What does black mean in psychology? Conformism: when we say that black is white What is black when you
Color preferences can tell a lot about a person. First of all, you can determine the characteristics of the character by choosing the color scheme. Black is practically the absence of pigment. In fact, this is a bottomless shade that absorbs all the others into itself, not letting it into the outside world. It is usually associated with the unknown, silence and protection. It is not recommended to stay in a room with a predominance of black in the interior for a long time.
The meaning of black
Black has long been considered a negative color in psychology. Among the people, religious people are used to seeing him as a symbol of mourning, hopelessness, death, failure and grief. It is considered a line beyond which there is no vital energy. Even in ancient Mexico, during the sacrificial procedure, parts of the body were painted black. If a person has dark eyes from birth, then he automatically becomes angry and envious, according to others. Strange, but practice shows that even teams of athletes in dim clothes are more likely to be punished by judges. Asking the question of what black means in psychology, experts have proven that it is associated with protest and an aggressive state. Very often it seems that black is soothing. But in fact, it draws the eye and gives everything weight and incredible depth. One has only to pay attention to the chess pieces. Usually black objects of the game look visually much more weighty than their white opponents. Black color in psychology is mysterious and attractive, it characterizes female power.
People who prefer in clothes
Quite often you can hear that a person's favorite color is black. Psychology has a precise definition on this score. This means that the body is ruled by self-doubt, a feeling of emptiness and worthlessness, a lack of satisfaction with the position in society. If a person has a large part of the wardrobe represented by black things, a crisis definitely occurs.
Another situation is when the clothes are diverse and black is only present to make harmonious sets. In this case, you can not talk about bezvylazny depression. Most likely, the mood changes in the same way as the preference to wear one or another piece of clothing. The gloomy color is able to create a complete feeling of closeness from the outside world. Single people and introverts always choose this color to express personal protest against the environment. How to understand black in psychology - refusal. You can not constantly wear a sign of opposition to your fate.
Controversy
How to wear black Psychology has another opinion on this issue. It's no secret that today many girls choose clothes of a certain shade as a tribute to fashion or when required by an official dress code. Extraordinary black color is recognized by fashionistas as the most elegant and stylish. In the modern world, clothes not only characterize the inner state of a person, but show his attitude to style, demonstrate grace and grace. If a woman or a man often attends business meetings, conferences and seminars, of course, one cannot do without a classic suit. Traditionally, it is offered in dark color. The most important invitations are marked "black tie".
Despite the negative opinion about the gloomy color, it still remains loved by many, as it emphasizes individuality. Those who want to appear thinner prefer discreet black, because it incredibly slims the figure. At trainings and consultations, psychologists ask their patients about their attitude to black in clothes in order to draw up a more truthful picture due to the difference in opinions about the color scheme of the wardrobe. In the presence of a stable psycho-emotional background, black color is not able to negatively affect the consciousness of the individual. However, if problems are found, it is recommended to encounter it less often in life.
Sexual aspect
Love is always done behind closed doors, covered in darkness. Black is the color of passion and desire. Sexual appeal is associated with a rich and thick shade. in the tribes are considered the best mistresses because of their coffee skin. Arab men use the expression "black heart", which means a symbol of love addiction.
Shades of black
Psychologists distinguish light and dark tones of deep black. The choice of a light scale speaks of selfishness and centering on one's own person. Coal-black shades characterize the state of panic, horror and fear. Shades close to gray are inherent in especially sensitive people who are acutely experiencing all events. Lovers of clean usually suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome. All shades of gray and black in psychology are just a contour, a zone that does not mean anything. They can only help determine the state of the current moment. Those who do not perceive any halftones are most often always ready altruists. Surrounding people take advantage of this opportunity to help in difficult times. This is because the desire to be needed by someone is stronger than all feelings.
Black color in children's drawings
If children often use dark colors while drawing, this is an occasion for parents to think and observe the behavior of the baby. Black color (the psychology of the child must be paid close attention) means stress and threat. Most often, these colors are used when the baby is seriously worried or scared about something. But if black is just a component of the creation, in which there are colorful tones, do not worry. This only says that a talented and developed personality is growing in the family.
Advantages of those who love black
Two-faced color can be used for your own purposes. For example, wearing clothes of this shade, try on the strong energy inherent in gloom. Dark suits are worn by people of authority who are successful. Looking at them, you can understand the level of comfort in clothes. If a person in black feels annoyed, then the suit needs to be changed to a more loyal shade. Black lovers are characterized by perseverance in achieving goals and natural perseverance, which is maximally emphasized by their appearance. They will not disdain the use of force, if necessary for their own safety.
Disadvantages of black lovers
Black color in psychology is depression, detachment, unwillingness to strive for a goal. Black lovers are often in a state of ongoing depression. Expressive people who prefer black can be selfish. It is often difficult to communicate with them. Attempts to bring them to life rarely lead to a result without the help of a specialist. They have the ability to carry their destructive state to the masses.
The Black Sea in its present form has existed for no more than 8 thousand years, but it will take much less time for it to change beyond recognition. And there are good reasons for that.
delicate balance
About 30 million years ago, the territory of the Black Sea included a vast oceanic basin that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Approximately 5 million years ago, as a result of the formation of mountain ranges - the Alps, the Carpathians, the Balkans, the Caucasus - its water area began to change its shape and decrease. At some point, the basin of the Black, Caspian and Aral Seas was cut off from the oceans, which led to its strong desalination.
Separated from the Caspian by the rising Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea by the end of the last Ice Age was a closed, highly desalinated body of water with a biosphere markedly different from the Mediterranean. However, about 12 thousand years ago, the ice cap that began to melt raised the level of the world's oceans by 100 meters, allowing the waters of the Mediterranean Sea to pour into the Black Sea basin.
It is the connection with the Mediterranean Sea that largely allows maintaining a stable level of salinity, as well as a sufficient volume of water in the Black Sea, but this situation, according to most scientists, is still quite fragile and its safety depends on a number of factors.
The Bosporus and Dardanelles straits, which feed the Black Sea with Mediterranean waters, are quite narrow, in places their width does not exceed 35 meters. According to oceanographers E. S. Trimonis and K. M. Shimkus, annually through this canal 694 cubic kilometers of water enter the Black Sea basin through the lower reaches, while 704 cubic kilometers go back through the upper reaches to the Sea of Marmara.
This situation makes the Black Sea dependent on human activity, which increasingly interferes with the free flow of fresh waters that feed the Black Sea. Of course, as long as there are Straits, the fate of the Aral Sea does not threaten the Black Sea, but if for some reason the inflow of water from the Mediterranean is sharply reduced, then the Black Sea basin is destined to gradually desalinate and shallow.
time bomb
But the Black Sea has more serious threats than a hypothetical shallowing. We are talking about a thick layer of hydrogen sulfide, which from the bottom comes to the surface at 100, and in other places at 50 meters. Back in 1890-91, two oceanographic depth-gauging expeditions were carried out under the leadership of Joseph Spindler, which revealed that approximately 90% of the Black Sea is filled with hydrogen sulfide and only 10% is pure water. Scientists have established that nothing living can exist at a depth below 150 meters - only some types of bacteria were found in a poisonous hydrogen sulfide environment.
The causes of hydrogen sulfide formation are not fully understood. One version is inclined in favor of the tectonic origin of hydrogen sulfide. According to another, poisonous gas is formed as a result of the activity of putrefactive bacteria involved in the breakdown of proteins. And the more dead organics accumulate at the bottom, the more the upper oxygen layer of the Black Sea will become thinner.
Hydrogen sulfide is coming closer to the surface every year, but experts say that so far there is no reason to panic, since the more desalinated upper layer of water does not mix well with the lower, heavier and saltier one. If hydrogen sulfide comes out to the surface, then only in small quantities and immediately in the form of small bubbles comes out.
However, a natural disaster can contribute to the flow of hydrogen sulfide upstairs. So it was in September 1927, when an earthquake of magnitude 8 occurred near Yalta, which provoked the release of a huge amount of poisonous gas from the lower sea layers to the upper ones. Eyewitnesses spoke of the sharp smell of rotten eggs in the air and pillars of fire rising to the sky. Many were sure that it was hydrogen sulfide blazing.
According to Igor Volkov, Doctor of Chemistry, it was not hydrogen sulfide that burned, but methane, which the earthquake released from the bowels of the earth. It is he who is most dangerous to humans. Experts say that such earthquakes can be repeated once every 100 years, but no one can say what the consequences of gas hydrate emissions will be. According to Leonard Smirnov, a professor at the Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration, a large accumulation of methane near the sea surface can create giant funnels capable of drawing even large ships into themselves.
The future is illusory
The problem of hydrogen sulfide pollution of the Black Sea today worries an increasing number of scientists. They note that if the actions are correctly coordinated, then the transformation of the Black Sea into the "Dead" can be avoided. A number of ideas are put forward that involve the use of Black Sea hydrogen sulfide as a fuel. In particular, a group of Kherson scientists proposes to lower a strong pipe to a depth of 100 meters to extract hydrogen sulfide. In their opinion, due to the pressure difference, an effect similar to opening a bottle of champagne will occur - a fountain of water and gas will rush upward.
However, scientists who decide to tame hydrogen sulfide will have to hurry. In September 2016, a group of experts from Italy, Belgium, Germany and the United States published a report based on studies of the Black Sea area conducted over the past 60 years. Their conclusions are frightening: if the global warming trend continues and industrial waste is dumped, the Black Sea will become lifeless in a few decades.
Domestic experts also say that we may lose the Black Sea in the foreseeable future. Thus, Konstantin Zgurovsky, an employee of the Russian branch of the Wildlife Fund of Russia, draws attention to the steady drop in the level of oxygen in the Black Sea water, which is rapidly reducing the number of living organisms. If this continues further, then the Black Sea has every chance of turning into a fetid swamp that will force people to leave the entire coastal territory.
The construction of six HPPs in the upper reaches of the Dniester by Ukrhydroenergo can speed up the process of turning the Black Sea into a giant puddle. There are such plans. According to Professor of the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova Elena Zubkova, as a result of such a scenario, the waters of the Dniester will simply not reach the Black Sea, which threatens to catastrophe for the region. Zubkova believes that nothing will hold back the release of hydrogen sulfide to the outside: As a result, the destruction of life within a radius of 300 kilometers.
I'm purple, yellow, red, and green
The King cannot reach me and neither can the Queen.
I show my colors after the rain
And only when the sun comes out again
I am purple, yellow, red and green
Neither the king nor the queen can reach me.
I open my colors after the rain
And only when the sun comes out.
a rainbow- Rainbow
What is in the middle of Paris?
Paris - what is in the middle of it?
The letter R- Letter P
_______
What happens once in a minute, twice in a moment and never in a thousand years?
What happens once in a minute, twice in a moment, and never in a thousand years?
The letter M- Letter M
clean, but not water,
White, but not snow,
Sweet but not ice-cream
What is it?
Pure but not water
White, but not snow
Sweet but not ice cream
What is it?
sugar- Sugar
_______
What is found over your head but under your hat?
What is above the head but under the hat?
your hair- your hair
_______
What always runs but never walks, often murmurs, never talks, has a bed but never sleeps, has a mouth but never eats?
What always runs but does not walk, often purrs but does not speak, has a bed but does not sleep, has a mouth but does not speak?
A river- River
_______
There was a green house. Inside the green house there was a white house. Inside the white house there was a red house. Inside the red house there were lots of babies. What is it?
There is a green house. Inside it is a white house. Inside the white house is the red house. There are many children inside the red house. What is it?
watermelon- Watermelon
_______
What flares up quickly and does some good
But a moment later, it's just a small piece of wood?
Flashing fast, burning well
But a piece of wood a moment later.
A match- Match
The more you have of it, the less you see. What is it?
The more of it there is, the less you see. What is it?
Darkness - Darkness
_______
What English word has three consecutive double letters?
What English word has three double letters in a row?
bookkeeper- Accountant
I am round like an apple
Flat as a chip
I have eyes
But I can't see one bit
I am round like an apple, flat like a coin, I have eyes but cannot see.
A button- Button
_______
Look at my face and you see somebody
Look at my back and you see nobody.
Look at my face and you will see someone. Look at your back and you won't see anyone.
A mirror
_______
What's black when you get it, red when you use it, and white when you're all through with it?
What is black when you get it, red when you use it, and white after?
Charcoal - Coal
* * *
We have legs but cannot walk.
We have legs, but we cannot walk.
Tables and chairs - Tables and chairs
You throw away the outside and cook the inside. Then you eat the outside and throw away the inside. What did you eat?
You throw away what's outside and cook what's inside. Then eat what's on the outside and throw away what's on the inside. What do you eat?
An ear of corn - Corn on the cob
I love your dog and ride on his back
I travel for miles but don't leave a track.
I love your dog and ride on her back. I travel for miles, but I don't go astray.
A flea
_______
I am always hungry
I must always be fed
the finger I touch,
Will soon turn red
I am always hungry and must always be fed. The finger I touch turns red.
fire - fire
Lighter than what
I am made of
More of me is hidden
Than is seen.
Lighter than what I'm made of Most of me is hidden, and a smaller part is visible.
iceberg- Iceberg
All about, but cannot be seen,
Can't be captured, can't be held
No throat, but can be heard.
Everywhere but invisible. You can catch, but not hold. Has no throat, but can be heard.
wind - wind
_______
My life can be measured in hours
I serve by being devoured.
Thin, I'm quick
Fat, I am slow
Wind is my foe.
My life can be measured in hours. I serve and I am consumed. Thin I'm fast, fat I'm slow. The wind is my enemy.
A candle - Candle
_______
Why is a wise man like a pin?
Why is a smart person like a pin?
He has a head and comes to a point He's got a head and hits the spot
It cannot be seen, it weighs nothing, but when put into a barrel, it makes it lighter. What is it?
It cannot be seen and it cannot be carried at all. But put in a barrel makes it easier. What is it?
A hole- Hole
Share a link to this page on your favorite social network: Send a link to this page to friends| Views 42631 |Man is a social animal. On the evolutionary path from fossil antiquity to modern times, our ancestors gradually learned to walk upright, lost their tails, and their superciliary ridges smoothed out. Only one thing has not changed: the only way of existence and reproduction of our species is collective. Therefore, it is not surprising that the psychological mechanisms that help us integrate into society and be part of it are incredibly strong. Sometimes, alas, too strong. The desire to be like everyone else, reaching the limit, gives rise to raging crowds and mass hysteria, but if you look closely, it also manifests itself in calm, peaceful everyday situations.
boy and prophet
One of the first to take the trouble to take a closer look was the social psychologist Solomon Eliot Asch. The idea for the now-famous experiment was born from Asch's childhood experience growing up in Poland in a Jewish family. The boy was seven years old when he first took part in the Passover Seder, a family festive meal that takes place according to a religious ritual. According to tradition, this evening an additional glass of wine is placed on the table, intended for the prophet Eliyahu, as they are waiting for his invisible visit. Grandmother and uncle assured little Ash that at the right time the prophet would certainly warm his sip. The child began to follow the glass very carefully - and really "saw" that the wine had become a little less.
Asch's family moved to America, where he grew up, received an education and made a scientific career, and in 1951 launched a series of experiments on conformism - about how, under the influence of a group, a person can change his mind so much that he is ready even to stop believing his own eyes.
I twist, I twist, I want to deceive
The experiment was very simple. Its real purpose was hidden from the participants by presenting the study as an eye test. On the monitor, they were shown two cards, one of which showed a straight line, and the other three lines of different lengths, one of which was equal to the length of the line on the first card, and asked which one. The tasks were the simplest - the cards themselves did not use any optical illusions and other tricks that provoke an eye error. For example, here is what one of these pairs of cards looked like:
In control tests, where participants were not influenced in any way, the error rate was less than 1%. But in the experimental groups, each of which included one subject and seven decoy ducks, something interesting happened. The group examined 18 pairs of cards, and the participants said their answers aloud, in turn, and the seating was organized so that the subject gave his answer last in the group. The decoy participants said what they were told: 12 times out of 18 they unanimously gave a deliberately wrong answer. No other pressure, except for the very fact of an incorrect answer, was exerted on the subjects, in particular, they were not persuaded, they were not shamed. In total, 123 people took part in such group tests, not counting decoys. Of these, three-quarters agreed at least once with the opinion of the rest of the group who gave the wrong answer, a quarter did it every time, and on average the share of incorrect answers was 37%.
At the end of the work in the group, the subjects were interviewed, revealing to them the true meaning of what was happening and asking about the reasons that prompted them to respond one way or another, and about how they felt. The answers turned out to be very different. Among those who did not go along with the group, some felt that they were entering into some kind of silent conflict with the group, others did not pay attention to this, and still others had doubts about the correctness of their answer, but nevertheless gave it.
Even more interesting was the feedback received from the “conformists”: among them there were those (fortunately, very few) who honestly convinced themselves that they saw something that was not there. The rest either considered that they were probably mistaken and preferred to believe not their own eyes, but their group partners, or they gave the wrong answer, perfectly aware of its fallacy, that is, they lied.
Theme with variations
Over the next few years, Ash repeatedly reproduced his experiment, slightly changing its conditions. In the course of these additional tests, it was possible to find out that when the subject in the group had an "ally" who gave the correct answer in spite of the incorrect answers of all the other decoy participants, the level of conformity decreased markedly. But if, during the work in the group, the "ally" suddenly left it, the subject's conformism increased again. It also turned out that the more false participants in the group who give incorrect answers, the higher the level of conformity, that is, the more “opponents”, the more difficult it is to resist them. Finally, when the subject was allowed not to say his answer aloud, but to give it in writing, conformity decreased.
Unfortunately, all of the subjects in Asch's experiments were male. This is apparently explained not by some special misogyny of psychologists, but by the fact that participants were recruited among students, but in the 50s in America it was believed that women did not need higher education. Much later, in 1981, American women Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli summarized the results of 148 studies of conformity that had accumulated by that time and came to the conclusion that, in general, women are more likely to submit to group pressure, but there are and nuances. For example, when experimental work is carried out under the supervision of an influencer, the degree of conformity increases, and the reactions of women, left to their own devices, differ much less from those of men. If the experimenter is a woman, then female subjects are less susceptible to influence. Finally, in mixed groups of men and women, conformity, and among representatives of both sexes, is higher than in same-sex groups.
Man in the elevator
In 1962, Ash took part in the creation of an episode of the comedy TV show Candid Camera, a reality show using a hidden camera. Here is this famous fragment (video in English):
An unsuspecting person enters the elevator and stands up the way we all usually ride in an elevator - facing the doors. But after him, several more people (members of the film crew) enter the elevator and turn to face the wall. It all ends with the fact that the “guinea pig” also gradually, as if by chance, turns to the wall, and it is clearly visible what efforts he should not give the appearance that something wrong is happening. At the end of the video, we see how another person who has become a victim of a prank, despite extreme bewilderment, along with everyone, as if on command, not only turns around, but also puts on or takes off his hat.
Recently, students at Bethany Lutheran College in West Virginia experimented with a man in an elevator scenario using the elevators of a large shopping mall. It turned out not as funny and not as sad as in a comedy show. The younger ones turned their backs, following the lead of the experimenters, about 40% of the time. It is interesting that this figure practically coincides with the result of Asch, who recorded conformist behavior in 37% of cases, and also among young people (recall, the participants in his experiment were students). Older people in the elevator behaved conformist half as often.
More curiously, men were more likely to either turn fully or not turn at all, while women were more likely to turn partially. It should be noted that the behavior of people in the elevator can be easily explained not only by conformity, but also by the reluctance to be too close face to face with a stranger, that is, the desire to protect their own and others' borders, so it is hardly worth taking this scenario too seriously.
How to change the wind
Asch's experiment helps to understand how public opinion works: in order not to become outcasts, people adhere to the views that they consider to be prevailing. This effect was described in 1974 by the German political scientist Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, who gave it the name "spiral of silence".
According to Noel-Neumann's theory, the spiral of silence is based on the fear of being rejected by society, and the fear is unconscious. The spiral effect (one could also call it the snowball effect) is that the more strongly the prevailing point of view is expressed and the more strongly, according to people, the majority that shares it, the stronger the incentive to demonstrate agreement, the more difficult it is to remain a dissident - in accuracy as in Asch's experiments. In addition, the spiral of silence occurs only around really important ethical or political issues, disagreements on which seriously split society.
The “Spiral of Silence” explains the frightening unanimity that is often recorded, for example, in the results of sociological surveys: it may turn out that people give the answers they think they are expected to give. The ideologists of the majority use the received figures to strengthen their position, which further increases the number of those who declare themselves to be its supporters. However, sensing that the wind has changed, many of them will just as easily defect to the opposite camp.
Well, Asch's experiments suggest a tool with which to resist the spiral of silence and, more broadly, social conformity: it is the search for allies and cooperation with them.
