Practical work drawing up a plan of the area according to the description. Drawing up a plan of the area. Conversation on the plan of the village of Mirnoye
Practical work Drawing up a plan of the area according to the description. Purpose: to consolidate the ability to draw up a plan of the area according to the description by the method of polar survey: to develop the skills of using conventional signs when describing the area. Equipment: drawing accessories, atlases. Work progress: 1. Draw the frame of the plan, determine the sides of the horizon. 2. Read the text. Choose a scale. 3. Determine the point (pole) from which the survey will be made. 4. Draw up a plan of the area according to this description. Text. 1. Pole - school. 2. A country road runs from the school to the hill through a thicket of bushes. The azimuth of the hill is 30 *, the distance is 300 meters. 3. From the hill there is a highway to a ferry crossing on the Ladoga River (the river flows from NE to SW). Azimuth from the hill to the crossing is 300 *, the distance between the hill and the ferry is 1 kilometer. 4.South of the school (azimuth 180 *) at a distance of 1300 meters is Lake Superior, the eastern shores of the lake are swampy. 5. From the school (azimuth 110 *) at a distance of 450 meters, there is a silo tower, behind it a spruce forest begins.
Slide 8 from presentation "Practical work in geography"... The size of the archive with the presentation is 869 KB.Practical work in geography
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How to make a plan of the area... Suppose you need to make a plan of the area shown in the figure.
1-2. Drawing up a plan of the area. 3. Tablet for terrain survey.
To do this, you will need: a tripod, a tablet, a reticle and a well-sharpened pencil.
Working process
- With a tripod with a tablet on the bridge over the river (this is where we start shooting), select a scale, for example 1: 5000, and drag the north-south arrow.
- Then orient the tablet to the sides of the horizon.
All local items must be applied to the plan with conventional signs.
First of all, on the plan it is necessary to depict a bridge across the river and to stick a pin in the center of the conventional sign - the bridge. This will be your starting point.
- Now place the ruler on the tablet so that the edge touches the pin. Direct the top edge of the ruler alternately at those local objects that need to be depicted on the plan (bush, wind turbine, house, well, tree on the river bank), and draw lines of sight for each object on the tablet.
- When the lines of sight for all objects are drawn, determine in one of the methods already known to us the distance from the bridge to each of these objects.
- Using the selected scale, set aside certain distances on the tablet and draw objects with conventional symbols.
- Now you can apply the river. It flows from the tree to the bridge and further to the bush. The line of sight can then be erased.
- The roads on the plan are shown approximately. One of them goes from the bridge to the house, the other to the well.
- The conventional signs are meadow and mixed forest.
The point from which we made sighting of local objects is called the pole. Therefore, this method of surveying the terrain was called polar.
Other ways to survey the area... Azimuth survey is simpler than polar survey. It is produced in about the same way as the polar one, only without a tablet and a reticle. Located at the bridge, determine the azimuths for all those objects that you want to plot on the plan, and measure the distance to them. Write all this down in a notebook.
At home, on a blank sheet of paper, put a pole point and from it, use a protractor to set aside azimuths and distances determined on the ground in the selected scale using a protractor. Identify local objects with conventional signs.
4. Sighting to the object. 5. Image of lines of sight to various objects with indication of distances to them.
A route survey is a survey of large areas of terrain or objects, for example, a river, a road. It is produced from several points (poles). Working at one pole, they survey the visible part of the terrain. Then a place for the next pole is chosen, the distance from the initial pole to it and the azimuth are determined. Then the pole is applied to the tablet and the whole shooting procedure is repeated. And so on.
Questions and tasks
- Explain how polar photography is done.
- Plan a small area using a polar survey.
- What does it mean to orient a plan?
- Draw a plan for the portion of the journey from home to school. Using your plan, answer the following questions:
- how far have you covered;
- what conventional topographic signs did you use?
- Draw the symbols of your plan into a notebook and give an explanation to them.
For the curious
- On vast flat areas, wooden towers are often built as landmarks, the tops of which are in line of sight from each other. Therefore, having climbed such a tower, you can see the next one, etc.
- If you find a sawn tree in the forest, you can determine the sides of the horizon by the annual rings on the stump cut. On the north side, the distance between the rings is less than on the south.
- Take a look around: can you see the dome of a church in the distance near some village. By the location of the cross on the dome, you can easily orient yourself along the sides of the horizon (see Fig. 2).
- Mountain trails are often marked by stone pyramids. They are placed at a line-of-sight distance from each other so that people can navigate along them and do not go astray.
- In unfamiliar terrain, landmarks are power lines, forest clearings, roads and other linearly located objects.
test yourself
- Remember the difference between a terrain plan and a geographic map.
- How to determine the direction of your movement according to the plan?
- Can a site plan be used to determine geographic coordinates?
- How can you measure the distance on the ground plan?
- What is the difference between azimuth and polar surveys?
- What instruments and tools are needed to draw up a site plan?
- Describe the algorithm for leveling the hill.
1. Route survey of the area begins from the first point of standing (1 TS). Next, objects visible from the second, third and fourth points of standing are applied to the tablet. The result is a plan for a site.
Drawing up a plan of the area according to the description
The description of the territory is given.
A highway runs through this area in the direction from north to south. It is crossed by a dirt road stretching from the southwest to the northeast. 5 km north of the intersection of the highway with the dirt road is the rural village of Sorokino, which stretches along the highway for 1.5 km. An orchard is located along the western outskirts of the village. 3 km south of the intersection of the highway and the dirt road, a metal bridge was built across the river, which flows southwestward. On the right bank of the river lies a meadow. A mixed forest stretches along the left. Along the highway from the bridge to the village, there is a strip of bushes up to 500 m wide on both sides of the road.
It is necessary to draw up a plan of the area according to the description.
Working process:
1. Registration of work.
- at the top - the title of the work "Area plan"
In the upper left corner of the sheet there is a vertical arrow showing the north-south direction
The scale is inscribed in the right corner:
for example, in 1 cm - 500m (translate it into numerical 1: 50,000)
3. Break the text into parts and follow the example.
Actions performed |
|
A highway runs through this area in the direction from north to south. It is crossed by a dirt road stretching from the southwest to the northeast. | In the center of the sheet, a point is indicated, which will be the intersection point of the highway and the dirt road. From this point, the direction to the north is determined and the highway passing from north to south is indicated. From the same point, they determine the direction to the south-west and north-east and designate a dirt road. |
5 km north of the intersection of the highway with the dirt road is the rural village of Sorokino, which stretches along the highway for 1.5 km. | In accordance with the magnitude of the scale, 10 cm is laid to the north from the point of intersection of the highway with the dirt road and the southern border of the village is determined. Then another 3 cm is laid and its northern border is determined. The settlement is designated with a conventional sign on both sides of the highway. They sign the name of the village. |
An orchard is located along the western outskirts of the village. | They define the western outskirts of the village and designate the garden with a conventional sign, clearly showing its northern, southern and eastern boundaries. |
3 km south of the intersection of the highway and the dirt road, a metal bridge was built across the river, which flows southwestward. | From the intersection of the highway with a dirt road, 6 cm is laid to the south and a metal bridge is designated. From the center of the bridge, determine the direction to the southwest and indicate the river. The arrow shows the direction of its flow. |
On the right bank of the river lies a meadow. A mixed forest stretches along the left. | Determine the right and left banks of the river. Along the right bank a meadow is designated, along the left - a mixed forest, without indicating the exact boundaries of their distribution. |
Along the highway from the bridge to the village, there is a strip of bushes up to 500 m wide on both sides of the road. | In accordance with the magnitude of the scale, at a distance of 1 cm to the west and east of the highway, the boundary of the distribution of the shrub is drawn and marked. |
Drawing up a schematic plan of the area according to the description.
From the station we walked along the trail in a northern direction. On the right, a rare forest delighted our eyes, and on the left, a flowering meadow. The path turned northeast and we came out onto the road. On the left, the meadow was replaced by thickets of bushes, and on the right, a rare forest turned into a mixed forest. Ten minutes later we turned onto a path in the southeast direction and on the bank of the river we saw my grandmother's dacha. Next to it is a well and a wooden bridge across the river. There was a ravine on the other side of the river.
Drawing up a schematic plan of the area according to the description.
From the station we walked along the trail in a northern direction. On the right, a rare forest delighted our eyes, and on the left, a flowering meadow. The path turned northeast and we came out onto the road. On the left, the meadow was replaced by thickets of bushes, and on the right, a rare forest turned into a mixed forest. Ten minutes later we turned onto a path in the southeast direction and on the bank of the river we saw my grandmother's dacha. Next to it is a well and a wooden bridge across the river. There was a ravine on the other side of the river.
Drawing up a schematic plan of the area according to the description.
From the station we walked along the trail in a northern direction. On the right, a rare forest delighted our eyes, and on the left, a flowering meadow. The path turned northeast and we came out onto the road. On the left, the meadow was replaced by thickets of bushes, and on the right, a rare forest turned into a mixed forest. Ten minutes later we turned onto a path in the southeast direction and on the bank of the river we saw my grandmother's dacha. Next to it is a well and a wooden bridge across the river. There was a ravine on the other side of the river.
Drawing up a schematic plan of the area according to the description.
From the station we walked along the trail in a northern direction. On the right, a rare forest delighted our eyes, and on the left, a flowering meadow. The path turned northeast and we came out onto the road. On the left, the meadow was replaced by thickets of bushes, and on the right, a rare forest turned into a mixed forest. Ten minutes later we turned onto a path in the southeast direction and on the bank of the river we saw my grandmother's dacha. Next to it is a well and a wooden bridge across the river. There was a ravine on the other side of the river.
Drawing up a schematic plan of the area according to the description.
From the station we walked along the trail in a northern direction. On the right, a rare forest delighted our eyes, and on the left, a flowering meadow. The path turned northeast and we came out onto the road. On the left, the meadow was replaced by thickets of bushes, and on the right, a rare forest turned into a mixed forest. Ten minutes later we turned onto a path in the southeast direction and on the bank of the river we saw my grandmother's dacha. Next to it is a well and a wooden bridge across the river. There was a ravine on the other side of the river.
Suppose you need to make a plan of the area. To do this, you will need: a tripod, a tablet, a reticle and a well-sharpened pencil.
Working process
- With a tripod with a tablet on the bridge over the river (this is where we start shooting), select a scale, for example 1: 5000, and drag the north-south arrow.
- Then orient the tablet to the sides of the horizon.
All local items must be applied to the plan with conventional signs. First of all, on the plan it is necessary to depict a bridge across the river and to stick a pin in the center of the conventional sign - the bridge. This will be your starting point.
- Now place the ruler on the tablet so that the edge touches the pin.
Direct the top edge of the ruler alternately at those local objects that need to be depicted on the plan (bush, wind turbine, house, well, tree on the river bank), and draw lines of sight for each object on the tablet.
- When the lines of sight for all objects are drawn, determine in one of the methods already known to us the distance from the bridge to each of these objects.
- Using the selected scale, set aside certain distances on the tablet and draw objects with conventional symbols.
- Now you can apply the river.
- The roads on the plan are shown approximately. One of them goes from the bridge to the house, the other to the well.
- The conventional signs are meadow and mixed forest. The point from which we made sighting of local objects is called the pole.
Therefore, this method of surveying the terrain was called polar.
Other ways to survey the area
Azimuth survey is simpler than polar survey.
It is produced in about the same way as the polar one, only without a tablet and a reticle. Located at the bridge, determine the azimuths for all those objects that you want to plot on the plan, and measure the distance to them. Write all this down in a notebook.
At home, on a blank sheet of paper, put a pole point and from it, use a protractor to set aside azimuths and distances determined on the ground in the selected scale using a protractor.
Identify local objects with conventional signs.
A route survey is a survey of large areas of terrain or objects, for example, a river, a road. It is produced from several points (poles). Working at one pole, they survey the visible part of the terrain. Then choose a place for the next pole, determine the distance from the initial pole to it and the azimuth. Then the pole is applied to the tablet and the whole shooting procedure is repeated.
Planning the area wikipedia
Site search:
Small areas of the earth's surface are depicted in the form of terrain plans. 
A person widely uses plans of the area in his activities: construction, agriculture, etc. To work with a plan of the area, you need to be able to read it, i.e.
e. know what the symbols mean. There are many of them, and they are similar to the objects themselves. Each object on the plan has a specific color: the woods, gardens shown in green, rivers, lakes, swamps - blue. Terrain plans are made in a reduced form, resorting to scaling, that is, using a scale. A terrain plan is a drawing in which a small area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain is shown in detail in a reduced form with conventional signs, so there is no need to take into account the curvature of the earth's surface. graphic symbols used to represent geographic objects on plans and maps. 
Barinova I.
I. and others. Geography. Initial course. 5 cl. : textbook. for general education.
institutions / Barinova I.I., Pleshakov A.A., Sonin N.I. - M .: Bustard, 2012.140 p. Lobzhanidze A.A. Geography. Planet Earth.
5-6 grades: textbook. for general education. institutions with adj. to the electron. carrier. - Moscow: Education, 2013 .-- 159 p. Https://ru.wikipedia.org
Terrain layout and basic rules
Their compilation
In the operational and service activities of the internal affairs bodies, it is often necessary to depict the terrain on a larger scale and in more detail than is shown on topographic maps. Since it is not always possible to plot all the necessary details on a map, especially when it is necessary to indicate the location of individual objects, landmarks and objects that have not previously been mapped.
In this regard, plans, diagrams, cards and other graphic documents are widely used in the activities of the internal affairs bodies, especially when it is necessary to graphically show a small area of \u200b\u200bthe terrain or an object.
A diagram is a graphic document drawn up on a map or on the ground with more or less exact observance of a scale, on which only local objects and individual relief details necessary for it are displayed.
General rules for drawing up schemes.
First of all, you should understand what the schema is for, what data and with what accuracy it is necessary to display on it. This will allow you to determine the scale of the diagram, its size and content, choose the method of drawing up the diagram, and for a more accurate indication of an object on the diagram, they can be signed magnetic azimuths and the distance to it of easily identifiable local objects.
To orient the scheme, in a free space, an arrow shows the direction to the north, the ends of the arrow are signed with the letters C (north) and Y (south).
The scale of the diagram (numerical or linear) is shown under the lower side of its frame.
In the case when the diagram is drawn up on an approximate scale, a reservation is made about this, for example, "scale, about 1: 3000", and when the scale of the diagram is not the same in its different directions, its value is not indicated, but then the distances are signed on the diagram between objects.
When drawing up a diagram on a map at a certain scale, show the lines of the coordinate grid or their exits outside the diagram frame.
Above the top side of the diagram frame, sign the name of the diagram and indicate the scale, nomenclature, year of publication of the map, according to which the diagram was drawn up.
Symbols used on terrain schemes:
1 - ravine; 2 - barrow; 3 - pit; 4 - hill and hollow
When drawing up diagrams, local objects and landforms are depicted with conventional simplified topographic signs. With an increase in their size by one and a half to two times compared to the map, and some of them are simplified, it is recommended to draw conventional signs on the diagram by hand, while, first, it is necessary to mark the conventional sign with a thin, weakly noticeable line, and then, making sure of it correctness, the outlined lines to draw finally.
Plans, diagrams, cards are drawn up on separate sheets of paper.
Drawing is done with a simple pencil, if possible by hand; all required dimensions are kept by eye. Drawing supplies required: a well-sharpened simple pencil, a set of colored pencils, a soft elastic band, an officer's ruler, a triangle, a field compass.
The quality of drawing largely depends on the choice and sharpening of the pencil. For drawing, it is better to use a pencil of medium hardness (No. 3, 3H, T and TM). The pencil should be sharpened as carefully as possible, giving the end a conical shape at least 2 cm long.
The position of the pencil when working with the map is shown in the figure.
Figure: ________. Working with a pencil
The elastic should be soft and will not leave marks on the paper when erased. Erase with an elastic band in one direction, without pressing hard on the paper.
For greater clarity, some conventional signs (quarters of a settlement, river bank, etc.)
are set off by thickened lines on the shadow side. This assumes that the light source is in the upper left corner of the sheet of paper, so all local objects that rise above the surrounding area are shown with signs, the lower and right sides of which are drawn with thickened lines, and local objects representing depressions are shown with signs that have thickened lines up and down.
Settlements are drawn in black in the form of closed figures, the outlines of which are similar to the configuration of the outer borders of settlements.
Highways and improved unpaved roads are depicted with two thin parallel black lines with a clearance of 1–2 mm, and unpaved roads are drawn in one line, bringing them to the approach to the settlement and making a small gap between the road and street signs.
Railways are drawn with a thickened black line with transverse single, double, or triple strokes to indicate the ruts of the road.
Inside the conventional sign of the river, depicted in two lines, as well as the lake, reservoirs parallel to the coastline are drawn several thin lines. The first line is drawn as close to the bank as possible, and the distance between the lines is gradually increased towards the middle of the river or reservoir.
If the river is narrow (up to 5 mm in the diagram), dashed lines are drawn along its channel instead of solid lines.
The edges of the forest are shown by semi-oval conventional signs, connected by small ovals.
Before drawing the boundaries of the forest with semi-oval, it is necessary to outline its boundaries with a thin line, dots, etc., after which they draw a conventional sign along the marked line. If necessary, a symbolic tree symbol is placed inside the contour, as on the map, with the necessary explanatory notes.
First, draw one large oval about 3 x 1.5 mm in size, and then draw three or four small ovals around it.
The boundaries of the bush are usually not shown.
The relief is drawn with brown horizontals, and the relief details that cannot be depicted as horizontal ones are drawn with conventional topographic signs. When depicting the relief by horizontal lines, their number will depend on the height of the mountain, i.e.
the higher the mountain, the more contours there will be. In addition, the distance between the horizontals depends on the steepness of the slopes, the steeper they are, the closer they will be placed to one another.
Elevation marks are signed in black and only those that are mentioned in service and combat documents.
Local objects that are important landmarks, for the display of which conventional signs are not provided (stumps, broken trees, supports of communication lines, power transmission lines, road signs, etc.) are drawn on the diagrams in perspective, that is, as they look in nature ...
Explanatory captions, names of settlements, digitization are placed parallel to the lower (upper) side of the diagram, and the captions of the names of rivers, streams, lakes and natural boundaries are made in an oblique font, placing them parallel to the conventional signs of rivers and streams and along the axes of greater length of conventional signs of lakes and groves.
Italic font is also used for signatures related to the design of the scheme (document) and explanatory text.
Everything that cannot be displayed on the diagram with conventional symbols is stated textually in the legend, placed in the free fields of the schemes or on its back.
When organizing special operations, managing units and
fire, in reconnaissance and in the transmission of information in the internal affairs bodies, service-combat documents are widely used, developed on topographic maps or terrain diagrams. Such documents are usually called graphic. They supplement, explain, and in some cases even replace written documents, making it possible to more clearly display the situation.
Therefore, employees of the internal affairs bodies need to be able to quickly and competently draw them up.
It is not always possible to display the necessary data in detail on a topographic map, for example, data on the location of the combat assets of its subunits and the enemy, the fire system, etc. In addition, due to the generalization of its content and aging, some terrain details necessary for the commander (chief) of the unit may be missing on the map when planning an operation, controlling a unit and fire.
Therefore, as the basis for graphic service and combat documents developed in the internal affairs bodies, terrain diagrams are widely used - simplified topographic drawings of small areas of the terrain, drawn up on a large scale. They are drawn up by the commanders (chiefs) of the subunits on the basis of a topographic map, aerial photographs or directly on the ground by eye survey techniques, using goniometric and navigation devices available in the subunit.
When drawing up terrain maps, certain rules must be followed.
First, you need to understand what the diagram is for, what data and with what accuracy it is necessary to display on it. Next, the scale of the diagram, its size and content are determined, the method of drawing up the diagram is selected.
The diagrams, as a rule, show individual terrain objects that are necessary for accurate binding of the situation to the terrain, have the value of landmarks, or can have a significant impact on the implementation of the task.
The most important objects are highlighted when drawing a diagram. If necessary, make perspective drawings of terrain objects, placing them in free space or in the margins of the drawing with an arrow showing their location on the diagram. Instead of drawings, you can stick photographs of objects on the diagram. For a more accurate indication of any object on the diagram, magnetic azimuths and distances to it from easily identifiable local objects can be signed.
Terrain features that are not expressed graphically are described in a legend placed in the margins of the drawing or on its back.
The drawing is placed on a sheet of paper so that the enemy is on the side of the upper edge of the sheet.
On an empty space, the diagram shows the direction to the north with an arrow,
the ends of the arrow are signed with the letters C (north) and Y (south).
The scale of the diagram (numerical or linear) is shown below the underside of its frame.
If the diagram is drawn up on an approximate scale, a reservation is made about this, for example, “the scale is about 1; 6,000 ".
In cases where the scale of the diagram is not the same in its different directions, its value is not indicated, but the distances between objects are signed on the diagram, for example, the distance from the front edge to landmarks.
On the diagram, drawn from the map at a certain scale, show the lines of the coordinate grid or their overshoot. Above the top side of the frame indicate the scale, nomenclature and year of publication of the map, according to which the scheme was drawn up.
Symbols used on terrain diagrams
Local objects and relief forms on the terrain diagrams are depicted with conventional signs. Terrain objects, the conventional signs of which are not regulated, are depicted on the diagrams with ‘cartographic conventional signs with an increase in their size by 2-3 times.
Settlements on the diagrams are depicted in black in the form of closed figures, the outlines of which are similar to the configuration of the outer borders of settlements.
Inside such figures, shading is applied with thin lines. If a settlement consists of several quarters spaced more than 5 mm from each other on the scale of the diagram, then each quarter is drawn separately without highlighting individual buildings (if they do not need to be specially shown according to the situation). Quarters in which stone buildings predominate are shaded and shaded more densely, and quarters with a predominance of wooden buildings are shaded less densely.
Streets (driveways) are shown only in those places where highways and
improved roads, and along rivers and railways passing through the settlement.
The width of the conventional street sign (distance between the lines) is taken from 1 to 2 mm, depending on the scale of the diagram and the width of the street.
Figure: 1. Symbols of settlements, roads and rivers for protozoa
area drawings.
Highways and improved unpaved roads are drawn with two thin parallel black lines with a clearance of 1-2 mm (depending on the scale), and unpaved (country) roads - with solid lines 0.2-0.4 mm thick.
At the point where the road approaches the settlement, a small (0.3 ... 0.5 mm) gap is made between the road and street signs. If a road drawn with a double line runs along the outskirts of a settlement, the road sign is not interrupted, and the block of the settlement is drawn close to the road sign. The quarters are drawn from the conventional sign of the dirt road at a distance of 1-2 mm.
Railways' are drawn with a conventional black sign 1-2 mm wide with alternating light and dark stripes every 4-5 mm.
Rivers are drawn with one or two blue lines.
Inside the conventional sign of the river, depicted in two lines, as well as the lake, reservoirs parallel to the coastline are drawn several thin lines.
The first line is drawn as close to the bank as possible, and the distance between the lines is gradually increased towards the middle of the river or reservoir.
If the river is narrow (up to 5 mm in the diagram), dashed lines are drawn along its channel instead of solid lines. The forest is shown by oval-shaped conventional signs of green color, located along the contour of the forest. First, a dotted line (dots or short lines) mark the border of the forest with the most characteristic bends.
Figure: 2. Symbols of forests and shrubs for the simplest drawings
terrain.
Then draw semi-ovals up to 5 mm in length (diameter) so that their convex parts touch the punctures.
The half ovals should be extended along the bottom (top) edge of the sheet. If the bend of the edge serves as a reference point, and it is impossible to convey it with an oval-shaped sign, the border of the forest is supplemented with a dotted line.
The shrub is depicted as closed green ovals, elongated from left to right.
In this case, first, one large oval is drawn with a size of about 3xl, 5 mm, and then three or four small ovals around it. The number and location of such signs depend on the size of the shrub area. The boundaries of the bush are usually not shown.
The relief is depicted by horizontals or strokes of brown color, and the relief details, which are not expressed by horizontals, by cartographic conventional signs.
Mountain peaks and ridges on the diagrams of mountainous terrain are depicted with strokes. On the diagrams of hilly terrain, individual heights are shown with one or two closed contours. When drawing forms
It is necessary to take into account that the higher the mountain, the more contour lines should be, the steeper the slope, the closer to one another the horizontals should be located.
Elevation marks are signed in black and only those that are mentioned in combat documents.
Local objects that are important landmarks, for which no conventional signs are provided (stumps, broken trees, communication line poles, power transmission lines, road signs, etc.)
are drawn on the diagrams in perspective, that is, as they look in nature.
Out-of-scale conventional symbols, as well as conventional symbols of the vegetation cover, are drawn so that their vertical axis is perpendicular to the upper cut of the leaf.
In the presence of time, the main conventional signs for clarity shade: thicken the right and bottom lines of the conventional signs of settlements, forests, shrubs, left and upper coastlines of rivers and lakes.
The signatures of the names of settlements and elevation marks are placed parallel to the lower (upper) side of the diagram and executed in roman type, and the signatures of the names of rivers, streams, lakes and natural boundaries are made in oblique type, placing them parallel to the conventional signs of rivers and streams and along the axes of greater length of conventional signs and tracts.
Italic font is also used for signatures related to the design of the scheme (document) and explanatory text. Everything that cannot be depicted on the diagram with conventional signs is reflected
textually in its free space.
If necessary, the following can be raised on the maps: coastlines of large bodies of water (letting down towards the water is allowed), rivers, swamps, isobaths with depths indicated in blue; vegetation - green; relief - light brown (the top is shaded or the main horizontal rises); highways - brown; railways, geodetic points and state borders - in black; landmarks - with a circle or underlining with their numbering in black.
Requirements for working maps, plans, diagrams.
Working maps, plans, schemes are developed and maintained in the structural divisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and are used to study, analyze, assess the operational situation, make a decision on it and organize interaction between all the forces and assets involved, and control them in various situations.
The scale of the map (plan, diagram) is chosen in such a way that the situation and the deployment of ATS forces and means and troops on it do not clutter up and obscure the topographic basis.
The working map must meet certain requirements, the most important of which are visibility, completeness and accuracy of plotting the situation.
Visibility consists in displaying the situation in accordance with the established rules.
The completeness of plotting the situation on the working map is predetermined by the amount of information that is required by the leader (chief, commander) to control the forces of the internal affairs bodies (formations, units, subunits) when performing the assigned tasks.
The leader (chief, commander) on his work map should only put the data of the situation that he needs for work.
In cases where actions are carried out in a settlement, the leader (chief, commander) draws up a decision on the plan of the settlement or a specially made scheme in compliance with the requirements for the working map.
The accuracy of the setting. The situation plotted on the working map must exactly correspond to the actual position of the ATS forces (troops) on the ground.
A working map with the initial situation is prepared in advance.
The initial situation means information (information) that is known in advance. The initial situation may include: points of deployment, areas of location and actions of forces of internal affairs bodies (subdivisions, military units) with an indication of their real strength, the volume of tasks performed, the composition of forces and resources allocated for the implementation of basic and suddenly arising tasks; location of objects, routes of movement of internal affairs bodies (troops), guards; places (areas) of actions of search and other squads, as well as the location of neighbors, interacting bodies (forces) with an indication of the forces and means allocated by them
in the interest of completing the task.
On the working map, airports, railway stations, bus stations, sea and river ports, areas with the most difficult situation, routes and times of exits to them, as well as other elements necessary for a leader (chief, commander) to make a decision, are raised.
A working map with a plotted initial situation reduces the time for making an informed decision, allows you to more clearly set tasks and manage forces and assets in the course of tasks.
A working map for a specific situation is developed for the actions of the forces of the internal affairs bodies (troops) and interacting forces during: performing a specific task; conducting a special operation; implementation of certain regime measures in a state of emergency and other service and combat tasks.
On the working maps of operational and service and combat actions, depending on the tasks performed, the locations of the military units (subdivisions) of the internal troops and internal affairs bodies are reflected.
The actions of units (subdivisions) of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, EMERCOM of Russia, border troops must be indicated without fail Russian Federation, as well as other troops and forces.
Drawn on the working map and administrative boundaries; boundaries and numbers of operational areas and areas (routes) of responsibility of military units and subunits; composition of forces and means; locations of guards, outposts, checkpoints, barriers, ambushes, secrets; locations of additional forces (reserves) in case of complications of the situation, routes of their advance; directions of maneuver by forces and means according to interaction plans, their composition, estimated time of arrival at the scene of action, call signals; routes of movement (patrolling) of maneuver groups; locations and routes of movement of rear units (groups).
On a mandatory basis, the map indicates important state, explosive, fire hazardous, chemically hazardous facilities, life support facilities for the population, the procedure for their protection and defense and other data necessary for the work of the head; (chief, commander).
The map (diagram, plan) contains the necessary text material: solution; calculation of forces and means according to tasks, elements of the battle order; the composition of the forces and means of the internal affairs bodies (units, subdivisions); the composition of the reserve in case of complications of the situation; planned interaction table, etc.
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Summary of the lesson of the world around, held in 3 "B" class of BOU, secondary school number 77
Lesson topic: "Site plan"
Goal:Explain the concept of "area plan"; show how to navigate using the symbols on the terrain plan.
Tasks:
Introduce students to the site plan
Develop speech, memory, attention
Educate neatness.
Equipment: presentation, repetition tests, cards with assignments.
During the classes
Class organization
Announcement of the topic and objectives of the lesson.
- Hello! Have a seat!
There are many interesting things in the world
We are sometimes unknown.
There is no limit to the world of knowledge,
So, friends get down to business soon.
- Guys, let's use the test to check how you learned the knowledge of the past material. You have dough sheets on your tables, sign them in the upper right corner. You need to choose the correct answer and circle it. After completing it, I will take the sheets from you, check your work, and in the next lesson I will announce the grades to you.
Who does not understand the task? Get to work. You are given 5 minutes to complete the work.
1. What's on physical map marked in green?
c) plains
2. What is the name of the vast expanses of the earth washed by the seas and oceans?
a) continents
b) states
c) islands
3. What color are the bodies of water on the physical map?
a) yellow
b) green
4. What is a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane using conventional symbols?
b) globe
What is the name of the imaginary circle dividing the globe into the northern and southern hemispheres?
a) equator
b) earth axis
c) meridian
- Transfer works from the last desks to the first.
II. Learning new material
The teacher's story about the village of Mirny
- You know the story of the origin of the village of Mirny, where Masha and Misha live. You know that there is a school, a kindergarten, a clinic, and monumental trees there. You can learn a lot more about the village and its surroundings if, together with the members of the “We and the world"Take a" helicopter flight. "
2. Conversation on the plan of the village of Mirnoye
- Open the textbook on page 29. You see the area where the village of Mirnoye is located.
- Which river is visible? (R.
Tatyanka)
- What else do we see? (arable land, Shkolnuyu St., trees, Knowledge St., etc.)
- What buildings are located on the central street of the village of Mirny?
(shop, kindergarten, school, Ivanovs' house.)
- How can you capture this view? (photograph, depict on a sheet of paper.)
- This image is called site plan.
3. Work on understanding the concept of "area plan"
- Open the textbook on page 126. Find the definition of a site plan, read what is called a site plan (read by several students).
- How, in your opinion, the area plan differs from the geographical map?
(Large areas are shown on the map, small areas are shown on the terrain plan, the terrain plan has slightly different conventional signs.)
- You know that any part of the terrain can be photographed, drawn or drawn a plan of the terrain.
- What is the difference between the drawing and plan of the area?
- Look closely at the plan of the area.
Can you tell me what is the distance from school to the store? (no)
The distance can be determined knowing that all objects are depicted in a reduced form, i.e.
to scale.
4. Work on understanding the concept of "scale"
- Open the textbook on page 126, read what scale is (read by several students).
- On each plan, and on the plan on page 29, the scale is indicated.
- Let's see, what is the scale of our area plan?
(1 cm 20 m) This means that 1 cm on the plan "fit" a distance of 20 m on the ground.
5. Analysis of the area plan on p. 29
- The area plan is created in order to see what objects of nature and economy are located on the territory.
The plans are used by people of different professions: builders, military, geologists. But in order to learn how to read the terrain plan, you need to deal with the conventional signs to the terrain plan.
- Look carefully at the legend, let's look at them.
- On each plan, in addition to the scale and conventional signs, the North - South direction is indicated. Find on the plan in the upper left corner an arrow with direction N-S... It will tell you in which direction certain objects are located.
What is the name of the river shown on the plan? (r. Tatyanka)
- In which direction does it flow?
(from n-w to s-v)
- What trees does the forest near arable land consist of? (from birches)
- How did you know? (by conventional signs)
- What vegetation surrounds the ravine on the banks of the Tatyanka River? (shrubs)
- What forest surrounds the meteorological station? (aspen, pine) How did you know?
- On which street is the Ivanovs' house?
(Knowledge street)
- Find a school, why is the school marked in black on the plan? (Building is fireproof)
Fizminutka
Consolidation of the material learned in the lesson
Completion of task 15 on p. 10 in a workbook
- Open the workbook on p. 15, the textbook is left open.
- Look carefully, what color are the bushes near the weather station?
(in green) Color them to make it look like the plan in the tutorial.
- Find a school, let's lead the way from the school to the weather station. Take a simple pencil in your hands, depict this path.
- Tell us how you moved? (We left school on the highway in c-towards, crossed the Tatyanka River over the bridge and continued along the highway, then along a dirt road, went through a forest of aspens and pines and went to the weather station.)
2. Fulfillment of task 14 on p.
9 in a workbook
- Find the Ivanovs' house, now find an oak on the plan. Take a close look at what objects you will meet on the way from home to the oak tree? (trees, highways, gardens, school, shop, kindergarten, meadow.)
3. Representation of conventional signs
- Now we are going to learn how to depict objects using conventional symbols. You all love the cartoon "Vacation at Prostokvashino" and the main character of this cartoon, Uncle Fedor. You will meet with this hero, if you complete the task correctly.
Read the text carefully, then using the conventional symbols on page 29 of the textbook, replace the underlined words with conventional symbols, for this empty rectangles are left on the sheets of paper. We will work on options.
1st option
Go on highway through bridge.
By dirt road will you get to the woods... Go through trail, go around ravine and here on the shore lakes Uncle Fedor will meet you.
2nd option
Go on trail through garden.
Crossing the river by bridge... Pass by freestanding bush, go around break and here at springuncle Fedor will meet you.
The image of which objects caused the difficulty? (lake, spring) Why? (They are not in conventional signs)
The teacher helps students to complete the assignment, supervises the work of children.
IV. Lesson summary
- Listen to the poem by M. Pozharsky and tell me what concept of today's lesson is being discussed here.
My brother and I sat by the window
And they began to paint.
Drew a table and a chair
Sofa and bed.
Drawn the yard and the house
Road and people
We drew a forest all around
There are birds and animals in it.
Then my brother and I decided
Draw the whole world
And so that he entered the sheet,
Everything began to be reduced.
- What concept is said in the poem?
(About scale)
- What is scale?
- Why do they indicate the scale on the terrain plan?
- What is a site plan? (Image on the plane of a small plot of land using conventional symbols.)
- What is the difference between a drawing and a plan?
(The figure shows the objects as they look in reality, and on the plan, as we see them from above.)
- How are objects on the plan designated? (Using conventional symbols.)
- In today's lesson you are good at work. The most active were ... ..
geoschool1. ru
PRACTICAL WORK 10.
Drawing up a plan of the area.
Drawing up a plan of the area with polar survey.
Preparatory stage
Remember: the concept of "orientation", the main and intermediate sides of the horizon, azimuth.
We repeat the techniques of determining the direction using a compass and distance using a scale.
On the tablet in the upper left corner, the arrow "North-South" is drawn vertically. The scale is indicated below.
What is the procedure for drawing up and drawing up a terrain plan?
Working process:
Determine your location in relation to the main sides of the horizon and surrounding objects from one location - the observation point.
Determine with the compass the main sides of the horizon and directions to the surrounding objects, as well as the distance (in pairs of steps) to these objects.
Enter the results obtained in the table, and with the help of conventional symbols, the objects are indicated on the plan.
| Observable object | Location in relation to the observation site | Object distance |
|
| Northwest Northeast |
On a note!
Azimuth. Or how to use a compass on the ground.
Drawing up a plan of the area according to the description.
Working process:
On a piece of paper, mark the north-south direction with an arrow. On the terrain plans, north corresponds to the upper frame.
Read the text describing the area.
Pay attention to the distances indicated in the text. Choose a scale. The plan doesn't have to be very shallow.
Refer to the sample site plan in the atlas as you progress. The size of the symbols must correspond to the scale. The images of the signs must correspond to generally accepted ones and be executed accurately.
First draw a plan of the area in pencil, then double-check it against the text and draw the final color version.
Description of the territory.
A highway runs through this area in the direction from north to south. It is crossed by a dirt road stretching from the southwest to the northeast. 5 km north of the intersection of the highway with the dirt road is the rural village of Sorokino, which stretches along the highway for 1.5 km. An orchard is located along the western outskirts of the village. 3 km south of the intersection of the highway and the dirt road, a metal bridge was built across the river, which flows in a southwest direction. On the right bank of the river lies a meadow. A mixed forest stretches along the left. Along the highway from the bridge to the village, there is a strip of bushes up to 500 m wide on both sides of the road.
