By Siberia the order of the Kazan Palace was annexed. Administrative activities of the order of the Kazan palace. Conquest of the Kazan Khanate

THE KAZAN PALACE ORDER (Kazan hut, Kazan Prikaz, Kazan Palace), the central state institution in the Russian state, Russia in the middle of the 16th century - 1708. It arose on the basis of a single Nizhny Novgorod, Meshchersky and Kazan palaces (see the article Palaces). It was formed at the turn of the 1550s-60s, for the first time in documents it is referred to as the Kazan hut in 1565. Carried out administrative, military, judicial, financial management of the population of all peoples of the Volga region. He had foreign policy functions due to the borderline position of the territories subordinate to him (he carried out contacts with the Nogai, Siberian rulers, khans and sultans of the Kazan Khanate, etc.). He was in charge of collecting yasak. He was subordinate to service people (in 1680-81 they were under the jurisdiction of the Kazan table of the Discharge Order). In the 17th century, the jurisdiction of the Kazan palace of the order included: Kazan and Sviyazhsk with the suburbs (Alat, Arsk, Laishev, Malmyzh, Osa, Tetyushi), the Sursko-Volga interfluve (Alatyr, Vasilgorod, Kozmodemyansk, Kurmysh, Penza, Samara, Simbirsk, Cheboksary Yadrin), Meadow side - the left bank of the Volga (Kokshaisk, Tsarevokokshaisk, Tsarev-Sanchursky, Yaransk), Urals (Birsk, Ufa), Meshchersky towns (Elatma, Kadom, Kasimov, Mokshansk, Temnikov, Shatsk). Until the middle of the 17th century, he was also in charge of the Lower Volga region (Astrakhan, Dmitrievsk, Saratov, Terki, Tsaritsyn, Cherny Yar), but then Astrakhan and the suburbs came under the control of the Ambassadorial order. From 1599 to the formation in 1637 of the Siberian Order of the Kazan Palace, the order also controlled Siberia (the newly developed lands in the East, as a rule, were initially under the jurisdiction of the Ambassadorial Order, and then passed under the jurisdiction of the Kazan Palace of the Order).

As part of the Kazan palace of the order, there are Razryadny, Pomestny, Money tables (the first two were in charge of the armed forces and service people, the last one was in charge of financing local institutions on the territory subordinate to the Kazan palace). Among the leaders of the Kazan palace of the order were prominent statesmen - the boyars of the princes D. M. Cherkassky, N. I. Odoevsky, A. N. Trubetskoy, Yu. A. Dolgorukov. The order of the Kazan Palace was liquidated in 1709 after the establishment of the Kazan province in 1708 and the transfer of control of the territory that became part of it to the provincial authorities.

Lit .: Gradovsky A. D. History of local government in Russia. SPb., 1868. T. 1; Historical and legal materials of the area of \u200b\u200bthe former Order of the Kazan Palace. Kazan, 1882.T. 1. Simbirsk, 1898-1912. T. 2-6; Verner I. I. On the time and reasons for the formation of Moscow orders. M., 1907-1908. Issue 1-2; The list of leaders in the cities of the present Kazan province from 1553 to the formation of the Kazan province in 1708 ... // News of the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at Kazan University. 1908, vol. 24, no. 5; Porfiryev S.I. Kazan table of the discharge order // Ibid. 1913. T. 28. Issue. 6; Order judges of the 17th century / Comp. S.K.Bogoyavlensky. M .; L., 1946; Ermolaev I.P. Kazan Territory in the second half of the 16th - 17th centuries: (Chronological list of documents). Kazan, 1980; he is. Middle Volga region in the second half of the 16th - 17th centuries. Kazan, 1982; he is. Territorial and administrative sphere of activity of the Order of the Kazan Palace // Classes and estates of Russia in the period of absolutism. Kuibyshev, 1989.

The order of the Kazan Palace was originally in charge of all the newly conquered lands on the eastern borders of Russia. The lands originally attributed to the competence of the order were so vast that he was often forced to share his power with the Ambassadorial order. The conquered lands first came to the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, and then they were transferred to the Kazan Palace. It should be noted that the tsarist government did the same with the lands of Siberia. In any case, as new fortresses were built in the Volga region, a voivode was appointed to each of them, and it was included in the "Kazan" or "Astrakhan kingdom", both conditionally and traditions continued to call this region in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. 15 In the notes of D. Fletcher, who visited Russia in 1588-1589, the Kazan Palace is described as a permanently functioning central state institution, which is in charge of "the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan with other cities lying along the Volga River" 16. All these cities along the Volga and its tributaries, located to the south and east of Nizhny Novgorod, began to be called "lower", while the name "Lower" was then assigned to the entire region of the Middle and Lower Volga regions. According to S.F. Platonov, under the name "Niza" or "lower cities" meant all the cities of the Kazan Khanate conquered in 1552 on both banks of the middle reaches of the Volga and on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. This concept also included cities founded after the approval of the Russian administration along the Volga, from the Samara River to the Caspian coast.

The composition of the lower towns from the second half of the 16th century. and throughout the 17th century. the following cities were included: Sviyazhsk and Kazan with suburbs (Tetyushi, Laishev, Arsk, Alaty, Malmyzh, Osa), Vasilgorod, Cheboksary, Alatyr, Kurmysh, Kozmodemyansk, Yadrin, Tsivilsk, Simbirsk, Penza, Kokshaisk, Tsarevokranokshaysk, Ufa , Birsk, Astrakhan, Terki, Tsaritsyn, Saratov, Cherny Yar, Dmitrovsk, Shatsk, Temnikov, Kasimov, Kadom, Elatma, Mokshansk 17. The lower towns with the adjacent territories (counties) were located in the Middle and Lower Volga regions and extended to the "Meshchera towns" along the Oka River (Shatsk, Temnikov, Kasimov, Kadom, Elatma, Mokshansk). With the conquest and annexation of new lands in Siberia to Russia, the territory under the Order of the Kazan Palace was constantly expanding. In 1637, a special Siberian order was created, where all the lands of this region were administratively transferred. Although later some cities of the former Astrakhan Khanate were transferred to the Ambassadorial order, the Order of the Kazan Palace remained in the Middle and Lower Volga regions and the Urals (Bashkiria).

The order of the Kazan Palace, in comparison with other central institutions, possessed full power in the territory under its jurisdiction on all matters of administration. A unique feature of this order was that it was in charge of a territory with a significant multi-ethnic population. The main task of the tsarist government was not only to Russify and Christianize local residents, but also to form its own regional policy on the example of the management of the first "foreigners" 18. "The order of the Kazan Palace carried out the administrative, financial and judicial management of the territory under its jurisdiction, was in charge of taxes in kind from the non-Russian population, and controlled the compilation of yasak books." The order also dealt with secondary military organizational issues and had some foreign policy functions. As G. Kotoshikhin testifies, the order was in charge of "military affairs and salvation from the Turks and Persian borders and from the Kalmyks and Bashkirs" 20.

The archive of the Order of the Kazan Palace, to our great chagrin, died due to numerous fires, and during a fire in 1701, the building of the order completely burned down. However, some documents that ended up in the funds of other government departments of that time make it possible to draw a conclusion about the existence in the system of the Kazan Palace of an institution specially designed to manage the non-Russian population. True, one cannot but agree with N.P. Mrochek-Drozdovsky, who noted that "the remnant of the previous order should be recognized by the former, probably before the last judicial reforms of Peter the Great, in the Kazan province a special judicial institution for the examination of civil litigation between foreigners; this institution was called the Tatar hut. Unfortunately, there are about it. very scant information, so one cannot judge either the composition and content of officials, or the office work of this institution "21. Of great interest in this respect is the one found by V.D. Dmitriev, the charter given in February 1574 to the name of the Kazan voivode P.A. Bulgakov, - on the principles of management of the indigenous yasak population 22. The document says that the tsar "granted all the Kazan land ..., ordered his royal charters to be submitted to all volosts ...". To manage the local population, special "Tatar heads" were appointed from Russian noblemen and boyar children. As indicated in the letter, they ruled the court among the local population, "reporting boyars and governors, sentencing with their best people, who will be chosen by the earth really devilish." The "Tatar" head, according to I.P. Ermolaev, all non-Russian peoples obeyed 23. As stated in the text of the order of 1649 to the Kazan governor: "The Tatar heads are among the Tatars and Chuvashes, and Cheremis, and Votyaks." A number of other news about the Tatar heads have survived - they are mentioned in the "Description of documents and papers stored in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice". So, under one of the 1623-1624 years, it is told about the Tatar head (the "head" of the Tatars, Chuvash, Cheremis and Votyaks) Sungur Sokovnin, who refused to deal with the affairs of the commander of the governor P. Sikerin, etc.

The sources of the period under consideration also mention "the best people", by which are meant representatives of the local feudal stratum: Tatar Murzas, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurt hundredth and tenth princelings. The existence of the Tatar ship hut in the cities of the Volga region is rightly recognized in the literature as one of the features of local government in the region. Although all the more or less important positions of the middle and higher levels in the management system of the Kazan Palace were replaced by representatives of the Russian nobility and service people, in the lower levels of government (at the level of volosts and rural communities) there were "elected" centurions and headmen from the indigenous population, among them interpreters were also appointed. As a result of the policy pursued by the tsarist government in the second half of the 16th-17th centuries, a class of service Tatars was formed.

In addition to the purely administrative division of the entire territory subordinate to the Order of the Kazan Palace into districts, all the lower towns with their districts constituted one category - Kazan, which was entirely subordinate to the Order of the Kazan Palace. In the hands of the order was concentrated all the fullness of both civil and military power; at the request of the Discharge Order, information about the size of the local armed forces was received from there.

The experience of his activities in the future was largely used in the organization not only of "regional" (territorial orders, like the Siberian, Little Russian, Smolensk), but also when introducing a system of provincial institutions. True, as for the Smolensk Order, created shortly after the annexation of Ukraine, it did not receive an independent status and was either in the Ustyuzhskaya Chetya or belonged to the Ambassadorial Order, which, regardless of the accession of the Smolensk Order to it, very steadily received income from those places. where the Tatar Murzas were once settled (from Romanov, Vyazma, Kasimov, Elatma and Erakhtur - in the south-west of Kasimov).

By a decree of November 12, 1680, the entire service population of Russia was divided between eight categories, except for "Moscow ranks of people - different cities of landowners" who served in the Great Regiment. Each of the categories was divided, in turn, into two districts, the military men of which had assembly points and were part of a special military team. The provincial nobility of all ranks was distributed among the commanders at their place of residence. The decree excluded only cities located to the south and southeast from Samara - to the Terek River in the North Caucasus and Ufa - Bashkiria; these cities with adjoining counties remained in the department of the Kazan Palace and constituted a special military district. The following categories were established, between which the corresponding cities were distributed: 1. Northern category (collection points - Mtsensk and Kursk); 2. Vladimir category (collection points - Yaroslavl and Kostroma); 3. Novgorod category (collection points in Novgorod and Toropets); 4. Kazan category (collection points in Simbirsk and Kerensk); 5. Smolensk category (collection points in Smolensk and Kaluga); 6. Ryazan category (collection points in Pereyaslavl Ryazan and Ryazhsk); 7. Belgorod category (collection points in Belgorod, on Userd, Valuye, in Chuguev and Kharkov); 8. Tambov category (collection points in Kozlov and Usman).

The above categories, which included certain territories with cities that had developed, mainly during the Russian colonization of the region, were military districts. To become a separate administrative unit, such a district needed, firstly, to have a financial body, and secondly, a government agency corresponding in its functions to the order. All this was necessary primarily for the maintenance and management of the local service class and stationed army units.

The voivode as the head of the local administration, and the voivodship as the basis of the local administration, played throughout the 17th century. great role in the development state institutions Russian multinational state. However, as the foundations of an absolute monarchy were created in the country, the system of local government, based on the principles of voivodship power, could not ensure the proper centralization and concentration of power of all bodies of the tsarist administration. The revealed shortcomings of the provincial administration at the local level led to attempts by the central government in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. find a way out of this situation. As P. Milyukov rightly noted in his time, “of course, there was no regional unit similar to the province of the 18th century in the 17th century. But the usual regional unit of the 17th century - the county - was, however, too fragmented, and the government grouped the counties into larger districts for one purpose or another. According to the main government goals, the most important was the grouping for financial and military purposes ”24. From this point of view, the department of the Kazan Palace and the department of the Siberian Order that separated from it were in a special position - as institutions in which financial prerogatives were combined with military functions; they had direct power over the service people, while the power of the discharge (this, by figurative expression P. Milyukov, "the Russian Ministry of War of the 17th century") did not apply to them. The category was subordinate to service people throughout the country, but only from the Kazan Palace and the Siberian Prikaz were data on the number of service people and the staff of the voivods delivered to draw up an annual estimate. In the rest of Russia, we will not find other cases of such a complete coincidence of the goals and interests of the military departments with the financial ones. It should be borne in mind that military and financial activities then almost exhausted the administrative tasks of the state, and the judicial function was for the most part a simple appendage of the administrative one. Hence, the aspiration of the tsarist authorities at the end of the 17th century becomes clear. "territorialization" military service and local financial centralization. The old order system, as you know, was in charge of revenues throughout the country, while the practice that developed in the territorial departments was, first of all, to the fact that the revenues were used in whole or in part for the maintenance of local troops with more or less interference from the central order. This practice existed in the Siberian, Novgorod, and of the newly formed - in the Smolensk and Little Russian orders. Although the chiefs of the Kazan and Siberian orders were in Moscow, and the Smolensk voivode was in Smolensk, this did not prevent them from being independent chiefs.

At the end of the 17th century, when the commanding and voivodship system of government largely exhausted its capabilities and could not fully meet the needs of the emerging absolute monarchy, the search for new forms of local and central government began, which led to the establishment of the provincial system under Peter I. Developing during the XVII century. a new type of military-financial administration on the outskirts of the country demanded streamlining the system of manning the army contingents. The regular army began to be strengthened by corps assembled from all regions of Russia 25

In the system of local government at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. the role of the central authorities is increasing. In Kazan, Astrakhan, Azov, Novgorod, Tobolsk, order huts were elevated to the rank of "order chambers." Kotoshikhin compared the position of local government with the position of the Moscow order. The rise of provincial institutions prepared these cities for the role of provincial centers. Simultaneously with the intensification of the activity of the order chambers in large regional cities, the role of the Moscow regional orders was gradually weakened. The final relocation of their bosses to local centers was only a matter of time. Kazan order under the autocratic management of Prince B.A. Golitsyn (he is mentioned in documents as the head of the Kazan Palace already in 1690) actually began to turn into a kind of provincial institution. And when in 1701 the building of the order of the Kazan Palace burned down in Moscow, the management of the lower towns, at least in local and patrimonial affairs, was for some time generally transferred to Kazan. During the period under review, cities were not distinguished from the counties of the region as special administrative units; there were no city self-government bodies here, just as it was in the cities subject to Lithuania with self-government according to the Magdeburg Law. Local governors operated in the counties under the control of the chief governors, subordinate to the ranks. Along with the Kazan category, in order to centralize power in the outlying regions, where there was an external threat, similar categories were established in Smolensk and Siberia (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisky, Lensky).

All this gave P. Milyukov reason to note that "the rank of the 17th century turns into the Petrovsk province in a few years ... When Peter established the first provinces in 1708, these provinces, in fact, were already ready; they were created from the prepared XVII century of material by a number of private orders, each of which had an immediate practical purpose "26.

Turning to the consideration of the provincial reform of Peter I, its implementation in the conditions of the Volga region and the Southern Urals, I must say that the term "governor" itself appeared in Russia before the division of the country into provinces was introduced in 1708. This word is first encountered in correspondence Peter I with the governor of Arkhangelsk F.A. Apraksin in 1694. Most likely this term meant a part of the territory within which there are authorities directly subordinate to the central government. Obviously, in this sense, Peter I calls F.A. Apraksin, who became the governor of Arkhangelsk during his trip in 1693 to the then only seaport of Russia. F. Apraksin was sent there to carry out a personal assignment from the tsar to monitor the progress of shipbuilding 27. The concept of "governor" in this context can be interpreted as an innovation of Peter's time. At the same time, this term can also be regarded as a translation of the Russian word "voivode" used by Peter I, probably following the foreigners who surrounded him.

In 1700, Peter I turned all his attention to the south, to the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov and the Don, where the Russian fleet was being built. Arkhangelsk "governor" F.A. Apraksin at this time received a new appointment - to head the Admiralty order in Voronezh, after the establishment of which, according to the letter of Peter I of March 21, 1700, the Voronezh department was created. At the disposal of F.A. Apraksin, local cities were transferred to a new order "by provincial vacations and the reprisals of military men in those cities." Thus, the cities from the eastern part of the Belgorod category, which were allocated to a special Tambov category, were transferred to the new territorial department. It included Voronezh, Korotoyak, Usman, Kostenek, Orlov, Zemlyansk, Dobry, Demshinsk, Sokolsk, Belokolodsk, and three months later Yelets. With the transfer of five new cities to the Voronezh department on March 13, 1705 - Ostrogorsk, Olshansk, Uryva, Usera, Verkhosensk - the formation of a new territorial department in southern Russia was completed.

Following this, on June 27, 1700, the Azov department was established by a special royal decree ("cities assigned to the structure of the harbor on Taganrog"). To Azov, who had previously obeyed the Pushkar order, were attributed the cities that were financially in charge of the order of the Grand Palace: the Upper and Lower Lomovs of the Nizhny Lomovsk district, Narovchat, Krasnaya Sloboda and the Troitsky prison of the Temnikovsky district and the Arzamassky prisudok (Zalessky Stan). As stated in the tsar's decree, "and those cities of governors and clerks and noblemen and children of boyars and all ranks of service people and peasants and Mordovians by service and all sorts of fees and taxes and lands to be in charge of Azov" In 1701, some other administrative and territorial changes were made in the southern regions of Russia. The cities of the Simbirsk line were transferred from the department of the Kazan Palace to the Azov department: "the lower towns, which along the lines of Saransk, Penza, Insara, Kerensk were ordered to be in charge of Azov for the construction of a city and other structure in Taganrog." Only one of these cities, Penza was transferred in 1708 to the newly established Kazan province.

Voronezh and Azov departments were subordinate to F.A. Apraksin as the head of the Admiralty order, although Azov already had its own governors from 1696. Appointed there in 1702 by the governor I.A. Tolstoy received the title of governor from Peter I himself (April 16, 1706). According to P. Milyukov's witty remark, thus, “we saw a“ governor ”without a province in Arkhangelsk and a province without a governor in Azov and Voronezh, now both names are for the first time combined in the department of another favorite of Peter, his“ herzenkind ”AD. Menshikov "29. The territorial department of Menshikov grew with the expansion of Russian conquests in the Baltic States: having taken Nothenburg, Peter I appointed him "governor" of this Swedish fortress. Already in May 1703 Menshikov signed himself as "Shlusselburg and Shlotburg Governor". With the occupation of the mouth of the Neva River, he became the governor of St. Petersburg. In the personal decree of July 19, 1703 A.D. Menshikov is officially named "governor" 30. From September 1, 1703 Poshekhonye with "all kinds of income", Beloozero, Kargopol were subordinate to him. Soon, all reclaimed from the Swedes during Northern War provinces - Ingria, Karelia and Estland. By September 30, 1703, the first news of the establishment of the Izhersky Chancellery, which also received the official name of the Ingermanland Chancellery, was first reported. In 1704 A.D. Menshikov, as stated in the tsar's decree, was "perpetrated" over the hereditary provinces, Ingria and Karelia, augmented by our war, together with Estland and others belonging to us since ancient times, by the governor general. "31 The new administrative position - the governor - in its rank occupied a place between the positions Thus, gradually in Russia, the concept of a province as an area subject to the governor and including several counties was developed, in particular, evidence from the service career of Yakov Rimsky-Korsakov, who in 1703 to the official introduction of provinces in Russia and the post of governor of Ingria was the governor of the city of Koporye and, while remaining governor, was instructed to obey governor Menshikov.On March 7, 1706, Peter I gave a special order about this, where the term “province” or “province” was used in relation to Ingria "31. Koporsky commandant became head of the Yamburgsky district of to the lower authority of the provincial government; he was in charge of the affairs of his district, as was usually indicated in the voivodship orders of the 17th century, "according to the Code, according to the New Kazak articles and applying to the voivodship orders" 32.

From other historical evidence it follows a quite definite conclusion that, in addition to Menshikov, some other persons were appointed as governors. In particular, among them in 1705 the Kazan governor B.A. Golitsyn, in whose hands the administration of Kazan and Astrakhan was united 33. In connection with the Astrakhan uprising that began in the fall of 1705, by the decree of Peter I of February 1, 1706, the "lower towns" (22 cities with 36,755 courtyards) were ordered to be in charge in Kazan, and not in Moscow, in the orders of those lower towns, to know nothing not commanded. "So the separation of the Kazan department from the Kazan Palace was completed, and in this one can see the prototype of the future Kazan province.

In 1706, the sphere of management of the department of the Siberian Order increased at the expense of Soli-Kamskaya, Cherdyn, Yargensk, Kaigorodok (in the past, these cities with their districts were subordinate to the old Novgorod Cheti). Despite the relatively rapid growth of the Siberian population, by 1710 its number in all of Asian Siberia had not yet managed to equal the number of the population of the Ural districts assigned to Siberia. It was these places that helped Siberian colonization from time immemorial, adding with their grain reserves and monetary income what was lacking for the maintenance of the Siberian garrisons.

Thus, the organization and gradual strengthening of local authorities in the Volga region, which had military-financial prerogatives, essentially became a preparatory stage for the provincial reform of 1708-1711, due to which the provincial form of government replaced the order and voivodship system in Voronezh, Azov , Kazan, Ingermanland, Siberian and other departments.

The first serious measure for the establishment of provinces in Russia was taken by Peter I at the end of 1707, when in a special order on the establishment of a province it was ordered: "to paint the cities in parts, except for those that are 100 versts from Moscow, to Kiev, Smolensk, Azov , Kazan, Arkhangelsk "34. True, this decree does not mention the Ingermanland province, which apparently already existed; nothing is said about the Siberian province either, although the protocol of the Near Chancellery contains a resolution as laconic as the decree itself, but in a more precise wording. It says: "painted provinces to Moscow, to St. Petersburg, to Kiev - a total of 8 provinces." The first Russian provinces were Ingermanland, Smolensk, Kiev, Azov, Kazan, Arkhangelsk, Siberian and Moscow; each of them is headed by a governor, whose range of activities was very diverse. As N.P. Eroshkin, "the governors received extraordinary powers: each of them had not only administrative, police, financial and judicial functions, but was also the commander of all troops located in the territory of the province under his jurisdiction. The governor ruled the province with the help of an office, where there were clerks and clerks." 35 (the latter soon became known as secretaries).

Each province received a certain number of specially stipulated counties. The territory of the Kazan province was fully subordinated to the 17th century. The order of the Kazan Palace, except for the three above-mentioned cities with counties - Kerensk, Saransk and Insar. Beginning in 1700, they were subordinated to the city of Azov and included (from 1708) in the Azov province. In addition, during its establishment, three cities with districts separated from the old Novgorodskaya Cheti (Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas and Gorokhovets), and three cities of the Kostromskaya Cheti (Murom, Elatma and Kadom), one of the Galitskaya Cheti (Yuryevets Podolsky ), and from the Grand Palace - Balakhna and Vyazniki. In total, the Kazan province initially included 37 cities and 35 suburbs: Kazan, Yaik, Terek, Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Dmitrovsk, Saratov, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, Tsarevosanchursk, Kokshaisk, Sviyazhsk, Tsarevokokshaisk, Alatyr, Tsivilsk, Kiperoksary, Yadrin, Kozmodemyansk, Yaransk, Vasil (Vasilsursk), Kurmysh, Temnikov, Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, Kadom, Elatma, Kasimov, Gorokhovets, Murom, Mokshansk, Urzhum, Balakhna, Vyazniki, Yuryevets Podolsky, Penza 36

Presumably, it is precisely the convenience of communication in one water basin that explains the attribution of the above mentioned nearby Volga and Oka cities to the Kazan province, whose jurisdiction since 1708 extended to the entire territory of the Middle and Lower Volga regions. Kazan province was adjacent to the Nizhny Novgorod province (with the adjacent outskirts of the Kostroma, Vladimir, Ryazan and Tambov provinces), and in the south, its borders reached Astrakhan and Terek. It included Penza and a significant part of the later formed provinces - Vyatka, Perm, Orenburg and Ufa, as well as the lands of the South Urals and the Caspian Sea.

It should be noted that only since 1711 the regional nature of the governor's power is fully realized, and those governors who have so far calmly ruled from Moscow go to their provincial centers; at the same time, the last remaining regional orders, including the Kazan ones, are losing their significance.

IN historical literature the establishment of the first Russian provinces is usually dated December 18, 1708 This number marks the corresponding decree of Peter I, placed in the "First Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire", which contains the list of cities by provinces 37. There are usually two stages in the implementation of local administrative transformations associated with the provincial reform under Peter I ("First regional reform" in 1708 and "Second regional reform" in 1719) 38. However, even before the reform of 1719, there were some changes in the administrative-territorial division of the country. The Ingermanland province was renamed to St. Petersburg. Estland, taken from the Swedes, which at first formed a province within the Ingermanland (St. Petersburg) province, later turned into an independent Revel province. After the capture of Riga by the Russian troops, the Livonian principality in 1712 was organized into the Riga province, to which the Smolensk province, established earlier, was subordinated the following year. As for the territory of the Kazan province, the difficulties of managing such a vast territory led to the need to separate from it first the Nizhny Novgorod, and then the Astrakhan province. On January 26, 1714, Kazan province was divided into two: Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod 39. However, in the decree of the tsar of November 22, 1717, it was commanded: "The Nizhny Novgorod province to be with Kazan as before, and the Astrakhan province to be separately" 40. At the same time, the following cities went to the latter: Astrakhan with the suburbs, Tersk, Yaik, Tsaritsyn, Dmitrovsk, Saratov, Samara and Simbirsk with the suburbs. The Nizhny Novgorod province was also restored in May 1719. However, part of the cities from the Kazan province were transferred to the Azov province (Temnikov, Kadom, Elatma, Kasimov) and to the Moscow province (Gorokhovets and Murom).

In connection with the streamlining of the distribution of expenditures for the upkeep of the army in 1711, "the number of households in shares was assigned for each province." The unit of measurement was taken as a "share", which consisted of 5536 households; there were 146 7/10 such "shares" throughout Russia; at the same time, Moscow province accounted for 44 1/2 shares, St. Petersburg province - 32 1/5, Kazan province - 21, Arkhangelsk province - 18 1/2 , to Siberian - 9 and so much the wife of Smolensk, to Azov - 7 ¼, to Kiev - 5 41.

In 1713, a collegial principle was introduced into the provincial administration; under the governors, collegia of "landrates" (from 8 to 12 people per province), elected by the local nobility, are established. According to the reform of 1719, an administrative-territorial division into provinces and districts was introduced. However, the province, organized according to the Swedish model and only partly associated with the "share" (5536 households each), did not acquire independent significance; it did not replace, as was supposed, the province, which has survived for a long time. The district was supposed to take the place of the county that had lost its significance, although in reality it happened somewhat differently. Although the district, as the lowest administrative link, introduced in 1719, occupied the level corresponding to the former county, in fact it did not have the real significance of the county. The district was still the district in which the poll tax was going to be paid for the maintenance of a certain military unit. The number of districts corresponded to the number of regiments in the Russian army. They were also created according to the Swedish model, and their borders did not coincide at all with the borders of the counties. Thus, according to the reform of 1719, Russia found itself, in essence, divided into 11 provinces and 49 provinces, which were undoubtedly, but not clearly outlined, under the subordination of the provinces.

Thus, the decree of Peter I of May 29, 1719 introduced three degrees of regional division: provinces, provinces and districts 42. Since their origins were not the same, the relationship between each of these degrees was not clear enough. Peter I planned to transfer to the Russian soil a three-stage state structure Sweden in the form in which it took shape by the end of the 17th century. under Charles XI: "volost" or "parish" (kirkhspiel), "herada" (hundred, district) and "land" (land). In each of the provinces, it was planned to introduce administrative posts according to the Swedish model, and for the court - the post of Ober-Landrichter. The province was divided into several parts - districts, but this administrative unit bore the "zemstvo" name. Each district was headed by a zemstvo commissar, and the court was headed by an unter-landrichter; each of the zemstvo commissars had a clerk and three messengers, that is, the staff was four times smaller than in the former Landrat "share". This corresponded to the ratio of the size of the "share" and the subordinate district commissar of the district.

On average, the new province consisted of several old "shares", and they had to correspond to the districts. In practice, the "shares" were larger than the districts. The ratio of "shares" and provinces by provinces was as follows:

Similar information.

one of the central government bodies of Russia in the mid 16th - early 18th centuries. Formed in the 50-60s. 16th century Carried out administrative, judicial and financial management of the territories mainly in the Yu.-V. Russia: Meshchera and Nizhegorodsky uyezd (until 1587), Kazan with the Middle and Lower Volga regions and Bashkiria (from the time of the annexation to the beginning of the 18th century), cities of the former Astrakhan Khanate (in the 17th century were under the jurisdiction of the Ambassadorial Prikaz), the Urals and Siberia (from 1599 to 1637). From the moment of the formation of the Siberian Prikaz until 1663, the Collegium of the PKD and the Siberian Prikaz was headed by one person. In the late 16th - early 17th centuries. in charge of some areas of the North of the European part of Russia. The PKD controlled the local administration, supervised the compilation of yasak salary books and the collection of natural yasak from the non-Russian population (which, as a rule, was delivered to Moscow, in contrast to the monetary income spent locally). It was liquidated due to the formation of the Kazan province in 1708.

Lit .: Sadikov P.A., Essays on the history of the oprichnina, M. - L., 1950.

V.D. Nazarov.

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Chapter 3 An order is an order

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From the book Nevsky Prospect. House by house author Kirikova Lyudmila Alexandrovna

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XVI. Colonization of the Kazan kingdom

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Order of the Kazan Palace

Lit .: Sadikov P.A., Essays on the history of the oprichnina, M. - L., 1950.

V.D. Nazarov.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what the "Order of the Kazan Palace" is in other dictionaries:

- (Kazan order) one of the central state bodies of Russia in the middle of the 16th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Formed in the 50s and 60s of the 16th century. Carried out administrative, judicial and financial management of territories mainly in the southeast ... ... Wikipedia

Kazan Palace, Meshchersky Palace, center. governments. institution of Russia 2nd floor. 16 beginning. 18th century with regional competence. It was created to manage the lands annexed after the conquest of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates. In the 17th century ... Soviet Historical Encyclopedia

ORDER OF THE KAZAN PALACE - known from the middle of the 16th century. to 1709, the first management order russian territories; ruled Kazan lands ... Russian statehood in terms. IX - early XX century

- (Kazan Palace, Meshchersky Palace), a central state institution with regional competence. Created in the second half of the 16th century. to manage the lands annexed after the conquest of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates. ... ... Russian history

This term has other meanings, see the Order. Order in Moscow. Alexander Yanov Orders central government bodies in Moscow, in charge of persons ... Wikipedia

The Order of the Kazan Palace (Kazan Order) is one of the central state bodies of Russia in the middle of the 16th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Formed in the 50s and 60s of the 16th century. Carried out administrative, judicial and financial management of the territories by the main ... ... Wikipedia

Orders are central government bodies in Moscow, in charge of a special kind of state affairs or individual areas of the state. Orders were called differently chambers, huts, courtyards, palaces, thirds or quarters. Contents 1 Etymology 2 ... ... Wikipedia

The order of the Kazan Palace was originally in charge of all the newly conquered lands on the eastern borders of Russia. The lands originally attributed to the competence of the order were so vast that he was often forced to share his power with the Ambassadorial order. The conquered lands first came to the head of the Ambassadorial Prikaz, and then they were transferred to the Kazan Palace. It should be noted that the tsarist government did the same with the lands of Siberia. In any case, as new fortresses were built in the Volga region, a voivode was appointed to each of them, and it was included in the "Kazan" or "Astrakhan kingdom", both conditionally and traditions continued to call this region in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. 15 In the notes of D. Fletcher, who visited Russia in 1588-1589, the Kazan Palace is described as a permanently functioning central state institution, which is in charge of "the kingdoms of Kazan and Astrakhan with other cities lying along the Volga River" 16. All these cities along the Volga and its tributaries, located to the south and east of Nizhny Novgorod, began to be called "lower", while the name "Lower" was then assigned to the entire region of the Middle and Lower Volga regions. According to S.F. Platonov, under the name "Niza" or "lower towns" were meant all the cities of the Kazan Khanate conquered in 1552 on both banks of the middle reaches of the Volga and on the right bank of the lower reaches of the Kama and Vyatka rivers. This concept also included cities founded after the approval of the Russian administration along the Volga, from the Samara River to the Caspian coast.

In the composition of the lower towns from the second half of the XVI century. and throughout the 17th century. the following cities were included: Sviyazhsk and Kazan with the suburbs (Tetyushi, Laishev, Arsk, Alaty, Malmyzh, Osa), Vasilgorod, Cheboksary, Alatyr, Kurmysh, Kozmodemyansk, Yadrin, Tsivilsk, Simbirsk, Penza, Kokshaisk, Tsarevokranokshaiskhaysk , Birsk, Astrakhan, Terki, Tsaritsyn, Saratov, Cherny Yar, Dmitrovsk, Shatsk, Temnikov, Kasimov, Kadom, Elatma, Mokshansk 17. Lower towns with adjoining territories (counties) were located in the Middle and Lower Volga regions and extended to the "Meshchera towns" along the Oka River (Shatsk, Temnikov, Kasimov, Kadom, Elatma, Mokshansk). With the conquest and annexation of new lands in Siberia to Russia, the territory under the Order of the Kazan Palace was constantly expanding. In 1637, a special Siberian order was created, where all the lands of this region were administratively transferred. Although later some cities of the former Astrakhan Khanate were transferred to the Ambassadorial order, the Order of the Kazan Palace remained in the Middle and Lower Volga regions and the Urals (Bashkiria).

The order of the Kazan Palace, in comparison with other central institutions, possessed full power in the territory under its jurisdiction on all matters of administration. A unique feature of this order was that it was in charge of a territory with a significant multi-ethnic population. The main task of the tsarist government was not only to Russify and Christianize local residents, but also to form its own regional policy on the example of the management of the first "foreigners" 18. "The order of the Kazan Palace carried out the administrative, financial and judicial management of the territory under its jurisdiction, was in charge of taxes in kind from the non-Russian population, and controlled the compilation of the yasak books." The order also dealt with secondary military organizational issues and had some foreign policy functions. As G. Kotoshikhin testifies, the order was in charge of "military affairs and salvation from the Turs and Persian borders and from the Kalmyks and Bashkirs" 20.

The archive of the Order of the Kazan Palace, to our great chagrin, died due to numerous fires, and during a fire in 1701, the building of the order burned down completely. However, some documents that ended up in the funds of other government departments of that time make it possible to conclude that there was an institution in the system of the Kazan Palace specially designed to manage the non-Russian population. True, one cannot but agree with N.P. Mrochek-Drozdovsky, who noted that “the remnant of the previous order should be recognized by the former, probably before the last judicial reforms of Peter the Great, in the Kazan province a special judicial institution for the examination of civil litigation between foreigners; this institution was called the Tatar hut. Unfortunately, there are very scant information, so one cannot judge either the composition and content of officials, or the office work of this institution "21. Of great interest in this respect is the one found by V.D. Dmitriev a charter given in February 1574 to the name of the Kazan voivode P.A. Bulgakov, - on the principles of management of the indigenous yasak population 22. The document says that the tsar "granted all the Kazan land ..., ordered to submit his royal charters to all volosts ..." To manage the local population, special "Tatar heads" were appointed from Russian nobles and boyar children. As indicated in the letter, they ruled the court among the local population, "reporting boyars and governors, sentencing with their best people, who will be chosen by the earth really devilish." The "Tatar" head, according to I.P. Ermolaev, all non-Russian peoples obeyed 23. As it is said in the text of the order of 1649 to the Kazan governor: "Tatar heads among the Tatars and Chuvashes, and Cheremis, and Votyaks." A number of other news about the Tatar heads have survived - they are mentioned in the "Description of documents and papers stored in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Justice". So, under one of the 1623-1624 years, it is told about the Tatar head (the "head" of the Tatars, Chuvash, Cheremis and Votyaks) Sungur Sokovnin, who refused to deal with the affairs of the commander of the governor P. Sikerin, etc.

The sources of the period under consideration also mention "the best people", by which are meant representatives of the local feudal stratum: Tatar Murzas, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurt hundredth and tenth princelings. The existence of a Tatar ship hut in the cities of the Volga region is rightly recognized in the literature as one of the features of local government in the region. Although all the more or less important positions of the middle and higher levels in the management system of the Kazan Palace were replaced by representatives of the Russian nobility and service people, in the lower levels of government (at the level of volosts and rural communities) there were "elected" centurions and headmen from the indigenous population, among them interpreters were also appointed. As a result of the policy pursued by the tsarist government in the second half of the 16th-17th centuries, a class of service Tatars was formed.

The above categories, which included certain territories with cities formed, mainly during the Russian colonization of the region, constituted military districts. To become a separate administrative unit, such a district needed, firstly, to have a financial body, and secondly, a government agency corresponding in its functions to the order. All this was necessary primarily for the maintenance and management of the local service class and quartered army units.

The voivode as the head of the local administration, and the voivodship as the basis of the local administration, played throughout the 17th century. a great role in the development of state institutions of the Russian multinational state. However, as the foundations of an absolute monarchy were created in the country, the system of local government based on the principles of voivodship power could not ensure the proper centralization and concentration of power of all bodies of the tsarist administration. The revealed shortcomings of the provincial administration on the ground led to attempts by the central government in the late 17th - early 18th centuries. find a way out of this situation. As P. Milyukov rightly noted in his time, “of course, a regional unit similar to a province of the 18th century did not exist in the 17th century. But the usual regional unit of the 17th century - the uyezd - was, however, too fragmented, and the government grouped the counties into larger districts for one purpose or another. According to the main government goals, the most important was the grouping for financial and military purposes ”24. From this point of view, the department of the Kazan Palace and the department of the Siberian Order that separated from it were in a special position - as institutions in which financial prerogatives were combined with military functions; they had direct power over the service people, while the power of the category (this, in the figurative expression of P. Milyukov, "the Russian Ministry of War of the 17th century") did not extend to them. The category was subordinate to service people throughout the country, but only from the Kazan Palace and the Siberian Prikaz was data on the number of service people and the personnel of the governors delivered to draw up an annual estimate. In the rest of Russia, we will not find other cases of such a complete coincidence of the goals and interests of the military departments with the financial ones. It should be borne in mind that military and financial activities then almost exhausted the administrative tasks of the state, and the judicial function was for the most part a simple appendage of the administrative one. Hence, the aspiration of the tsarist authorities at the end of the 17th century becomes clear. "territorialization" of military service and financial centralization in the field. The old order system, as is known, was in charge of revenues throughout the country, while the practice that developed in the territorial departments was, first of all, to the fact that the revenues were used in whole or in part for the maintenance of local troops with more or less interference from the central order. This practice existed in the Siberian, Novgorod, and from the newly formed - in the Smolensk and Little Russia orders. Although the chiefs of the Kazan and Siberian orders were in Moscow, and the Smolensk voivode was in Smolensk, this did not prevent them from being independent chiefs.

At the end of the 17th century, when the order and voivodship system of government largely exhausted its capabilities and could not fully satisfy the needs of the emerging absolute monarchy, the search for new forms of local and central government began, which led to the establishment of the provincial system under Peter I. Developing during the XVII century. a new type of military-financial administration on the outskirts of the country demanded streamlining the system of manning the army contingents. The regular army began to be strengthened by corps assembled from all regions of Russia 25

In the system of local government at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries. the role of the central authorities is increasing. In Kazan, Astrakhan, Azov, Novgorod, Tobolsk, order huts were elevated to the rank of "order chambers." Kotoshikhin compared the position of local government with the position of the Moscow order. The rise of provincial institutions prepared these cities for the role of provincial centers. Simultaneously with the intensification of the activity of the order chambers in large regional cities, the role of the Moscow regional orders gradually weakened. The final relocation of their bosses to local centers was only a matter of time. Kazan order under the autocratic management of Prince B.A. Golitsyn (he is mentioned in documents as the head of the Kazan Palace already in 1690) actually began to turn into a kind of provincial institution. And when in 1701 the building of the order of the Kazan Palace burned down in Moscow, the management of the lower towns, at least in local and patrimonial affairs, was for some time generally transferred to Kazan. During the period under review, cities were not distinguished from the counties of the region as special administrative units; there were no city self-government bodies here, just as it was in the cities subject to Lithuania with self-government according to the Magdeburg Law. Local governors operated in the counties under the control of the chief governors, subordinate to the ranks. Along with the Kazan category, in order to centralize power in the outlying regions, where there was an external threat, similar categories were established in Smolensk and Siberia (Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisky, Lensky).

All this gave P. Milyukov reason to note that "the rank of the 17th century in a few years turns into the Petrovsky province ... When Peter established the first provinces in 1708, these provinces, in fact, were already ready; they were created from the prepared XVII century of material by a number of private orders, each of which had an immediate practical purpose "26.

Following this, on June 27, 1700, the Azov department was established by a special royal decree ("cities assigned to the structure of the harbor on Taganrog"). To Azov, who had previously obeyed the Pushkar order, were assigned the cities that financially were in charge of the order of the Grand Palace: the Upper and Lower Lomovs of the Nizhny Lomovsk district, Narovchat, Krasnaya Sloboda and the Troitsky prison of the Temnikovsky district and the Arzamassky prisudok (Zalessky Stan). As stated in the tsar's decree, "and those cities of governors and clerks and noblemen and children of boyars and all ranks of service people and peasants and Mordovians by service and all sorts of fees and taxes and lands to be in charge of Azov" In 1701, some other administrative and territorial changes were made in the southern regions of Russia. The cities of the Simbirsk line were transferred from the department of the Kazan Palace to the Azov department: "the lower towns, which along the lines of Saransk, Penza, Insara, Kerensk were ordered to be in charge of Azov for the construction of a city and other structure in Taganrog." Only one of these cities, Penza was transferred in 1708 to the newly established Kazan province.

Voronezh and Azov departments were subordinate to F.A. Apraksin as the head of the Admiralty order, although Azov already had its own governors from 1696. Appointed there in 1702 by the governor I.A. Tolstoy received the title of governor from Peter I himself (April 16, 1706). According to P. Milyukov's witty remark, thus, “we saw a“ governor ”without a province in Arkhangelsk and a province without a governor in Azov and Voronezh, now both names are for the first time combined in the department of another favorite of Peter, his“ herzenkind ”AD. Menshikov "29. The territorial department of Menshikov grew with the expansion of Russian conquests in the Baltic States: having taken Nothenburg, Peter I appointed him "governor" of this Swedish fortress. Already in May 1703 Menshikov signed himself as "Shlusselburg and Shlotburg Governor". With the occupation of the mouth of the Neva River, he became the governor of St. Petersburg. In the personal decree of July 19, 1703 A.D. Menshikov is officially named "governor" 30. From September 1, 1703 Poshekhonye with "all kinds of income", Beloozero, Kargopol were subordinate to him. Soon, all the provinces reclaimed from the Swedes during the Northern War - Ingria, Karelia and Estland - are also given. By September 30, 1703, the first news of the establishment of the Izhersky Chancellery, which also received the official name of the Ingermanland Chancellery, was first reported. In 1704 A.D. Menshikov, as stated in the tsar's decree, was "perpetrated" over the hereditary provinces, Ingria and Karelia, augmented by our war, together with Estland and others belonging to us since ancient times, by the governor general. "31 The new administrative position - the governor - in its rank occupied a place between the positions Thus, gradually in Russia, the concept of a province as an area subject to the governor and including several counties was developed, in particular, evidence from the service career of Yakov Rimsky-Korsakov, who in 1703 to the official introduction of provinces in Russia and the post of governor of Ingria was the governor of the city of Koporye and, while remaining governor, was instructed to obey governor Menshikov.On March 7, 1706, Peter I gave a special order about this, where the term “province” or “province” was used in relation to Ingria "31. The Koporsky commandant became the head of the Yamburgsky district as the lowest her instance of the provincial administration; he was in charge of the affairs of his district, as was usually indicated in the voivodship orders of the 17th century, "according to the Code, according to the New Kazak articles and applying to the voivodship orders" 32.

From other historical evidence it follows a quite definite conclusion that, in addition to Menshikov, some other persons were appointed as governors. In particular, among them in 1705 the Kazan governor B.A. Golitsyn, in whose hands the administration of Kazan and Astrakhan was united 33. In connection with the Astrakhan uprising that began in the fall of 1705, by the decree of Peter I of February 1, 1706, the "lower towns" (22 cities with 36,755 courtyards) were ordered to be in charge in Kazan, and not in Moscow, in the orders of those lower towns, to know nothing not commanded. "So the separation of the Kazan Department from the Kazan Palace was completed, and in this one can see the prototype of the future Kazan province.

Each province received a certain number of specially stipulated counties. The territory of the Kazan province was completely subordinated to the 17th century. By the order of the Kazan Palace, except for the three above-mentioned cities with counties - Kerensk, Saransk and Insar. Beginning in 1700, they were subordinated to the city of Azov and included (from 1708) in the Azov province. In addition, during its establishment, three cities with districts separated from the old Novgorodskaya Cheti (Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas and Gorokhovets), and three cities of the Kostromskaya Cheti (Murom, Elatma and Kadom), one of the Galitskaya Cheti (Yuryevets Podolsky ), and from the Grand Palace - Balakhna and Vyazniki. In total, the Kazan province initially included 37 cities and 35 suburbs: Kazan, Yaik, Terek, Astrakhan, Tsaritsyn, Dmitrovsk, Saratov, Ufa, Samara, Simbirsk, Tsarevosanchursk, Kokshaisk, Sviyazhsk, Tsarevokokshaisk, Alatyr, Tsivilsk, Kiperoksary, Yadrin, Kozmodemyansk, Yaransk, Vasil (Vasilsursk), Kurmysh, Temnikov, Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas, Kadom, Elatma, Kasimov, Gorokhovets, Murom, Mokshansk, Urzhum, Balakhna, Vyazniki, Yuryevets Podolsky, Penza 36

In historical literature, the establishment of the first russian provinces it is customary to date December 18, 1708 This number marks the corresponding decree of Peter I, placed in the "First Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire", which contains the list of cities by provinces 37. There are usually two stages in the implementation of local administrative transformations associated with the provincial reform under Peter I ("First regional reform" in 1708 and "Second regional reform" in 1719) 38. However, even before the reform of 1719, there were some changes in the administrative-territorial division of the country. The Ingermanland province was renamed to St. Petersburg. Estland, taken from the Swedes, which at first formed a province within the Ingermanland (St. Petersburg) province, later turned into an independent Revel province. After the capture of Riga by the Russian troops, the Livonian principality in 1712 was organized into the Riga province, to which the Smolensk province, established earlier, was subordinated the following year. As for the territory of the Kazan province, the difficulties of managing such a vast territory led to the need to separate from it first the Nizhny Novgorod, and then the Astrakhan province. On January 26, 1714, Kazan province was divided into two: Kazan and Nizhny Novgorod 39. However, in the decree of the tsar of November 22, 1717, it was commanded: "The Nizhny Novgorod province to be with Kazan as before, and the Astrakhan province to be separately" 40. At the same time, the following cities went to the latter: Astrakhan with the suburbs, Tersk, Yaik, Tsaritsyn, Dmitrovsk, Saratov, Samara and Simbirsk with the suburbs. The Nizhny Novgorod province was also restored in May 1719. However, part of the cities from the Kazan province were transferred to the Azov province (Temnikov, Kadom, Elatma, Kasimov) and to the Moscow province (Gorokhovets and Murom).

Thus, the decree of Peter I of May 29, 1719 introduced three degrees of regional division: provinces, provinces and districts 42. Since their origins were not the same, the relationship between each of these degrees was not clear enough. Peter I planned to transfer to Russian soil the three-stage state structure of Sweden in the form in which it took shape by the end of the 17th century. under Charles XI: "volost" or "parish" (kirkhspiel), "herada" (hundred, district) and "land" (land). In each of the provinces, it was planned to introduce administrative posts according to the Swedish model, and for the court - the post of Ober-Landrichter. The province was divided into several parts - districts, but this administrative unit bore the "zemstvo" name. Each district was headed by a zemstvo commissar, and the court was headed by an unter-landrichter; each of the zemstvo commissars had a clerk and three messengers, that is, the staff was four times smaller than in the former Landrat "share". This corresponded to the ratio of the size of the "share" and the subordinate district commissar of the district.

By Siberia the order of the Kazan Palace was annexed. Administrative activities of the order of the Kazan palace. Conquest of the Kazan Khanate