The first traffic rules. The history of the emergence of traffic rules methodological development on the topic. History of road signs in russia

You might be surprised to see this headline and think, "Is it really so hard to cross the road?" Some pedestrians believe that you just need to cross the road very quickly and everything will be fine.

Others, on the contrary, wait patiently until there is not a single car on the road. But this happens so rarely that you can stand for several hours waiting for the moment when you can cross the road.

What to do? How to cross the street correctly?

You already know that you can cross the road by an overground or underground pedestrian crossing, as well as by a green - permitting - traffic light. But before you start crossing the road, determine whether the traffic on it is one-way or two-way. After all, the rules for crossing different roads differ from each other.

But above all, you should know very well general rules :

• Stop at the edge of the sidewalk before crossing the road.
• Look carefully left and right and find out if this is a one-way or a two-way road.
• Make sure all vehicles are at a safe distance from you before crossing the road.
• Cross the carriageway at a brisk pace, but do not run.
• Cross the road at right angles to the sidewalk, not obliquely.

And the most important thing: be careful all the time while you cross the road!

You already know that when crossing any road, you must be very careful and follow the general rules. But, besides the general ones, there are also rules for crossing two-way roads.

How should you behave when crossing a two-way road?

It may seem to you that there are too many rules and it is difficult or even impossible to remember them. But it is much better to spend time learning the rules of crossing the road than risking your health and life!

When crossing a one-way road, behave a little differently than when crossing a two-way road. Having approached a one-way road, first of all, determine where the vehicle is going on it - to the right or to the left.

Before you start crossing a one-way road, remember that you can only cross it right away.It is impossible to stop here in the middle of the carriageway!Indeed, on such a road, cars travel along the entire width of the carriageway. Therefore, we remind you once again: when crossing a one-way road, you cannot stop in the middle.

Now you understand that crossing such roads is possible only when you are absolutely sure that all vehicles are at a distance from you sufficient for a safe crossing. Therefore, first of all, make sure that the transport is far from you, and remember about the braking distance!

Do not forget to make sure that there are no cars in reverse in the vicinity of the pedestrian crossing. Start crossing the road quickly, but not by running. Walk at right angles to the sidewalk, not obliquely.

When crossing a one-way road, do not forget to watch the side of the road where the vehicle is coming from.

In ancient times, there were no private cars or public transport. There weren't even horse-drawn carriages yet, and people walked from one settlement to another. But they needed to know where the other road leads. And it was also important for them to know how much distance was left to go to the desired place. To convey this information, our ancestors put stones on the roads, broke branches in a special way, made notches on tree trunks.

And in ancient Rome In the days of Emperor Augustus, the first signs appeared that either demanded - "Make way", or warned - "This is a dangerous place." In addition, the Romans began to place stone pillars along the most important roads. They carved the distance from this pillar to the main square in Rome - the Roman Forum. We can say that these were the first road signs.

In Russia in the XVI century, under Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, on the road that led from Moscow to the royal estate Kolomenskoye, milestones were erected 4 meters high. Hence the expression "Kolomenskaya verst" came from.

Under Peter I, a system of milestones appeared on all roads of the Russian Empire. The pillars were painted in black and white stripes. So they were better seen at any time of the day. They indicated the distance from one settlement to another and the name of the area.

But the serious need for road signs came with the advent of automobiles.

In 1900 year at the congress of the International Tourism Union, it was agreed that all road signs should not have inscriptions, but symbols - understandable to both foreign citizens and illiterate people.

In 1903 year, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris. And 6 years later, at the International Conference in Paris, they agreed to install road signs on the right side, in the direction of travel, 250 meters before the start of the dangerous section. At the same time, the first four road signs were installed. They have survived to this day, although their appearance has changed. These signs have names:"Rough road", "Dangerous turn", "Intersection of equivalent roads" and "Railway crossing with a barrier".

In 1909 year, the first road signs officially appeared in Russia.

Subsequently, the number of signs, their shape and colors were determined.

There was a time when only riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carriages rode along the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They drove without observing any rules, and therefore often bumped into each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were very narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement on the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make traffic on them convenient and safe.

The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, during the reign of Julius Caesar.

They helped regulate traffic on city streets. Some of these rules have survived to this day. For example, already in those ancient times, one-way traffic was allowed on many streets.

In Russia, road traffic was regulated by tsarist decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna from 1730 it was said: “For cabbies and other people of all ranks to ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, calmly. And those who do not follow these rules will be whipped and sent to hard labor. " And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: "On the streets, the coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or strum."

At the end of XVIII century, the first "self-propelled carts" appeared - cars. They drove very slowly and aroused criticism and ridicule from many. For example, in England, a rule was introduced according to which a man with a red flag or a lantern had to go in front of each car and warn the carriages and riders encountered. And the speed of movement should not have exceeded 3 km / h; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules, do not reduce, do not breathe and crawl like a turtle.

But, in spite of everything, cars became more and more. And in 1893 year in France, the first rules for motorists appeared. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909 year at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the obligations of drivers and pedestrians.

Do you know when the first traffic light, familiar to us, appeared?

It turns out that regulating traffic with a mechanical device began 140 years ago, in London. The first traffic light stood in the center of the city on a 6 meter high pole. It was controlled by a specially assigned person. With the help of a system of belts, he raised and lowered the pointer of the device. Then the arrow was replaced by a lantern that worked on lamp gas. There were green and red glasses in the lantern, and yellow ones had not yet been invented.

The first electric traffic light appeared in the United States, in the city of Clevend, in 1914. He, too, had only two signals - red and green - and was controlled manually. The yellow signal replaced the policeman's warning whistle. But after 4 years, three-color electric traffic lights with automatic control appeared in New York.

Interestingly, in the first traffic lights, the green signal was at the top, but then they decided that it was better to place the red signal on top. And now, in all countries of the world, traffic signals are located according to a single rule: at the top - red, in the middle - yellow, below - green.

In our country, the first traffic light appeared in 1929 in Moscow. It looked like a round clock with three sectors - red, yellow, green. And the controller manually turned the arrow, setting it to the desired color.

Then in Moscow and Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was then called), electric traffic lights with three sections of a modern type appeared. And in 1937, the first pedestrian traffic light appeared on Zhelyabov Street (now Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street) in Leningrad.

History of traffic rules

A. L. Rybin

© A. L. Rybin, 2017

ISBN 978-5-4485-8594-4

Powered by Ridero Intelligent Publishing System

Introduction

Road traffic is an integral part of the modern state of society. It has absorbed the most advanced in scientific and technological progress and characterizes the social and economic level of the country's development.

In the world, 1.3 million people die in one year as a result of road accidents (RTA), 50 million people. get wounded and mutilated. The economic damage from road traffic accidents is more than USD 500 billion.

In the Russian Federation, over the past 10 years, more than 300 thousand people have died in road accidents, which is equivalent to the population of an average regional center. Almost 1/3 of the dead are people of the most active working age.

Road traffic accidents cause damage to the Russian economy, which is about 2.0% of the country's gross domestic product.

From the memoirs of PS Koryakin, the commander of the ORUD platoon in the early 30s in Moscow: “The regulators (traffic controllers) looked impressive: in uniform, in a cork helmet, with a large red wooden rod attached to the belt on one side, and with a directory of Moscow streets hidden in a leather cover - on the other. "

This is how the driver E. Ryzhikov recalled in his book "From the Taxi Cab" about the work of the ORUD of that time. “Somehow I was driving along Pyatnitskaya, from the center to Serpukhovka. Suddenly, at Vishnyakovsky lane, a traffic controller stopped me and strictly demands my right. I submit my rights.

The scale and nature of the problem of road safety in the country, social, economic and demographic consequences have a significant impact on the national security of the country, and the task of ensuring road safety is actually an independent state problem. The streets of a big city during rush hours are filled with streams of cars and pedestrians, everything is in motion in different directions, with different speeds, goals and motives of travel. But why do not terrible tragedies occur, everyone collides with each other, pedestrians do not end up under the wheels of vehicles? The fact is that road users comply with the rules of the Road Traffic Rules (hereinafter referred to as the Rules). The clauses of the Rules, requiring drivers of right-hand traffic, immediately remove many conflicts, other requirements, such as stopping at a red traffic light, giving way if there is an obstacle on the right, further detail and regulate the behavior of road users.

Protecting his life and health from the danger that the car created, a person was forced to protect himself by concluding the use of the car within the framework of the Rules that determine the requirements for the driver, the technical condition of the transport. Rules are the basis for accident-free and efficient operation of vehicles.

In his famous book “Driving Mastery”, French road safety expert Andre Bonn says about the Rules: repulsive that his good and reasonable qualities remain unknown.

For a car driver, the Rules of the Road are memories of vague and difficult questions that had to be answered during an exam for the right to drive a car. This is the bible of the gendarme and the inspector, who absolutely do not want to understand anything from such convincing explanations of the driver who committed the violation ... And, however, the Rules of the Road are the rules of the game that millions of citizens play every day, and in which you can lose health, life or become an involuntary killer. " It is difficult to characterize the Rules better and more imaginatively.

The existing Rules are a set of postulates and interrelated norms, honed over time.This is a leading legal document that, in one way or another, affects the interests of almost the entire population of the country, establishes the order of traffic on the streets and roads, and regulates the relationship between road users. They are included in the general transport education of the population.

The Rules concentrate the vast experience of human communication with various vehicles, behavior in a particular traffic situation, accumulated not only over the past 100 years, but also over the entire period of its existence. The rules contain the required number of safety standards, the observance of which is quite enough to ensure the safe behavior of the driver, pedestrian or passenger.

What are modern Rules?

Firstly, it is a legal act in the field of road traffic, which regulates the order of movement and the relationship between road users.

Second, the Rules are a "concentrated expression" of safe road behavior that has been developed by humanity. The rules define the general procedure for the movement of vehicles and pedestrians, preventing accidents that can lead to loss of life and material damage.

Thirdly, it is a document that defines a list of requirements for road users, vehicles and traffic management.

These are the many faces of the Rules, which are just over 100 years old. The first city road traffic rules in Russia were adopted on September 21, 1898 in St. Petersburg and were called "On the procedure for passenger and freight traffic in the city of St. Petersburg by cars." In Moscow, the first Rules came into effect on April 10, 1904. It was on this day that the Moscow City Duma adopted a resolution “On the procedure for movement of mechanical carriages in the city”.

Part 1. Historical stages in the development of traffic rules

Chapter 1. The road is life (ancient times)

The need for movement, commodity exchange, wars led to the emergence of the first roads in ancient times. The road turned out to be the thread that took a person out of the labyrinth of denseness and, ultimately, changed him.

Even animals have their own paths and an orientation system for them. The primitive hunter also used the trails to get back to his camp. Already in those distant times, people tried to mark the first roads with the help of notches in the trees, broken branches, and laid stones.

The caravans went through the desert, guided by the heaps of stones piled in places where the road changed its direction.

The need to move goods and people, in turn, pushed a person to the idea of ​​creating a wheel, a means that made it possible not to drag or carry a load, but to transport it, making much less effort, widely using cheap horse-drawn power. The wheel, born about 5 thousand years ago, was the first structural element of the first vehicles - carts.

The wheel has gone through a long evolution. On the first carts, it was made from a whole disc with a diameter of 30-40 cm, then lighter wheels with spokes appeared. The evolution of the design of the carriage also went through a number of stages: at the beginning they were carts with two large wheels, and later with 4 wheels and a pivoting front axle.

The oldest carriage made of wood, made about 4 thousand. years BC, found during excavations in the city of Mahenjano-Daro (Pakistan). On the territory of Ukraine, the remains of a cart with wheels belonging to 3 thousand. years BC, were found during excavations on the banks of the Dnieper, not far from Dnepropetrovsk in 1949 (Fig. 1). At first, bulls and donkeys were used as horse-drawn power, then the domestication of horses opened up a new pulling power.

Rice. 1 - Using the wheel

The development of social relations and means of production led to the creation of large slave states. Roads and transport were now needed for permanent and reliable communications between distant parts of states, in order to trade, levy taxes, and also in order to wage further wars of conquest. Purely trade routes also emerged, for example, the famous silk road to China, the tea route to India. Roads have become a necessary attribute of the state administration system.

The centralization of power led, along with the development of the road network, to the creation of large cities in which transport problems arose.

The greatest development of road transport communications in ancient times was associated with the Roman Republic, and then the empire. During this period, a system of roads was created. Roads are the most essential thing left of the Romans. They can be compared to one of the 7 wonders of the world.

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Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the presentation options. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.

Target:

• to acquaint students with the history of road development and traffic rules.
• to draw the attention of students to the study and observance of traffic rules.

Visual aids: albums, drawings, on the topic.

"History of road development and traffic rules"

1. The teacher's story about the road.

It was a long time ago. People then lived among impenetrable forests. They raised livestock, hunted, collected honey from wild bees, fished, and sowed small plots of land. It was then difficult for people to make their way through the dense forests, but this was necessary. And so people began to cut pathways in the forests. They were called “paths”. “Puts” connected settlements with each other, they began to be called roads. A road is a path from one settlement to another.

Teacher:

2. As time went on, riders on horseback, chariots and horse-drawn carriages began to ride along the streets and roads. They can be considered the first vehicles. They drove without observing any rules, and therefore often bumped into each other. After all, the streets of cities in those days were usually narrow, and the roads were winding and bumpy. It became clear that it was necessary to streamline the movement on the streets and roads, that is, to invent rules that would make traffic on them convenient and safe.

The history of the development of roads and the first rules of the road goes back to ancient Rome.

3. The first rules of the road appeared more than 2000 years ago, even during the reign of Julius Caesar.

Julius Caesar introduced one-way traffic on several streets in the city in the 50s BC. From sunrise to about two hours before sunset (time of the end of the working day) the passage of private carts and chariots was prohibited.

Visitors to the city had to travel on foot or on a palanquin in Rome (stretcher on long poles), and park vehicles outside the city.

Already at that time, there was an oversight service that monitors compliance with these rules. It consisted mainly of former firefighters

The duties of this service was to prevent conflict situations among vehicle owners. The intersections were not regulated. The grandees, to ensure free passage for themselves, sent speedboats ahead. They cleared the streets and the nobles in this way could freely travel to their destination.

4. One of the most durable monuments of ancient Rome was the network of roads that connected the imperial provinces. And even if not all roads led to Rome, they all owed their origin to the Eternal City, and especially to the Appian Way - this “queen of the roads”.

5. The first "correct" Roman roads were built by the military and laid for military purposes, later the authorities constantly monitored them as strategic objects. The classical width of the roads is 12 m. They were built in four layers: cobblestone, crushed stones, brick chips, large cobblestone.

One of the prerequisites set before the start of construction was the continuous accessibility of the road in any weather. For this, the road bed not only rose 40-50 cm above the terrain, but also had a sloping shape in section, which is why there were never any puddles on it. Drainage ditches on either side of the carriageway diverted water, giving it no chance of eroding the foundation.

One of the striking features of Roman roads - their straightforwardness - went down in history. For the sake of preserving this characteristic, convenience was often sacrificed: the road could turn aside only because of a very serious obstacle, otherwise a bridge was built across the river, a tunnel was dug in the mountain, and gentle hills were not at all considered a problem, which is why travelers often had to climb steep ascents and descents.

6. The huge road network required the appropriate infrastructure: inns, forges, stables - all this was built as the roadbed was built, so that by the end of the work the new direction would immediately become operational.

7. Unlike Western countries , emerged on the site of one of the greatest ancient civilizations - Ancient Rome, Russian roads throughout history left much to be desired. To some extent, this is due to the peculiarity of the natural and geographical conditions in which the Russian civilization was formed. In view of the harsh climate and the presence of a large number of various kinds of obstacles - forests, wetlands, road construction in Russia has always been fraught with significant difficulties.

8. In view of the fact that most of the territory of Russia was occupied by impenetrable forests, rivers played the role of roads; all Russian cities and most of the villages were located along the river banks. In the summer they swam along the rivers, in the winter they went on sleds. The overland communication was also hampered by bands of robbers who hunted on forest roads.

9. The lack of roads sometimes proved to be a boon for the population of the Russian principalities. So, in 1238, Khan Batu, who ruined the Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal princedoms, due to the spring thaw, could not reach Novgorod, and was forced to turn south. The Tatar-Mongol invasion played a dual role in the development of the road system of the Russian lands.

10. On the one hand, as a result of Batu's campaigns, the economy of the Russian principalities was thoroughly undermined, dozens of cities were destroyed, which ultimately led to a reduction in trade and the desolation of roads. At the same time, having subjugated Northeastern Russia and making it part of the Golden Horde, the Tatars introduced their own postal system in the Russian lands, borrowed from China, which in fact was a revolution in the development of the road network. Horde post stations began to be located along the roads.

11. The station owners were called coachmen (from the Turkic “yamdzhi” - “messenger”). The maintenance of the pits fell on the local population, who also performed underwater duty, i.e. was obliged to provide their horses and carts to the Horde ambassadors or messengers.

12. For a long time in Russia, road traffic was regulated by tsarist decrees. So, in the decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna from 1730 it was said: “For cabbies and other people of all ranks to ride with horses in harness, with all fear and caution, calmly. And in the decree of Empress Catherine II it is said: "On the streets, the coachmen should never shout, whistle, ring or strum."

13. At the end of the 18th century, the first "self-propelled carriages" - automobiles - appeared. They drove very slowly and aroused criticism and ridicule from many. For example, in England a rule was introduced according to which a person with a red flag or a lantern had to go in front of each car and

warn oncoming carriages and riders. And the speed of movement should not have exceeded 3 kilometers per hour; in addition, drivers were prohibited from giving warning signals. These were the rules: don't whistle, don't breathe and crawl like a turtle.

But, in spite of everything, cars became more and more.

Over time, amendments and additions were made to the rules, specifics when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, and prohibiting overtaking on difficult sections were discussed. One of the additions was the rule giving priority in traffic for pedestrians. The procession of the cross or, for example, a funeral ceremony, also enjoyed an advantage in the movement.

14. The basis of the modern rules of the road was laid on December 10, 1868 in London. On this day, the first railway semaphore in the form of a color disc with mechanical control appeared on the square in front of the Parliament. This semaphore was invented by J.P. Knight, the semaphore specialist of the day.

The device consisted of two semaphore wings, and, depending on the position of the wings, the corresponding signal was indicated:

Horizontal position - movement prohibited

Position at an angle of 45 degrees - movement is permitted, but with the observance of precautions.

15. At first, different countries had different rules. But it was very inconvenient.

Therefore, in 1909, at the International Conference in Paris, the Convention on Road Traffic was adopted, which established uniform rules for all countries. This Convention introduced the first road signs, established the obligations of drivers and pedestrians.

16. Over the years, changes and additions have been made to the rules of the road, specifics when driving through intersections, changing the speed limit when approaching an intersection, prohibiting overtaking on difficult sections have been made.

The first traffic rules in Russia on streets and roads were developed in 1940, as the development of road transport was slower than in Europe and America.

Currently, Russia has modern Traffic Rules, which we study in the classroom and extracurricular activities.

The modern rules of the road set out the duties of drivers, pedestrians, passengers, give descriptions of road signs, traffic lights, etc.

The teacher focuses on the fact that in all countries of the world, children try to never violate the traffic rules, because the correct behavior on the streets and roads is an indicator of a person's culture.

On the streets of many cities, on busy highways, vehicle traffic often takes the form of continuous streams. There is a concentration of the population in cities, we now have more than half of the country's population in cities. And this increases the number of pedestrians on the streets. The concentration of a large number of vehicles and pedestrians on the streets of settlements complicates the situation, requires the organization of traffic, ensuring the safety of road users. With an increase in traffic intensity, a clear organization of management of both traffic and pedestrian flows, the use of modern means of regulation are required. In addition, to ensure traffic safety, it is necessary to have a solid knowledge of the "Rules of the road" by drivers and pedestrians, as well as their exact implementation.

All citizens of our country are obliged to be guided by these rules, to comply with the requirements of police officers, and those on duty at railway crossings. Any, even insignificant violation of the traffic rules in the traffic flow can cause a road accident, which will entail injury to people, failure of expensive automobile equipment and damage to the transported cargo.

Control questions.

1. Where did the first traffic rules appear?

2. How were the first Roman roads built?

3. Why throughout the history of Russian roads left much to be desired?

4. How was traffic regulated in tsarist times?

5. In which city was the foundation of modern traffic rules laid?

6. In which city in 1909 at the International Conference was

7. Convention on Road Traffic?

8. In what year were the first traffic rules developed in Russia?

9. What are the rules of the road for?

Traffic rules (abbreviated: SDA) - a set of rules governing the duties of vehicle drivers and pedestrians, as well as technical requirements for vehicles to ensure road safety.

The first known attempts to streamline urban movement were undertaken in ancient Rome by Gaius Julius Caesar. By his decree in the 50s BC. NS. one-way traffic was introduced on some streets of the city. From sunrise to the end of the "working day" (about two hours before sunset), the passage of private carts, chariots and carriages was prohibited. Visitors were required to leave their transport outside the city and move around Rome on foot, or by hiring a palanquin. At the same time, a special service was established to supervise the observance of these rules, it recruited mainly former firefighters, from among the freedmen. The main duties of such traffic controllers were to prevent conflicts and fights between vehicle owners. Many intersections remained unregulated. Noble nobles could provide themselves with unimpeded passage through the city - they sent out in front of their carriages walkers who cleared the streets for the owner's passage.

When horse-drawn carriages appeared, they sometimes collided when moving along the roads towards each other. In order to streamline the movement of horse teams and pedestrians, the tsar's decrees required strict observance of the rules for driving and walking on streets and roads. The decrees determined the rules for riding equestrian transport and the punishment for violators. These were the first rules of the road.

The history of modern road traffic regulations dates back to London. On December 10, 1868, a mechanical railway semaphore with a colored disc was installed in the square in front of the Parliament. Its inventor, J.P. Knight, was an expert on railway semaphores. The device was manually operated and had two semaphore wings. The wings could take different positions: horizontal - signal "stop" and lowered at an angle of 45 degrees - you can move with caution. With the onset of darkness, a rotating gas lamp was turned on, which gave signals with red and green light. A livery servant was assigned to the semaphore, whose duties included raising and lowering the arrow and turning the lantern. However, the technical implementation of the device turned out to be unsuccessful: the grinding of the chain of the lifting mechanism was so strong that the horses passing by jumped and reared up. Not having worked even a month, on January 2, 1869, the semaphore exploded, and the policeman with him was wounded.

Prototypes of modern road signs can be considered tablets, which indicated the direction of movement to the settlement and the distance to it. The decision to create uniform European traffic rules was taken in 1909 at the world conference in Paris, in view of the increase in the number of cars, the growth of speeds and traffic intensity on city streets.

In Russia, the first domestically produced car appeared in 1896. It was designed by engineers E. A. Yakovlev and P. A. Frese. In the same year, the first official rules for the transportation of weights and passengers in self-propelled crews were developed. And in 1900, the "Mandatory Decree on the Procedure for Passenger and Freight Traffic in St. Petersburg by Cars" was approved. These rules were further constantly improved and approved anew.

In 1909, the international convention on road traffic was adopted in Paris, according to which the first road signs were introduced, indicating the presence of an intersection, a level crossing, a winding road, and unevenness in the carriageway.

The next important step was the adoption of the "Convention on the introduction of uniformity in road signaling" in 1931 in Geneva, at the Conference on Road Traffic, in which, among other countries, the Soviet Union took part.

The modern Traffic Regulations set out the duties of drivers, pedestrians, passengers, and provide descriptions of road signs, traffic lights, etc.

Since children are pedestrians and passengers, they need to know their responsibilities.

Rules are needed for safe movement on streets and roads. Because of violations of the Rules, accidents occur, pedestrians, drivers and passengers are killed and injured.

It is calculated that if road users followed the Rules of the Road 100%, the number of injured in road accidents would decrease by 27% (± 18%), and the number of deaths - by 48% (± 30%)

Summary from the official website of the traffic police (www.gibdd.ru)

Traffic rules and the history of their creation.

The purpose of the lesson : to acquaint students with the history of the creation of traffic rules, to check the knowledge of the current traffic rules.

Equipment : new traffic rules.

Attempts to introduce rules for driving on streets and roads were made even when horse-drawn carriages reigned supreme. In 1863, in Russia, a personal decree was issued "spoken to people of different ranks" by Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich: , they are beating people carelessly. " The decree categorically forbade driving horses with the help of the reins. Then it was believed that in order for the coachman to see the road better, he must control the horse, sitting on top of it.

In 1730, a new decree was issued: "Cabbies and other officials of all ranks to ride with horses bridled, with all fear and caution, at ease."

In 1742, a decree appeared, which said: "If someone will ride horses briskly, they will be caught through police teams and the horses will be sent to the Empress's stable."

In 1812, rules were introduced that established right-hand traffic, speed limits, requirements for the technical condition of crews, and the introduction of license plates. These were attempts to organize the movement of crews. There were no systematic road traffic rules at that time. Pedestrian traffic was chaotic and disorganized. When steam, and then gasoline cars appeared, new attempts followed, both in Russia and abroad, to ensure traffic safety.

Some of them now can only cause a smile. So, for example, in England, a man with a red flag walked in front of a steam carriage and warned oncoming people about the approach of a steam engine, and at the same time pacified the frightened cab horses. In France, the speed of movement of gasoline vehicles in settlements should not exceed the speed of a pedestrian. In Germany, the owner of the car had to tell the police the day before which road the "petrol cart" would take. Driving at night was generally prohibited. If the driver was caught by night on the way, he had to stop and wait for the morning.

In those days, there were very few cars in Russia, so security issues were not so acute. But as the years passed, the number of cars, motorcycles, bicycles, trams and other vehicles increased. The task of creating conditions for road safety demanded a solution.

In Russia, already in 1897, the City Duma of Moscow and St. Petersburg had already considered the issue of establishing special rules for "automatic crews", and three years later the "Mandatory Resolution on the Procedure for Passenger and Freight Traffic in St. Petersburg by Cars" was approved. This document consisted of 46 paragraphs and established requirements for drivers and cars, traffic order and parking rules. Thus, a citizen of at least 21 years of age, who is competent and able to communicate in Russian, could obtain a driving permit, provided that he successfully passed the driving test. Cars had to be registered and have two license plates (front and rear). an annual compulsory technical inspection was provided for the period from March 1 to April 1. The maximum permitted speed in Moscow was 20 versts per hour, and for cars weighing more than 350 poods - 12 versts per hour. Paragraph 41 of this decree read: "If the approach of the automatic carriage causes concern to the horses, the driver must slow down and, if necessary, stop."

We find the first mention of the Traffic Rules in the “Instructions on the Use of Cars and Motorcycles and on the Procedure for Traffic in Moscow and its Suburbs in 1918. Two years later, the Traffic Rules were approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. This historic document marked the beginning of the development of Soviet legislation in the field of road safety. The decree included basic requirements for the behavior of drivers, as well as rules for the registration and technical control of motor vehicles. The speed of movement of cars was regulated: for cars - 25 versts per hour, for trucks - 15 versts per hour. At the same time, at night, the speed for all vehicles, except for firefighters, was limited to 10 miles per hour.

To facilitate traffic, road signs, traffic lights and road markings began to be used. The first 4 signs indicating the presence of danger, with the symbols of an intersection, a railway crossing, a winding road, unevenness on the roadway were approved in 1909 by the Paris Convention on Automobile Traffic. The international system of road signs was supplemented in 1926 with two more - "unguarded railway crossing" and "Stop is obligatory". In 1931, at the next conference on road traffic in Geneva, the number of signs was increased to 26, classified into three groups: warning, prescriptive and indicative. Remember how many groups of characters are in these rules (7) and how many characters (231).

Before World War II, there were two main systems of road signs in different countries of the world, one of which is based on the use of symbols, the other on the use of inscriptions. At the end of the Second World War, an attempt was made to create a road signaling system unified for all countries of the world.

In 1949 in Geneva at a regular conference on road traffic, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Protocol on Road Signs were adopted.

Until 1940, there were no uniform rules in our country, and their development and approval were within the competence of local authorities. In 1940, the first standard traffic rules were approved, on the basis of which more or less uniform rules began to be created locally.

The first, uniform for the whole country, Rules for traffic on the streets of cities, settlements and roads of the USSR, were introduced in 1961 (they were based on the 1949 convention), then they were finalized and existed until 1973, when they were replaced by the Rules of the road based on at the 1968 and 1971 conventions.

Since the introduction of the Rules in 1973, there have been significant changes in the practice of organizing road traffic in our country, so they have undergone changes and additions several times. The last traffic rules were put into effect on July 1, 1994. So what new things did they bring?

There was a prescription for the mandatory use of seat belts and the equipment of vehicles with first aid kits and fire extinguishers; duties of pedestrians and drivers are separated into separate sections. Traffic light and traffic signal signals are combined into one section. A new section "Priority of route vehicles" has appeared; clarified the benefits for disabled drivers; the procedure for the movement of vehicles equipped with special light and sound signals has been regulated in more detail; new terms have been introduced ("Road user", "Forced stop", "Insufficient visibility", "Sidewalk", "Walkway", "Pedestrian crossing", etc.). The concept of “overtaking” is interpreted in a fundamentally new way. Now, as overtaking is considered the advance of a vehicle associated with leaving the occupied lane, and not only with leaving the oncoming lane.

Certain changes have been made to the "speed of movement" section. In settlements, a single speed limit is set for all vehicles - 60 km / h. Motorcyclists are allowed a speed of 90 km / h on roads outside settlements, a speed of 110 km / h is included on motorways for cars, as well as for trucks with a maximum permissible weight of 3.5 tons.

The safety requirements for the transport of people in trucks have become more stringent. The Appendix to the Rules includes a list of conditions related to the technical condition and equipment, under which the operation of vehicles is prohibited.

In the time remaining in the lesson, repeat traffic rules on the issues of previous lessons, solve road problems or disassemble an accident.

Additional education teacher

Akhmetzyanova Gulchachak Khamisovna