Children's health scientific articles. International Student Scientific Bulletin. The introduction of mass iodine prophylaxis provides

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The analysis of foreign and domestic studies on the state of health of the child population in different age groups was carried out. General trends in the incidence of children and leading nosologies (diseases of the musculoskeletal system, respiratory and digestive organs, diseases of the nervous system, ENT pathology) were revealed. In many studies, there is a decrease in the number of healthy children to 7.0-10.0% and an increase in functional disorders among children already in the early stages of development. The WHO European Office has developed a prevention strategy, which, according to experts, is the most effective investment in the health of children and society as a whole. A review of domestic research has shown that in modern conditions an interdisciplinary and integrative approach is needed with the introduction of new disciplines in the educational process in preventive pediatrics.

health

health group

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2. Interdisciplinary analysis of socially determined risks of children's health / N.N. Shigaev [and others] // Modern problems of science and education. - 2016. - No. 2.? id = 24246 (date of access: 05/17/2017).

3. Investing in the future of children: European child and adolescent health strategy 2015–2020. // WHO Regional Committee for Europe, Sixty-fourth Session (Copenhagen, Denmark 15–18 September 2014). - Copenhagen, 2014. - 25 p.

4. Merenkova V.S. Influence of the mother's history on the health of children in the first and second years of life / V.S. Merenkova, E.I. Nikolaeva // Psychology of education in a multicultural space. - 2010. - V. 3, No. 3. - S. 53-80.

5. Mazur L.I. Monitoring of indicators of physical development of morbidity in children of the first year of life / L.I. Mazur, V.A. Zhirnov, M.V. Dmitrieva // Modern problems of science and education. - 2016. - No. 2.? id = 24318 (date of access: 05/17/2017).

6. Bogdanova L.V. State of health of children in the critical period of development / L.V. Bogdanova, V.I. Shilko // Ural Medical Journal. - 2011. - No. 7. - S. 39-42.

7. Paranicheva T.M. Health and physical development. Dynamics of the state of health of children of preschool and younger school age / T.M. Panaricheva, E.V. Tyurina // New research. - 2012. - No. 4 (33). - S. 68-78.

8. Luchaninova V.N. On the system of health formation in children and adolescents / V.N. Luchaninova, M.M. Tsvetkova, I.D. Pavement // Modern problems of science and education. - 2016. - No. 4.? id = 24969 (date of access: 05/17/2017).

9. Communication between the severity of the course of the disease in the perinatal period and the state of health of children in the school period / E.A. Kurzina [et al.] // Translational medicine. - 2013. - No. 2 (19). - S. 38-44.

10. The incidence of children aged 5 to 15 years in the Russian Federation / L.S. Namazova-Baranova [et al.] // Medical Council. - 2014. - No. 1. - S. 6-10.

11. Strategy "Health and development of adolescents in Russia" (harmonization of European and Russian approaches to the theory and practice of protecting and strengthening the health of adolescents) / A.A. Baranov, V.R. Kuchma, L.S. Namazova-Baranova and others - M .: Scientific Center for Children's Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 2010. - 54 p.

12. Baranov A.A. Preventive pediatrics - new challenges / A.A. Baranov, L.S. Namazova-Baranova, V.Yu. Albitsky // Questions of modern pediatrics. - 2012. - T. 11, No. 2. - S. 7-10.

13. Sabanov V.I. Age-sex gradations of the state of health of children based on the results of preventive examinations as the first stage of medical examination of the child population / V.I. Sabanov, O.F. Devlyashova, E.V. Pelikh // Bulletin of Roszdravnadzor. - 2016. - No. 1. - P. 56-62.

14. Kildiyarova R.R. Fundamentals of the formation of children's health - a new discipline in teaching medical students / R.R. Kildiyarova, M.Yu. Denisov // Vestnik NGU. Series: Biology, clinical medicine. - 2013. - T. 11, no. 2. - S. 175-177.

15. Glazkova I.B. On the issue of the academic discipline "Fundamentals of medical knowledge and children's health" // Pedagogy, psychology and medical and biological problems of physical education and sports. - 2012. - No. 3. - S. 29-33.

According to the European Community, prevention at all stages of life is the most effective approach (from an economic and medical point of view) to invest in health and the development of a harmonious society. Undoubtedly, the individual characteristics of a child largely determine the degree of exposure to risk factors (gender and ethnicity; genetic predisposition; emotional stability), among which social, economic and environmental determinants (the level of income and family education, living conditions and labor).

It is social determinants, according to WHO experts, that play a leading role in shaping population health. With a decrease in the adaptive-compensatory capabilities of the body against the background of high aggressiveness of environmental factors and an unfavorable social portrait of the mother (alcoholism, smoking, poverty), social predictors contribute to an increase in the incidence and disability of children during critical periods of growth and development.

In the perinatal period, the foundation for the health of the adult population is laid, determining the further development of the body. According to WHO studies, young mothers with a disadvantaged social status are more likely to give birth to children with low body weight, which, in turn, is a predictor of many age-related pathologies and is directly related to an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, arterial hypertension and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. At the earliest stages of life, the family plays an important role in shaping the physical and mental health of the child. Thus, according to the European Community, those who experienced childhood abuse have a higher risk of smoking, abdominal obesity and alcoholism later in life.

The current state of health of children in the European Region is characterized by high infant mortality under the age of five, especially in the first month of life, which accounts for 50.0% of cases. The leading causes of this are neonatal pathological conditions (prematurity, sepsis, asphyxia at birth), trauma, pneumonia and diarrhea. At the age of 5-19 years, road traffic injuries take the first place. In the structure of unintentional injuries, road accidents account for 39.0%, drownings - 14.0%, poisoning - 7.0%, fires and falls - 4.0% each. Unintentional injuries are responsible for 42,000 deaths between the ages of 0 and 19. Along with this, more than 10.0% of adolescents have mental disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders are the dominant cause of disability among this age group. In terms of prevalence among children 0-17 years old, major depressive disorders are in the first position, then in descending order - anxiety disorders, behavioral disorders and disorders associated with the use of psychoactive substances.

The study showed that every third child aged 6-9 suffers from overweight or obesity. In the group of 11-13-year-old children, similar figures range from 5.0 to 25.0%. According to forecasts, more than 60.0% of children who are overweight before puberty retain a similar trend at an early working age, which contributes to the development of mediated interdependent pathologies - cardiovascular diseases and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

The state of health of children of different age groups and the factors that determine it are the subject of study by domestic authors. So, V.S. Merenkova et al. 50 pairs of "mother-child of the first year of life" with an average age of the mother of 24.46±5.57 years and 50 pairs of "mother-child of the second year of life" with an average age of the mother of 25.54±4.9 years were studied. In the course of the work, it was revealed that the deterioration in the health of children is directly related to maternal factors: in the first year of life - with fetoplacental insufficiency, the threat of abortion and the presence of preeclampsia (r = 0.44; 0.38 and 0.35 at p<0,01, соответственно); на первом-втором годе - с преждевременными родами (r = 00,63 при p<0,001), и на 2 году жизни - с анемией, венозными осложнениями и болезнями почек у матери (r = 0,51 при p<0,01; 0,48 при p<0,01, соответственно) .

The study of the health of children in the first year of life in Samara for the period 2012-2014. showed that diseases of the respiratory organs are in the lead in the structure of morbidity, there is a high level of the spread of intestinal infections, diseases of the nervous system and alimentary-dependent pathologies (anemia, rickets).

An expert assessment of the health status of children aged 3-7 years attending a preschool educational institution in Yekaterinburg (n = 322) revealed that none of them belonged to the I health group, group II included 58.7 ± 2, 7%, and in group III there were 41.3±2.7%. In general, the incidence of this age group was characterized by multimorbidity, with respiratory diseases in the first place, diseases of the musculoskeletal system in the second, and diseases of the digestive system in the third. A rather high percentage was made up of children with chronic diseases - 41.3±2.7%, of which 52.8±4.3% accounted for multisystem lesions.

Monitoring the health of children aged 5-9 years (n = 738, of which 418 boys and 320 girls) found that already at the preschool stage, healthy children are no more than 10.0%; 70.0% of the examined patients have multiple functional disorders. Among the nosologies, diseases of the musculoskeletal system prevail (46.1%); diseases of the digestive system and the circulatory system (16.7%); ENT pathology (17.8%) .

Similar data were obtained in a two-stage study of children's health and the health of interdependent sequential groups in Primorsky Krai and Vladivostok. The study involved 626 children aged 4-17; 226 children aged 4-6; 224 5th grade students and 176 high school students. At the same time, families expecting a child (n = 54), infants (n = 60), preschoolers (n = 126) and adolescents (n = 123) were analyzed. The results of the study made it possible to develop effective preventive measures at each stage of ontogenesis: family-newborn-preschooler-schoolchild-adolescent-family. The result of the work carried out was an increase in the number of physiologically occurring pregnancies from 38 to 90.0%; acute respiratory diseases were registered less often among children of the first year of life - from 50 to 75.0%; there was an improvement in the health status of children in all age groups.

As noted above, the course of the perinatal period largely determines the resources of health. Follow-up of 136 children aged 4 years (n = 48; for children born in 1994) and 11 years old (n = 88; children born in 1991), who are at the initial stage of life in intensive care units, revealed a close relationship between the severity of the disease of the newborn and the state of health in general, determined by the NTISS scale (Neonatal Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System, Gray JE et al., 1992). It was also found that the degree of functional disintegration in the neonatal period and in follow-up directly correlate with each other. Consequently, the cross-interaction of the totality of health parameters and perinatal factors on the individual characteristics of the constitution and reactivity determine the features of the course of pathology in the perinatal and subsequent periods of ontogenesis.

A large study on the basis of preventive examinations was carried out by the Research Institute of GIOZDiP "NTsZD" of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences in 6 preschool institutions in Moscow (n = 383 children, of which 200 boys and 183 girls) and in schools among students from grades 1 to 9 (n = 426 children; 216 boys and 210 girls). The final data showed that 5.0-7.0% of children belong to health group I, 40.0-45.0% to II, and 50.0-55.0% of preschool children to III. In this age group, functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system, pathology of the oronasopharynx, and functional mental and behavioral disorders are recorded. There is a progressive deterioration in health among schoolchildren: in the 1st grade, the I health group is 4.3%, and in the 9th grade, only 0.7%. According to gender distribution, boys are more prone to functional disorders and diseases. Chronization of diseases occurs already by the 7th-9th grade. The leading positions among functional disorders are occupied by cardiovascular, bronchopulmonary pathology and disorders of the digestive tract.

The health of adolescents, ensuring their normal growth and development determines the level of well-being and regional stability of the country for decades to come. A multidimensional study by A.A. Baranova et al. states that over the course of a 20-year period, the trend towards an increase in morbidity by 2.0-4.0% per year among the child population remains, an increase in chronic pathology is recorded, and the number of healthy children in all gender and age groups is decreasing. As the authors note, according to state statistics, the overall incidence of children aged 0 to 15 years exceeds 2400‰, and the overall incidence of children aged 15-17 is close to 2000‰. There is an increase in primary morbidity among children aged 15-17 for all classes of diseases by 66.0-64.6%. At the same time, the most significant increase in the indicator was found in neoplasms (+97.7%), blood diseases (+99.2%), circulatory system (+103.1%), digestive organs (+80.7%), musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (+96.9%), genitourinary system (+77.2%), the effects of external causes (+71.8%). As the authors note, an unfavorable trend is the deterioration of the reproductive health of children, especially in older age groups. Thus, more than 30.0% of boys and girls have delayed puberty, the frequency of menstrual dysfunction in girls aged 15-17 years is increasing (+ 96.5% for the period 2001-2008); inflammatory diseases of the genital organs (+46.2%); about 40.0% of boys and young men aged 15-17 suffer from diseases that can disrupt the implementation of the reproductive function. Another worrying point, according to the authors, is that one of the leading ranking places in the structure of adolescent morbidity is occupied by mental and behavioral disorders, the rate of which for the period 2001-2008. increased by 43.4% and 25.3% (respectively, the total and newly diagnosed incidence). Their structure is dominated by behavioral syndromes, non-psychotic and neurotic disorders associated with stress; somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Against this background, there is no tendency to reduce the incidence of children with mental disorders of organic origin and mental retardation.

Preserving and strengthening the health of children is a multifaceted problem. According to the 2006 WHO Regional Office for Europe Prevention Core Principles, spending on disease prevention in childhood is an investment in a country's health and development. To achieve the goals set, it is necessary to create a favorable environment for the health of children with the education of the need for a healthy lifestyle; ensure universal access to health care services and state support for the implementation of preventive programs. Children's exposure to behavioral, social and environmental risks should also be monitored to use these data to identify social determinants of children's health and interventions.

According to a number of domestic authors, first of all, it is necessary to strengthen the legislative framework regarding the protection of children's health; carry out prevention and monitoring of infant mortality, child morbidity and disability; create protocols for the preventive activities of medical organizations at all levels with an interdisciplinary and integrative approach; solve personnel issues with the introduction of the specialty "social pediatrician"; introduce new forms of rehabilitation; involve the media to inform the population on the basic elements of a healthy lifestyle.

In addition, the improvement of education is required, for which an additional professional advanced training program for pediatricians and healthcare organizers “Actual Issues of Preventive and Social Pediatrics” is provided; introduction to the educational process of the section "Fundamentals of the formation of children's health" (which provides basic knowledge on preventive medicine, including the concept of healthy lifestyle, and on the prevention of addictive behavior; recommendations for maintaining the health of preschoolers and schoolchildren; children involved in sports; the concept of mental health) and discipline " Fundamentals of medical knowledge and children's health", carried out in accordance with the Concept of medical education of teachers on the basis of curricula for students.

Thus, the analysis of domestic and foreign studies showed that at the moment there are unfavorable trends in the state of children's health. The solution of this problem requires an interdisciplinary approach aimed at introducing a set of preventive measures throughout ontogenesis, but specific to each age group and taking into account the existing functional reserves of the child's body. An important role in achieving this goal is also played by the introduction of new professional training programs for pediatricians in the basics of protecting children's health from the standpoint of preventive and social pediatrics.

Bibliographic link

Sokolovskaya T.A. CHILDREN'S HEALTH: MAIN TRENDS AND POSSIBLE WAYS OF ITS PRESERVATION // Modern problems of science and education. - 2017. - No. 4.;
URL: http://site/ru/article/view?id=26572 (date of access: 01/31/2020).

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How to keep a child healthy or help him cope with illnesses is an overwhelming science for many young parents. In this section you can find all the necessary information about children's health, methods of preventing diseases and strengthening immunity.

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Mateikovich E.A.

ORCID:0000-0002-2612-7339, PhD, Associate Professor,

Tyumen State Medical University

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN TYUMEN

annotation

The solution of one of the most urgent problems of health care - the preservation of the reproductive health of children and adolescents - faces difficulties due to the material conditions of family life, poor ecology, and the way of life of a child or adolescent. The literature indicates an increase in the general and gynecological morbidity of girls and girls. The author aimsto analyze the structure of gynecological morbidity in children and adolescents in the city of Tyumen in different age periods, to propose preventive measures and options for managing these patients in order to preserve their reproductive health. During the study, outpatient records of 600 girls and girls who applied for medical help to a pediatric gynecologist at a multidisciplinary clinic of the Tyumen State Medical University were selectively studied. The work notes the widespread among girls ininflammatory diseases of the genital organs, caused by a violation of the hygiene of the genital organs, comorbidities, uncontrolled use of antibiotics. Girls have a low level of culture of sexual behavior, the presence of bad habits that have a direct negative impact on gynecological morbidity. The importance of the participation of a gynecologist during preventive examinations in schools and preschool institutions is stated.

Keywords: reproductive health, gynecological morbidity, children and adolescents, extragenital pathology.

Matejkovic E.A.

ORCID: 0000-0002-2612-7339, MD, Associate professor,

Tyumen State Medical University

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN TYUMEN

Abstract

The solution of one of the most topical issues of public health is to preserve the reproductive health of children and adolescents, it faces difficulties due to the material conditions of the family, poor ecology, the way of life of a child, and an adolescent. In known scientific paper they indicate the increase in the overall and gynecological morbidity of girls. The author aims to analyze the structure of the gynecological incidence of children and adolescents in Tyumen at different age periods, proposes prevention measures and options for maintaining these patients in order to preserve their reproductive health. Medical treatment records of 600 girls who applied for medical help to a pediatric gynecologist in a multidisciplinary clinic of the Tyumen State Medical University were selectively examined during the research. Author highlights a widespread occurrence of inflammatory diseases of genitals among girls, caused by a violation of hygiene of genitals, concomitant pathology, uncontrolled reception of antibiotics. Girls have a low level of culture in sexual behavior, the presence of bad habits, having a direct negative impact on gynecological morbidity. The importance of participation of a gynecologist in conducting preventive examinations in schools and pre-school establishments is ascertained.

keywords: reproductive health, gynecological incidence, children and adolescents, extragenital pathology.

Preservation of the reproductive health of children and adolescents is one of the priorities of health care both in Russia and abroad, since girls and adolescents form the population reproduction reserve of any country in the world. It is in childhood and adolescence that violations of the specific functions of the body of an adult woman are formed, and during this period of a person’s life, his reproductive system is especially vulnerable. At the same time, the state of reproductive health of children and adolescents is influenced by many factors that require independent study: heredity, material living conditions of the family, lifestyle of the child and adolescent, environmental well-being, etc.

Numerous studies of recent years actively point to a sharp decrease in the proportion of absolutely healthy girls, and this trend characterizes both general and gynecological morbidity. The vast majority of girls and girls are diagnosed with one, and often several chronic diseases. A significant part of adolescents have metabolic disorders, bad habits and early sexual experience, the latter factor determines the identification of sexually transmitted infections in them, which is one of the possible causes of infertility in the future.

In the structure of violations of sexual development and gynecological morbidity in children and adolescents, premature sexual development (from 2.5 to 3% of girls under the age of 8 years), lack of sexual development (2-3% of girls aged 12 years), congenital malformations of the uterus and vagina (4% of congenital malformations), dysmenorrhea (39% in girls aged 13 years, 72% at the age of 17 years), abnormal uterine bleeding (from 10 to 37.3%), oligomenorrhea (12.6% of adolescents aged 15-18 years), vulvitis and vulvovaginitis (65% of girls aged 1 to 9 years), synechia (85% of girls aged 1 to 5 years), chronic salpingo-oophoritis (14.6% of sexually active girls aged 13-18 years), tumors and tumor-like formations of the ovaries (from 7.5% to 19.2%),,,.

Scientists note that the state of reproductive health of children and adolescents is different in urban and rural areas, in mountainous areas and on the plain. It is important to conduct regular medical examinations with the participation of a gynecologist, endocrinologist and other narrow specialists. Regular conduct of such examinations allows timely detection of extragenital and gynecological pathology in children and adolescents and, if possible, to prevent their adverse effects on the reproductive system of the child.

Living in the West Siberian Lowland, where the Tyumen Region is located, also affects the general and reproductive health of children and adolescents. Thus, latent iron deficiency was detected in adolescent girls, which exceeds the population threshold by 22%, so young pregnant women are reasonably at risk for anemia.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the structure of gynecological morbidity in children and adolescents in the city of Tyumen in different age periods, to propose preventive measures and management options for these patients in order to preserve their reproductive health. The author has been consulting girls and adolescents as a gynecologist for a long time in a multidisciplinary clinic of the Tyumen State Medical University

During the study, outpatient cards of 600 girls and girls who applied for medical help to a gynecologist were selectively studied on the basis of a specially designed card that takes into account such information as age, social living conditions, diagnostic data, including complaints, gynecological history, results of gynecological examination and additional research methods. The analysis of medical records was carried out subject to the consent of the patients' parents to the processing of the data contained in them.

Results and discussion. Of the 600 patients who applied for an appointment with a gynecologist, 45 were in infancy (7.5%), 273 (45.5%) were in the neutral period (from 1 to 7 years), including 160 in early childhood (from 1 years to 3 years), 113 (18.8%) - in the period of first childhood, 40 (6.7%) - in the prepubertal period (from 8 years to menarche), 242 - in the pubertal period, including in phase I (from menarche to 14 years) - 242 (40.3%), in phase II (from 15 to 18 years) - 162 (27%).

In the structure of gynecological pathology in infants, synechia was most common (82.2%), including 33.3% against the background of chronic vulvitis. 13.3% of girls had vulvovaginitis, including 11.1% - nonspecific. Only 2 infants (4.5%) were found to be gynecologically healthy.

In early childhood, vulvovaginitis comes first in the structure of gynecological morbidity: secondary (33.7%), including 21.8% against the background of intestinal dysbacteriosis, 11.9% against the background of urinary tract diseases, nonspecific (23. 1%), specific (candidiasis) - 2.5%. Synechia is observed in 34.4% of girls, of which 14.4% are against the background of chronic vulvitis. Only 6.3% of girls were recognized as gynecologically healthy.

In girls during the first childhood, vulvovaginitis also prevails: nonspecific (40%), specific (candidiasis) - 5.3%, secondary (27.4%), incl. 27.4% - against the background of intestinal dysbacteriosis, 10.6% - against the background of urinary tract diseases. Synechias are much less common - in 14.1% of cases, of which 8.8% are observed against the background of chronic vulvitis. Only 3% of girls are recognized as gynecologically healthy.

In the pubertal period, 15% of patients were recognized as gynecologically healthy. The rest had vulvovaginitis: 47.5% - non-specific, 10% - specific, 27.5% - against the background of extragenital pathology (secondary), including intestinal dysbacteriosis (17.5%) and urinary tract diseases (10%).

In the structure of gynecological morbidity of girls in the pubertal period, various menstrual dysfunctions are leading (60.7%), including: algomenorrhea (19.4%), oligomenorrhea (13.6%), irregular menstruation (10.3%) , amenorrhea (8.7%), hyperpolymenorrhea (6.2%), SMC (2.5%). Inflammatory diseases of the female genital organs occur in 19.4% of girls, of which 9.1% are vulvovaginitis: nonspecific (4.5%) and specific (9.1%) - chlamydia (5%), candida (3.7% ), gonorrheal (0.4%), as well as inflammatory diseases of the upper genital organs (5.8%). Ovarian cyst was detected in 6.2% of patients, bacterial vaginosis - in 4.9%, PCOS - in 3.7%, adrenogenital syndrome in "mild form" - in 2.5%. Only 2.9% of girls are recognized as gynecologically healthy.

The revealed results mainly correlate with the structure of gynecological morbidity in children and adolescents in the whole country,,. At the same time, in the studied cases, a single number of gynecologically healthy patients in all age groups draws attention, which requires more extensive preventive work, increased promotion of a healthy lifestyle and a culture of sexual behavior, regular medical examinations, primarily in socially disadvantaged families.

Conclusions:

1. Inflammatory diseases of the genital organs (vulvitis, vulvovaginitis) in the period of neutral childhood occupy the first place in the structure of gynecological pathology.
2. Menstrual dysfunctions such as algomenorrhea, hypo- and hypermenstrual syndrome, SMC were the main reasons for visiting a gynecologist in girls.
3. In young children, inflammatory diseases are mainly due to a violation of the hygiene of the genital organs, comorbidities such as intestinal dysbacteriosis, urinary tract diseases, uncontrolled intake of drugs, in particular antibiotics.
4. In girls, the main cause of inflammatory diseases are sexually transmitted infections, which indicates not only the early onset of sexual activity, but mainly the lack of a culture of adolescent sexual behavior, alcohol and drug use, and a low social level.
5. The inclusion of a gynecologist in regular medical examinations of girls and adolescents contributes both to the timely detection of gynecological diseases, their treatment, and the prevention of possible complications for a woman's gynecological health, and, therefore, the preservation of the reproductive potential of future generations.

Bibliography /References

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References in English /References in English

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In the last decades of the 20th century, psychological support for children in kindergartens, schools and institutions of additional education became widespread in Russia. This is due to the stressful life of adults, their employment mainly with work, which leads to an increase in psychological and psychosomatic disorders in children. Huge workloads as a result of the early education of preschoolers so popular in our time and intensive education of schoolchildren also negatively affect the health of the child. As a risk factor, one can also note the imbalance in the development of children, due to the desire of adults to give them as much knowledge as possible to the detriment of the formation of intuition, fantasy, and creative abilities.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of mental and psychological health. Mental health is understood as a set of characteristics that provide an integral element of health in general. Mental health is an important component of human adaptation in society. Psychological health is an important characteristic of a person's personality. It is closely connected with mental development in the process of his whole life, i.e. psychological health is an opportunity for the development of a person throughout his life path. The concepts of mental and psychological health are closely related to each other.

The formation of the main age-related personality formations testifies to the psychological health of the child, and certain difficulties in their formation indicate certain disorders of psychological health.

So, already the first year of life makes an important contribution to the formation of the child's self. By the end of this period, he develops a prerequisite for self-respect, there is a primary image of the world around him, in which he has confidence. But an unstable or negative attitude towards oneself, a need for constant help, care, as well as distrust of the world around, a sense of insecurity can also form. We can say that the foundations of emotional development are laid - optimism and cheerfulness, emotional responsiveness. But it is also possible to develop apathy or an inability to be emotionally infected, to emotional contacts in general (syndrome of "loss of feelings").

The most important condition for the formation of positive neoplasms in infancy is the interaction of the mother with it, adequate to age and temperament. In relation to the first three or four months, many psychologists talk about the need for an “ensemble” mother-child, in which the child “solos”, and the mother listens to his desires and needs and builds her behavior in accordance with this.

At an early age (from one to three years), the child's self develops due to the initial awareness of oneself. By the end of an early age, an autonomous position is formed, that is, the ability to independently make one's own choice and achieve its implementation. However, difficulties may also arise in its development, resulting in passivity, dependence on adult assessments, or a constant desire to assert one's freedom with all one's strength. This period is important for the formation of the child's ability to obey socially accepted norms. The child learns to follow certain “do's and don'ts”, to consciously accept the simplest rules (dress himself, clean up scattered blocks, etc.).

At an early age, the emotional sphere of the child begins to develop. In the case of impaired development, the child hides his aggressiveness from those around him and becomes emphatically peaceful. In another variant, destructive aggressiveness develops, i.e. the desire to destroy objects (break toys, tear books, own things) or violate the norms of behavior, and first of all, disobey adults.

At preschool age, the stabilization of the I of the child occurs, he begins to think about how good or bad he is. Of paramount importance in this is the process of identification with the parent of one's gender, i.e. not a simple imitation or partial acceptance of the qualities of a parent, but the desire to feel strong, confident or gentle, caring - the way a child would like to see himself. Self-consciousness also actively develops in preschool age. The child realizes that in general he is good, but has some shortcomings, and begins to understand that in order to be good, you need to meet parental requirements. We can talk about the so-called phenomenon of parental programming - the formation under the influence of parental directives of the main life scenarios of the child. If the child does not feel good enough to receive the attention he needs in positive ways, then various forms of receiving attention with the help of negative manifestations, such as behavioral disorders, fights, lies, etc., may develop and consolidate in him. In this case, the child prefers to be punished, but always noticed by adults.

There are objective (not dependent on the child) and subjective (correctable) factors of deterioration in the psychological health of modern children.

Objectives include:

1. The workload of parents at work and the lack of communication between parents and children. Now the family does not carry out the social functions that it carried before (there is no close circle of relatives and there are no people nearby who would emotionally protect the child).

2. Information overload of children. Children watch TV in large numbers (including scenes of violence). There is an association of the child with the main characters. From here, the child develops fears, phobias, low self-esteem, a high level of anxiety, often leading to neuroticism.

3. Most parents are characterized by such a style of parent-child relations as overprotection and overprotection. Parents seek to fence off children from any problems and affairs. The upbringing of the child goes by verbal methods, and not by visual and effective methods.

4. Disharmonies in family relations and family upbringing within parental relationships or violations in the sphere of parent-child relationships (conflicts, quarrels, frequent swearing), from which children often take a model of behavior. Preschool age is characterized by a child's close emotional attachment to his parents (especially to his mother), and not in the form of dependence on them, but in the form of a need for love, respect, and recognition. Therefore, firstly, very often quarrels between parents are perceived by the child as an alarming event, a situation of danger (due to emotional contact with the mother), and secondly, he is inclined to feel guilty about the conflict that has arisen, the misfortune that has happened, because he cannot understand the true reasons what is happening and explains everything by the fact that he is bad, does not justify the hopes of his parents and is not worthy of their love. Thus, frequent conflicts, loud quarrels between parents cause in preschool children a constant feeling of anxiety, self-doubt, emotional stress and can become a source of their psychological distress and psychosomatic problems (tics, stuttering, enuresis, motor disinhibition).

5. Violations of the development of the child in the perinatal period (asphyxia, low level of mother's health).

6. Early departure of the mother to work and placement of the child in a nursery.

The placement of children at an early age (up to three years) in a preschool institution or the involvement of a nanny for their upbringing is a strong psychotraumatic event, since such children are not yet ready for separation from their mother: a two-year-old child has a strongly developed sense of attachment to the mother, community, unity with her (considers himself only in unity with his mother - the category of "WE"). With frequent and prolonged separation from the mother (placement in a nursery or in a sanatorium), young children have a growing need for attachment, which can lead to the appearance of neurotic reactions. On average, only by the age of three does a child have a desire to “break up” with his mother and become more independent. In addition, at this age there is already a strong need to communicate with peers, in joint games with other children. Therefore, a child at the age of three can be placed in kindergarten without risking his mental health.

Subjective reasons can be corrected and include:

The nature of the parent-child relationship;

Moral values ​​of the family and adults involved in the upbringing of the child.

In general, modern preschool children differ significantly from children of past years, namely:

1. Large differences in calendar, physiological and psychological age.

2. Children have different levels of development, the degree of emotional and psychological readiness for the beginning of schooling.

3. Children have extensive, but unsystematic awareness of almost any issue. But it is often contradictory, resulting in anxiety and uncertainty.

4. Children have a freer sense of their "I" and independent behavior.

5. Today's children have poorer physical health.

6. Modern children play less role-playing games, which often replace TV and computer.

Bibliographic link

Michurina Yu.A., Drobyshevskaya D.A., Vasilchenko K.A. MODERN ASPECTS OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN // International Student Scientific Bulletin. - 2015. - No. 5-2 .;
URL: http://eduherald.ru/ru/article/view?id=13306 (date of access: 01/31/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"