Perhaps, few of the younger generation will be able to explain or at least guess what a bob is. The word dropped out of everyday language. Older people associate this term mainly with the concept of "bachelor", but its meaning is much broader.

Ambiguous term

He has the floor. This is a backer and a farm laborer, a day laborer and a sharecropper, a worker and a bachelor, as well as a loner, unmarried, not a sedentary, not a master, even a monk and a proletarian. Summarizing all the synonyms, you can answer the question of what a bean is. This is a man who has neither stake nor yard. Of course, there is no wife either. Bachelor is not an entirely accurate synonym. The term "boby" has a more tragic connotation. First of all, this is not just a lonely person, but, rather, useless and uninteresting, destitute and poor (the rich can often buy interest in themselves), deeply unhappy in old age, when nothing can improve his fate.

Displaying a topic in literature and art

Such a person was painted by V.G. Perov. A small picture is called "Guitarist-boby". This disadvantaged person has no illusions or hopes. A wretched man with a fixed gaze, crushed by life, no one needs him in this world. He is wearing boots and a jacket, albeit worn, he can afford some kind of wine, he plays music. And all the same it is insanely sorry for him. And far from one work is dedicated to outcast people. Sergei Yesenin has a heartbreaking story "Bobyl and Druzhok". Fans of creativity are familiar with the "Song of the Beast" from his repertoire, which begins with the words "Not a Cola or a Yard".

Class affiliation

So what is a bean? A pitiful lonely man? And that too. But this term, rooted in the distant past (the first mention dates back to 1500), denotes a certain type of peasant. The landless or landless representatives of this class were called chamberlains, bobs, bastards, kutniks. Due to absolute poverty, the beans had to be hired by the owner for food. These people were so poor that at one time they were not even taxed and were called so - tax-free, tax-free. But already in 1631, bobs, who had their own yard, began to be attracted to certain monetary and labor duties. And since 1679, such beans began to be taxed and, thus, became equal to the peasants. In this case, the question of what a bean is can be answered as follows: that this is a person forced to engage in hired labor.

According to one version, the first bobs appeared at the end of the 15th century in Moscow. This term was used to refer to contract servants. Their situation was much worse than that of people who were enslaving dependence on the owner, because the bean entered the service of the owner, was deprived of all rights, and besides, he was also obliged to pay some taxes (most often it was a tax on ransom, payment for your freedom). With the complete absence of money and the impossibility of earning it, it’s impossible to come up with anything worse.

Goal like a falcon

No matter how many interpretations of the word, the essence is the same: those who were called bobs were the poorest people in Russia. As noted above, this term first appeared in the first half of the 16th century. Moscow scribes began to use this word along with "landowners" and "unpaid people". All these names mean people who do not have their own lands. They were artisans and industrial people: blacksmiths and Swiss, kalachniki, shoemakers, shepherds. In some censuses, they include zemstvo clerks and innkeepers. Poor widows are also counted among the common ones.

Everyone pays taxes

As already noted, those who were called bobs were taxed, like the peasants, like everyone else in Russia. They paid both Yamskiy and notable taxes), but taxes were levied on them differently. If taxes were taken from the peasants for plows (a unit of taxation in Russia from the 13th to the 17th centuries), then from the beans and uncultivated people they were taken on the bellies, trades and yards. So, according to the "Sotnaya" (scribe, or register book) in 1627, taxes were taken from the peasants for arable land and land, and for the boars - for trades and livelihoods. In these books, the meaning of the word "bobyl" is a legal term that determines to which class a person belongs to whom taxes are collected.

Dark spots in history

And here, naturally, the question arises as to why the clear and understandable terms "landowners" or "unpaid people" in the 16th century began to be replaced by the obscure word "bobyl". There is a lot of unclear here, and nowhere in the documents is it indicated why this happened. Most of the "unpaved people" were not loners, they had families, sometimes they were wealthier than the peasants, which was never observed for the common beans. Urban representatives of this group went into the service, but the peasants-bobs had nothing. Even if they took land for rent, it was only for cultivation, but they never set up yards on it. Most often, the peasants lived at monasteries, again cultivated other people's land and also paid some taxes. It must be said that with the appearance in the 17th century of the corvee and the attachment of the peasants, now the latter were completely equal in their powerlessness to the peasants.

Distant and forgotten

To become a boar, it was necessary to write a "bobyl quitrent", according to which a person was deprived of his rights and for food and some clothes received only duties. Only very poor people agreed to such conditions, because in fact they were hired into slavery. And in this case, the meaning of the word "bobyl" completely coincides with the meaning of the word "proletarian": they both have nothing to lose, except for their chains.

Indeed, boby is a term that has more than one meaning, if you delve into the essence of the issue. For the modern generation, striving for absolute freedom, even the word "bachelor" seems wild, what kind of bastard is there. This is if we consider the term in this sense. And very few will answer the question of how a peasant who does not have a land allotment is called in one word.

Interestingly, the etymology of the term is also not clear. There are many options, but the one that connects with "beans" - a symbol of deep poverty seems more plausible. “Staying on the beans” means losing everything.

The section is very easy to use. In the proposed field, just enter the desired word, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Also here you can get acquainted with examples of the use of the word you entered.

Meaning of the word bob

bean in the crossword dictionary

bean

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Dal Vladimir

bean

m. proletarian; a peasant who does not own the land, not because he was engaged in trades or trade, but out of poverty, crippling, loneliness, neglect; tax-free, non-taxable; lonely, homeless, homeless; the boby lives in people as a hoard or in farm laborers, watchmen, shepherds;

a peasant who does not have a son, even if he had daughters, is also called a boar (Naum.). I envied the no-till mare. Quieter than dust: not yours, rebuff to the abusive one. Our bars were booby, and we were bobies. Bobylikha the boar's wife; bean, bean the same, or a homeless and poor widow, lonely, homeless, usually living in people, in the backyards, or in a cell, not in a draft, but in a cell, outside the village. Little boby, little boby m. Boby many many. bean children.

In orenb. lips. Beans were called homeless people, parochials or settlers among the Teptyars, now the same peasants of the Chud tribe, but in the Tatar language; from Teptyars and bobs, two cavalry regiments were recruited, Teptyar. Bobylev, bobylikhin, bobylkin, belonging to the boby, bobylok; boby, boby, boby, to them and to their condition attributable. Bobylshchina the way of life of beans, or gathers. beans;

old. the tax, which was once collected from the beans, from the tax-free ones, about a quarter a year. To go out, go out, go out, go out, live and be out about;

psk. to wander without complete settlement, in the hired wastelands. To be boby, to pretend to be a poor man. Bobylnik m. Psk. plant. Chernobyl.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

bean

boby, m. (region). Poor, landless, homeless, lonely peasant. Lives as a boar. Remained a bob-bob.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

bean

A lonely poor peasant, usually landless (obsolete).

transfer Lonely familyless person (colloquial). Live a bean.

ac. bean, -and.

adj. bobyl, th, th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

bean

Landless peasant (in the Russian state until 1917).

colloquial A lonely, familyless person.

Wikipedia

Bobyl

Bobyl- in the Russian state of the 15th - early 18th centuries. a lonely peasant with no land plot ( tax-free, non-taxable, that is, not carrying government duties). They were also called "kutniks"; in the eastern provinces in terms of social and tax status are close to the estate teptyarei.

Colloquially bean- an impoverished, lonely, homeless person.

Examples of the use of the word bean in literature.

Then Abner Pavlovich returned from the kitchen and began to set the table with measured accuracy. bean, accustomed to running the household himself.

But when Bobyl decided to present the drawing to the court of Barma and Postnik, they were delighted.

On the same day, he hired a reliable watchman from the bobs, fit back in their rooms and healed as before.

Here, in the Sheremetevskaya oak forest, on the alley, the paths to which led from the children's pond with boats and merry-go-rounds, from careless fuss and screeching, past the barbecue, billiard room and reading room, in dry weather, on lovely summer days, and in spring and autumn, a refined society converged - more and more experienced and elderly people, often pensioners, bobs and bobs hee, irrepressible natures, restless and with ideas, in the hope of arranging or changing life, or at least in the company and in conversation to delight the soul with Madeira, pink vermouth and dance.

But they asked for bobs to go on beekeeping, so the prince spared him with a whip.

Bolotnikov, looking sadly at Gnedko, swung at the Athos horse, and bean sat behind him.

Donets called out to Fedka Berseny with a thousand people, and Nechayka as their smaller friends. Bobyl Yes, Yurko and Denu recovered from their wounds.

Since recently I have read all sorts of brochures, I instantly refer all peasants to the poor, that is, to the new land, former farm laborers and beans.

Bolotnikov pulled bean by the sleeve and turned to the old posadskiy: - What is it in Moscow now, father?

I'll give you, perhaps, an octopus, - Evstigney Savvich was deeply moved and gave the crafty one bean into an empty sack of fifty pounds.

Vatazhnikov was raised again, the executioner Pozdyunin snatched bean a flaming broom briskly jumped on a leg-log, pulled up the rope with a collar, but stopped immediately.

And the prison guards, and the guards at the exit, and the wicked woman who cooked bread for the prisoners, and bobs, who were under the executioner Pozdyunin, and Pozdyunin himself - everyone knew what the clerks wanted, but they were afraid to kill the prisoners without a direct order.

Sweat poured from the executioner Pozdyunin by midnight, bobs barely dragged their legs, but all to no avail.

They always bobs, they are always slovens, they always look like they are downtrodden and somehow dejected, and they always belong to someone on a signal, to someone on parcels, usually among revelers or suddenly rich and elevated.

Sufferers - old-timers, silversmiths, novices and bobs they stood for a long time near the grave, remembering the peasant with kind words: - All my life I didn’t let the plow out of the hands of the plow and so died in the field, blue, - said the white-headed Akimych muffledly.

The phrase "live a boar" is used today to refer to single men who do not seek to get married and start a family. And who is this same mongrel?

Etymology

From the 15th to the 18th century, a specific class was called a bean in the Russian state. It included lonely peasants without land. Such people were also called "non-taxable" - they were exempted from land tax. According to the chroniclers, the word "bobyl" is an adapted version of the Swedish term boabyle, meaning a wage earner. This is not the only interpretation of a historical phenomenon. There are also Latvian and Romanian versions with the meaning "lazy" and "laborer".

Who lives well in Russia?

From the middle of the 15th century, bobs appeared on Russian lands - people who signed the "bobyl quitrent record." This document deprived the person who wrote the rights and entrusted him with a lot of responsibilities, performing which he received food and at least some clothing. Consequently, the commoners were very poor people who were practically hired into slavery.

Beans lived both in the countryside and in cities. Representatives of this class were engaged in land work for hire, not disdaining petty trade and handicrafts. Beans often lived at monasteries, where they cultivated church allotments. To use someone else's land for their own purposes, they had to pay a special tax to the owner of the allotment - bobylschina.

Chronology of events

The first mention of beans in the chronicles dates back to 1500. The main working population of the Russian lands treated them with contempt - they were considered parasites and revelers. This opinion was primarily due to the fact that the beans were given a tax "discount". Until 1679, they worked out only half of the standard set of duties (taxes).

At the end of the 17th century, beans and beans (poor widows), who owned a private yard, were equated in terms of tax to ordinary peasants. This measure turned out to be effective: in 1718, the bean class became a full-fledged part of the peasant community.

Beans in art and literature

The phenomenon of "bobs" has attracted and continues to attract artists, writers and poets. The most characteristic example of "bobyl" creativity is the picture of VG Perov "Guitarist-bob". It depicts a wretched man in an old casing and shabby boots playing the guitar. Next to him on the table flaunts a bottle of alcohol and a half-empty glass. Sergei Yesenin described no less pitiful picture in words in his story "Bobyl and Druzhok".

Divorced, bachelor, celibate, lonely, heartless, familyless; virgin (virgin, virgin, unmarried, unmarried). Wed idle ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999 ... Synonym dictionary

Husband. proletarian; a peasant who does not own the land, not because he was engaged in trades or trade, but out of poverty, crippling, loneliness, neglect; tax-free, non-taxable; lonely, homeless, homeless; the boby lives in people as a backward ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

BEAN, bean, husband. (region). Poor, landless, homeless, lonely peasant. Lives as a boar. Remained a bean bean. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

- (tat.). A peasant who has neither a family nor an economy. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BOBYL lat. A peasant with no stake, no yard, no family. An explanation of the 25,000 foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

This term has other meanings, see Bobyl (meanings) ... Wikipedia

BOBYL- Kuzemka Bobyl, peasant of Polonovsky pog. 1495. Scribe. II, 566. Fomka Bobyl, peasant of Touraine pog. 1495. Scribe. I, 393. Makar Bobyl, peasant of the Ruchaisky pog. 1498. Scribe. IV, 209. Fedka Ivanov, nickname Bobyl, Shuisky posad. 1646. ... ... Biographical Dictionary

Landless peasant, day laborer (by the way, see Kotoshikhin 98). According to Mikkola (Berühr. 89 et seq.), Borrowing. from scandal, cf. other Icelandic bū peasant farm, boli, landboli sharecropper, employee, * buaboli sharecropper, OSS ... ... Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Vasmer

A juridical household term meaning a mostly lonely and generally landless peasant. In the Western provinces of Byelorussia, or kutniks (in fact, kutniks, from the Polish kątnik, from kąt corner), a special category of state was called ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

I m. Landless peasant (in the Russian state until 1917). II m. A lonely, familyless person. Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary. T.F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Books

• Bobyl, Dmitry Vasilievich Grigorovich. Dmitry Vasilievich Grigorovich (1822-1899) went down in the history of Russian literature and became widely known abroad, primarily as the author of the stories "The Village" and "Anton-Goremyka", which touched upon ...
• Bobyl. Audio performance, Dmitry Vasilievich Grigorovich. ... Once, a lonely wanderer knocked at the well-fed and prosperous house of the lady Marya Petrovna, asking for shelter ... ... audiobook