Bukhara operation. Bukhara operation (1920) Old Bukhara city and its fortifications
Bukhara operation 1920 |
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middle Asia |
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Territorial changes: |
Liquidation of the Bukhara Emirate. Foundation of the BNSR. |
Opponents |
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Young Bukharians |
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Bukhara Bolsheviks |
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Commanders |
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Sayyid Alim Khan |
M. V. Frunze |
Forces of the parties |
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8725 bayonets |
About 9000 people |
7580 sabers |
230 machine guns |
16 machine guns |
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5 armored trains |
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27,000 people |
11 aircraft |
2 machine guns |
8 armored cars |
About 5000 people |
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Bukhara operation 1920- combat operations of the units of the Red Army of the Turkestan Front, under the command of M.V. Frunze (about 9 thousand people) with the support of national formations representing the movement of the Young Bukharians and Bukhara communists (about 5 thousand people), with the aim of overthrowing the Bukhara emir on August 29 ... - 2 Sept. 1920 during the Civil War. The Emir's army (16 thousand people) occupied the area of Old Bukhara with its main forces and by separate detachments - Khatyrchi and Kermine. In the area of the pass Takhtakarach, Shakhrisabz and Karshi, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) operated. On August 23, the Young Bukharians and Bukharian communists began an uprising in the Chardzhui Bekstvo and turned to the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. The Bukhara operation began with the capture of August 29, by Soviet troops together with the rebels of Old Chardzhui. The Revolutionary Committee established in Chardzhui appealed to the population of Bukhara with an appeal to fight against the emirate. Old Bukhara was taken by storm on September 2, and the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed on October 8, 1920. The Bukhara operation under the command of MV Frunze in 1920 marked the beginning of a number of operations of the Red Army in Bukhara and in subsequent years. These operations were aimed at either consolidating the initial success of the Bukhara operation, or suppressing local centers of resistance. Difficult natural conditions and national specifics made these operations lasting.
The political situation the day before
By the spring of 1920, a turning point was outlined in the struggle for power in Central Asia. The connection of the Turkestan Republic with the main territory of Russia was restored. The 4th Army of the Turkestan Front eliminated pockets of resistance in the Trans-Caspian region. In the Fergana region, one of the brightest leaders of the Basmach movement, Madamin Bek, goes over to the side of the Bolsheviks. The change in the policy of the Bolsheviks in Turkestan and the active involvement of national cadres in the administration also contributed to the relative pacification of the region. In the summer of 1920, the troops of the Red Army liquidated the Khiva Khanate, in the place of which the pro-Soviet Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was formed. But the world was still very far away. In the Fergana Valley, the resistance of the Basmachi continued, peasant and Cossack demonstrations continued in Semirechye, which in 1920 linked the forces of the 3rd Turkestan Division, the constant danger of the Khorezm Republic from the leader of the Turkmen, Dzhunaid Khan. In addition, the Red Army was tasked with protecting the land borders of Soviet Turkestan for several thousand kilometers.
After an unsuccessful attempt by the leader of the Turkestan Bolsheviks, Kolesov, together with a detachment of the Young Bukharians to overthrow the government of the emir, an armistice reigned between Bukhara and Tashkent. Behind the facade of which, both sides were preparing for a decisive battle. The government of the Bukhara Emir was comprehensively involved in strengthening its own armed forces. Pro-Emir-minded clergymen more and more often called parishioners to ghazavat. In February 1920, the government of the emir carried out a mobilization campaign. Former officers of the tsarist army and members of the White movement found refuge at the Emir's court. The government of the Turkestan Republic, meanwhile, tried in every possible way to unite all anti-emissary forces, which was partly crowned with success. By 1920, the Probolshevist wing of the Young Bukharians, led by Fayzulla Khodzhaev, had noticeably strengthened. In August 1920, in a number of cities of the Bukhara Khanate, armed uprisings took place with the insurgents appealing to the government of Turkestan for help. Meanwhile, for the time being, both sides tried to preserve the semblance of neutrality.
Armed forces, their deployment and plan of operation
Bukhara army
On the 10th of August, the emir draws significant regular and irregular forces to Bukhara (about 30 - 35 thousand). The armed forces of the emir by August 20, 1920 consisted of units of the regular army and the irregular militia. The forces of the regular army were determined at 8,725 bayonets and 7,580 sabers with 23 light guns and 12 machine guns. The irregular forces deployed by the regional rulers (beks) were roughly estimated at 27,000 bayonets and sabers with 2 machine guns and 32 guns. Most of the artillery consisted of outdated models (for example, smooth-bore cast-iron cannons that fired cast-iron or stone cannonballs). The fighting quality, training of soldiers and command personnel of the emir's army were at a low level. The army was manned by mercenaries, and an attempt to replenish the army by compulsory conscription did not give the expected results. The recruitment into the army was carried out by compulsory appropriation in rural communities. The latter in many cases either got rid of this undesirable element in this way, or committed a number of abuses, appointing members of low-income families to the army, without taking into account their family and financial situation.
By the time of decisive hostilities, the main forces of the emir were concentrated in two places. The regular Bukhara army is in the capital Old Bukhara and its immediate environs. Beks' troops in the Kitab - Shakhrisabz region, covering the Takhtakarach pass. The shortest and most convenient way from the city of Samarkand inland passed through this pass, through Guzar to Termez, adapted for wheel movement along its entire length.
Red Army
The command of the Turkestan Front could allocate 6000-7000 bayonets, 2300-2690 sabers, 35 light and 5 heavy guns, 8 armored vehicles, 5 armored trains and 11 aircraft for the operation. This count does not include national military formations on the territory of Turkestan and revolutionary-minded detachments of the Young Bukharians and Bukhara communists on the territory of Bukhara.
The plan of the operation and the order of Frunze of August 13, 1920.
The commander of the Turkestan front, MV Frunze, despite the passive resistance of a possible war with Bukhara by a number of local councils, begins active preparations for the overthrow of the emir. The main goal of the military operation was to be the densely populated river valley. Zeravshan with the political and administrative center of Bukhara and the Shakhrisabz region with the center in the city of Guzar. The attack on Old Bukhara was also aimed at routing the main forces of the emir.
On August 13, 1920, Frunze, in an order to the troops of the Turkestan Front, indicated that the general political situation requires the Red Army to be ready to act actively when the interests of the revolution require it. In anticipation of this performance, the Chardzhui group was concentrated in the area of the city of New Chardzhuy, consisting of the 1st infantry regiment, one division of the Tekin cavalry and the 1st division of light artillery. This detachment was strengthened, in addition, by the detachment of the Bukhara revolutionary troops of Kulmtskhametov; The Amu Darya flotilla and the red garrisons of the cities of Chardzhuy, Kerki and Termez were also subordinate to the chief of the detachment.
The task of the detachment was to secure the immediate environs of Chardzhui and the capture of the city of Karakul, which lay near the railway line halfway from Chardzhui to Old Bukhara. The special attention of the chief of the detachment was entrusted to the railway line in his section. At the same time, the flotilla was supposed to carry cruising along the river. Amu Darya in the section from the fortification of Kerki to the fortification of Termez, not allowing any crossings on this section of the river in either direction. The Charjui group was operatively subordinate to the Samarkand group. This latter was divided into three separate groups: Kagan, in the composition of all units that made up the garrison of New Bukhara (Kagan) (7 rifle regiments, 3 1/2 cavalry regiments, 40 light and 5 heavy guns, according to the materials of Comrade Rozhdestvensky) and Karshi city; the 4th Cavalry Regiment and the 1st East Muslim Rifle Regiment, arriving from Turkestan, were to be included in this group; the task of this group was to include the capture of the city of Old Bukhara. The Katta-Kurgan group of the 2nd International Cavalry Regiment with a platoon of artillery and a detachment of Bukhara revolutionary troops was to concentrate in the city of Katta-Kurgan no later than August 15; it was supposed to occupy Khatyrch and Ziaetdin with her at the right time, and in the future - the town of Kermine. Finally, the Samarkand group itself, consisting of the 3rd Turkestan Rifle Regiment of the 1st Turkestan Cavalry Division, a separate Turkic cavalry brigade and an engineering company, was entrusted, if necessary, to defeat the Bukhara troops in the Shakhrisyabz-Kitab direction and firmly occupy the area of the river. Kashkadarya.
Subsequently, the order indicated the distribution and timing of the concentration of technical units and aviation. The indication of the order on the order of concentration of the Kagan group is quite characteristic. The units assigned to reinforce it were supposed to appear in the city of Kagan completely unexpectedly for the enemy, passing the territory of Bukhara in echelons during the night.
Thus, Frunze set himself two goals: he strove to end with one blow the political center of the Bukhara emirate and its most reliable support in the form of a regular army, choosing Old Bukhara as the object of his actions. On the other hand, he chooses as the target of his actions a significant accumulation of enemy forces formed in the Shakhrisabz-Kitab region. It was not possible to leave him unattended or confine himself to putting up a screen against him. However, given the already existing numerical inequality, this had to further weaken the forces intended for action against the capital. Fully aware of this, the front command balances the numerical inequality of forces with a grouping along the railroad line. The latter was completely in the hands of the Red Army, which made it possible to concentrate the strike forces in the right place and at the right time. In addition, the attention of the enemy and his forces are diverted to two opposite directions: to Samarkand and to Chardzhui. In the current initial position for both sides, the Emir's army was already in a strategic encirclement even before the outbreak of hostilities, and the command of the Turkfront took all measures to quickly turn this strategic encirclement into a tactical one.
The spaciousness of the theater, its impassable roads, waterlessness, difficult climatic conditions - all taken together should have influenced the duration and difficulty of operations, if the enemy was given time to use all these properties to his advantage. The characteristic features of the theater allowed for the movement and action of significant military units only in certain directions. These directions were sometimes significantly distant from each other. Hence the importance of the issue of communication and the difficulty of organizing and maintaining it. In such conditions, command and control could not have the character of precise regulation of the movement of troops by day, with the assignment of certain tasks for each day. In the field of management, the emphasis was placed on the initiative of the chief, giving him a general idea of the operation and providing broad initiative in its implementation. If we evaluate all the orders of MV Frunze for the Bukhara operation from this point of view, we will see that they fully corresponded to these characteristic conditions of the theater.
Natural conditions and population
Natural conditions and difficulties of a military campaign
The natural borders of the Bukhara Emirate in the north was the Gissar ridge, separating it from Turkestan, in the south - the r. The Amu Darya, which for a considerable extent serves as its border with Afghanistan, in the east - an elevated and barren plateau that passes into the Pamir mountain ranges and in the west - a sandy desert, passing into the borders of Khiva. To the west of Guzar, the country has a plain-steppe character, and to the west of the Zeravshan valley, the plain turns into a sandy desert, gradually approaching Bukhara from the Khiva side and in those years annually conquering some space from culture. This flat character of the western part of the country does not change by separately thrown into it, from its northern part, a small massif of the Nur-Ata mountains. Animal and plant life in the Bukhara Emirate is concentrated near rivers in areas artificially irrigated with water diverted from these rivers. These desert oases were usually extremely densely populated, resulting in an uneven population distribution.
The country's climate is sharply continental. In summer, the heat reaches 55 °. Low and marshy places, as well as rice paddies, are breeding grounds for the devastating tropical malaria, from which unaclimatized troops suffered greatly.
The main waterways: Zeravshan, Amu Darya, Kashkadarya. These rivers formed a kind of frame within which the most decisive operations were played out. The main difficulty for the movement and actions of troops in this theater in all directions arises not because of the nature of the terrain, but because of the lack of water in many areas. The lack of water also determines their desolation, and, consequently, the impossibility of relying on local funds for the food of people and animals. The most important in the course of the upcoming operations were the right tributaries of the river. Amu Darya, crossing the main routes of invasion into Eastern Bukhara. Their common characteristic feature is an extremely stormy and fast current, rapid water rises (every day), depending on the daytime melting of snow on the Gissar ridge, from where they all take their sources, changeable and unstable fords.
The population of the emirate, its social and ethnic composition
The tribal composition of the population, roughly defined by a total of 4-5 million people, was quite diverse. The predominant nationality, predominantly in the western part of the country and dominant throughout its territory, were Uzbeks. The left, and in some places the right bank of the Amu Darya River was inhabited by the Turkmens. In Eastern Bukhara, Tajiks predominate; a separate oasis in their midst in the upper reaches of the river. Kashkadarya is interspersed with the mountain warlike tribe of Lokays (of Uzbek origin). In the region of Kulyab and Baldzhuan, the nomadic camps of the Kyrgyz come across. In large shopping centers, these main tribes are mixed with Persians, Jews, Russians, especially numerous in the city of Bukhara and in cities along the river. Amu Darya.
In social terms, Bukhara was characterized as a predominantly small-peasant country. In the cultural regions, the predominant occupation of the mass of the rural population is agriculture; in the steppes - cattle breeding. The urban proletariat was in its infancy. The petty and middle commercial bourgeoisie is also concentrated in large centers. The indigenous intelligentsia was few in number. The clergy, on the other hand, was numerous and influential among the masses; among the young clergy there was a noticeable number of supporters of the Young Bukharians, who, to some extent, were ready to participate in the overthrow of the emir.
The cultural level of the population, from the point of view of Europeans, was low and fell as it moved to the east, where the population had not yet fully acquired the habit of settling and easily abandoned the latter.
Transport routes
In Western Bukhara, wheeled tracks prevailed, in Eastern Bukhara almost exclusively pack tracks. The latter in mountainous areas in many places were arranged in the form of cornices molded along the edges of sheer cliffs and hanging over precipices. When moving along such cornices, one should be afraid that the enemy would not destroy them in front and behind the detachment moving along them and thus would not trap it.
The country's railway network was exhausted by a section of the Central Asian Trans-Caspian railway that cut through Western Bukhara in the section from Chardzhui to Zerabulak station, and a branch of this main highway to the city of Karshi. Other railway lines, just completed by the Russian government to Guzar-Shakhrisabz-Kerki-Termez by the end of World War II, were thoroughly destroyed by the local population during the great anti-Russian movement of 1918.
Settlements
Large settlements in Bukhara were few in number. Political and administrative importance belonged to the years. Old Bukhara (capital), Karshi, Guzar, Boysun, Dushambe, Kulyab. All cities were of the usual Asian type. To a greater or lesser extent, all the cities of Bukhara in their type and character of fortifications approached the capital.
The railway station in the cities of Charjuy Karshi was of strategic importance - a track junction lying at the shortest distance between Afghanistan and Turkestan, Kerki, the terminal station of the railway, the fortification of which closed the path along the left bank of the river. Amu Darya from Afghanistan to Chardzhui, p. Derbent at the foot of the Ak-Kutal pass at the fork in the paths to Eastern Bukhara and Termez. The last fortification closed the convenient ferry from Bukhara to Afghanistan. In Eastern Bukhara, the city of Kulyab was a significant junction of local routes.
Old Bukhara city and its fortifications
The city of Old Bukhara, as the capital, was the most heavily fortified. Bukhara's fortifications consisted of a massive battlement wall up to 10 m high and up to 5 m thick at the base. Although the wall was made of clay with a small addition of stone and brick, from time to time it hardened to a very significant fortress and could freely withstand field artillery fire. Inside, the city was a narrow and intricate maze of streets, alleys and dead ends, interrupted by even more intricate and roofed bazaars. All these streets and alleys led to a small open space in the center of the city. In this space, a solid citadel with a quadrangular outline with several very high and massive towers, which in the local name was called "Ark", towered. The Ark towers and a number of high minarets built in past centuries, significantly rising above the total mass of adobe, low buildings of the city, gave the enemy a number of good observation points. In the outer wall of the city there were several gates in the form of narrow passages blocked from above, which led into the city. For several kilometers in circumference, the capital was surrounded by gardens, country houses, emir's summer palaces with their parks and ponds, huge cemeteries and adobe walls, which made the character of the surrounding area closed and rugged. Kagan (or New Bukhara), which was a suburb of the capital and lay 12 km away from it, was a small European-type town connected to the capital by a branch of the railway and a bad stone highway.
The course of hostilities
Order of the commander of the Tourfront No. 3667 of August 25, 1920
Events in the Bukhara Emirate developed rapidly, already on August 25 the front command issued its order No. 3667, which determined the active assistance of the Red Army with the armed forces that started the uprising within the emirate. The political goal of the operation was defined by comrade Frunze as "revolutionary fraternal assistance to the Bukhara people in their struggle against the despotism of the Bukhara autocrat." The start of the operation was scheduled for the night of August 28-29. The Chardzhui group was supposed to assist the Bukhara rebels in capturing the city of Old Chardzhuy, and then had to throw its cavalry on the Naryzym and Burdalyk crossings across the river. Amu Darya to intercept all the fugitives, including the emir and members of the government, if they tried to flee along these routes to Afghanistan. For the same purposes, it was necessary to seize the city of Karakul and the Yakki-tut railway station. Along the way, with these actions of the detachment, the establishment of revolutionary power along the Amu Darya from the Khorezm border to Termez, inclusive, was achieved. The head of the Kagan group, Comrade Belov, upon receiving the first information about the revolutionary coup in Old Chardzhuy, had to move his units to the capital and the emir’s country palace of Sitor Mahi Khasa (Makhasa), 5 km northeast of Bukhara, where “with a decisive and crushing blow to destroy all the military forces of the old Bukhara government and not allow the enemy to organize a new resistance. " A special task was to capture the emir himself and his government. Other groups and consulates were to carry out the tasks specified in the directive of August 12th. The task of the Samarkand constellation expanded in the sense that the 7th Infantry Regiment, which came to the disposal of this conspiracy, after the defeat of the enemy grouping in the Shakhrisyabz-Kitab area, had to seize the Karshi-Guzar region in order to prevent the remnants of the Shahrisabz Bek's troops from leaving for Sharabad in the eastern mountainous beks.
Storming of Old Bukhara, August 29 - September 2, 1920
Further events began to develop within the time frame provided for by this order. On the night of August 28, the concentration of all the forces of the Kagan army ended. At the same time, the Bukharian revolutionaries captured the city of Old Chardzhui, and units of the Chardzhui detachment of comrade Nikitin moved to the crossings across the Amu Darya, Narazim and Burdalyk and captured them on August 31. At the same time, a special joy in the composition of the 5th rifle regiment, the combined company of the 8th rifle regiment and the division of the 16th cavalry regiment was moved from the city of New Chardzhui to the city of Karakul.
The Kagan group launched an offensive between 6 and 7 o'clock in the morning on August 29. She advanced in two columns. The right (eastern) consisted of the 10th and 12th Tatar infantry regiments, the 1st cavalry regiment, four guns, the 53rd armored detachment, armored train number 28. This column advanced from the city of Kagan along the highway and a railway line to the southeastern part of the city wall, where the Karshi gates were located.
The left column (western), consisting of the 1st Eastern Muslim Rifle Regiment, Rifle and Cavalry Regiments, a special purpose unit with two light guns, having landed 14 km west of the station. Kagan, attacked the southwestern Karakul city gates. Thus, the offensive was carried out simultaneously on two opposite points, which cannot be considered correct, given the general smallness of the forces of the Red Army. The artillery group, which consisted of a platoon of fortress 152-mm cannons on platforms and a 122-mm battery, was supposed to support the offensive of the right column.
However, on the first day of the offensive, she was located at the maximum distance, so her fire had little results. For the defense of each of the gates with the adjacent sections of the city wall, the enemy had up to 2000-3000 fighters and, in addition, a mobile reserve outside the city, in the area of Sitora Mahi Has (Mahas), in the amount of up to 6000-8000 fighters. The columns moved slowly over rough terrain, met with enemy fire and counterattacks, and on the first day of the offensive they only managed to approach the city fortifications, but could not capture them. The day of August 30 passed in the same position.
On August 31, the Karakul detachment and the 2nd rifle regiment with two batteries approached the area of Old Bukhara. On this day, the leadership of the actions of all forces over Bukhara was united in the hands of the commander of the 1st Army G.V. Zinoviev. The command decided now to deliver the main blow to the Karshi gate, the preparation of the assault on which with artillery fire was started on August 30, and heavy artillery was brought up closer to the city. During August 31, the command of the group concentrated against the Karshi gate, near which at that time a gap had already been made, almost all of its forces, leaving in the left column only a rifle regiment (1st Eastern Muslim), a combined company of the 8th rifle regiment and a cavalry regiment detachment of special purpose.
At 5:00 on September 1, the right column moved to the assault on the Karshi Gate, which this time ended in success: after a stubborn street battle, by 17:00 on the same day, Old Bukhara passed entirely into the hands of Soviet troops. However, the emir was no longer in the city. On the night of August 31, he left his capital under the protection of a detachment of 1000 people. and headed in a northeastern direction to the city of Gyj-Duvan. On September 2, M. V. Frunze sent V. I. Lenin a telegram, which said:
Actions of the Kattakurgan and Samarkand detachments. The pursuit of the emir.
The Kattakurgan and Samarkand detachments at the same time successfully coped with the tasks assigned to them according to the directive of August 12. Further operations were reduced to organizing the pursuit of the emir and his entourage (This task was originally undertaken by the commander of the 1st Army G.V. Zinoviev: he with a cavalry detachment chased the emir to the city of Karshi.). However, they managed to slip between the pursuing red detachments and find themselves a temporary refuge in Eastern Bukhara. The capture of Bukhara and the flight of the emir marked the victory of the Bukhara revolution. The first step of the victorious revolution in Bukhara was the proclamation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic, similar to how it was done in Khorezm.
Outcomes
The operation to eliminate the power of the emir took no more than a week, and the main goal of the operation was fully achieved. The speed and energy with which the operation was carried out and its success were the result of careful preparatory work that distinguished Frunze as a commander. A decisive blow was dealt to the Bukhara counter-revolution. All subsequent operations of the Red Army in Bukhara were reduced to the elimination of the remnants of this counter-revolution. The spatiality of the theater and its difficult conditions have left their mark on these operations in that they dragged on for a long time. In order to finally expel from the borders of Bukhara the former emir, who settled down with a group of adherents first in Boysun, and then in Dushanbe, and Sovietization of Eastern Bukhara, Soviet troops, overcoming all obstacles and unfavorable conditions of the terrain and climate, in 1921 in the so-called Hissar expedition advanced deep into Eastern Bukhara and finally ousted the emir's supporters from the borders of the Bukhara People's Republic.
However, this expedition, undertaken in the form of a raid by one cavalry division with small infantry units attached to it, did not give lasting results due to the lack of systematic work on the political and administrative consolidation of the rear. Our columns, having made several distant campaigns to the most remote places of Eastern Bukhara, by the onset of autumn were forced to retreat to winter quarters closer to their bases, since, due to poor support and organization of the rear, strategic exhaustion began to threaten them. It was not possible to consolidate Soviet power in Eastern Bukhara, which was used by the local opponents of the revolution the following year.
In 1922, the local counter-revolution, taking advantage of the split in the ranks of the forces that had made the revolution, again tried to start active resistance. The leadership of this resistance was taken over by Enver Pasha, one of the former leaders of the Young Turkish Party. Appearing in Eastern Bukhara in the early spring of 1922, Enver Pasha tried to captivate the masses with the slogans of pan-Islamism and resistance to the Bolsheviks. This attempt was successful at first. Enver Pasha's counter-revolutionary activities in Eastern Bukhara were stopped by a new campaign of the Red Army there. In several battles, Enver Pasha was defeated, and in one of the skirmishes he was killed.
Bukhara operation 1920 - military operations of the units of the Red Army of the Turkestan Front, under the command of M. V. Frunze with the support of the Young Bukharians and Bukhara communists, with the aim of overthrowing the Bukhara Emir during the Civil War.
Bukhara operation 1920 - military operations of the units of the Red Army of the Turkestan Front, under the command of M.V. Emir 29 Aug - 2 Sept. 1920 during the Civil War. The Emir's army (16 thousand people) occupied the area of Old Bukhara with its main forces and by separate detachments - Khatyrchi and Kermine. In the area of the pass Takhtakarach, Shakhrisabz and Karshi, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) operated. On August 23, the Young Bukharians and Bukharian communists began an uprising in the Chardzhui Bekstvo and turned to the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. The Bukhara operation began with the capture of August 29, by Soviet troops together with the rebels of Old Chardzhui. The Revolutionary Committee established in Chardzhui appealed to the population of Bukhara with an appeal to fight against the emirate. Old Bukhara was taken by storm on September 2, and the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed on October 8, 1920. The Bukhara operation under the command of MV Frunze in 1920 marked the beginning of a number of operations of the Red Army in Bukhara and in subsequent years. These operations were aimed at either consolidating the initial success of the Bukhara operation, or suppressing local centers of resistance. Difficult natural conditions and national specifics made these operations lasting.
Chief Minister of Bukhara (Kush-Begi)
By the spring of 1920, a turning point was outlined in the struggle for power in Central Asia. The connection of the Turkestan Republic with the main territory of Russia was restored. The 4th Army of the Turkestan Front eliminated pockets of resistance in the Trans-Caspian region. In the Fergana region, one of the brightest leaders of the Basmach movement, Madamin Bek, goes over to the side of the Bolsheviks. The change in the policy of the Bolsheviks in Turkestan and the active involvement of national cadres in the administration also contributed to the relative pacification of the region. In the summer of 1920, the troops of the Red Army liquidated the Khiva Khanate, in the place of which the pro-Soviet Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was formed. But the world was still very far away. In the Fergana Valley, the resistance of the Basmachi continued, peasant and Cossack demonstrations continued in Semirechye, which in 1920 linked the forces of the 3rd Turkestan Division, the constant danger of the Khorezm Republic from the leader of the Turkmen, Dzhunaid Khan. In addition, the Red Army was tasked with protecting the land borders of Soviet Turkestan for several thousand kilometers.
After an unsuccessful attempt by the leader of the Turkestan Bolsheviks, Kolesov, together with a detachment of the Young Bukharians to overthrow the government of the emir, an armistice reigned between Bukhara and Tashkent. Behind the facade of which, both sides were preparing for a decisive battle. The government of the Bukhara Emir was comprehensively involved in strengthening its own armed forces. Pro-Emir-minded clergymen more and more often called parishioners to ghazavat. In February 1920, the government of the emir carried out a mobilization campaign. Former officers of the tsarist army and members of the White movement found refuge at the Emir's court. The government of the Turkestan Republic, meanwhile, tried in every possible way to unite all anti-emissary forces, which was partly crowned with success. By 1920, the Probolshevist wing of the Young Bukharians, led by Fayzulla Khodzhaev, had noticeably strengthened. In August 1920, in a number of cities of the Bukhara Khanate, armed uprisings took place with the insurgents appealing to the government of Turkestan for help. Meanwhile, for the time being, both sides tried to preserve the semblance of neutrality.
Emir's palace
On the 10th of August, the emir draws significant regular and irregular forces to Bukhara (about 30 - 35 thousand). The armed forces of the emir by August 20, 1920 consisted of units of the regular army and the irregular militia. The forces of the regular army were determined at 8,725 bayonets and 7,580 sabers with 23 light guns and 12 machine guns. The irregular forces deployed by the regional rulers (beks) were roughly estimated at 27,000 bayonets and sabers with 2 machine guns and 32 guns. Most of the artillery consisted of outdated models (for example, smooth-bore cast-iron cannons that fired cast-iron or stone cannonballs). The fighting quality, training of soldiers and command personnel of the emir's army were at a low level. The army was manned by mercenaries, and an attempt to replenish the army by compulsory conscription did not give the expected results. The recruitment into the army was carried out by compulsory appropriation in rural communities. The latter in many cases either got rid of this undesirable element in this way, or committed a number of abuses, appointing members of low-income families to the army, without taking into account their family and financial situation.
Bukhara soldier
By the time of decisive hostilities, the main forces of the emir were concentrated in two places. The regular Bukhara army is in the capital Old Bukhara and its immediate environs. Beks' troops in the Kitab - Shakhrisabz region, covering the Takhtakarach pass. The shortest and most convenient way from the city of Samarkand inland passed through this pass, through Guzar to Termez, adapted for wheel movement along its entire length.
Ark fortress (palace of the emir), Bukhara
The command of the Turkestan Front could allocate 6000-7000 bayonets, 2300-2690 sabers, 35 light and 5 heavy guns, 8 armored vehicles, 5 armored trains and 11 aircraft for the operation. This count does not include national military formations on the territory of Turkestan and revolutionary-minded detachments of the Young Bukharians and Bukhara communists on the territory of Bukhara.
Samarkand
The commander of the Turkestan front, MV Frunze, despite the passive resistance of a possible war with Bukhara by a number of local councils, begins active preparations for the overthrow of the emir. The main goal of the military operation was to be the densely populated river valley. Zeravshan with the political and administrative center of Bukhara and the Shakhrisabz region with the center in the city of Guzar. The attack on Old Bukhara was also aimed at routing the main forces of the emir.
On August 13, 1920, Frunze, in an order to the troops of the Turkestan Front, indicated that the general political situation requires the Red Army to be ready to act actively when the interests of the revolution require it. In anticipation of this performance, the Chardzhui group was concentrated in the area of the city of New Chardzhuy, consisting of the 1st infantry regiment, one division of the Tekin cavalry and the 1st division of light artillery. This detachment was strengthened, in addition, by the detachment of the Bukhara revolutionary troops of Kulmtskhametov; The Amu Darya flotilla and the red garrisons of the cities of Chardzhuy, Kerki and Termez were also subordinate to the chief of the detachment.
Bukhara army soldiers
The task of the detachment was to secure the immediate environs of Chardzhui and the capture of the city of Karakul, which lay near the railway line halfway from Chardzhui to Old Bukhara. The special attention of the chief of the detachment was entrusted to the railway line in his section. At the same time, the flotilla was supposed to carry cruising along the river. Amu Darya in the section from the fortification of Kerki to the fortification of Termez, not allowing any crossings on this section of the river in either direction. The Charjui group was operatively subordinate to the Samarkand group. This latter was divided into three separate groups: Kagan, in the composition of all units that made up the garrison of New Bukhara (Kagan) (7 rifle regiments, 3 1/2 cavalry regiments, 40 light and 5 heavy guns, according to the materials of Comrade Rozhdestvensky) and Karshi city; the 4th Cavalry Regiment and the 1st East Muslim Rifle Regiment, arriving from Turkestan, were to be included in this group; the task of this group was to include the capture of the city of Old Bukhara. The Katta-Kurgan group of the 2nd International Cavalry Regiment with a platoon of artillery and a detachment of Bukhara revolutionary troops was to concentrate in the city of Katta-Kurgan no later than August 15; it was supposed to occupy Khatyrch and Ziaetdin with her at the right time, and in the future - the town of Kermine. Finally, the Samarkand group itself, consisting of the 3rd Turkestan Rifle Regiment of the 1st Turkestan Cavalry Division, a separate Turkic cavalry brigade and an engineering company, was entrusted, if necessary, to defeat the Bukhara troops in the Shakhrisyabz-Kitab direction and firmly occupy the area of the river. Kashkadarya.
Subsequently, the order indicated the distribution and timing of the concentration of technical units and aviation. The indication of the order on the order of concentration of the Kagan group is quite characteristic. The units assigned to reinforce it were supposed to appear in the city of Kagan completely unexpectedly for the enemy, passing the territory of Bukhara in echelons during the night.
Thus, Frunze set himself two goals: he strove to end with one blow the political center of the Bukhara emirate and its most reliable support in the form of a regular army, choosing Old Bukhara as the object of his actions. On the other hand, he chooses as the target of his actions a significant accumulation of enemy forces formed in the Shakhrisabz-Kitab region. It was not possible to leave him unattended or confine himself to putting up a screen against him. However, given the already existing numerical inequality, this had to further weaken the forces intended for action against the capital. Fully aware of this, the front command balances the numerical inequality of forces with a grouping along the railroad line. The latter was completely in the hands of the Red Army, which made it possible to concentrate the strike forces in the right place and at the right time. In addition, the attention of the enemy and his forces are diverted to two opposite directions: to Samarkand and to Chardzhui. In the current initial position for both sides, the Emir's army was already in a strategic encirclement even before the outbreak of hostilities, and the command of the Turkfront took all measures to quickly turn this strategic encirclement into a tactical one.
The spaciousness of the theater, its impassable roads, waterlessness, difficult climatic conditions - all taken together should have influenced the duration and difficulty of operations, if the enemy was given time to use all these properties to his advantage. The characteristic features of the theater allowed for the movement and action of significant military units only in certain directions. These directions were sometimes significantly distant from each other. Hence the importance of the issue of communication and the difficulty of organizing and maintaining it. In such conditions, command and control could not have the character of precise regulation of the movement of troops by day, with the assignment of certain tasks for each day. In the field of management, the emphasis was placed on the initiative of the chief, giving him a general idea of the operation and providing broad initiative in its implementation. If we evaluate all the orders of MV Frunze for the Bukhara operation from this point of view, we will see that they fully corresponded to these characteristic conditions of the theater.
The natural borders of the Bukhara Emirate in the north was the Gissar ridge, separating it from Turkestan, in the south - the r. The Amu Darya, which for a considerable extent serves as its border with Afghanistan, in the east - an elevated and barren plateau that passes into the Pamir mountain ranges and in the west - a sandy desert, passing into the borders of Khiva. To the west of Guzar, the country has a plain-steppe character, and to the west of the Zeravshan valley, the plain turns into a sandy desert, gradually approaching Bukhara from the Khiva side and in those years annually conquering some space from culture. This flat character of the western part of the country does not change by separately thrown into it, from its northern part, a small massif of the Nur-Ata mountains. Animal and plant life in the Bukhara Emirate is concentrated near rivers in areas artificially irrigated with water diverted from these rivers. These desert oases were usually extremely densely populated, resulting in an uneven population distribution.
The country's climate is sharply continental. In summer, the heat reaches 55 °. Low and marshy places, as well as rice paddies, are breeding grounds for the devastating tropical malaria, from which unaclimatized troops suffered greatly.
The main waterways: Zeravshan, Amu Darya, Kashkadarya. These rivers formed a kind of frame within which the most decisive operations were played out. The main difficulty for the movement and actions of troops in this theater in all directions arises not because of the nature of the terrain, but because of the lack of water in many areas. The lack of water also determines their desolation, and, consequently, the impossibility of relying on local funds for the food of people and animals. The most important in the course of the upcoming operations were the right tributaries of the river. Amu Darya, crossing the main routes of invasion into Eastern Bukhara. Their common characteristic feature is an extremely stormy and fast current, rapid water rises (every day), depending on the daytime melting of snow on the Gissar ridge, from where they all take their sources, changeable and unstable fords.
The tribal composition of the population, roughly defined by a total of 4-5 million people, was quite diverse. The predominant nationality, predominantly in the western part of the country and dominant throughout its territory, were Uzbeks. The left, and in some places the right bank of the Amu Darya River was inhabited by the Turkmens. In Eastern Bukhara, Tajiks predominate; a separate oasis in their midst in the upper reaches of the river. Kashkadarya is interspersed with the mountain warlike tribe of Lokays (of Uzbek origin). In the region of Kulyab and Baldzhuan, the nomadic camps of the Kyrgyz come across. In large shopping centers, these main tribes are mixed with Persians, Jews, Russians, especially numerous in the city of Bukhara and in cities along the river. Amu Darya.
In social terms, Bukhara was characterized as a predominantly small-peasant country. In the cultural regions, the predominant occupation of the mass of the rural population is agriculture; in the steppes - cattle breeding. The urban proletariat was in its infancy. The petty and middle commercial bourgeoisie is also concentrated in large centers. The indigenous intelligentsia was few in number. The clergy, on the other hand, was numerous and influential among the masses; among the young clergy there was a noticeable number of supporters of the Young Bukharians, who, to some extent, were ready to participate in the overthrow of the emir.
The cultural level of the population, from the point of view of Europeans, was low and fell as it moved to the east, where the population had not yet fully acquired the habit of settling and easily abandoned the latter.
In Western Bukhara, wheeled tracks prevailed, in Eastern Bukhara almost exclusively pack tracks. The latter in mountainous areas in many places were arranged in the form of cornices molded along the edges of sheer cliffs and hanging over precipices. When moving along such cornices, one should be afraid that the enemy would not destroy them in front and behind the detachment moving along them and thus would not trap it.
The country's railway network was exhausted by a section of the Central Asian Trans-Caspian railway that cut through Western Bukhara in the section from Chardzhui to Zerabulak station, and a branch of this main highway to the city of Karshi. Other railway lines, just completed by the Russian government to Guzar-Shakhrisabz-Kerki-Termez by the end of World War II, were thoroughly destroyed by the local population during the great anti-Russian movement of 1918.
Large settlements in Bukhara were few in number. Political and administrative importance belonged to the years. Old Bukhara (capital), Karshi, Guzar, Boysun, Dushambe, Kulyab. All cities were of the usual Asian type. To a greater or lesser extent, all the cities of Bukhara in their type and character of fortifications approached the capital.
The railway station in the cities of Charjuy Karshi was of strategic importance - a track junction lying at the shortest distance between Afghanistan and Turkestan, Kerki, the terminal station of the railway, the fortification of which closed the path along the left bank of the river. Amu Darya from Afghanistan to Chardzhui, p. Derbent at the foot of the Ak-Kutal pass at the fork in the paths to Eastern Bukhara and Termez. The last fortification closed the convenient ferry from Bukhara to Afghanistan. In Eastern Bukhara, the city of Kulyab was a significant junction of local routes.
Frunze and Madamin Bek, who went over to the side of the Reds, inspect the cavalry of the Red Army
The city of Old Bukhara, as the capital, was the most heavily fortified. Bukhara's fortifications consisted of a massive battlement wall up to 10 m high and up to 5 m thick at the base. Although the wall was made of clay with a small addition of stone and brick, from time to time it hardened to a very significant fortress and could freely withstand field artillery fire. Inside, the city was a narrow and intricate maze of streets, alleys and dead ends, interrupted by even more intricate and roofed bazaars. All these streets and alleys led to a small open space in the center of the city. In this space, a solid citadel with a quadrangular outline with several very high and massive towers, which in the local name was called "Ark", towered. The Ark towers and a number of high minarets built in past centuries, significantly rising above the total mass of adobe, low buildings of the city, gave the enemy a number of good observation points. In the outer wall of the city there were several gates in the form of narrow passages blocked from above, which led into the city. For several kilometers in circumference, the capital was surrounded by gardens, country houses, emir's summer palaces with their parks and ponds, huge cemeteries and adobe walls, which made the character of the surrounding area closed and rugged. Kagan (or New Bukhara), which was a suburb of the capital and lay 12 km away from it, was a small European-type town connected to the capital by a branch of the railway and a bad stone highway.
Events in the Bukhara Emirate developed rapidly, already on August 25 the front command issued its order No. 3667, which determined the active assistance of the Red Army with the armed forces that started the uprising within the emirate. The political goal of the operation was defined by comrade Frunze as "revolutionary fraternal assistance to the Bukhara people in their struggle against the despotism of the Bukhara autocrat." The start of the operation was scheduled for the night of August 28-29. The Chardzhui group was supposed to assist the Bukhara rebels in capturing the city of Old Chardzhuy, and then had to throw its cavalry on the Naryzym and Burdalyk crossings across the river. Amu Darya to intercept all the fugitives, including the emir and members of the government, if they tried to flee along these routes to Afghanistan. For the same purposes, it was necessary to seize the city of Karakul and the Yakki-tut railway station. Along the way, with these actions of the detachment, the establishment of revolutionary power along the Amu Darya from the Khorezm border to Termez, inclusive, was achieved. The head of the Kagan group, Comrade Belov, upon receiving the first information about the revolutionary coup in Old Chardzhuy, had to move his units to the capital and the emir’s country palace of Sitor Mahi Khasa (Makhasa), 5 km northeast of Bukhara, where “with a decisive and crushing blow to destroy all the military forces of the old Bukhara government and not allow the enemy to organize a new resistance. " A special task was to capture the emir himself and his government. Other groups and consulates were to carry out the tasks specified in the directive of August 12th. The task of the Samarkand constellation expanded in the sense that the 7th Infantry Regiment, which came to the disposal of this conspiracy, after the defeat of the enemy grouping in the Shakhrisyabz-Kitab area, had to seize the Karshi-Guzar region in order to prevent the remnants of the Shahrisabz Bek's troops from leaving for Sharabad in the eastern mountainous beks.
Further events began to develop within the time frame provided for by this order. On the night of August 28, the concentration of all the forces of the Kagan army ended. At the same time, the Bukharian revolutionaries captured the city of Old Chardzhui, and units of the Chardzhui detachment of comrade Nikitin moved to the crossings across the Amu Darya, Narazim and Burdalyk and captured them on August 31. At the same time, a special joy in the composition of the 5th rifle regiment, the combined company of the 8th rifle regiment and the division of the 16th cavalry regiment was moved from the city of New Chardzhui to the city of Karakul.
The Kagan group launched an offensive between 6 and 7 o'clock in the morning on August 29. She advanced in two columns. The right (eastern) consisted of the 10th and 12th Tatar infantry regiments, the 1st cavalry regiment, four guns, the 53rd armored detachment, armored train number 28. This column advanced from the city of Kagan along the highway and a railway line to the southeastern part of the city wall, where the Karshi gates were located.
The left column (western), consisting of the 1st Eastern Muslim Rifle Regiment, Rifle and Cavalry Regiments, a special purpose unit with two light guns, having landed 14 km west of the station. Kagan, attacked the southwestern Karakul city gates. Thus, the offensive was carried out simultaneously on two opposite points, which cannot be considered correct, given the general smallness of the forces of the Red Army. The artillery group, which consisted of a platoon of fortress 152-mm cannons on platforms and a 122-mm battery, was supposed to support the offensive of the right column.
However, on the first day of the offensive, she was located at the maximum distance, so her fire had little results. For the defense of each of the gates with the adjacent sections of the city wall, the enemy had up to 2000-3000 fighters and, in addition, a mobile reserve outside the city, in the area of Sitora Mahi Has (Mahas), in the amount of up to 6000-8000 fighters. The columns moved slowly over rough terrain, met with enemy fire and counterattacks, and on the first day of the offensive they only managed to approach the city fortifications, but could not capture them. The day of August 30 passed in the same position.
On August 31, the Karakul detachment and the 2nd rifle regiment with two batteries approached the area of Old Bukhara. On this day, the leadership of the actions of all forces over Bukhara was united in the hands of the commander of the 1st Army G.V. Zinoviev. The command decided now to deliver the main blow to the Karshi gate, the preparation of the assault on which with artillery fire was started on August 30, and heavy artillery was brought up closer to the city. During August 31, the command of the group concentrated against the Karshi gate, near which at that time a gap had already been made, almost all of its forces, leaving in the left column only a rifle regiment (1st Eastern Muslim), a combined company of the 8th rifle regiment and a cavalry regiment detachment of special purpose.
At 5:00 on September 1, the right column moved to the assault on the Karshi Gate, which this time ended in success: after a stubborn street battle, by 17:00 on the same day, Old Bukhara passed entirely into the hands of Soviet troops. However, the emir was no longer in the city. On the night of August 31, he left his capital under the protection of a detachment of 1000 people. and headed in a northeastern direction to the city of Gyj-Duvan. On September 2, M. V. Frunze sent V. I. Lenin a telegram, which said:
“The Old Bukhara fortress was taken by storm today by the combined efforts of the Red Bukhara and our units. The last stronghold of Bukhara obscurantism and Black Hundreds fell. The red banner of the world revolution flies triumphantly over Registan. "
The Kattakurgan and Samarkand detachments at the same time successfully coped with the tasks assigned to them according to the directive of August 12. Further operations were reduced to organizing the pursuit of the emir and his entourage (This task was originally undertaken by the commander of the 1st Army G.V. Zinoviev: he with a cavalry detachment chased the emir to the city of Karshi.). However, they managed to slip between the pursuing red detachments and find themselves a temporary refuge in Eastern Bukhara. The capture of Bukhara and the flight of the emir marked the victory of the Bukhara revolution. The first step of the victorious revolution in Bukhara was the proclamation of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic, similar to how it was done in Khorezm.
Bukhara after shelling
The operation to eliminate the power of the emir took no more than a week, and the main goal of the operation was fully achieved. The speed and energy with which the operation was carried out and its success were the result of careful preparatory work that distinguished Frunze as a commander. A decisive blow was dealt to the Bukhara counter-revolution. All subsequent operations of the Red Army in Bukhara were reduced to the elimination of the remnants of this counter-revolution. The spatiality of the theater and its difficult conditions have left their mark on these operations in that they dragged on for a long time. In order to finally expel from the borders of Bukhara the former emir, who settled down with a group of adherents first in Boysun, and then in Dushanbe, and Sovietization of Eastern Bukhara, Soviet troops, overcoming all obstacles and unfavorable conditions of the terrain and climate, in 1921 in the so-called Hissar expedition advanced deep into Eastern Bukhara and finally ousted the emir's supporters from the borders of the Bukhara People's Republic.
Basmachi - from Uzbek. basmachi, from basma "plaque" + suf. -chi. Borrowing word. in the era of the civil war in Central Asia; suff. -chi is perceived by Russians as an indicator of plural. h., whence the new form of unit. h. Basmach.
However, this expedition, undertaken in the form of a raid by one cavalry division with small infantry units attached to it, did not give lasting results due to the lack of systematic work on the political and administrative consolidation of the rear. Our columns, having made several distant campaigns to the most remote places of Eastern Bukhara, by the onset of autumn were forced to retreat to winter quarters closer to their bases, since, due to poor support and organization of the rear, strategic exhaustion began to threaten them. It was not possible to consolidate Soviet power in Eastern Bukhara, which was used by the local opponents of the revolution the following year.
In 1922, the local counter-revolution, taking advantage of the split in the ranks of the forces that had made the revolution, again tried to start active resistance. The leadership of this resistance was taken over by Enver Pasha, one of the former leaders of the Young Turkish Party. Appearing in Eastern Bukhara in the early spring of 1922, Enver Pasha tried to captivate the masses with the slogans of pan-Islamism and resistance to the Bolsheviks. This attempt was successful at first. Enver Pasha's counter-revolutionary activities in Eastern Bukhara were stopped by a new campaign of the Red Army there. In several battles, Enver Pasha was defeated, and in one of the skirmishes he was killed.
combat operations of units of the Red Army (about 9 thousand people, 230 machine guns, 40 guns, 5 armored trains, 11 aircraft and several armored vehicles) under the command of M. V. Frunze with the support of the revolutionary Bukhara detachments (about 5 thousand people) against the troops Bukhara Emir 29 Aug. - 2 Sept. 1920 during the Civil War. The army of the emir (16 thousand men, 16 machine guns, 23 guns) occupied the area of Old Bukhara with its main forces and with separate detachments - Khatyrchi and Kermine. In the area of the pass Takhtakarach, Shakhrisabz and Karshi, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) operated. On August 23, the working people of Bukhara began an uprising in the Chardzhui bekstvo and turned to the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. B. o. began with the capture of Old Chardzhui by Soviet troops together with the rebels on August 29. The revolutionary committee created here appealed to the working people of Bukhara with an appeal to fight against the emirate. Old Bukhara was taken by storm on September 2, and the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed on October 8, 1920.
Lit .: MV Frunze on the fronts of the Civil War. Sat. documents, M., 1941: History of the Civil War in the USSR, vol. 5, M., 1961; History of the Uzbek SSR, vol. 2, Tash., 1957.
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- - will come. operation of the 1st Cavalry Army together with the troops of the 10th Army against the White Guards. troops gen. Denikin Feb 14 - 2nd of March...
Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
- - an offensive operation of the troops of the 11th Army of the Caucasian Front, carried out in cooperation with the Volga-Caspian military flotilla in April - May 1920 during the Civil War ...
- - the offensive operation of the 1st Cavalry and the 10th armies against the White Guard troops of General A. I. Denikin February 14 - March 2; one of the components of the North Caucasian operation of 1920 ...
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- - will come. operation of armies Yugo-Zap. front against Belopolsk. armies of Ukr. front May 26 - June 16, 1920 ...
Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
- - Operation Yuzh. front 7-17 nov. to seize the fortifications on the Perekop Isthmus, at the Sivash and Chongar crossings and to liberate the Crimea from the White Guards ...
Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
- - will come. actions of the Sov. troops of the South. and South-East. fronts 6-10 jan. against ch. forces of the White Guard. troops gen. A. I. Denikin during the civil. war ...
Soviet Historical Encyclopedia
- - Combat operations of the Red Army units under the command of M.V. Frunze with the support of the Bukhara revolutionary detachments against the troops of the Bukhara Emir on August 29. - 2 Sept. 1920 during the Civil War ...
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- - the offensive operation of the Soviet Southwestern Front against the Polish armies of the Ukrainian Front on May 26 - June 16 during the Civil War of 1918-20 ...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- - an offensive operation of the troops of the 5th Separate Army with the aim of defeating the remnants of Kolchak's troops on January 3-6 ...
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- - hostilities of the 8th and 9th armies of the Caucasian Front in March 1920 with the aim of eliminating the remnants of Denikin's army in the Northwestern Caucasus during the Civil War of 1918-20; see North Caucasian operation 1920 ...
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- - the offensive operation of the Soviet troops of the Southwestern Front on July 25 - August 20 during the Soviet-Polish war of 1920 with the aim of defeating the Lvov group of troops of bourgeois Poland and capturing Lvov ...
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- - military operations of the troops of the Southern Front on November 7 - 17 against the White Guard troops of General P.N. Wrangel in order to break through the fortifications on the Isthmus of Perekop and Sivash and liberate Crimea during ...
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- - the offensive operation of the Soviet troops of the South-Western Front against Polish troops in the area of Rovno June 28 - July 11 during the Soviet-Polish war of 1920 ...
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- - military operations of the Soviet troops of the Southern and Southeastern Fronts against the main forces of the White Guard troops of General A. I. Denikin on January 6-10 during the Civil War of 1918-20 ...
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- - actions of the Soviet Caspian Fleet and the Red Fleet of Azerbaijan on May 17-18 with the aim of returning the Russian ships taken by the White Guards to the Iranian port of Anzali ...
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"Bukhara operation 1920" in books
Perekop-Chongar operation (1918-1920)
From the book of 100 great battles the author Myachin Alexander NikolaevichThe Perekop-Chongar operation (1918–1920) The largest drama of the 20th century was the civil war in Russia. This armed struggle that lasted for several years between various groups of the population, with the active intervention of foreign forces, went through various stages and stages,
From the book of 100 great battles the author Myachin Alexander NikolaevichWarsaw operation of the troops of the Western Front of Soviet Russia during the war with Poland (1920) On August 29, 1918, the Soviet government adopted a decree on the refusal of treaties and acts concluded by the government of the former Russian Empire on the partition of Poland. This decree
Baku operation 1920
From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (BA) of the author TSBThe Bukhara operation of 1920, the operation of the troops of the Turkestan front and the revolutionary Bukhara detachments, carried out during the Civil. wars led M. V. Frunze August 29 - Sept 2 with the aim of eliminating the anti-popular regime Bukhara Emir... The army of the emir (16 thousand men, 16 machine guns, 23 op.) Occupied the main forces of Old Bukhara, dep. detachments - Khatyrchi, Kermine. Detachments of local rulers (beks) who supported the emir (over 27 thousand people) operated in the regions of the Takhtakarach pass, Shakhrisabz and Karshi. 23 Aug 1920 the working people of Bukhara rebelled against the emir and turned to the government of the Turkestan Soviet Republic for help. The forces of the Soviet troops (about 9 thousand people, 230 zero., 40 op.) Frunze divided into several. groups. Before the Samarkand and Karshi groups, the task was set to isolate the detachments of local rulers from the troops of the emir, before the Kattakurgan, Kagan and Chardzhui groups - together with the insurgent workers (about 5 thousand people) to defeat Ch. forces of the emir - an ally of the Anglo-Amer. invaders in Central Asia and take Bukhara. The operation began on 29 Aug. the capture of Old Chardzhui, Khatyrchi, Kermine. By September 1, Soviet troops surrounded Old Bukhara, and September 2. took it by storm. With the elimination of the detachments of the Beks, the Bukhara Emirate ceased to exist. The political outcome of the Bukhara operation was the proclamation of October 8. 1920 working people of Bukhara Bukhara People's Soviet Republic. The peculiarity of the Bukhara operation was that the defeat of the pr-ka was carried out by a smaller number of personnel during test interaction with art and aviation (11 aircraft) in difficult terrain conditions.
Used materials of the Soviet military encyclopedia in the 8th volumes, v. 8.
BUKHARA OPERATION 1920 - the operation of the Red Army units (7 thousand people, about 230 machine guns, 46 guns, 5 armored trains, 12 aircraft and 10 armored vehicles) with the support of the revolutionary Bukhara rebel detachments (about 5 thousand people), carried out during the civil war (29 August - September 2, 1920) under the command. MV Frunze against the counter-revolutionary troops of the Bukhara Emir, an ally of the Anglo-American interventionists in Central Asia. The Emir's army (over 16 thousand men, 23 guns and 16 machine guns) occupied the area with the main forces (see the diagram on pp. 875-76) of Old Bukhara, with separate detachments - Khatyrchi, Kermine. In the areas of the Takhta-Karacha, Shakhrisabsz and Karshi pass, detachments of Bukhara beks (over 27 thousand people) supported the emir. The Bukhara operation began on August 29 with the capture of Old Chardzhui and the appeal of the revolutionary committee created here to the working people of Bukhara with an appeal for a revolutionary struggle against the emirate. On September 2, the fortress and the city of Old Bukhara were taken by storm by units of the Novo-Bukhara (Kagan) group of the Red Army (under the command of G. V. Zinovieva) and a special squad. The Bukhara Emirate ceased to exist, and on October 8, 1920, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed. The threat of intervention from the South-East was eliminated. The Bukhara operation, large in design, was carried out by small forces over a vast area.
Soviet Historical Encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 2. BAAL - WASHINGTON. 1962.
Literature: History of citizens. wars in the USSR, v. 5, M., 1961; M. V. Frunze on the fronts of civil. war Sat. doc-tov, M., 1941; Citizen war 1918-21 Operational-strategic sketch, M., 1930; History of Uzb. SSR, vol. 2, Tash., 1957, p. 161-96.
Read on:
Civil war of 1918-1920 in Russia (chronological table).
Major events of 1920 in the world (chronological table).
Literature:
MV Frunze on the fronts of the Civil War. Collection of documents. M., 1941;
History of the Civil War in the USSR. 1917 - 1922. T. 5. M., 1980;
History of the Uzbek SSR. T. 2. Tashkent, 1957.
Plan Introduction 1 The political situation on the eve
2 Armed forces, their deployment and plan of operation
2.1 Bukhara army
2.2 Red Army
2.3 The plan of operation and the order of Frunze of August 13, 1920.
3 Natural conditions and population
3.1 Natural conditions and difficulties of a military campaign
3.2 The population of the emirate, its social and ethnic composition
3.3 Transport routes
3.4 Settlements
3.5 The city of Old Bukhara and its fortifications
4 Course of hostilities
4.1 Order of the commander of the Tourfront No. 3667 of August 25, 1920
4.2 The storming of Old Bukhara, August 29 - September 2, 1920
4.3 Actions of the Kattakurgan and Samarkand detachments. The pursuit of the emir.
4.4 Summary
Bibliography
Bukhara operation (1920)
