Derzhavin brief biography and creativity. Gabriel Derzhavin short biography. How Derzhavin was removed from office

The great Russian poet Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin was born in the Kazan province in 1743. After initial home education in literacy, numbers and the German language, under the guidance of clergymen, the exiled German Rose, Lebedev and Poletaev, Derzhavin was sent to the Kazan gymnasium, which opened in 1759. Here Derzhavin became especially fond of drawing and fell in love with the art of engineering. When the director of the gymnasium, M.I. Verevkin, presented the works of the best students, including Gavriil Derzhavin, to the curator Shuvalov, Derzhavin was announced as the conductor of the engineering corps. At the beginning of 1762, a demand came that Derzhavin report for service in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Shuvalov apparently forgot that he himself appointed Derzhavin to the engineering corps. Subsequently, Gabriel Romanovich did not have to supplement his education, and its absence is reflected in all his poetry. He himself understood this; later he wrote: “I confess my shortcoming is that I was brought up at a time and within the boundaries of the empire, when and where the enlightenment of science had not yet fully penetrated not only the minds of the people, but also the state to which I belong.” "

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin

12 years of military service are the darkest and most bleak period in the biography of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. At first, he had to live in the barracks with the soldiers. There was nothing to think about literary creativity and science: only at night it was possible to read something and write poetry. Since Derzhavin did not have “protectors,” he advanced extremely slowly in his career. After the accession to the throne of Catherine II, Derzhavin asked Alexei Orlov himself in a letter for a promotion and only thanks to this he received the rank of corporal. After a year's leave, Gabriel Romanovich returned to St. Petersburg and from that time began to live in the barracks with the nobles. If material conditions improved somewhat, new inconveniences appeared. Derzhavin began to indulge in carousing and cards. After a second vacation to Kazan (1767), Derzhavin stopped in Moscow and spent about 2 years here. Here, a wild life almost led Derzhavin to death: he became a sharper and indulged in all sorts of tricks for money. Finally, in 1770 he decided to leave Moscow and change his lifestyle.

In 1772, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin received his first officer rank. From that time on, he begins to withdraw from bad society, and if he plays cards, then “out of necessity for a living.” In 1773 A. I. Bibikova was tasked with pacifying the Pugachev rebellion. To conduct investigative cases, Bibikov took Derzhavin with him, by the way, at his personal request. Gabriel Romanovich developed the most energetic activities during the Pugachev era. At first, he attracted Bibikov’s attention with his investigation into the case of the surrender of Samara. While in Kazan, Derzhavin, on behalf of the nobles, composed a speech in response to the rescript of Catherine II, which was then published in St. Petersburg Vedomosti. In his actions, Derzhavin was always distinguished by a certain independence, which placed him high in the eyes of some of his superiors, but at the same time made him enemies among the local authorities. Derzhavin had little regard for the position and connections of the people with whom he dealt. In the end, the war with Pugachev did not bring any external differences to Gavriil Romanovich and he was almost subjected to a military court.

Portrait of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. Artist V. Borovikovsky, 1811

In 1776 through A. A. Bezborodko he submitted a letter to the empress calculating his merits and asking for a reward. By decree of February 15, 1777, Gabriel Romanovich was granted the status of collegiate adviser and at the same time received 300 souls in Belarus. On this occasion, Derzhavin wrote “Outpouring of a Grateful Heart to Empress Catherine II.” Six months after his resignation, Derzhavin, thanks to his acquaintance with Prosecutor General A. A. Vyazemsky, received the position of executor in the Senate. In 1778 Derzhavin married Katerina Yakovlevna Bastidon. The marriage was successful; His wife’s aesthetic sense did not remain without influence on the work of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. In 1780 Derzhavin was transferred to the position of adviser to the newly established expedition of state revenues and expenses. By order of Vyazemsky, Derzhavin wrote a code for this institution, published in the complete Collection of Zap. (XXI, 15 – 120). Disagreements with Vyazemsky forced Derzhavin to leave his service in the Senate and retire (1784) with the rank of full state councilor.

By this time, Derzhavin had already acquired a glorious literary name in society. Gavriil Romanovich peed while still in the gymnasium; in the barracks he read Kleist, Gagedorn, Klopstock, Haller, Gellert and translated “Messiad” in verse. The first original work, which appeared in print in 1773, was an ode to the first marriage of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich. Upon returning from the Volga region, Derzhavin published “Odes translated and composed at Mount Chitalagai.” In addition to translations, there were odes to the death of Bibikov, to the nobles, to the birthday of Her Majesty, etc. Derzhavin’s first works were an imitation of Lomonosov. But Derzhavin in his work completely failed to achieve the soaring and unnatural manner that distinguishes Lomonosov’s poetry. Thanks for the advice P. A. Lvova, V.V. Kapnist and I.I. Khemnitser, Gavriil Romanovich abandoned imitation of Lomonosov and took Horace’s ode as a model. “Since 1779,” writes Derzhavin, “I have chosen a completely special path, guided by the instructions and advice of my friends.” Derzhavin placed his odes mainly in the “St. Petersburg Bulletin” without a signature: “Songs to Peter the Great” (1778), epistole to Shuvalov, “On the death of Prince Meshchersky”, “The Key”, “On the birth of a porphyry-born youth” (1779), “On absence of the empress to Belarus”, “To the first neighbor”, “To rulers and judges” (1780).

All these works, with their sublime tone and brilliant, lively pictures, attracted the attention of literature lovers, but not society, to Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. In the latter, Derzhavin’s fame was created by the famous “Ode to Felice” (see full text, summary and analysis), published in the first book of the “Interlocutor of Lovers of the Russian Word” (1783). Derzhavin received for it a snuff-box, studded with diamonds, containing 50 chervonets. “Felitsa” placed Derzhavin high in the opinion of Catherine II, the court and the public. In “Interlocutor” Derzhavin published “Gratitude to Felitsa”, “Vision of Murza”, “Reshemysl” and, finally, “God” (see summary and full text). With his last poem, Derzhavin reached the apogee of his fame. At the very establishment of the Russian Academy, Derzhavin was elected its member and took part in the dictionary of the Russian language.

In 1784, Derzhavin was appointed ruler of the Olonets governorship, but Derzhavin immediately began to have troubles with the governor Tutolmin, and after a year and a half the poet was transferred to the same position in the Tambov governorship. Gavriil Romanovich occupied the place of Tambov governor for about 3 years. With his energetic activities, Derzhavin brought benefits to the province, introduced more regularity in the administration of conscription, improved the structure of prisons, and fixed roads and bridges. But even here, Derzhavin’s independent course of action, his temper, caused arguments with the governor. In 1788, Derzhavin was put on trial and was obliged to sign a written undertaking not to leave Moscow, where the case was to be carried out. In 1789, the Moscow Senate, having examined Derzhavin’s case, found that he was not guilty of any abuse of office. Seeing the merciful attitude of the Empress, who approved the decision of the Senate, Derzhavin wrote the ode “Image of Felitsa”, and, turning to the patronage of the new favorite Platon Zubov, dedicated the odes “On Moderation” and “To the Lyre” to him. The ode “To the Capture of Ishmael,” written at the same time, was a great success. Gabriel Romanovich received a snuff box worth 200 rubles. When Potemkin arrived in St. Petersburg, Derzhavin had to maneuver between two favorites. The death of Potemkin on the banks of the Prut gave rise to one of the most original and majestic poems in Derzhavin’s work - “Waterfall”. Derzhavin's rapprochement with Dmitriev and Karamzin dates back to this time; the latter invited him to participate in his Moscow Journal. Here Derzhavin placed “Song to a House That Loves Science” (Count Stroganov), “On the Death of Countess Rumyantseva”, “The Majesty of God”, “Monument to a Hero”.

In 1796 Derzhavin was ordered to be with the empress when accepting petitions. Gabriel Romanovich failed to please her: in life he could not flatter as subtly as in his poetic work, he was irritable and did not know how to stop reports that were unpleasant to Catherine II in time. In 1793, Derzhavin was appointed senator for the land survey department, and a few months later he was also given the post of president of the commercial college. In his senatorial activities, Derzhavin was distinguished by his extreme intransigence to those opinions that he considered incorrect. And since his love of truth was always expressed in a sharp and rude form, here too Derzhavin had many official disappointments. In 1794, Gabriel Romanovich's wife died; He dedicated the elegiac poem “Swallows” to her memory. Six months later, Derzhavin entered into a new marriage with D. A. Dyakova. In 1794, Derzhavin wrote the ode “On Nobility,” dedicated to the praise of Rumyantsev, and “On the Capture of Izmail.” His last odes during the life of Catherine II were: “On the birth of Queen Gremislava” (message to Naryshkin), “To the Knight of Athens” (Alexey Orlov), “Ode on the conquest of Derbent” (in honor of Valerian Zubov), “On the death of a benefactor” ( I. I. Betsky). Finally, Derzhavin presented Catherine II with a handwritten collection of his works, prefacing it with “An Offering to the Monarch.” Even before the death of the Empress, Derzhavin wrote “Monument” (see summary and full text), in which he summarized the meaning of his poetic work. The era of Catherine II marks the heyday of Derzhavin’s talent and its main significance in the poems of this era. Derzhavin's poetry is a monument to the reign of Catherine II. “In this heroic age of Russian history, events and people, with their gigantic dimensions, precisely corresponded to the courage of this original fantasy, the scope of this broad and capricious brush.” A whole epic of the era lives in the works of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin.

Derzhavin's creative activity diminished. In addition to epigrams and fables, Gabriel Romanovich began to write tragedies. He himself was confident in their merit, but in fact, Derzhavin’s dramatic works are below criticism. (Dobrynya, Pozharsky, Herod and Mariamne, Atabalibo, etc.). The Discourse on Lyric Poetry read in “Conversation” dates back to 1815. Derzhavin already considered it necessary to comment on his works and himself made “explanations” for them. Feeling the need to find out the real nature of his biography and career, so rich in vicissitudes, Derzhavin wrote Notes in 1812, published in Russian Conversation; they caused an unfavorable impression with their subjective assessment of persons and events. In this last period of his life, following the spirit of his time, Derzhavin tried to give a place to the folk language in his work. The awakening of the study of Russian nationality gave rise to Derzhavin's imaginary folk ballads and romances (Tsar Maiden, Novgorod Wolf Zlogor). The most successful of these poems was “To the Ataman and the Don Army.” Even in retirement, Derzhavin did not cease to respond to the events taking place around him (On the World of 1807, Lamentation, Lyroepic Hymn to Drive Out the French, etc.). Being retired, Derzhavin lived in St. Petersburg in the winters and in the summers on his estate in Novgorod province. "Zvanke". Gabriel Romanovich described his village life in a poetic message to Evgeny Bolkhovitinov. Derzhavin died in Zvanka on July 8, 1816.

In the 19th century, Derzhavin’s creative style seemed already outdated. Aesthetically, Gabriel Romanovich’s poems amaze with their amazing chaotic nature: amid the rhetorical pathos, we also discover the brilliance of real poetic talent. In the same way, Derzhavin’s language, rich in folk speech, achieves extraordinary smoothness and lightness in some poems, but in others it becomes unrecognizable in its heaviness. From a historical and literary point of view, the ode of Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin is important because it introduced elements of simplicity, humor and vitality into the strained and far-from-life Lomonosov ode. His work reflected his clear satirical mind, his ardent disposition, common sense, alien to any morbid sentimentality and cold abstraction.

Critics' views on Derzhavin changed. After the reverence with which his name was surrounded, came a period of denial of any meaning behind it. Only the works of D. Grot, written before the revolution, on the publication of the works and biography of the poet, made it possible to impartially evaluate his work.

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin, whose biography is presented below, is a poet, translator, playwright and... governor. The years of his life are 1743-1816. After reading this article, you will learn about all these aspects of the activities of such a multi-talented person as Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin. His biography will be supplemented with many other interesting facts.

Origin

Gabriel Romanovich was born near Kazan in 1743. Here, in the village of Karmachi, was the family estate of his family. The future poet spent his childhood there. The family of Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich was not rich, a noble family. Gabriel Romanovich lost his father early, Roman Nikolaevich, who served as a major. His mother was Fekla Andreevna (maiden name - Kozlova). Interestingly, Derzhavin is a descendant of Bagrim, a Tatar Murza who moved out of the Great Horde in the 15th century.

Study at the gymnasium, service in the regiment

In 1757, Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin entered the Kazan gymnasium. His biography already at this time was marked by diligence and desire for knowledge. He studied well, but failed to complete his studies. The fact is that in February 1762 the future poet was summoned to St. Petersburg. He was assigned to Derzhavin and began serving as an ordinary soldier. He spent 10 years in his regiment, and from 1772 served as an officer. It is known that Derzhavin in 1773-74. took part in the suppression and also in the palace coup, as a result of which Catherine II ascended the throne.

Public and literary fame

Gabriel Romanovich came to public and literary fame in 1782. It was then that his famous ode “Felitsa” appeared, praising the empress. Derzhavin, hot-tempered by nature, often had difficulties in life due to his intemperance. In addition, he had an impatience and zeal for work, which was not always welcomed.

Derzhavin becomes governor of Olonets province

By decree of the empress, the Olonets province was created in 1773. It consisted of one district and two counties. In 1776, the Novgorod governorate was formed, which included two regions - Olonets and Novgorod. Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin became the first governor of Olonets. His biography for many years will be associated with administrative activities in this responsible position. She was legally entrusted with a very wide range of responsibilities. Gabriel Romanovich had to observe how the laws were implemented and how other officials behaved. For Derzhavin, however, this did not present any great difficulties. He believed that restoring order in court and local government depended only on everyone’s conscientious attitude to their work and compliance with the law by officials.

Subordinate institutions already a month after the founding of the province were aware that all persons in the service of the state who violated the law would be severely punished, including deprivation of rank or place. Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich steadily tried to restore order in his province. The years of his life at this time were marked. However, this only led to conflicts and disagreements with the elite.

Governorship in Tambov province

In December 1785, Catherine II issued a decree appointing Derzhavin to the post of governor of the now Tambov province. He arrived there in 1786.

In Tambov, Gabriel Romanovich found the province in complete disorder. Four chapters have changed in the 6 years of its existence. There was chaos in affairs, the boundaries of the province were not defined. Arrears have reached enormous proportions. There was an acute lack of education in society as a whole, and in particular among the nobility.

Gabriel Romanovich opened arithmetic, grammar, geometry, vocal and dance classes for youth. The theological seminary and garrison school provided very poor knowledge. Gabriel Derzhavin decided to open a public school in the house of Jonah Borodin, a local merchant. Theatrical performances were given in the governor's house, and soon a theater began to be built. Derzhavin did a lot for the Tambov province, we will not list it all. His activities laid the foundation for the development of this region.

Senators Naryshkin and Vorontsov came to audit cases in the Tambov province. The improvement was so obvious that in September 1787 Derzhavin was awarded an honorary award - the Order of Vladimir, third degree.

How Derzhavin was removed from office

However, the progressive activities of Gabriel Romanovich in this post collided with the interests of local nobles and landowners. In addition, I.V. Gudovich, the governor-general, took the side of those close to him in all conflicts, who, in turn, covered up local swindlers and thieves.

Derzhavin attempted to punish Dulov, the landowner who ordered the shepherd boy to be beaten for a minor offense. However, this attempt failed, and hostility towards the governor on the part of the provincial landowners grew stronger. The actions of Gabriel Romanovich to stop the theft of the local merchant Borodin, who deceived the treasury by supplying bricks for construction, and then received a wine payoff on unfavorable terms for the state, also turned out to be futile.

The flow of slander, complaints, and reports against Derzhavin increased. In January 1789 he was removed from his post. His short activity brought great benefit to the province.

Return to the capital, administrative activities

In the same year, Derzhavin returned to the capital. He held various administrative positions here. At the same time, Gabriel Romanovich continued to engage in literature, creating odes (we will tell you more about his work a little later).

Derzhavin was appointed state treasurer under Paul I. However, he did not get along with this ruler, because, according to the habit that had formed in him, Gabriel Romanovich often cursed and was rude in his reports. Alexander I, who replaced Paul, also did not ignore Derzhavin, making him Minister of Justice. However, a year later the poet was relieved of his post because he served “too zealously.” In 1809, Gabriel Romanovich was finally removed from all administrative posts.

Derzhavin's creativity

Russian poetry before Gabriel Romanovich was quite conventional. Derzhavin greatly expanded its themes. Now a variety of works have appeared in poetry, from a solemn ode to a simple song. Also, for the first time in Russian lyric poetry, the image of the author, that is, the personality of the poet himself, arose. Derzhavin believed that art must be based on high truth. Only a poet can explain it. At the same time, art can be an imitation of nature only when it is possible to come closer to comprehending the world, to correcting the morals of people and to studying them. Derzhavin is considered a continuator of the traditions of Sumarokov and Lomonosov. He developed the traditions of Russian classicism in his work.

The purpose of the poet for Derzhavin is to censure bad deeds and glorify the great. For example, in the ode "Felitsa" Gabriel Romanovich glorifies the enlightened monarchy in the person of Catherine II. The fair, intelligent empress is contrasted in this work with the selfish and greedy court nobles.

Derzhavin looked at his talent and his poetry as a weapon given to the poet from above to win political battles. Gabriel Romanovich even compiled a “key” to his works - a detailed commentary that says what events led to the appearance of one or another of them.

The Zvanka estate and the first volume of works

Derzhavin bought the Zvanka estate in 1797 and spent several months there every year. The very next year, the first volume of Gabriel Romanovich’s works appeared. It included poems that immortalized his name: “On the death of Prince Meshchersky,” “On the birth of a porphyry-born youth,” odes “On God,” “Waterfall,” “Nobleman,” “Bullfinch.”

Derzhavin's dramaturgy, participation in a literary circle

After retiring, he devoted his life almost entirely to dramaturgy Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich. His work in this direction is associated with the creation of several librettos of operas, as well as the following tragedies: “Dark”, “Eupraxia”, “Herod and Mariamne”. Since 1807, the poet took an active part in the activities of the literary circle, from which a society was later formed that gained great fame. It was called "Conversation of lovers of the Russian word." In his work “Discourse on Lyric Poetry or Ode,” Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich summarized his literary experience. His work greatly influenced the development of artistic literature in our country. Many poets were guided by him.

The death of Derzhavin and the fate of his remains

So, we told you about such a great man as Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin. Biography, interesting facts about him, creative heritage - all this was covered in this article. All that remains to be told is the death of Derzhavin and the further fate of his remains, which was not easy. Only after this can we consider that a complete biography of Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich, albeit briefly presented, was presented.

Derzhavin died on his Zvanka estate in 1816. The coffin with his body was sent along the Volkhov on a barge. The poet found his final refuge in the Transfiguration Cathedral near Veliky Novgorod. This cathedral was located on the territory of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery. The wife of Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich, Daria Alekseevna, was also buried here.

The monastery was destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. Derzhavin's grave was also damaged. The reburial of the remains of Gavriila Romanovich and Daria Alekseevna took place in 1959. They were moved to Novgorod Detinets. In connection with the 250th anniversary of Derzhavin in 1993, the poet’s remains were returned to the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery.

It is no coincidence that to this day such a poet as Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich is taught in schools. His biography and work are important not only from an artistic, but also from an educational point of view. After all, the truths that Derzhavin preached are eternal.

Derzhavin G.R. - biography Derzhavin G.R. - biography

Derzhavin Gavrila (Gabriil) Romanovich (1743 - 1816)
Derzhavin G.R.
Biography Russian poet, representative of Russian classicism. Born on July 3, 1743 in Kazan, into a family of small landed nobles. Father is an army officer. The parents had no education, but tried to give their children the best education. Derzhavin, who was born very weak and frail, learned to read and write “from the clergy.” At the age of seven, when the family lived in Orenburg, he was placed in the boarding school of the German Rose, “exiled to hard labor,” where in four years, Derzhavin learned the German language, distinguished by his “extraordinary inclination for science.” He was 11 years old when his father died. The widow and children were left in great poverty. Having moved to Kazan, the widow gave her children for training first to the garrison schoolboy Lebedev, then to the artillery bayonet cadet Poletaev. In 1759 Derzhavin and his brother were placed in a gymnasium. Scientific subjects, “due to the lack of good teachers,” were “hardly taught” in the gymnasium, according to Derzhavin, “with better rules than before.” During his stay at the gymnasium, he improved only in the German language and became addicted to drawing and sketching, being among the first students. At the beginning of 1762, having enlisted in the guard two years earlier, he went to St. Petersburg for service and in March he was already in the soldiers’ barracks. Twelve years (1762 - 1773) constitute the most dismal period in his life. He became addicted to cards and, while on vacation in Moscow, lost the money sent by his mother to buy an estate. This almost destroyed him: he learned how to select cards, counterfeit and other frauds. “However,” adds Derzhavin, “his conscience, or better to say, his mother’s prayers, never allowed him (in “Notes” Derzhavin speaks of himself in the third person) to indulge in brazen theft”; “When I had no money, I never played in debt”; "always kept his word sacred." “When it happened that there was nothing left not only to play for, but also to live, then, locking himself at home, he ate bread and water and scribbled poetry.” Derzhavin began “scribbling poetry” while still in high school. Despite the fact that, in the barracks environment, Derzhavin “had, although he did not want, to throw science out of his head,” he continues, “at night, when everyone has settled down,” to read randomly obtained books, German and Russian, and begins to translate “Telemachus” in verse. , "Messiad". Derzhavin is saved by Pugachevshchina. In 1773, Bibikov was appointed chief of the troops sent against Pugachev and Derzhavin, promoted to officer, after ten years of military service, decided to personally appear to him with a request to take him with him to Kazan as a Kazan native. Upon arrival in Kazan, Derzhavin wrote a Speech with which the Kazan nobility responded to the Empress to her rescript. He travels on secret missions to Simbirsk, Samara and Saratov. Derzhavin’s labors during the Pugachev era ended in his being put on trial. The reason for this was partly Derzhavin’s temper, partly his lack of “politics.” The trial of Derzhavin was terminated, but all his merits were in vain. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, bypassed by awards, Derzhavin was forced to take care of them himself, especially since during the Pugachev war he also had material losses: on his Orenburg estate, 40,000 carts stood for two weeks, carrying provisions to the army, and all the bread and all livestock Three requests were submitted to Potemkin and the Empress, and only in February 1777, a reward was announced to Derzhavin: “due to inability” for military service, he was “graduated to civilian life” with the rank of collegiate adviser, despite the statement that he “does not want to be a civil servant." 300 souls in Belarus complained to him. Derzhavin considered himself offended. He was much happier at this time in the cards: in the fall of 1775, “with only 50 rubles in his pocket,” he won up to 40,000. Soon Derzhavin received a prominent position in the Senate and at the beginning of 1778, having fallen in love at first sight, he married 16-year-old Catherine Yakovlevna Bastidon, daughter of the valet of Peter III, the Portuguese Bastidon. The marriage was the happiest. Derzhavin’s wife combined a meek and cheerful character with her beautiful appearance, was well-read and loved the arts. Derzhavin's first works did not satisfy him, because... most often these were direct imitations of Lomonosov. A turning point in his poetic activity occurred in 1778 - 1779, when he chose “a special path, guided by the instructions of Batte and the advice of my friends, N.A. Lvov, V.V. Kapnist and Khemnitser, and most imitated Horace.” Almost all of his friends were younger than Derzhavin, but were much higher in education. Service in the Senate was short. The Senate had to draw up a list of income and expenses for the new year, 1784. Vyazemsky wanted to be content with last year’s schedule and report card, but the just completed audit showed that state revenues had increased significantly. Derzhavin pointed out the illegality of the Prosecutor General’s desire and insisted on drawing up a new list, “in which they were forced to show 8,000,000 more income than last year.” This was the first case of Derzhavin’s open struggle “for the truth,” which led the poet for the first time to the bitter conviction that “he cannot get along there, where they do not like the truth.” In February 1784 he was supposed to retire, but a few months later he was appointed governor of Olonets. Before Derzhavin had time to arrive in Petrozavodsk, he began to have troubles with the governor of the region, Tutolmin, and less than a year later, Derzhavin was transferred to Tambov. Here he also “did not sit long”: his energy very soon led to a clash with the governor, and a number of cases arose that were transferred to the Senate. The Senate, directed by Vyazemsky, took the side of the governor and managed to present everything to the empress in such a way that she ordered Derzhavin to be removed from Tambov. The case was constantly postponed and Derzhavin, who arrived in Moscow, “roamed around Moscow idly” for six months. The Senate's decision was extremely evasive and was aimed at the fact that... Derzhavin has already been removed from office, then “so be it.” Derzhavin went to St. Petersburg, hoping to “prove to the empress and the state that he is capable of business, innocent with his hands, pure in heart and faithful in the positions assigned to him.” In response to his request, the Empress ordered a verbal command to be announced to the Senate to consider the matter “resolved,” but “whether Derzhavin was found guilty or not, that was not said.” After a new request, on August 2, 1789, a personal decree was issued, which ordered Derzhavin to be given a salary “pending his assignment.” He had to wait for a place for more than 2 years. They began to “caress” the poet. Potemkin, “so to speak, trailed after Derzhavin, wanting poems from him that would be praiseworthy for himself.” In December 1791, Derzhavin was appointed secretary of state of the empress, but, having failed to please the empress, he soon “cooled down” in her thoughts. Derzhavin, having gained closeness to the empress, most of all wanted to fight the “clerical chicanery squad” that so outraged him, brought whole piles of papers to the empress, demanded her attention to complicated matters, which was not at all expected from the poet. The poet became so “cold in spirit” that “he could write almost nothing with a warm, pure heart in praise of the empress,” who “ruled the state and justice itself more according to politics than according to holy truth.” His excessive ardor and lack of court tact also harmed him. Already three months after her appointment, the Empress complained to Khrapovitsky that her new Secretary of State was “messing up to her with all sorts of nonsense.” Derzhavin served as Secretary of State for less than 2 years and in September 1793 was honorably removed from the service of the Empress and appointed senator. He was distinguished by his zeal and zeal for his service; he sometimes went to the Senate even on Sundays and holidays to look through whole piles of papers. He soon fell out with the senators and at the beginning of 1794, while retaining the title of senator, he was appointed president of the Commerce College. The position, once very important, was now greatly reduced and destined for destruction. Shortly before her death, the Empress appointed Derzhavin to the commission to investigate the embezzlement discovered in the borrowed bank, which was proof of the Empress’s trust in Derzhavin’s truthfulness and selflessness. In 1793, Derzhavin lost his wife, but six months later he married again, not for love, but “so that, remaining a widower, he would not become dissolute.” Dyakova became his wife. Memories of his first wife, who inspired his best poems, never left the poet - 1782 - 1796 were the period of the most brilliant development of Derzhavin’s poetic activity. During his governorship (1785 - 1788), Derzhavin wrote almost no poetry. After the accession of Emperor Paul, the poet was first persecuted “for an indecent answer given to the sovereign,” but then, with an ode to his accession to the throne, the emperor returned his favor. Derzhavin receives honorary commissions, becomes a Knight of the Order of Malta, and again receives the position of President of the Commerce Board. Under Alexander I, Derzhavin was at one time the Minister of Justice (1802 - 1803). In 1803 Derzhavin received complete resignation. Derzhavin spent the last years of his life (1803 - 16) mainly in the village of Zvanka, Novgorod province. He begins to get involved in drama and writes works that Merzlyakov calls “the ruins of Derzhavin.” Living in St. Petersburg during the winters, Derzhavin, together with Shishkov, founded a literary society in 1811. He died on July 8, 1816 in the village of Zvanke. His body was buried in the Khutyn Monastery (seven versts from Novgorod). There were no children from either the first or second marriage. __________ Information sources: "Russian Biographical Dictionary"

(Source: “Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of wisdom.” www.foxdesign.ru)

Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms. Academician 2011.

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The poet Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich was born on July 3 (July 14), 1743 in the Kazan province into a family of impoverished nobles. His childhood was spent on a family estate in the village of Sokury. Since 1759, Derzhavin studied at the Kazan gymnasium.

In 1762, the future poet entered service as an ordinary guardsman in the Preobrazhensky Regiment. In 1772 he was promoted to ensign, receiving his first officer rank. In 1773 - 1775, Derzhavin, as part of the regiment, participated in the suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.

Civil service

Since 1777, Derzhavin entered the civil service in the Government Senate with the rank of state councilor. In 1784 - 1788 he held the post of ruler of the Olonetsky, and then the Tambov governorship. Even in a brief biography of Derzhavin, it is worth mentioning that he was actively involved in improving the economy of the region and contributed to the formation of provincial administrative, judicial and financial institutions.

In 1791, Derzhavin was appointed cabinet secretary of Catherine II. Since 1793, the poet has served as the empress's secret adviser. In 1795, Derzhavin received the post of president of the Commerce Collegium. From 1802 to 1803 he served as Minister of Justice.

last years of life

In 1803, Derzhavin retired and settled on his Zvanka estate in the Novgorod province. The poet devotes the last years of his life to literary activity. In 1813, Derzhavin, whose biography was full of trips even during this period, went to Ukraine to visit V.V. Kapnist. In 1815, he attended an exam at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, listening to the works of the young Alexander Pushkin.

On July 8 (July 20), 1816, Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin died on his estate. The poet was buried in the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery near Veliky Novgorod.

Creation

The work of Gabriel Derzhavin is considered the pinnacle of Russian classicism. The poet's first works appeared during his military service. In 1773, Derzhavin made his debut in the magazine “Antiquity and Novelty” with a translation of the passage “Iroizha, or Letters of Vivlida to Kavno” from the works of Ovid. In 1774, the works “Ode on Greatness” and “Ode on Nobility” saw the light of day.

In 1776, the poet’s first collection of poems, “Odes Translated and Composed at Mount Chitalagoe,” was published.

Since 1779, Derzhavin has been moving away from the traditions laid down by Sumarokov and Lomonosov, working on philosophical lyrics. In 1782, the ode “Felitsa” was published, dedicated to Empress Catherine II, which brought the poet wide literary fame. Soon other famous works of Derzhavin appeared - “The Nobleman”, “Eugene. Life of Zvanskaya”, “On the Death of Prince Meshchersky”, “God”, “Dobrynya”, “Waterfall”, “Herod and Mariamne”, etc.

In 1808, a collection of Derzhavin’s works was published in four volumes.

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Biography, life story of Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich

Derzhavin Gabriel Romanovich - poet of the Enlightenment, statesman.

Childhood

Gabriel was born on July 3 (July 14, new style) in 1743 in the small village of Sokury (Kazan province). His parents - Fekla Andreevna and Roman Nikolaevich - were small nobles. My father also held the rank of second major. Unfortunately, the head of the family passed away very early. Gabriel never had time to properly get to know his father.

In 1758, Gabriel Derzhavin entered the local gymnasium. It was there that he first showed his extraordinary talents - the ability to perform plastic arts and drawing. In 1760, the director of the gymnasium even took a map of the Kazan province, drawn by Derzhavin, to St. Petersburg to brag to his superior colleagues about the successes of his students.

Service

In 1762, Gabriel, without having time to graduate from high school, was called up for service. He became a guardsman in the Preobrazhensky Regiment (St. Petersburg). Ten years later he became an officer. Around the same time, he began to slowly write poetry, although at that time they had not yet gained much popularity.

In 1777, Derzhavin resigned.

Government activities

After military service was left behind, Gabriel Romanovich took the post of state councilor in the Governing Senate in the Russian Empire.

In 1784, the Olonets province was created (the city of Petrozavodsk). Gabriel Derzhavin was appointed civil governor of this territory. He fulfilled his duties as the head of the city to perfection: as soon as Derzhavin arrived in Petrozavodsk, he immediately got down to business - he organized financial, judicial and administrative institutions, created a city hospital, in a word, he tried to provide the residents of the province with all the conditions for a good life.

In the period from 1786 to 1788, Gabriel Romanovich was the governor of the Tambov province.

From 1791 to 1793, Derzhavin worked conscientiously as the Empress's cabinet secretary.

CONTINUED BELOW

In 1793, Gabriel Derzhavin became a Privy Councilor. In 1795 - president of the Commerce Collegium (an institution in charge of trade).

In 1802, Derzhavin was appointed Minister of Justice of the Russian Empire. A year later, Gabriel Romanovich left public service and retired to a well-deserved retirement.

Literary activity

Derzhavin became famous as a poet in 1782. That year, the ode “Felitsa” was published, which the master of words dedicated.

Throughout his life, Gabriel Romanovich created many works, including: “God” (1784), “Nobleman” (1794), “Waterfall” (1798) and many, many others. After his resignation from government service, Derzhavin became even more intensely involved in literature.

The poet himself believed that his main purpose (like the purpose of any other poet or writer) was to glorify great deeds and condemn unjust deeds, to convey to the people simple truths - what is good and what is bad.

Personal life

In 1778, Gabriel married the sixteen-year-old beauty Bastidon Ekaterina Yakovlevna, the daughter of a former servant of the Russian Emperor Peter III. Alas, their happy family life ended abruptly in 1794 - Catherine died. She was only thirty-four years old. She never managed to give her husband heirs.

For six months, Derzhavin was inconsolable, but then he met Dyakova Dya Alekseevna, the daughter of the Senate Chief Prosecutor Alexei Afanasyevich Dyakov. Gabriel lived with Daria until the end of his days, and he left all his property to her (the Zvanka estate in the Novgorod region). There were no children in this marriage either.

Death

Gabriel Romanovich Derzhavin died at home in Zvanka on July 8 (July 20, new style) in 1816. He was buried in the Transfiguration Cathedral (Varlaamo-Khutyn Monastery, Novgorod region). In 1959, his remains were reburied in the Novgorod Kremlin (the Transfiguration Cathedral was almost destroyed). However, already in 1993, when the cathedral was completely restored, the remains returned to their original place.

Awards

At one time, Gabriel Derzhavin was awarded several awards, including: two Orders of St. Vladimir (second and third degrees) and the Order of St.