Chapter X "Tatar-Mongol yoke" - as it was There was no so-called yoke of the Tatars. The Tatars never occupied the Russian lands and did not keep their garrisons there ... It is difficult to find parallels in history with such generosity of the victors. B. Ishboldin, Honorary Professor

TATARO-MONGOL INVASION 1. - Results of the pre-Mongol period. 2. - The rise of the Mongols and the conquest of China. 3. - Battle on the Kalka River. 4. - Ulus Jochi. 5. - Tatar invasion. 6. - The second invasion of the Tatars. 7. - The establishment of the yoke. 8. - Alexander Nevsky and the Tatars. nine. -

The Tatar-Mongol Yoke is a concept that is truly the most grandiose falsification of our past with you, and besides, this concept is so ignorant in relation to the entire Slavic-Aryan people as a whole, that having understood all aspects and nuances of this BREDA, I want to say ENOUGH! Stop feeding us these stupid and delusional stories that, as in unison, tell us about how wild and uneducated our ancestors were.

So let's start in order. To begin with, let's refresh our memory that the official history of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and those times tells us. Around the beginning of the 13th century A.D. In the Mongolian steppes, one very extraordinary character, nicknamed Chinggis Khan, was drawn, who stirred up almost all the wild Mongol nomads and created from them the most powerful army of that time. After that, they set off, which means they conquer the whole World, crushing and smashing everything in their path. To begin with, they conquered and conquered all of China, and after gaining strength and courage they moved west. After walking about 5,000 kilometers, the Mongols defeated the state of Khorezm, then Georgia in 1223 reached the southern borders of Russia, where they defeated the army of Russian princes in a battle on the Kalka River. And already in 1237, having gathered their courage, they simply fell down with an avalanche of horses, arrows and spears on the defenseless cities and villages of the wild Slavs, burning and conquering them one by one, more and more oppressing the already backward Rusichs, and besides, without even encountering serious resistance on its way. After that, in 1241, they already invade Poland and the Czech Republic - truly the Great Army. But being afraid to leave ruined Russia in their rear, their entire large horde turns back and imposes tribute on all the captured territories. It was from this moment that the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the peak of the greatness of the Golden Horde began.

After some time, Russia got stronger (interestingly, under the yoke of the Golden Horde) and began to defy the Tatar-Mongol representatives, some principalities even stopped paying tribute. This Khan Mamai could not forgive them, and in 1380 he went to war against Russia, where he was defeated by the army of Dmitry Donskoy. After that, a century later, the Horde Khan Akhmat decided to take revenge, but after the so-called "Standing on the Ugra" Khan Akhmat was afraid of Ivan III's superior army and turned back, ordering to retreat to the Volga. This event is considered the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke and the decline of the Golden Horde as a whole.

To date, this delusional theory about the Tatar-Mongol yoke does not stand up to criticism, since a huge amount of evidence of this falsification has accumulated in our history. The main delusion of our official historians is that they consider the Tatar-Mongol exclusively representatives of the Mongoloid race, which is fundamentally wrong. After all, a lot of evidence indicates that the Golden Horde, or how it is more correct to call it Tartary, consisted mainly of the Slavic-Aryan peoples and did not smell of any Mongoloids there. After all, until the 17th century, no one could even imagine such a thing that everything would turn upside down and such a time would come that the greatest empire that existed during our era would be called the Tatar-Mongolian. Moreover, this theory will become official and taught in schools and universities as the truth. Yes, we must pay tribute to Peter I and his Western historians, it was necessary to distort and defile our past so much - just trample into the dirt the memory of our ancestors and everything connected with them.

By the way, if you still doubt that the "Tatar-Mongols" were precisely the representatives of the Slavic-Aryan people, then we have prepared quite a few proofs for you. So let's go ...

Proof one

Appearance of representatives of the Golden Horde

You can even devote a separate article to this topic, since there is a great deal of evidence that some "Tatar-Mongols" had a Slavic appearance. Take, for example, the appearance of Genghis Khan himself, whose portrait is kept in Taiwan. He is presented as tall, with a long beard with green-yellow eyes and light brown hair. Moreover, this is not a purely individual opinion of the artist. This fact is also mentioned by the historian Rashidad-Did, who found the "Golden Horde" in his lifetime. So, he claims that in the family of Genghis Khan, all children were born white-skinned with light blond hair. And that's not all, G.E. Grumm-Grzhimailo preserved one ancient legend about the Mongol people, in which there is a mention that the ancestor of Genghis Khan in the ninth tribe of Bauduanchar was fair-haired and blue-eyed. Also looked and one more important character of that time - Khan Batu, who was a descendant of Genghis Khan.

And the Tatar-Mongol army itself, outwardly, did not differ in any way from the troops of Ancient Russia and Europe, which is evidenced by paintings and icons painted by contemporaries of those events:

A strange picture turns out that the leaders of the Tatar-Mongols, throughout the entire existence of the Golden Horde, were the Slavs. And the Tatar-Mongol army consisted exclusively of the Slavic-Aryan people. No, you mean, they were then wild barbarians! Where are they there, half of the world crushed under themselves? No, this cannot be. It is not sad, but this is exactly how modern historians reason.

Proof of the second

The concept of "Tatar-Mongols"

To begin with, the very concept of "Tatar-Mongols" DOES NOT MEET in more than one Russian chronicle, but everything that was found about the "suffering" of the Russians from the Mongols is described in just one entry from the collection of all Russian chronicles:

"Oh, the bright light and beautifully decorated Russian land! You are glorified by many beauties: you are famous for many lakes, locally revered rivers and springs, mountains, steep hills, high oak forests, clean fields, wonderful animals, various birds, countless great cities, glorious villages, gardens monastic, temples of God and formidable princes, honest boyars and nobles many. You are filled with everything, Russian land, about the Christian Orthodox faith! From here to the Ugrians and to the Poles, to the Czechs, from the Czechs to the Yatvingians, from the Yatvingians to the Lithuanians, to the Germans, from Germans to Karelians, from Karelians to Ustyug, where the filthy Toymichi live, and beyond the Breathing Sea; from the sea to the Bulgarians, from the Bulgarians to the Burtases, from the Burtases to the Cheremis, from the Cheremis to the Muzzles - everything was conquered by the Christian people with the help of God, these filthy countries obeyed the Grand Duke Vsevolod, his father Yuri, the Prince of Kiev, his grandfather Vladimir Monomakh, whom the Polovtsians scared their little children with. were not born, and the Hungarians strengthened the stone walls of their cities with iron gates so that the great Vladimir would not subdue them, and the Germans were glad that they were far away - across the blue sea. Burtases, Cheremis, Vyada and Mordovians fought for the Grand Duke Vladimir. And the Emperor of Constantinople, Manuel, out of fear, sent great gifts to him so that the Grand Duke Vladimir would not take Constantinople from him. "

There is one more mention, but it is not very significant, since contains a very meager passage that does not mention any invasion, and it is very difficult to judge by it about any events. This text was named as "A Word about the Death of the Russian Land":

"... And in those days - from the great Yaroslav, and to Vladimir, and to the present Yaroslav, and to his brother Yuri, Prince of Vladimir, trouble fell upon Christians and the Monastery of the Caves of the Most Holy Theotokos was ignited by the nasty".

Proof three

The number of troops of the Golden Horde

All official historical sources of the 19th century claimed that the number of troops invading our territory at that time was about 500,000 people. You can imagine half a million people who came to conquer us, but they didn't come on foot ?! Apparently this was an incredible number of carts and horses. Because to feed such a number of people and animals required just titanic efforts. But after all, this theory, and it is the THEORY, and not the historical fact, does not stand up to criticism, since no horse will reach from Mongolia to Europe, and it was not possible to feed such a number of horses.

If you look sensibly at this situation, then the following picture emerges:

For each "Tatar-Mongol" war, there were about 2-3 horses, plus horses (mules, bulls, donkeys) that were in the carts must be counted. So, no grass would be enough to feed the Tatar-Mongol cavalry stretching for tens of kilometers, since the animals that were in the vanguard of this horde had to gobble up all the fields and leave nothing for the next who go behind. Since it was not possible to stretch too much or go by different routes, because from this, the numerical advantage would be lost and the nomads would hardly have reached that very Georgia, not to mention the Kievan Rus and Europe.

Proof four

The invasion of the troops of the Golden Horde in Europe

According to modern historians who adhere to the official version of events, in March 1241 A.D. "Tatar-Mongols" invade Europe and seize part of Poland's territory, namely the cities of Krakow, Sandomierz and Wroclaw, bringing with them destruction, looting and murder.

I would also like to note a very interesting aspect of this event. Approximately in April of the same year, Henry II with his ten thousandth army blocked the road to the "Tatar-Mongol" army, for which he paid with a crushing defeat. The Tatars used strange military tricks against the troops of Henry II for that time, thanks to which they won a victory, namely, some kind of smoke and fire - "Greek fire":

"And when they saw a Tatar running out with a banner - and this banner had the form of an" X ", and on top of it was a head with a long beard trembling, filthy and stinking smoke from the lips that let out on the Poles - everyone was amazed and horrified, and rushed to run wherever could, and so were defeated ... "

After that, the "Tatar-Mongols" sharply deploy their offensive to the South and invade the Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, Dalmatia and finally break through to the Adriatic Sea. But in none of these countries are the "Tatar-Mongols" trying to resort to subjugation and taxation of the population. It somehow makes no sense - why was it then to capture ?! And the answer is very simple, because before us is pure deception, or rather falsification of events. Strange as it may seem, these events coincide with the military campaign of Frederick II of the Emperor of the Roman Empire as a blueprint. So the absurdity does not end there, then a much more interesting turn occurs. As it turns out later, the "Tatar-Mongols" were also allies with Frederick II when he fought with Pope Gregory X, and Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary, defeated by wild nomads, were on the side of Pope Gregory X in that conflict. on the departure of the "Tatar-Mongols" from Europe in 1242 A.D. for some reason, the troops of the crusaders went to war against Russia, as well as against Frederick II, whom they successfully defeated and took the capital Aachen by storm, in order to crown their emperor there. Coincidence? I don’t think so.

This version of events is painfully unbelievable. But if instead of "Tatar-Mongols" the Rus invaded Europe, then everything falls into place ...

And such proofs, as we have presented to you above, are far from four - there are much more of them, just if you mention each, then it turns out not an article, but a whole book.

As a result, it turns out that no Tatar-Mongols from Central Asia ever captured or enslaved us, and the Golden Horde - Tartaria, was a huge Slavic-Aryan Empire of that time. In fact, we are the very TATARS who kept the whole of Europe in fear and horror.

Already at the age of 12 the future grand Duke married, at the age of 16 he began to replace his father when he was absent, and at 22 he became the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Ivan III had a secretive and at the same time firm character (later these character traits manifested themselves in his grandson).

Under Prince Ivan, the issue of coins began with the image of him and his son Ivan the Young and the signature “Lord All Russia". As a stern and demanding prince, Ivan III received the nickname Ivan groznyj, but a little later this phrase began to be understood as another ruler Rus .

Ivan continued the policy of his ancestors - the collection of Russian lands and the centralization of power. In the 1460s, Moscow's relations with Veliky Novgorod worsened, the inhabitants and princes of which continued to look westward, towards Poland and Lithuania. After twice failed to establish relations with the Novgorodians in the world, the conflict reached a new level. Novgorod enlisted the support of the Polish king and prince of Lithuania Casimir, and Ivan stopped sending embassies. On July 14, 1471, Ivan III, at the head of the 15-20 thousandth army, defeated the almost 40,000th army of Novgorod, Kazimir did not come to the rescue.

Novgorod lost most of its autonomy and submitted to Moscow. A little later, in 1477, the Novgorodians organized a new rebellion, which was also suppressed, and on January 13, 1478, Novgorod completely lost its autonomy and became part of the Moscow state.

Ivan resettled all the unfavorable princes and boyars of the Novgorod principality throughout Russia, and settled the city itself with Muscovites. Thus, he secured himself against further possible rebellions.

Carrot and stick Ivan Vasilievich collected under his rule the Yaroslavl, Tver, Ryazan, Rostov principalities, as well as the Vyatka lands.

End of the Mongol yoke.

While Akhmat was waiting for Kazimir's help, Ivan Vasilyevich sent a sabotage detachment under the command of Prince Vasily Nozdrovaty of Zvenigorod, which went down the Oka River, then along the Volga and began to smash Akhmat's possessions in the rear. Ivan III himself moved away from the river, trying to lure the enemy into a trap, as in his time Dmitry Donskoy lured the Mongols in the battle on the Vozha River. Akhmat did not fall for the trick (either he remembered the success of Donskoy, or he was distracted by sabotage behind his back, in the unprotected rear) and retreated from the Russian lands. On January 6, 1481, immediately upon his return to the headquarters of the Great Horde, Akhmat was killed by the Tyumen khan. Civil strife began among his sons ( akhmatov children), the result was the collapse of the Great Horde, as well as the Golden Horde (which formally still existed before that). The rest of the khanates became completely sovereign. Thus, standing on the Ugra became the official end tatar-Mongolian yoke, and the Golden Horde, unlike Russia, could not survive the stage of fragmentation - from it later several unrelated states arose. Here comes the power Russian state began to grow.

Meanwhile, Poland and Lithuania also threatened Moscow's tranquility. Even before standing on the Ugra, Ivan III made an alliance with the Crimean Khan Mengli-Gerey, the enemy of Akhmat. The same alliance helped Ivan to contain pressure from Lithuania and Poland.

In the 80s of the 15th century, the Crimean Khan defeated the Polish-Lithuanian troops and defeated their possessions in the territory of today's central, southern and western Ukraine. Ivan III entered the battle for the western and northwestern lands controlled by Lithuania.

In 1492 Kazimir died, and Ivan Vasilyevich took the strategically important fortress Vyazma, as well as many settlements on the territory of the present Smolensk, Oryol and Kaluga regions.

In 1501, Ivan Vasilievich ordered the Livonian Order to pay tribute for Yuryev - from that moment russo-Livonian War temporarily stopped. The continuation was already at Ivane IV Grozny.

Until the end of his life, Ivan maintained friendly relations with the Kazan and Crimean khanates, but later relations began to deteriorate. Historically, this is associated with the disappearance of the main enemy - the Great Horde.

In 1497, the Grand Duke developed his own collection of civil laws called Code of Lawand also organized Boyar Duma.

The Code of Law almost officially enshrined such a concept as “ serfdom", Although the peasants still retained some rights, for example, the right to transfer from one owner to another in St. George's Day... Nevertheless, the Code of Law became a prerequisite for the transition to an absolute monarchy.

On October 27, 1505, Ivan III Vasilievich died, judging by the description of the chronicles, from several strokes.

Under the Grand Duke, the Assumption Cathedral was built in Moscow, literature (in the form of chronicles) and architecture flourished. But the most important achievement of that era was liberation of Russia from mongol yoke.

In the late autumn of 1480, the Great Standing on the Ugra ended. It is believed that after this, the Mongol-Tatar yoke did not exist in Russia.

INSULT

The conflict between the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat arose, according to one version, due to non-payment of tribute. But a number of historians believe that Akhmat received the tribute, but went to Moscow because he did not wait for the personal presence of Ivan III, who was supposed to receive a label for the great reign. Thus, the prince did not recognize the authority and power of the khan.

Akhmat should have been especially offended by the fact that when he sent ambassadors to Moscow to ask for tribute and quitrent duties for the past years, the Grand Duke again did not show due respect. The Kazan History even says: “The Grand Duke was not afraid ... taking the Basma, spat, broke, threw it to the ground and trampled under his feet.” Of course, such behavior of the Grand Duke is difficult to imagine, but the refusal to recognize Akhmat's power followed.

Khan's pride is confirmed in another episode. In the "Ugorshchina" Akhmat, who was not in the best strategic position, demanded that Ivan III himself come to the Horde headquarters and stand at the ruler's stirrup, awaiting a decision.

WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION

But Ivan Vasilyevich was concerned about his own family. The people disliked his wife. Panicked, the prince first of all rescues his wife: “Grand Duchess Sophia (a Roman woman, as the chroniclers put it), John sent with the treasury to Beloozero, giving instructions to go further to the sea and ocean if the khan crossed the Oka,” wrote the historian Sergei Soloviev. However, the people were not happy about her return from Beloozero: “The Grand Duchess Sophia ran from the Tatars to Beloozero, and no one drove.”

The brothers, Andrei Galitsky and Boris Volotsky, revolted, demanding to divide the inheritance of their deceased brother - Prince Yuri. Only when this conflict was settled, not without the help of his mother, Ivan III could continue to fight the Horde. In general, the "female participation" in standing on the Ugra is great. According to Tatishchev, it was Sophia who persuaded Ivan III to make a historic decision. The victory in the Station is also attributed to the intercession of the Mother of God.

By the way, the amount of the required tribute was relatively low - 140,000 altyn. Khan Tokhtamysh a century before had collected from the Vladimir principality about almost 20 times more.

They did not save even when planning defense. Ivan Vasilievich gave a decree to burn down the posters. The inhabitants were moved inside the fortress walls.

There is a version that the prince simply bought off the khan after the Standing: he paid one part of the money on the Ugra, the second after the retreat. Beyond the Oka, Andrei Menshoy, brother of Ivan III, did not attack the Tatars, but gave a "way out."

Indecision

The Grand Duke refused to take action. Subsequently, his descendants approved of his defensive position. But some contemporaries had a different opinion.

At the news of Akhmat's approach, he panicked. The people, according to the chronicle, accused the prince of putting everyone in danger with his indecision. Fearing attempts on his life, Ivan left for Krasnoe Seltso. His heir, Ivan Molodoy, was at that time with the army, ignoring the requests and letters of his father demanding to leave the army.

The Grand Duke still left in the direction of Ugra in early October, but did not reach the main forces. In the city of Kremenets, he waited for the brothers who had reconciled with him. And at this time there were battles on the Ugra.

WHY DID NOT THE POLISH KING HELP?

Akhmat Khan's main ally, the great Lithuanian prince and Polish king Casimir IV, never came to help. The question arises: why?

Some write that the king was concerned about the attack of the Crimean Khan Mepgli-Girey. Others point to internal strife in the land of Lithuania - the "conspiracy of princes." The "Russian elements", dissatisfied with the king, sought support from Moscow and wanted reunification with the Russian principalities. There is also an opinion that the king himself did not want conflicts with Russia. He was not afraid of the Crimean Khan: the ambassador had been holding talks in Lithuania since mid-October.

And the freezing Khan Akhmat, waiting for frost, and not for reinforcements, wrote to Ivan III: “But now, if you go from the coast, because I have people without clothes, and horses without blankets. And the heart of winter is blown away for ninety days, and I'll be on you again, but my water is muddy to drink. "

Proud but incautious Akhmat returned to the steppe with booty, ruining the lands of his former ally, and stayed for the winter at the mouth of the Donets. There the Siberian Khan Ivak, three months after the "Ugorshchina", personally killed the enemy in a dream. An ambassador was sent to Moscow to announce the death of the last ruler of the Great Horde. The historian Sergei Soloviev writes about it this way: “The last formidable khan of the Golden Horde for Moscow perished from one of the descendants of the Genghis Khanovs; he had sons who were also destined to die from the Tatar weapons. "

Probably, the descendants still remained: Anna Gorenko considered Akhmat to be her maternal ancestor and, becoming a poetess, took the pseudonym Akhmatova.

DISPUTES ABOUT PLACE AND TIME

Historians argue about where Stoyanie was on the Ugra. They call the area under the Opakov settlement, the village of Gorodets, and the confluence of the Ugra with the Oka. “To the mouth of the Ugra along its right,“ Lithuanian ”coast, there was a land road from Vyazma, along which Lithuanian aid was expected and which the Horde could use for maneuvers. Even in the middle of the 19th century. The Russian General Staff recommended this road for the movement of troops from Vyazma to Kaluga, ”writes the historian Vadim Kargalov.

The exact date of the arrival of Ahamat to the Ugra is also unknown. Books and chronicles agree on one thing: it happened not earlier than the beginning of October. The Vladimir Chronicle, for example, is accurate up to one hour: "arriving at the Ugra in October on the 8th day, a week, at 1 o'clock." In the Vologda-Perm Chronicle it is written: “the tsar went away from Ugra on Thursday, the eve of Mikhailov's days” (November 7).