; b) each previous definition refers to the combination of subsequent definition(s) + noun: small folding round mirror(a folding round mirror could be large), folding round mirror(the round mirror might not be foldable). |
Exercise.
Homogeneous definitions-epithets serve to form a stylistic figure of gradation. What is the stylistic significance of gradation?
From the examples in the table it is clear that homogeneous definitions are most often expressed by qualitative adjectives. Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives, since they denote different characteristics.
A comma between definitions expressed by adjectives of different categories is placed if there is similarity of lexical meanings, and refers to optional punctuation marks, for example:
It was ending summer, warm night.(I. Sokolov-Mikitov) - Here, in the author’s opinion, the concept warm is an integral part of the concept summer.
Exercise. Read the sentences in which the definitions come after the word being defined and are therefore homogeneous. Rewrite each sentence so that the definitions come before the word being defined. Analyze phrasal intonation in both cases and evaluate the stylistic meaning of word order.
1. Katya quickly took off the beautiful velvet glove from her hand. 2. The women rushed to the wounded soldier walking in front. 3. After a few steps, a large tree, looking like a huge giant, blocked our path. 4. Near the road there stood an oak tree, gnarled, old, squat. 5. The boys, untanned, who had just arrived on vacation, were fishing from a boat.
Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other comma, heterogeneous - are not separated (for an exception, see § 41).
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Note 1. The difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions is as follows: a) each of the homogeneous definitions relates directly to the word being defined; b) the first definition from a pair of heterogeneous ones refers to the subsequent phrase. Wed: Red, green the lights replaced each other(T. Tolstoy) – red lights and green lights; Soon the chimneys of the factories here will begin to smoke,strong iron paths on the site of the old road(Bun.) – strong → iron tracks. It is possible to insert a conjunction between homogeneous definitions And , between heterogeneous ones is impossible. Wed: The glass is coldly playing with multi-colored lights, as ifsmall precious stones(Boon.). – The hallway is cold, like a senets, and it smellsdamp, frozen bark of firewood...(Boon.). In the first case, a conjunction cannot be inserted ( small precious stones), in the second – perhaps ( damp and frozen bark). Note 2. Definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives are often heterogeneous: Her[siren] muffled the soundsbeautiful string orchestra(Boon.). Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups can also be perceived as heterogeneous: They began to fall to the groundcold large drops(M.G.). |
1. The definitions denoting are homogeneoussigns of different objects : A talented student who spoke five languages and felt at homeFrench, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).
Definitions that express similar characteristics of one subject are homogeneous, i.e. they characterize the subject On the one side : It wasboring, tedious day(Kav.); The train moved slowly and unevenly, supportingold, creaky railway carriage(Spread); Heavy, damp the wall of the pine forest does not move, is silent(Lip.); Lena got her a jobspacious, empty room(Kav.); At first winter swung reluctantly, as last year, then it burst in unexpectedly, withharsh, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of features can appear on the basis of some convergence of values, for example, along the line of assessment: And at this momentreserved, soft, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation: “You can’t get into literature by pushing elbows.”(Kav.); based on the unity of sensations conveyed by definitions (touch, taste, etc.): INclear, warm morning, at the end of May, in Obruchanovo they brought two horses to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov(Ch.); Bliss wascool, fresh, tasty water gently rolling off your shoulders(Kav.).
Similarity of features may arise among adjectives used in a figurative meaning: I shook the one handed to mebig, callous hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring kills engorged buds(Ahm.); In heartdark, stuffy hop(Ahm.). The homogeneity of definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them by a coordinating conjunction And : In them[songs] dominatedheavy, sad and hopeless notes(M.G.); Suchmiserable, drab and deceitful siskin(M.G.); Tired, tanned and dusty their faces were exactly the color of the brown rags of the moon's wing(M.G.).
2. Adjective definitions that characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) – designation of size and material; Former Eliseevskaya the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) – designation of a temporary sign and sign of belonging; Thick rough the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) – designation of size and purpose; Found in my archiveyellow school girl notebook written in fluent handwriting(Kav.) – designation of color and purpose; The forests, lit obliquely by the sun, seemed to him like piles oflight copper ore(Paust.) – designation of weight and material; Our famous and brave traveler Karelin gave me very detailed information about Kara-Bugaz.unflattering written certification(Paust.) – designation of assessment and form; The foreman served teaviscous cherry jam(Paust.) – designation of property and material; Enoughhigh antique earthenware the lamp burned softly under a pink lampshade(Bun.) – designation of quantity, temporary characteristic and material.
If several definitions refer to the same subject or object, this does not mean that you necessarily have a series of homogeneous definitions. There are also heterogeneous definitions. What is their difference?
Homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side (by color, shape, size) or create a holistic picture of the object.
Homogeneous definitions connected by a coordinating connection; they equally directly relate to the defined noun and are pronounced with enumerative intonation.
Between homogeneous definitions you can usually insert a conjunction And .
For example: She ran into the room cheerful, loud laughing girl. (Cheerful, laughing– homogeneous definitions expressing mood, state, a conjunction can be placed between them And .) They stood in a vase red, orange And yellow flowers. (Red, orange And yellow- homogeneous definitions denoting a common feature - color.)
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles. In this case, only the closest definition directly relates to the word being defined, and the other refers to the combination of the defined noun with the first definition.
Between heterogeneous definitions there is no coordinating connection, they are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of a conjunction And .
As a rule, heterogeneous definitions are expressed by adjectives of different categories (for example, high quality And relative ).
For example: She ran into the room small loud laughing girl. (Small, laughing– heterogeneous definitions, it is impossible to put a union between them And .)
They stood in a vase large red fragrant flowers.(Large, red, fragrant - adjectives denoting different characteristics: color, shape, smell; these are heterogeneous definitions.)
To differentiate homogeneous And heterogeneous definitions, it is necessary to take into account a whole complex of characteristics. When parsing and arranging punctuation marks, pay attention to the meaning, method of expression and order of definitions in the sentence.
Signs of homogeneity of definitions
Indicate signs of homogeneous objects: blue, yellow, red balls;
denote characteristics that are interdependent in context (= since, therefore): lunar, clear evening (= clear, because lunar);
denote artistic images, metaphors: lead, extinguished eyes;
there is a semantic gradation: joyful, festive, radiant mood;
the single definition is placed before the common one: empty, covered with snow field;
located after the defined word: woman young, beautiful, good, intelligent, charming
;
denote a subjective characteristic (optional attribute): small, golden cloud; long, narrow carpet;
in the position after the word being defined: clouds round, high, golden gray, with delicate white edges
.
denote features that are synonymous in the context, while in the context they are united by some common feature (the similarity of the impression they make, appearance, etc.): He handed me red, swollen, dirty hand; Heavy, cold clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains; IN thick, dark gray strands glistened in her hair; pale, strict face; funny, good-natured laughter; deserted, unfriendly house; affectionate, alive eyes; proud, brave view; dry, cracked lips; heavy, evil feeling; grey, continuous, small rain etc.
Between homogeneous definitions not connected by conjunctions, a comma is added.
For example: Reds, white, pink, yellow carnations made a beautiful bouquet. Strange, cutting, painful the cry suddenly rang out twice in a row over the river.
Signs of heterogeneity of definitions
Designate shape and material: P narrow walnut the Bureau;
indicate color and shape: white round clouds;
indicate size and material: large stone Houses;
indicate quality and location: gloomy Siberian river.
Definitions expressed by different parts of speech are also heterogeneous.
For example: At the end of November it fell first easy snowball.(Words first And easy first– numeral, easy- adjective; they do not form a series of homogeneous members). My old one house.(Words "my" And " old" refer to different parts of speech: my– pronouns, old– adjective, they also do not form a series of homogeneous members). A neglected orchard.(Words " running" And "fruit" refer to different parts of speech: running- single participle, fruit- adjective).
We draw your attention to the fact that a single participle will be heterogeneous, and a participle with a dependent word (participial phrase) is included in a number of homogeneous definitions, and the participial phrase should be in second place.
For example: black combed hair(heterogeneous definitions); black, smoothly combed hair(homogeneous definitions). A comma is placed only between homogeneous members; after the participial phrase, if there are no special conditions for isolation, a comma is not placed.
Between heterogeneous definitions no comma.
Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications
1. Depending on the meaning, applications not connected by conjunctions can be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous and are separated by commas.
For example: Nobel Prize laureate, academician HELL. Sakharov– honorary titles; Doctor of Philology, Professor S.I. Radzig– academic degree and title; World Cup winner, champion Europe – sports titles; Olympic champion, holder of the “golden belt” of European champion, one of the most technical boxers, candidate of technical sciences, professor- listing of different titles.
If applications indicate different characteristics of an object, characterize it from different sides, then they are heterogeneous and are not separated by commas.
For example: First Deputy Minister of Defense General of the Army – position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete engineer – position and profession; General Director of the production association Candidate of Technical Sciences – position and academic degree.
2. When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Head of the Interuniversity Department of General and University Pedagogy, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor; Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the Institute of Physical Education; Honored Master of Sports, absolute world champion, student at the Institute of Physical Education.
In Russian between heterogeneous definitions no comma
placed between homogeneous definitions a comma is added.
Several agreed upon definitions that are not related to each other
unions can be both homogeneous and heterogeneous.
Homogeneous definitions directly related to the defined (main)
in a word, while among themselves they are in a relationship
enumeration (they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and between
they can be combined with and):
Here's an example:
Red, yellow tulips. Yellow tulips. Red tulips. Reds
and yellow tulips.
Heterogeneous definitions not pronounced with enumerative
intonation, it is usually impossible to put the conjunction and between them.
Heterogeneous definitions are differently related to the defined (main)
in a word. One of the definitions (the closest one) is directly related to
defined by the word, while the second is already associated with
a phrase consisting of the main word and the first definition:
Here's an example:
Short passenger train.
In this sentence, the main word composition is associated with the closest to
its definition is short.
The definition of short is connected with the whole phrase – passenger
train (Passenger train is short).
Definitions are homogeneous if:
Indicate the distinctive features of different objects;
Here's an example:
Blue, white balls – blue and white balls; the balls were blue; there were balls
white.
Denote various signs of one object, characterizing it with
one side;
Here's an example:
Wooden, burnt barn – wooden and burnt barn; there was a barn
wooden; the barn was burnt down.
Characterize the subject from different angles, but in this context
are united by some common feature;
Here's an example:
Sunny, beautiful day - “Sunny, and therefore beautiful”;
cloudy, dreary days - “cloudy, and therefore dreary.”
Under contextual conditions, synonymous ones are created between definitions
relationship;
Here's an example:
sharp, cutting pain in the leg - in this context, the form is acute and
cutting act as synonyms, that is, as words similar in
meaning.
They are artistic definitions - epithets;
Here's an example:
Oval, cat eyes.
They form a gradation, that is, each subsequent definition strengthens
the attribute it expresses;
Here's an example:
joyful, festive, radiant mood.
A single definition is followed by a definition expressed by a participle
turnover, that is, a participle with a dependent word;
Here's an example:
Gray, neatly combed hair.
They stand after the word being defined;
Here's an example:
Gray hair, combed.
The second definition explains the first - between the definitions you can put the conjunction that is or namely.
Here's an example:
Normal, peaceful coexistence of states is normal, that is, peaceful coexistence of states.
Definitions are heterogeneous if They:
They characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, that is, they express features related to different generic (general) concepts:
Here's an example:
small wooden shed - “size and material”,
the wooden shed was small;
gray oval clouds – “color and shape”,
the oval clouds were gray;
pot-bellied walnut bureau – “shape and material”,
the walnut bureau was pot-bellied;
Heterogeneous definitions are more often expressed:
Pronoun and adjective;
His new car.
Qualitative and relative adjectives;
Small wooden shed.
Relative adjective and singular participle;
A neglected orchard.
When developing a new lesson, we ask questions: what will we study, why and how? When determining the goal, we focus on the class level: lyceum - non-lyceum, as well as on the profile - humanitarian or non-humanitarian. After this, you can make a choice about what material to use - prepared in advance or used during the lesson. Without forgetting the “distant” goal - the formation of the student’s linguistic personality, in the humanities class we set tasks for each student - to determine his own position: speaker - writer, listener - reader. Both examine examples in which, under certain conditions, there is (or is not) a linguistic phenomenon, such as when agreed upon definitions will or will not be homogeneous. In this case, the punctuation rule ceases to be the organizing center; it is assimilated as a consequence arising from the analysis of phrases or sentences. The student comes to the conclusion: there are different options for setting punctuation marks.
In a non-humanitarian, non-lyceum class, the goal can be formulated differently: it is necessary to competently and consciously use constructions with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions in speech. Hence the tasks: find out when a comma is/is not placed between agreed definitions, learn to correctly read and write sentences with homogeneous/heterogeneous definitions, and be able to compose them correctly.
Independent research on the topic “Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Definitions” promotes stronger assimilation and is better preserved by long-term memory. We offer it in the humanities class in the form of laboratory work.
Preliminary homework to review what has been covered - answer questions, select examples:
– What minor members of a sentence do you know?
– Which part of the sentence is called the definition?
– What adjectives are qualitative, relative?
– What are the signs of the subordinating connection “coordination”?
– What parts of speech words agree with the noun?
– Which coordinating conjunctions are connecting?
– What divisive and adversarial conjunctions do you know?
(Questions can be given according to options, distributed among groups.)
PROGRESS OF THE FIRST LESSON
I. Preparatory stage
1. Checking homework.
2. Working with concepts homogeneous/heterogeneous.
1) Two rows of synonyms are given. Decide what synonyms the word goes with definition as a linguistic term.
a) Heterogeneous, mixed, diverse, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous, heterogeneous.
b) Similar, identical, close, similar, spitting image, similar, homogeneous, heterogeneous.
2) Think about what the phrases mean: homogeneous definitions, heterogeneous definitions.
II. Main stage
1. Updating attention. Motivation.
A student, telling the story of the appearance of a little magpie in the house, wrote: “I was walking through the autumn and damp park, when suddenly, either under a yellow or under a tall larch tree, I saw something I didn’t understand.
Then someone small and black and with a white chest jumped out of the bush.” Describing the chick’s character, the student made up the following phrases:
self-reliant and independent, pugnacious and willful; either neat or capricious.
What speech and grammatical errors would you note?
2. Lesson form.
3. Topic of the lesson.
5. Task.
Exercise. 6. Work with handouts.
Homogeneous definitions
| Carefully read the examples from the book by A.M. Zimin “An Unfamiliar Familiar Forest” and fill out the tables. | Signs and conditions of homogeneity |
| Examples | |
| 1. List the characteristics of different objects | |
| 2. Characterize an object from one side, indicate its condition | |
| 3. The subsequent definition explains and clarifies the previous one And | |
| 4. You can insert a conjunction between definitions | |
| 5. Come after the word being defined | |
| 6. Expressed by adjective and participle phrases |
A tall, thick bird cherry tree grows next to the bathhouse. 
A finch flew to the birch tree and sang short, cheerful songs. Never before have I seen so many white and yellow lilies. The fir trees were breathing in my face
Heterogeneous definitions
warm and thick aroma of pine needles. Large and small bubbles float with the current. Russula stands openly on the road - wet, pink, joyful. Birches dressed in gold, aspens and maples - in yellow, orange and purple dresses. On a gray bank that had not dried out from the spring water, a marigold bush opened its bright yellow buds. Nearby in the grass I found two young porcini mushrooms, browned in the sun. When the winter birds fly away in the spring, swallows from the south will come to visit: both village and city ones.
It seemed that the sparrows had not come here to dine, but were starting a very interesting game with the bread crust, but incomprehensible to me. The rains are falling more and more often, and now there is a quiet, warm, leisurely rain, from which you don’t want to hide either under the tree or under the oilcloth. Under the tree grew lanky, toasted, bun-like porcini mushrooms, and round, reddish-brown boletus-barrels stood near the pines.
The pot-bellied boletus is all in sight, respectable and proud.
A small round forest lake. I found a convenient flat rock in the water. Young pink leaves appeared on the aspen tree. Quiet, motionless pines stood further from the water. A chaffinch and a willow warbler began to sing in the light birch forest. I walked along the black, burnt bank of the river. It was difficult to look for firewood in the dark, so I kept the fire going with dry grass from last year. The duckling swims up to the snag-seal, collects something from its wet, smooth back and talks to it about something. In the vague gray bushes the corncrake creaks tirelessly. I'm walking along an overgrown narrow road. Increasingly, the road is blocked by fallen, dry, gnarled trees. I part the grass and catch large ripe berries from it. Here, an amazing hectic life is in full swing around me. Only red marsh russula grew in the damp, mossy spruce forest. A thundercloud rustled over the forest and left clean, warm puddles on the road.
7. Drawing up diagrams.
Homogeneous definitions – ,
heterogeneous definitions –
III. The final stage
1. Assess your condition and your work.
2. Comments and suggestions for the lesson.
IV. Homework (students' choice)
4) compose a text containing sentences with homogeneous – heterogeneous definitions.
Material for the second lesson
1. Be careful! Determine whether the agreed adjectives in all sentences are modifiers.(Not in all of them. In examples 1, 3, 5, the adjectives are part of a compound nominal predicate.)
1) The dried moss crunched underfoot, and the cloudberries were surprisingly juicy and large.
2) A silver night moth flickers in a ray of light.
3) The river here is narrow, the banks are high and steep.
4) I came to collect cloudberries on a hot, windless day.
5) The thick litter of fallen leaves was dry and soft.
2. Explanatory dictation.
1) A queen bumblebee in a black fluffy coat with a yellow belt flew to our parking lot on the shore of the lake, humming with a bass voice.
2) It seemed that autumn had hung colorful holiday lanterns on the aspen tree.
3) The water in the river has already cooled down from the long cold nights and does not have time to warm up during the day.
4) Strong, sharp, alarming cries of a thrush were heard in the bushes.
5) I squeezed my large mushroom basket into my backpack, and together with my son we went to our treasured places to Spring Lake.
6) The marsh grass, cotton grass, approached the lake itself, its heads in white downy caps bent towards the water and began to listen to something. (A. Zimin)
3. Write down the text with a title and explain the punctuation marks. Check the author's punctuation.
The sky is clear blue sun, although not very warm, but bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. When the wind blows, the aspens throw heaps of red, yellow and orange leaves at me. I catch leaves on the fly and throw them up again, rejoicing along with the aspen trees on a fine autumn day.
And suddenly, in the wind, in the shadow of thick fir trees, I noticed a quiet young aspen with black leaves.
What kind of grief does she have? He approached her and stood next to her, but he couldn’t help her, he couldn’t even ask her questions.
OSINKA IN MOURNING
The sky is clear, blue, the sun, although not very warm, is bright and festive. Autumn cobwebs are silvering in the sky. Along the road there are colorful aspens. (A. Zimin)
4. Copy the text, insert homogeneous or heterogeneous definitions in place of the gaps.
Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line.
GEESE FLIGHT AWAY (A. Zimin)
It's raining. With the wind. Sometimes drizzling, sometimes _______, _______, _______. In the wet _______ sky, geese flying south scream, screaming night and day, sometimes so high that they are not visible in the rain, and sometimes very low, right above the forest. And then it seems that a gusty _______ wind is carrying them along with the clouds to the south. The aspen and birch trees bow and wave their branches. Red and _______ leaves fall from the branches and fly after the geese.
A flock of finches flies along with the leaves.
You start to confuse where the finches are and where the leaves are. But then the finches flew away, and the leaves, exhausted, fell on the _______ _______ grass from the heavy rains, on the muddy and _______ road, on the pockmarked _______ puddles. Behind the birch forest the cries of geese can be heard again. The wind carries another flock of geese to the south.
5. Test. Indicate the numbers of sentences with homogeneous definitions.
1) A large, shaggy dog of some indeterminate color came out from around the bend.
2) The geese noticed the puppy and, cackling with displeasure, gathered closer together, scolding him in different ways.
The great white gander, the leader of the flock, especially tried.
3) Having received a portion of milk, the elk calf lay down immediately under a young spreading birch tree and rested until lunch.
4. Winter was approaching. Lisanka's fur coat became fluffy and thick.
5) By autumn, the fox turned into a beautiful adult fox and began to cause us trouble.
6) The cat squinted her eyes and saw a mouse, small, gray, with a long tail dragging along the floor, running nearby, warily looking in her direction. 7) The chickens lay on their sides in the dust, as if dead, the sparrows were sitting on the fence, not far from the old basin, from which a white cat with yellow spots was slowly lapping, standing on its edge with her paws.
8) Before Naida had time to reach the first bushes, her nose was filled with a fox smell - strong, unbearable. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10.
When studying a new topic in non-lyceum classes, as long-term practice shows, it is best to go from the experience of children: learning the material is always higher if you first look at examples of phrases, sentences, texts invented by students, and only then from the textbook. For this reason, work on the topic “Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions” can be structured as follows:
1. Riddle.
The proverb says about this bird that it and the sparrow are sea backwaters. It can be semi-domestic and wild at the same time. (Pigeon.)
2. Conversation.
– Do you think the phrase is composed correctly? the dove is bold and semi-homemade?
(No, a speech error was made, since a sign that determines the character of a pigeon is named, and a sign that determines its habitat is indicated.)
– Can you say pigeons? postal and decorative?
(It is possible, because signs indicating the purpose of pigeons are indicated.)
– Is the phrase composed correctly? plumage white, blue and brown-brown?
(Yes, adjectives indicate color.)
– Is there a speech error in the sentence? Pigeons feed on seeds of legumes and cereals?
- Here: transverse white stripe on the lower back? Or:?
wide dark stripe at the end of the tail
(The phrases are composed without errors.) 
– The definitions in the phrases are consistent, but are they homogeneous?
(Heterogeneous.)
– Give an example where the definitions, in your opinion, are homogeneous.
3. Report the topic of the lesson. 4. Offer
– at the end of the lesson, independently formulate the purpose of the lesson.
5. Topic movement. Working with material. Exercise 1.
Look at the drawing. Read the sentences. In which sentence are definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives? What is the rank of the adjectives in the first sentence? What are the definitions in the third sentence? Where are the definitions homogeneous and heterogeneous? Pay attention to the placement of punctuation marks. In what case can a conjunction be inserted between definitions? And?
Try to formulate a punctuation rule. Task 2.
Look at the drawing. Make up phrases: quality adjective + quality adjective + noun, and qualitative adjective + relative adjective + noun
(word order can be changed). Describe the personality of each bird using appropriate adjectives.
Independent, unpretentious, cautious, reserved, secretive, brave, quarrelsome, proud, meek, important, calm, pugnacious.
Task 4. Read the text. Tell me briefly. Find heterogeneous definitions and explain punctuation marks.
The dove is a symbol of purity, meek disposition, as well as tenderness and love. In a number of traditions, the dove acts as a heavenly messenger and as a symbol of the soul of the deceased. Thus, according to Slavic belief, the soul of the deceased turns into a dove. In addition, he is a sacrificial animal.
The white carrier pigeon, which notified the Greek cities about the victory of the Olympic Games, became the prototype of the dove of peace with an olive branch in its beak, since peace was declared during the games in Greece. The artist Picasso resurrected ancient symbols by painting a white terry carrier pigeon for the World Peace Congress. (According to V.V. Adamchik)
Task 5. Find in the text and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions as part of phrases. Explain punctuation marks.
The buzzard is a large bird of prey, noticeably larger than a crow, with a pointed, hooked beak. Its color is simple: from grayish-ochre to dark brown, the underside is lighter, with longitudinal streaks. Short, rounded tail with transverse stripes. A flying bird has a light stripe visible below its wide wings.
(V.D. Ilyichev) Task 6.
Write down the text, add punctuation marks. Underline homogeneous definitions with a wavy line and heterogeneous definitions with a straight line. The warbler has a thin, pointed beak and plumage that is brownish above and greyish-ochre below. Slender and agile, it moves quickly and maneuverably in the crowns and bushes and leads a secretive lifestyle, although it is not afraid of humans. Active during daylight and night time.
(According to V.D. Ilyichev)
6. Formulating the purpose of the lesson.
7. Generalization. – Do homogeneous definitions characterize an object from one side or from different sides?(On the one side.) Moreover, adjectives most often belong to which category?
(These are qualitative adjectives.)
– When do homogeneous definitions list the characteristics of different objects? Give an example. – Is it true that heterogeneous definitions characterize a subject from different angles?
(Right.) – Under what condition is a comma placed between agreed definitions?
(If they are homogeneous.)
8. Lesson summary.
9. Homework.
Read and retell the paragraph from the textbook, select and complete one exercise in writing. for control and correction: working with texts by V. Ilyichev (6th version adapted).
1) Read the text.
2) Determine the type and style of speech.
3) Find and write down homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, indicate their characteristics.
Explain punctuation marks.
Option 1
The white stork is a large, stately bird with black-tipped wings, an elongated red beak and red legs.
The stork walks a lot on the ground, flies well, interrupting its flight by soaring. Having no voice, it characteristically cracks its beak.
This bird lives in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the western part of Russia. Willingly settles in populated areas, fields and swampy meadows. Winters in Africa. The white stork makes nests on poles, roofs of houses or large trees.
Its food is frogs, mice, insects.
Option 2
Who hasn’t seen this smart and cautious bird!
Black-headed, with a pointed black beak, black strong legs and a rounded tail.
It is gray underneath, and the neck and back are the same color.
Surprisingly, the hooded crow is a songbird, although it is difficult to call its dissonant, piercing croaking, clicking and cracking singing as singing.
She flies well, walks quickly on the ground, and deftly climbs branches. Spends a lot of time in treetops and on buildings. Leads a sedentary lifestyle, undertakes migrations in the autumn-winter period.
Option 3
It's hard to imagine a person who doesn't know the tit! Here she is: slightly smaller than a sparrow, with a straight, pointed beak and short, tenacious legs. The top of the tit's head is shiny, black, the back of the head and cheeks are white, the back is greenish, the bottom is yellow with a black longitudinal stripe, wide in males and narrow in females. The gray-blue wing has a light transverse stripe, and the outer tail feathers are white.
This agile, agile bird, active during the day, spends a lot of time in the crowns of trees, in bushes, and on the ground. He is not afraid of people, especially children.
Option 6
Winter nature is decorated with our favorites - the handsome bullfinches. The common bullfinch is larger than a sparrow. It has a thick, short, strongly swollen black beak. The plumage is soft, long, thick.
The tail is black, straight-cut. Strong and tenacious legs hold the bird upside down on a tree branch as it reaches for berries and seeds.
Males have bright red underparts, females are whitish-gray, and both have a shiny black crown, forehead, cheeks, wings and tail. The back is gray, the underbelly, rump and undertail are white.
