Field - linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Receptive field - a set of receptors that send signals to a given neuron through one or more synapses See what the "Semantic field" is in other dictionaries

Figure 2

Field types

Figure 1. Presentation of information in the database

Basic concepts

Database fields

The language of modern DBMS

The language of the modern DBMS includes subsets of commands that previously belonged to the following specialized languages:

Data description language - a high-level non-procedural language of a declarative type, designed to describe the logical structure of data.

The data manipulation language is a DBMS command language that provides the execution of basic operations for working with data - input, modification and selection of data by request.

Structured query language (Structured Query Language, SQL) - provides data manipulation and determination of the relational database schema, is a standard means of accessing the database server.

Ensuring the integrity of the database is a necessary condition for the successful functioning of the database. Database integrity is a property of a database, which means that the database contains complete and consistent information necessary and sufficient for the correct functioning of applications. Security is achieved in the DBMS by encryption of application programs, data, password protection, support for access levels to a separate table.

Field- the smallest named element of information stored in the database and considered as a whole.

The field can be represented by a number, letters, or a combination of them (text). For example, in a telephone directory, the fields are surname and initials, address, telephone number, i.e. three fields, all text fields (the phone number is also treated as some text).

Recording- a set of fields corresponding to one object. Thus, a subscriber of the telephone network corresponds to a record consisting of three fields.

File- a set of records related by some attribute (i.e. relation, table). Thus, in the simplest case, the database is a file.

All data in the database is divided by type. All field information belonging to the same column (domain) is of the same type. This approach allows the computer to organize the control of the input information.

Main types of database fields:

Symbolic (text). This field can store up to 256 characters by default.

Numerical. Contains numerical data in various formats used for calculations.

Date Time. Contains a date and time value.

Monetary. Includes monetary values ​​and numeric data up to fifteen integer and four fractional digits.

Note field. It can contain up to 2^16 characters (2^16 = 65536).

Counter. A special numeric field in which the DBMS assigns a unique number to each record.

Logical. Can store one of two values: true or false.

OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) object field. This field can contain any spreadsheet object, microsoft word document, picture, sound recording, or other binary data embedded in or associated with the DBMS.

Substitution master. Creates a field that offers a choice of values ​​from a list or containing a set of constant values.

Database fields do not just define the structure of the database - they also define the group properties of the data written to the cells belonging to each of the fields.

The main properties of database table fields are listed below using the Microsoft Access DBMS as an example:

Field name- determines how the data of this field should be accessed during automatic operations with the database (by default, field names are used as table column headings).

Field type- defines the type of data that can be contained in this field.

Field size- defines the maximum length (in characters) of data that can be placed in this field.

Field Format- determines how data is formatted in the cells belonging to the field.

input mask- defines the form in which data is entered in the field (data entry automation tool).

Signature- defines the table column heading for this field (if the label is not specified, then the Field name property is used as the column heading).

Default value- the value that is entered into the field cells automatically (data entry automation tool).

Value condition- a constraint used to validate data entry (an entry automation tool that is typically used for data that has a numeric, currency, or date type).

Error message- a text message that is displayed automatically when you try to enter erroneous data in the field (error checking is performed automatically if the Condition on value property is set).

Obligatory field- a property that determines the mandatory filling of this field when filling the database.

Blank lines- a property that allows the input of empty string data (it differs from the Required field property in that it does not apply to all data types, but only to some, for example, text).

Indexed field- if the field has this property, all operations related to searching or sorting records by the value stored in this field are significantly accelerated. In addition, for indexed fields, you can make it so that the values ​​in the records will be checked against this field for duplicates, which automatically eliminates data duplication.

Since different fields may contain data of different types, the properties of the fields may differ depending on the type of data. So, for example, the list of field properties above applies primarily to fields of the text type. Fields of other types may or may not have these properties, but may add their own to them. For example, for data representing real numbers, the number of decimal places is an important property. On the other hand, for fields used to store pictures, sound recordings, video clips, and other OLE objects, most of the above properties are meaningless.

temperature field- a set of temperature values ​​at all points of the body at a given time. Mathematically, it is described as

where x, y, z- spatial coordinates;

t- the time of the thermal process.

There are two characteristic cases of the temperature state of the body:

1. At each point of the body, the temperature remains unchanged in time, i.e.

In this case, the temperature at different points of the body can be the same or different. The temperature state of the body, unchanged in time, is called stationary (steady). In this state of the body, the heat input is equal to its consumption.

Under stationary thermal conditions, the masonry of a blast furnace, continuous thermal and heating furnaces, and recuperators work. The heating time of the furnace to the operating temperature in these devices is negligible compared to the operating time of the furnace at a given temperature.

2. When a body is heated or cooled, the temperature at each point of it continuously changes in time. Such a temperature state of the body, in which the temperature is a function of both coordinates and time, is called non-stationary (unsteady). In this mode, the laying of batch furnaces (bogie hearth furnaces, heating wells, open-hearth furnaces), as well as the packing of regenerators, works.

If the body temperature changes only along one spatial coordinate, the temperature field is called one-dimensional.

temperature gradient- the limit of the ratio of the temperature increment between two isotherms to the distance between them, measured along the normal.

(37)

heat flow- the amount of heat transferred per unit of time ( Q, W) across the entire surface.

Vector grad t is considered positive if it is directed in the direction of increasing temperature, and the heat flux vector Q is positive if it is in the direction of decreasing temperature.

If the heat flux is attributed to the surface unit, then we obtain the heat flux density, W/m 2 .

Semantic field - a set of linguistic units united by some common (integral) semantic feature; in other words, having some common nontrivial value component. Initially, the role of such lexical units was considered as units of the lexical level - words; later, descriptions of semantic fields appeared in linguistic works, including also phrases and sentences.

One of the classic examples of a semantic field is a color naming field consisting of several color ranges ( red– pink – pinkish – crimson; blue – blue – bluish –turquoise etc.): the common semantic component here is "color".

The semantic field has the following main properties:

1. The semantic field is intuitively understandable to a native speaker and has a psychological reality for him.

2. The semantic field is autonomous and can be singled out as an independent language subsystem.

3. The units of the semantic field are connected by certain systemic semantic relations.

4. Each semantic field is connected with other semantic fields of the language and together with them forms a language system.

The field stands out core, which expresses the integral seme (archiseme) and organizes the rest around itself. For example, field - human body parts: head, hand, heart- the core, the rest are less important.

The theory of semantic fields is based on the idea of ​​the existence of certain semantic groups in the language and the possibility of the occurrence of language units in one or more such groups. In particular, the vocabulary of a language (lexicon) can be represented as a set of separate groups of words united by various relationships: synonymous (boast - brag), antonymous (speak - be silent), etc.

The elements of a separate semantic field are connected by regular and systemic relations, and, consequently, all the words of the field are mutually opposed to each other. Semantic fields may intersect or completely enter one into the other. The meaning of each word is most fully determined only if the meanings of other words from the same field are known.

A single linguistic unit can have several meanings and, therefore, can be assigned to different semantic fields. For example, the adjective red can be included in the semantic field of color designations and at the same time in the field, the units of which are united by the generalized meaning "revolutionary".

The simplest kind of semantic field is field of paradigmatic type, the units of which are lexemes belonging to the same part of speech and united by a common categorical seme in meaning, between units of such a field of connection of a paradigmatic type (synonymous, antonymic, genus-species, etc.). Such fields are often also called semantic classes or lexico-semantic groups. An example of a minimal semantic field of a paradigmatic type is a synonymous group, for example, the group verbs of speech. This field is formed by verbs talk, tell, talk, talk and others. The elements of the semantic field of verbs of speech are united by the integral semantic sign of "speaking", but their meaning not identical.

The lexical system is most fully and adequately reflected in the semantic field - a lexical category of a higher order. Semantic field - it is a hierarchical structure of a set of lexical units united by a common (invariant) meaning. Lexical units are included in a certain SP on the basis that they contain the archiseme that unites them. The field is characterized by a homogeneous conceptual content of its units; therefore, its elements are usually not words that correlate their meanings with different concepts, but lexico-semantic variants.

The entire vocabulary can be represented as a hierarchy of semantic fields of different ranks: large semantic spheres of vocabulary are divided into classes, classes into subclasses, etc., up to elementary semantic microfields. The elementary semantic microfield is lexico-semantic group(LSG) is a relatively closed series of lexical units of one part of speech, united by an archiseme of a more specific content and a hierarchically lower order than the archiseme of the field. The most important structuring relation of elements in the semantic field is hyponymy - its hierarchical system based on genus-species relations. Words corresponding to specific concepts act as hyponyms in relation to the word corresponding to the generic concept - their hypernym, and as cohyponyms in relation to each other.

The semantic field as such includes words of different parts of speech. Therefore, the units of the field are characterized not only by syntagmatic and paradigmatic, but also by associative-derivational relations. SP units can be included in all types of semantic categorical relations (hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy, conversion, derivational derivation, polysemy). Of course, not every word by its nature enters into any of these semantic relations. Despite the great diversity in the organization of semantic fields and the specifics of each of them, we can talk about a certain structure of the joint venture, which implies the presence of its core, center and periphery (“transfer” - the core, “donate, sell” - the center, “build, cleanse” - periphery).

The word appears in the SP in all its characteristic connections and various relationships that actually exist in the lexical system of the language.

Social structure - closed or bounded (they also say: countable) set. The number of substructures and the number of elements in it is limited. Social field - an infinite uncountable set. It is created not by the number of elements, but by the number of relationships and connections between them, and they are endless. Moreover, this number changes infinitely in every second of time. II. Bourdieu explains: "As I have pointed out... the field is the relation of forces and the space of the struggle for the transformation of this totality of forces. In other words, there is competition in the field for the legitimate appropriation of what is the stake of the struggle in this field. And within the very zero of journalism, there is, naturally, constant competition for the appropriation of the public, as well as for the appropriation of what should attract the public, i.e. priority for information, for scoop, for exclusives, as well as for distinctive rarities, famous names, etc. ".

The term "field" is understood by him as a relatively closed and autonomous system of social relations, i.e. it is a kind of social subspace.

Topos is a common place. In the Middle Ages, this term was used in the meaning of "the prototype of visible things." In modern mathematics, a topos is a space with a variable topology. Topology in mathematics is a skill about objects that do not change when their shape is constantly twisted or stretched. Dimensions and proportions make no sense in topology. A small oval is equal to a huge circle.

Bourdieu's first models of the social field were the intellectual, literary and religious fields. Later, other areas of the social space were added to them - politics, economics, science, sports, family.

Individual agents, groups of agents, classes and spheres of society (political, economic, religious, etc.), identified by certain properties, constitute subfields in social space. If these properties are considered not only as frozen characteristics, say, religion or level of education, but as some kind of active properties, namely social actions and interactions, then the subfields turn into fields of power. The concepts of force and interaction, which include rivalry, "practical solidarity", exchange, direct contacts and other actions, transfer the theory from the category of substantive to the category field theories.

Field Theory: A History of the Question. Field theories are most fully represented by two sciences - physics and psychology. The concept of force is based on the classical physics Newton. Faraday and Maxwell, having studied the effects of the forces of electricity and magnetism, introduced the concept of a force field and were the first to go beyond Newton's physics. The state capable of generating force has been called field. The field creates each charge, regardless of the presence of an opposite charge that can experience its effect. This discovery significantly changed the idea of ​​physical reality. Newton believed that forces are closely related to the bodies between which they act. Now the place of the concept of force was taken by a more complex concept of the field, which correlated with certain natural phenomena and had no correspondence in the world of mechanics. The pinnacle of this theory, called electrodynamics, was the realization that light is nothing but a high-frequency alternating electromagnetic field moving through space in the form of waves. Today we know that radio waves, visible light waves, and X-rays are nothing but oscillating electromagnetic fields, differing only in the frequency of oscillations. Einstein went even further, stating that the ether does not exist, and that electromagnetic fields have their own physical nature, can move in empty space and are not phenomena from the field of mechanics. Einstein's general theory of relativity stated that three-dimensional space is indeed curved under the influence of the gravitational field of bodies with a large mass. Quantum theory has expanded our understanding of space. Quantum theory describes observable systems in terms of probabilities. This means that we can never say exactly where a subatomic particle will be at a certain moment and how this or that atomic process will occur. The experiments of the last decades have revealed the dynamic essence of the world of particles. Any particle can be transformed into another; energy can be converted into particles, and vice versa. In this world, such concepts of classical physics as "elementary particle", "material substance" and "isolated object" are meaningless. The Universe is a mobile network of inseparably connected energy processes. A comprehensive theory for describing subatomic reality has not yet been found, but already now there are several models that describe certain aspects of it quite satisfactorily.

Field theory is also psychological direction, formed under the influence of the ideas of the German-American scientist Kurt Lewin(1890–1947). Since 1933, having emigrated to the United States, he developed the concept of personality (based on the concept of a field borrowed from physics) as a unity of personality and its environment. To build a model of the personality structure and its interactions with the environment, the language of topology was used, a section of geometry that studies the relative position of figures and the distances between their elements. Since then, the zero theory of Levin and his followers has acquired a second name - topological, or vector, psychology. She claims that psychic energy is transferred from the personality to the surrounding objects, which, because of this, acquire a certain valence and begin to attract or repel it, to cause locomotion. When such behavior collides with insurmountable barriers, psychic energy is transferred to other personal systems associated with other activities, a substitution occurs. The integral structure of the human psyche appears as a personality taken with its psychological environment, on the border between which there are perceptual and motor systems. At the heart of human behavior, Levin believed, is a force that has a direction and can be represented by a vector. The concept of a vector field used by K. Levin means an area, at each point P which is given a vector a(P). Many physical phenomena and processes lead to the concept of a vector field (for example, the velocity vectors of particles of a moving fluid at each moment of time form a vector field). Lewin attached particular importance to cognitive power, which is restructured in the course of the implementation of behavior.

concept fields plays no lesser role in P. Bourdieu than the category of space. He interprets space as a field of forces, or rather as a set of objective relations of forces that are imposed on everyone entering it, and which are irreducible to the intentions of individual agents, as well as to their interaction. In other words, the concept of the social field is subject to the well-known principle from systems theory "the whole is not reduced to the sum of its parts."

Indeed, the behavior of each of us is forcibly influenced by such forces as the power of money, the traditions of the environment, the level and profile of education. We may not want their impact on us, but we cannot disobey them. They have an objective character, and their configuration and vectors are formed somewhere above us and behind our backs. The political system of society is beyond our control, we have almost no influence on it, our vote in elections is a microscopically insignificant value. Political parties, as well as large corporations, negotiate behind our backs and create such a configuration of influence vectors that is beneficial only to them, but which forces us to submit to this objective force.

Based on the teachings of P. Bourdieu, modern sociologists distinguish the following properties of the social field (Table 14.1).

The social field of P. Bourdieu is a multidimensional space of positions, each of which is determined by a set of variables depending on one or another type of capital (or their combination).

Table 14.1

Properties and signs of the social field

Properties	signs
Holistic nature of the field	Within the field, social interaction is much more intense than between fields. There is an integration property
Multifactorial nature of the field	The behavior of an individual is the result of the influence of a large number of factors. Many interacting factors generate a systemic quality of the field, which is not reducible to the sum of the influences of all factors and resembles an unpredictable play of forces.
Forced nature of the field	The social field has a power character, i.e. has coercive power in relation to the people who got into it. The individual, regardless of personal tastes and needs, is forced to adapt to the requirements of his field.
Multiple field character	Each individual is simultaneously in several social fields. Different fields have different potential for human impact
Resource nature of the field	Field agents interact with each other and with representatives of another field with a force proportional to the amount of available funds, i.e. the magnitude of their power, economic, social or cultural capital
The value character of zero
Differentiated nature of the field	The fields are formed in different planes and intertwined in an unpredictable way. Zeros have different strengths, so their effect on individuals who fall into them can vary greatly
Comparative nature of structure and field	The basis for the emergence of a social structure is the social division of labor, the basis of the social field is the force interaction of agents
The nature of transitions in space and field	The social space is discrete, it is very easy to move from one topos to another. The social field is continuous, it has the power of attraction, it is very difficult to leave its boundaries
The nature of the socialization potential of the field	Social space creates conditions for the socialization of the individual. The social field forms the process of socialization of the individual. The field imposes on the individual its own language, symbols, norms, way of interpreting events

social field- the historically emerging interaction of social forces, the carriers of which can be individual agents, groups, organizations, resources, capitals, expressing themselves through the nature of the social relations that develop between them (influence, domination, pressure, subordination, competition, etc.). Field agents interact according to certain rules, occupying a strictly designated place in the social space.

If we take a closer look at the definition of the social field, we will notice its difference from the definition of social structure. It turns out that in the social field there are elements that were not in the social structure, namely, in addition to people and statuses, there are resources and capitals. In other words, the social field is more heterogeneous. It has physical components.

Field approach depicts social reality as a dynamic, internally interconnected, mobile whole.

Each field has its own bid -"the imposition of a legitimate vision of the social world". This is especially true of the so-called experts, who in all disputes consider themselves right and dictate their opinion as the only correct one. Politicians consider themselves experts in public affairs and judge everything categorically, the elders believe that, having lived a long life, they have the right to advise the young on how they should behave in a given situation. Scientists dominate the profane, the locals look arrogantly at visitors. "The stake in the discussion of two politicians attacking each other with numbers is to present their vision of the political world as justified: based on objectivity, since it has real referents, and rooted in social reality, since it is confirmed by those who take it personally and upholds"

The simplest database object for storing the values ​​of one parameter of a real object or process

5. To visually display the relationships between tables in the database, use

Value condition

Error message

Data Schema

Default value

Substitution List

6. A relational database table entry may contain

Heterogeneous information (data of different types)

Exceptionally homogeneous information (data of only one type)

Only numeric information

Only text information

7. The process of creating a database table structure includes

Grouping records by some attribute

- definition of the list of fields, types and sizes of fields

Determining the list of records and counting their number

Establishing links with already created database tables

8. According to the method of accessing database data, there are

Disk-server

Table-server

Server

Client-server

9. Set the right sequence when developing a database

Description of the subject area

Development of a conceptual model

Development of an information-logical model

Development of a physical model

10. A real or imagined object, information about which must be stored in the database and be available, is called

attitude

Essence

Representation

11. Databases that implement the network data model represent dependent data in the form

Recordsets of links between them

Record Hierarchies

Table sets

Chart collections

12. The representation of the relational data model in the DBMS is implemented in the form

Predicates

tables

trees

13. Searching for data in databases

Determining data values ​​in the current record

Procedure for extracting data that uniquely identifies records

The procedure for selecting from a set of records a subset whose records satisfy a given condition

Procedure for defining database handles

Software and programming technologies

1. A variable is...

Description of the actions to be performed by the program

The ordinal number of the element in the array

Complete minimal semantic expression in a programming language

Functional word in a programming language

A region of memory where a value is stored

2. Violation of the form of the program record, detected during testing, leads to an error message

Local

spelling

semantic

syntactic

Grammar

Stylistic

3. One of the five main properties of the algorithm is

cyclicity

Limb

Efficiency

Adequacy

informative

4. To implement the logic of the algorithm and program from the point of view of structured programming should not be used

Sequential execution

Repetitions (cycles)

Unconditional jumps

branching

5. The Java Virtual Machine is

Handler

Compiler

Interpreter

Analyzer

6. A set of statements that perform a given action and are independent of other parts of the program source code is called

subroutine

Program section

parameters

The body of the program

7. Data markup languages ​​are

HTML and XML

8. Implementation of cycles in algorithms

Reduces the amount of memory used by the program executing the algorithm and increases the length of records of identical instruction sequences

Reduces the amount of memory used by the program executing the algorithm and reduces the number of entries of identical instruction sequences

Increases the amount of memory used by the program executing the algorithm and reduces the number of entries of identical instruction sequences

Does not reduce the amount of memory used by the program executing the algorithm, and does not increase the length of records of identical instruction sequences

9. Of the listed

2) Assembler

5) Macro assembler

not classified as a high-level language

Only 5

Only 1

10. Scripting languages ​​are

11. ________________ grammars are used to describe the syntax of constructions in programming languages.

unambiguous

Context sensitive

Context free

Regular

12. Cannot be consistent ________________ data representation structure

Inverted

Hash addressing

treelike

Index

13. Subroutines DO NOT

Difficulty in understanding how the program works

Simplifying program readability

Structuring the program

Reduction of the overall volume of the program

14. Compiler analysis phase cannot contain steps

parsing

Lexical analysis

Semantic analysis

Intermediate code generation

15. The description of the cycle with a precondition is the following expression

Execute a statement a specified number of times

If the condition is true, execute the statement, otherwise stop

Execute statement while condition is false

- while the condition is true, execute the statement

16. The method of writing programs that allows their direct execution on a computer is called

functional programming language

Machine language programming

Logic programming language

procedural programming language

17. Sequential enumeration method is applicable

To ordered and unordered data structures

Only to unordered data structures