Innovative activity. Textbook under the general editorship of d e. N. A. Volgina Recommended by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education of the Russian Federation as a teaching aid for students of higher educational institutions D
Finance. Dictionary. 2nd ed. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". Brian Butler, Brian Johnson, Graham Sidwell et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 2000.
WEIGHTED AVERAGE is:
WEIGHTED AVERAGE (weighted average) The arithmetic mean, which takes into account the weight of each of the terms for which this average is calculated. For example, if someone buys a commodity in three lots, one of which is 100 tons at 70l. Art. per ton, the other - 300 tons at 80l. Art. per ton and the third – 50 tons at 95 lbs. Art. per ton, then in total he buys 450 tons of goods; the usual average purchase price will be (70 + 80 + 95): 3 = 81.7l. Art. The weighted average price, taking into account the volumes of each of the lots, is (100 × 70) + (300 × 80) + (50 × 95): 450 = 79.4l. Art. per ton.Business. Dictionary. - M.: "INFRA-M", Publishing house "Ves Mir". Graham Bets, Barry Brindley, S. Williams et al. Osadchaya I.M.. 1998.
Geometric weighted mean
Main article: geometric meanGeometric weighted mean set of non-negative real numbers x 1 , … , x n (\displaystyle x_(1),\ldots ,x_(n)) with real weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n) ) , such that ∑ i = 1 n w i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\neq 0) , is defined as
X ¯ = (∏ i = 1 n x i w i) 1 / ∑ i = 1 n w i = exp (1 ∑ i = 1 n w i ∑ i = 1 n w i ln x i) (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\left( \prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_(i))\right)^(1/\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i))=\quad \exp \left((\frac (1)(\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)))\;\sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)\right)) .
The above formulas make sense for any values of the weights, except when some x i = 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)=0) and the corresponding weights w i ≤ 0 (\displaystyle w_(i)\leq 0) . Therefore, it is generally assumed that all numbers x i ≠ 0 (\displaystyle x_(i)\neq 0) . Non-negative weights are also usually considered.
If the weights w 1 , … , w n (\displaystyle w_(1),\ldots ,w_(n)) are normalized to one (i.e. their sum is equal to one), then the expression for the geometric weighted mean becomes
X ¯ = ∏ i = 1 n x i w i = exp ∑ i = 1 n w i ln x i (\displaystyle (\bar (x))=\prod _(i=1)^(n)x_(i)^(w_( i))=\exp \sum _(i=1)^(n)w_(i)\ln x_(i)) .
Properties
- In the event that all weights are equal, the weighted geometric mean is equal to the geometric mean.
- It is easy to see that the arithmetic weighted mean of the logarithms of some numbers is equal to the logarithm of the geometric weighted mean of these numbers with the same weights.
Average weighted score
people tell me the formula for the weighted average valuation of something, preferably with an example - I can’t find a pancake anywhere, everywhere there are links to the weighted average valuation of capital, but I don’t really need it.
Yulia-julya
The weighted average formula is the ratio of the sum of the volume of each indicator multiplied by the quantity to the total sum of all quantities
For example, the weighted average price in the securities market
- N - the number of securities in the first transaction, S the value of securities in the second transaction
- N1 number of securities in the second transaction S1 value of securities in the second transaction
weighted average price = (N*S+N1*S1)/(N+N1)
I will give an example to make it quite clear.
For example, you bought sweets at a price: 1 kg for 100 rubles, 2 kg for 250 rubles. per kg. , 3kg for 400 rubles. per kg, then the weighted average cost of sweets will be 1*100+2*250+3*400/1+2+3= 1800/6= 300 rubles.
On February 25, after a long serious illness, which she endured with great stamina and courage, Irina Mikhailovna OSADCHAYA, Doctor of Economics, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, head of the IMEMO RAS sector, passed away.
Irina Mikhailovna came to IMEMO practically from its foundation in 1956, and all her labor activity is connected with this institute. Irina Mikhailovna is a recognized expert in our country and abroad in the field of macroeconomic policy, the role of the state in a market and transitional economy, the history and modern development of economic science. Her work contributed to the establishment in domestic economic science of new principles of an unbiased, creative approach to the study of Western economic thought. Books by I.M. Osadchay translated and published in many countries of the world. English Keynesians themselves highly appreciated her work "Modern Keynesianism". Irina Mikhailovna never aspired to occupy leadership positions. But under all the leaders of the Sector of General Problems, and then of the Department of Modern Theories of Market Economy, she remained in the full sense of the word "chief researcher", the work of these teams largely depended on her efforts and an unparalleled sense of responsibility.
Monographs by Irina Mikhailovna, collective works published under her editorship, numerous articles in scientific and popular journals are among the best works of the Institute. She has done a lot to ensure that the theoretical studies of Western economists become the property of Russian readers. She participated in the translation into Russian of a number of major works by world famous authors. She has written chapters on modern economic thought in many textbooks on the history of economic thought.
The educational activities of Irina Mikhailovna were extremely active - she participated in compiling the first comprehensive English-Russian dictionary of economics, which has already gone through 3 editions, and translations of three Oxford explanatory dictionaries on economics have been published under her editorship.
Benevolent attention and qualified judgments of Irina Mikhailovna supported many young authors. She owns a huge number of reviews of scientific publications, reviews of dissertations. For many years, Irina Mikhailovna was the chairman of the State Attestation Commission of the Higher School of Economics.
Irina Mikhailovna was very loved and respected for her high professionalism, comprehensive education, erudition and intelligence, kindness, sincere generosity and responsiveness. It is difficult for us to imagine IMEMO without Irina Mikhailovna Osadchaya.
Aggregation
Definition #1-dependence between the behavior of aggregate quantities and their components. (Economics. Explanatory Dictionary. - M .: "INFRA-M", Publishing House "Ves Mir". J. Black. General edition: Doctor of Economics Osadchaya I.M.. 2000)
Definition #2-consolidation of economic indicators by combining them into a single group. (Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B.. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., Rev. M .: "INFRA-M", 1999)
Adaptive system
Definition #1- a system (technical or living), capable of adapting both to changing environmental conditions and to various deviations from the norm in itself. The basis of the adaptive system is feedback, the maintenance of which is carried out through appropriate mechanisms (for example, the exchange of matter, energy and information between the system and the environment, trophic links between populations within the biocenosis, etc.). ( I.I. Grandpa. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. - Chisinau: Main edition of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989)
Definition #2- a system that ensures a balance between nature and society (Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009)
An activator is a person who, spontaneously or by virtue of the function entrusted to him and accepted by him, tries to raise or maintain at the required level the activity of the participants in the joint solution of the problem. In the decision process, any member of the group can act as an “activator”. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)
Approbation
Definition #1- (Latin approbatio), approval, approval based on verification, examination, test. (Modern Encyclopedia, 2000)
Definition #2- approval, approval based on verification, examination, testing. (Big Encyclopedic Dictionary, 2000)
Association
Definition #1- (lat. associatio - connection) - a natural connection that arises in the experience of an individual between two mental elements (sensations, ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc.), which is expressed in the fact that the manifestation in the mind of one of the elements of consciousness entails and the appearance of another. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Peter", 2013)
Definition #2- a naturally occurring connection between individual events, facts, objects or phenomena reflected in the mind and fixed in memory ( Dictionary of associations "beta" )
Verbalization
Definition #1- verbal (verbal) description of experiences, feelings, thoughts, behavior. (Psychological Encyclopedia)
Definition #2- the process of expression through the sound designation of the symbols of the description of the world (O.M. Reflection at the foot of Genesis - M: "Amrita-Rus", 2004)
Gestalt psychology
Definition #1- a direction in Western psychology that arose in Germany in the first third of the 20th century, putting forward a program for studying the psyche from the point of view of integral structures (gestalts), primary in relation to their components. (Encyclopedia of Practical Psychology, Psychologos)
Definition #2- a science that has become the most productive option in solving the problem of maintaining the integrity of Austrian and German psychology. The main representatives of Gestalt psychology, such as M. Wertheimer, W. Koehler and K. Koffka, K. Levin, created science to resist structuralism. (Scientific article - "Gestalt psychology basic provisions. The concept of gestalt psychology")
Delegation is the transfer of authority to another person. It is usually used as a means of decentralizing management (delegation of authority to subordinates by the head). (Economic Dictionary 2000)
9. Improvisation - (from lat. imprivisus - unexpected, sudden). The general concept is the creation of something (composing poetry, writing music, performing with something, etc.) at the moment of performance and without preparation. (E.P. Ilyin. Psychology of creativity - St. Petersburg: "Piter", 2013)
10. Innovation industry - the sphere of development, production and implementation of competitive innovations on a mass scale, the goals of which are the modernization and development of all sectors of the economy and spheres of society, improving the level and quality of life of citizens, increasing efficiency, knowledge intensity and quality of labor and production in all sectors economy, ensuring the country's competitiveness in world markets. (Under the general editorship of Prof. Melnikov O.N. Problems of development of innovative and creative economy. - M.: "Creative economy", 2010)
Engineering
Definition #1-a field of activity to study the issues of creating industrial facilities, infrastructure, etc., primarily in the form of providing various engineering and consulting services on a commercial basis. (Financial Dictionary)
Definition #2- a complex of engineering and consulting services of a commercial nature for the preparation and provision of the direct production process, maintenance of facilities, operation of economic facilities and sales of products. (Financial Dictionary "Finam")
12. Incubation is the most indefinite and creative stage at which the idea "ripens" and insight comes. (Scientific article - "The concept of innovation", authors: V. Gribov, V. Gryzinov )
Innovation activity
Definition #1 is an activity aimed at finding and implementing innovations in order to expand the range and improve the quality of products, improve technology and organize production. ( Scientific article "Innovative activity of the enterprise", the authors: B. Gribov, V. Gryzinov )
Definition No. 2– activities aimed at commercialization of accumulated knowledge, technologies and equipment. The result of innovation activity is new or additional goods/services or goods/services with new qualities (Finam Financial Dictionary)
LABOR MARKET
AND INCOME OF THE POPULATION
TUTORIAL
Under the general editorship of Doctor of Economics, Professor N.A. Volgin
Ministry of General and Vocational Education
Russian Federation as a teaching aid
For university students,
students in economic specialties
MOSCOW
BBK 65.24.ya73 (2Ros)
Reviewers:
BabichA.M., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Russian Academy of State
services under the President of the Russian Federation;
^ Gritsenko N.N., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Rector of the Academy of Labor
and social relations;
Department of Labor Economics and Personnel Management of the Russian
economic academy. G.V. Plekhanov
(head of department ^ Odegov Yu.G., Doctor of Economics, Professor)
Author's team: Doctor of Economics, prof. Breev B.D.(chapters IV, VII, VIII); Doctor of Economics, prof. Bobkov V.N.(chapters IX, X); Doctor of Economics, prof. BulanovB.C.(chapters I, II); Doctor of Economics, prof. Volgin N.A., head of the team of authors (chapter XI, preface, basic terms and concepts, recommended literature); Doctor of Economics, prof. Zhukov A.L.(chapters XII, XIII, XIV); Doctor of Economics, prof. Map-seam S.A.(Chapter VI); Doctor of Economics, prof. Kokin Yu.P.(Chapter V); Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Poludenny N.N.(Chapter XI, basic terms and concepts); Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Rudenko G.G.(chapters II, VI); Candidate of Economics, Associate Professor Shcherbakov A.I.(chapter III)
^
R 952 Labor market and incomes of the population./
Ed. ON THE. Volgin. Tutorial. - M .: Information and publishing house "Filin", 1999. - 280 p.
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
Theoretical, methodological and practical problems of regulating the labor market and incomes of the population, issues of employment, unemployment, wages, development of the system of social partnership and social protection of the population are considered.
For students, listeners, graduate students, researchers, teachers, business managers, specialists and civil servants.
BBK 65.24.ya73 (2Ros)
ISBN 5-89568-146-8
© IID "Filin", 1999
© Design and reproduced original layout of the Filin Institute, 1999
FOREWORD
The formation and regulation of the labor market is one of the key and most acute problems of a market economy. Questions of strategy and tactics of organizing these processes are considered in the book. It includes two sections and fourteen chapters, which highlight the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of regulating the labor market and its main components - the cost and price of labor, its demand and supply, directly related to the formation and distribution of incomes of the population.
The structure of the textbook makes it possible to independently and deeply master the material, work out individual topics, and also check the quality of the knowledge gained. In the first section "The labor market and mechanisms of its regulation" the essence, structure and features of the functioning of the labor market are consistently considered in the content and methodological terms; employment and unemployment; methods of development and effective use of mechanisms for their regulation.
The second section "The Policy of Income and Wages" includes an analysis of the problems of income distribution contained in economic theories, the dynamics and structure of monetary incomes and expenditures of the Russian population in recent years; study of the theory and practice of remuneration, its organization and regulation; strengthening the influence and impact of social partnership and financial and credit levers on the policy of income and wages. The manual is provided with a list of recommended literature and the main terms and concepts used on the pages of the book, and at the end of each chapter there are control questions.
This could be the end of this brief preface. Everything else without any complications will be done by the desire and diligence of a student, a graduate student, an applicant and a trainee undergoing training in the mode of professional retraining and advanced training, to independently learn the intricacies and specifics of the labor market, the features of regulating incomes and wages of the population, because this is facilitated by the structure of the book, the layout material, style, structure and logic of presentation. However, I would like to emphasize one more point, which seems to be fundamentally important both in a theoretical and practical sense. The labor market and its components, as well as the social and labor sphere as a whole, should not be regarded as a passive "dependent" that requires only one thing - as much financial investment as possible. Of course, financial resources are needed to develop the labor market and its infrastructure. But this is not a “vacuum cleaner”, this market is active, its return is incommensurable with the costs. With the correct organization of the labor market and its constituent elements, they not only instantly pay off the corresponding costs, but give a socio-economic result that is difficult to overestimate at the macro and micro levels. This is undeniable. There are as many examples as you like - effective employment, minimal (natural) unemployment, modern wage models that are of interest in the maximum productivity of labor, production, etc.
Professor N.A. Volgin
