Comparative table of Russian principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal principality: princes. Vladimir-Suzdal principality: characteristics. Main appanage principalities of Russia
Feudal fragmentation of Russia call the historical period in the history of Rus, which is characterized by the fact that, formally being part of Kievan Rus, appanage principalities are gradually isolated from Kiev
The main reasons for the feudal fragmentation of Russia
1. Preservation of significant tribal disunity in the conditions of the dominance of natural economy
2. Development of feudal ownership of land and the growth of specific, princely-boyar land tenure
3. Struggle for power between princes and feudal strife
4. Constant raids of nomads and outflow of the population to the north-east of Russia
5. The decline of trade along the Dnieper due to the Polovtsian danger and the loss of Byzantium's leading role in international trade
6. Growth of cities as centers of specific lands
The consequences of the feudal fragmentation of Russia
Main appanage principalities of Russia
The largest appanage principalities of Russia and their features
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Features: |
Vladimir-Suzdal principality |
Galicia-Volyn principality |
Novgorod boyar republic |
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Territorial |
Territory: North-Eastern Russia, between the Oka and Volga rivers |
Territory of South-West Russia, between the rivers Dnieper and Prut, Carpathians Fertile land, mild climate. Vulnerable to nomad raids |
The climate and soils are not very suitable for agriculture. Outpost from western aggression |
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Economic |
The main branch of the economy is agriculture due to the abundance of fertile lands suitable for crop production With the influx of population from the southern Russian lands (XI-XII centuries), the development of new lands intensifies, new cities appear Finding the principality at the intersection of trade routes (along the Oka and Volga rivers) |
The old center of Russian arable farming due to the abundance of fertile lands Development of rock salt mining and supply of it to the territory of South Russia Long-standing center of trade with South-East and Central Europe, eastern countries |
Leading branches of the economy - trade and craft The wide development of industries: salt production, iron production, fishing, hunting, etc. Active trade with the Volga Bulgaria, the Baltic states, North German cities, Scandinavia |
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Socio-political |
Constant influx of population in search of protection from the raids of nomads and normal conditions for farming The rapid growth of old cities: Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl; new: Moscow, Kostroma, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky In the new cities and lands, weak veche traditions and weak boyars, which led to a strong princely power The unlimited nature of the power of the prince and the deliberative powers of the veche  |
The struggle for supremacy in Russia and the capture of Kiev The powerful boyars formed early, challenging the power of the princes  |
Weak princely power. Strong boyars and merchants, who owned real political power Special state administrative structure of Novgorod (see diagram below)  |
Special state administrative structure of Novgorod (diagram)
The period of feudal fragmentation, traditionally called the "specific period", lasted from the 12th to the end of the 15th centuries.
Feudal fragmentation weakened the defensive capabilities of the Russian lands. This became noticeable as early as the second half of the 11th century, when a new strong enemy appeared in the south - the Polovtsy (Turkic nomadic tribes). According to the annals, it is estimated that from 1061 to the beginning of the XIII century. there were over 46 major invasions of the Polovtsians.
The internecine wars of the princes, the ruin of cities and villages associated with them, and the withdrawal of the population into slavery became a disaster for the peasants and townspeople. From 1228 to 1462, filed by S.M. Soloviev, there were 90 wars between the Russian principalities, in which there are 35 cases of the capture of cities, and 106 external wars, of which: 45 - with the Tatars, 41 - with the Lithuanians, 30 - with Livonian Order, the rest - with the Swedes and Bulgars. The population begins to leave Kiev and neighboring lands to the north-east to the Rostov-Suzdal land and partly to the south-west to Galicia. Occupying the southern Russian steppes, the Polovtsians cut off Russia from foreign markets, which led to a decline in trade. In the same period, European trade routes were replaced by Balkan-Asian directions as a result of the Crusades. In this regard, the Russian principalities experienced difficulties in international trade.
In addition to external reasons, internal causes of the decline of Kievan Rus were also manifested. Klyuchevsky believed that this process was influenced by the degraded legal and economic situation of the working population and the significant development of slavery. The courtyards and villages of the princes were full of "servants"; the position of "purchases" and "hirelings" (semi-free) was on the verge of a slave state. The Smerds, who preserved the communities, were crushed by the princely extortions and the growing appetites of the boyars. Feudal fragmentation, the growth of political contradictions between the independent principalities expanding their territories led to changes in their social system. The power of the princes became strictly hereditary, the boyars grew stronger, which received the right to freely choose a suzerain, the category of free servants (former ordinary warriors) multiplied. In the princely economy, the number of unfree servants grew, engaged in the production and material support of the prince himself, his family, and persons of the princely court.
As a result of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state by the middle of the XII century. separated into ten independent states-principalities. Later, by the middle of the XIII century, their number reached eighteen. They were named according to the capital cities: Kievskoe, Chernigovskoe, Pereyaslavskoe, Muromo-Ryazanskoe. Suzdalskoe (Vladimirskoe). Smolenskoye, Galitskoye, Vladimir-Volynskoye, Polotskoye, Novgorod Boyar Republic. In each of the principalities, one of the branches of the Rurikovich ruled, and the sons of princes and governors-boyars ruled separate estates and volosts. However, all lands retained the same writing, a single religion and church organization, the legal norms of Russian Truth, and most importantly, the awareness of common roots, a common historical fate. At the same time, each of the established independent states had its own characteristics of development. The largest of them, which played a significant role in the subsequent history of Russia, were: Suzdal (later - Vladimir) principality - North-Eastern Russia; Galician (later - Galicia-Volyn) principality - South-Western Russia; Novgorod boyar republic - Novgorod land (North-Western Russia).
Suzdal principality
It was located in the area between the Oka and Volga rivers. Its territory was well protected from external invasions by forests and rivers, had profitable trade routes along the Volga with the countries of the East, and through the upper Volga - to Novgorod and to the countries of Western Europe. The economic growth was also facilitated by the constant influx of the population. Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky (1125 - 1157), in the struggle with his nephew Izyaslav Mstislavich for the Kiev throne, repeatedly captured Kiev. For the first time in the annals under 1147, mention is made of Moscow, where negotiations between Yuri and the Chernigov prince Svyatoslav took place. Yuri's son, Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157 - 1174) moved the capital of the principality from Suzdal to Vladimir, which he rebuilt with great pomp. The northeastern princes cease to pretend to rule in Kiev, but they seek to maintain their influence here, first by organizing military campaigns, then with the help of diplomacy and dynastic marriages. In the fight against the boyars, Andrei was killed by conspirators. His policy was continued by his half-brother - Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176 - 1212). He had many sons, for which he received such a nickname.
The settlers, who made up a significant proportion of the population, did not preserve the state traditions of Kievan Rus - the role of the "veche" and "worlds". In these conditions, the despotism of the power of the princes is growing, who intensify the struggle against the boyars. Under Vsevolod, it ended in favor of the princely power. Vsevolod managed to establish close ties with Novgorod, where his sons and relatives reigned; defeated the Ryazan principality, organizing the resettlement of some of its inhabitants to their possessions; successfully fought with the Volga Bulgaria, putting under his control a number of its lands, became related with the Kiev and Chernigov princes. He became one of the strongest princes in Russia. His son Yuri (1218 - 1238) founded Nizhny Novgorod and fortified himself in the Mordovian lands. Further development of the principality was interrupted by the Mongol invasion.
Galicia-Volyn principality
It occupied the northeastern slopes of the Carpathians and the area between the Dniester and Prut rivers. Favorable geographical position (proximity to European states) and climatic conditions contributed to economic development, and the second migration flow from the southern Russian principalities was also directed here (to safer areas). Poles and Germans also settled here.
The rise of the Galician principality began under Yaroslav I Osmomysl (1153 - 1187), and under the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich in 1199 the Galician and Volyn principalities were united. In 1203 Roman captured Kiev. The Galicia-Volyn principality became one of the largest states in feudal-fragmented Europe, its close ties with European states were established, and Catholicism began to penetrate Russian soil. His son Daniel (1221 - 1264) waged a long struggle for the Galician throne with western neighbors (Hungarian and Polish princes) and the expansion of the state. In 1240 he united Southwestern Russia and the Kiev land, and established his power in the struggle against the boyars. But in 1241 the Galicia-Volyn principality was subjected to the Mongol ruin. In the ensuing struggle, Daniel strengthened the principality, and in 1254 he received the royal title from the Pope. However, the Catholic West did not help Daniel in his fight against the Tatars. Daniel was forced to recognize himself as a vassal of the Horde Khan. Having existed for about a hundred years more, the Galicia-Volyn state became part of Poland and Lithuania, which had a great influence on the formation of the Ukrainian people. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania included the Western Russian principalities - Polotsk, Vitebsk, Minsk, Drutsk, Turovo-Pinsk, Novgorod-Seversk, etc. The Belarusian nationality was formed as part of this state.
Novgorod boyar republic
The Novgorod land is the most important component of the ancient Russian state. During the period of feudal fragmentation, it retained its political significance, economic and trade ties with the West and East, covering the territory from the Arctic Ocean to the upper reaches of the Volga from north to south, from the Baltic and almost to the Urals from west to east. The huge land fund belonged to the local boyars. The latter, using the uprising of the Novgorodians in 1136, managed to defeat the princely power and establish a boyar republic. The supreme body was the veche, where the most important issues of life were decided and the Novgorod administration was elected. In fact, the largest boyars of Novgorod were its owners. The mayor became the chief official in the department. He was elected from the noble families of Novgorod. Veche also elected the head of the Novgorod church, who was in charge of the treasury, controlled external relations and even had his own army. Since the end of the XII century. the post of the head of the commercial and economic sphere of life of the Novgorod society was called "tysyatsky". Usually it was occupied by large merchants. The princely power also retained certain positions in Novgorod. Veche invited the prince to wage war, but even the prince's residence was outside the Novgorod Kremlin. The wealth and military power of Novgorod made the Novgorod Republic an influential force in Russia. The Novgorodians became a military support in the struggle against German and Swedish aggression against the Russian lands. The Mongol invasion did not reach Novgorod. Extensive trade ties with Europe determined the significant influence of the West in the Novgorod Republic. Novgorod has become one of the largest trade, craft and cultural centers not only in Russia, but also in Europe. The high level of culture of the Novgorodians shows the degree of literacy of the population, which is evident from the "birch bark letters" discovered by archeologists, the number of which exceeds a thousand.
Appearance in the second half of the XI century. - the first third of the XIII century. new political centers contributed to the growth and development of culture. During the period of feudal fragmentation, one of the greatest creations of ancient Russian culture, The Lay of Igor's Host, arose. Its author, touching upon the circumstances of the defeat of the Novgorod-Seversk prince Igor Svyatoslavich in an everyday clash with the Polovtsy (1185), was able to turn it into a tragedy of a national scale. "The Lay of Igor's Regiment" became a prophetic warning against the danger of princely strife, sounded four decades before the crushing Tatar-Mongol invasion.
2. Topic: Feudal fragmentation in Russia.
Fill in the table: Political organization of the Novgorod principality.
position
From among whom were elected
Main functions
veche
State self-government body
Husband gathered the population of the city
Issues of war and peace were discussed
prince
warlord
Called to reign by the boyars
Supervised military operations
posadnik
Head of the government
Elected from the most influential boyars
Questions of the mountains of the device, court, conclusion of agreements with the prince, participation in military campaigns, diplomatic negotiations
tysyatsky
Assistant mayor
Elected from the non-boyar population
Control over the tax system, participated in the commercial court, dealt with foreigners
archbishop
Gl novgorod churches
Was elected in the veche, only then was approved by the metropolitan
The official representative of the republic in its external relations
Forms of the political system in Russia. Distribute the cities according to the forms of political structure: Golden Horde, Suzdal, Novgorod, Byzantium, Genoa, Galich, Pskov, Vladimir, Venice, Volyn.
Galich, Volyn
Analogy: Golden Horde
Limited monarchy
Vladimir, Suzdal
Analogy: Byzantium
Feudal fragmentation. Fill the table
The independence of the votchinnik boyars in their lands
Strengthening the economic and political power of the city-centers of the princely-boyar power
The decline of the Kiev land from the raids of the steppe inhabitants, civil strife and the fall in the value of the path from the Varangians to the Greeks.
A small principality is much easier to manage, monitor and maintain
Crushing land
The emergence of conflicts between princes and local boyars
Weakening of the defenses of Russia.
Positive aspects of fragmentation
Negative aspects of fragmentation
Growth of cities, crafts, trade
The flourishing of urban culture
- Cult and economic development of individual lands
Weak central authority
Independence of local princes and boyars
The collapse of an integral state, vulnerability to external enemies.
Which cities were part of these principalities, the prince who ruled in this principality.
The cities included in it
Princes who ruled in this principality
Vladimir-Suzdalskoe
principality
Beloozero, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Kostroma, Galich, Nizhny Novgorod, Suzdal, Tver, Moscow, Kolomna
Yuri Dolgoruky (1096-1149) is also a Kiev prince.
Andrey Bogolyubsky (1111-1174) - the son of Yuri Dolgoruky,
Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212) - son of Yuri Dolgoruky
Yuri Vsevolodovich (1218-1238)
Galitsko - Volynskoe
Principality
Vladimir - Volynsky, Lutsk, Przemysl, Cherven, Buzhsk, Tihoml.
Vladimir Yaroslavovich - Rostislav Vladimirovich
In 1199 the unification of the Galician and Vladimir principalities by Roman Mstislavovich
Daniil Romanovich (1229-1264)
Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152-1187)
Novgorod Republic
1136-1478g
Novgorod, Pskov, Izborsk, Ladoga
Alexander Nevsky (1252-1263)
Chernigov, Kursk, Novgorod-Seversky, Putivl, Lyubech, Starodub, Tmutarakan, Kozelsk, Murom, Ryazan
Svyatoslav
Oleg Svyatoslavovich
Svyatoslav Olegovich
Igor Svyatoslavovich
Yuri Igorevich (1235-1237)
Vladimir-Suzdal principality:
- Yury Dolgoruky (1096-1149) - the son of Vladimir Monomakh, at the same time the Kiev prince, received his nickname as he constantly sought to expand his possessions. He founded a number of cities in 1152 - Pereyaslavl - Zalessky, Yuryev-Polsky, Dmitrov. Under him, Moscow was first mentioned in the annals, where he invited the prince of Novgorod-Seversky Svyatoslav. Three times he captured Kiev (1149, 1150, 1155), the people of Kiev did not like him at one of the feasts he was poisoned.
- Andrey Bogolyubsky (1111 - 1174) - the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Vladimir made the capital where, according to legend, he transferred the miraculous icon of the Mother of God from Kiev. Under him, the Assumption Cathedral, the Golden Gate, and powerful stone fortifications in Vladimir were erected. Residence in Bogolyubov, where he also built the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
- Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212) is the son of Yuri Dolgoruky. As a child, he was expelled from the Suzdal land by his brother Andrei Bogolyubsky, lived in Byzantium from 1161-1168. Under Vsevolod, his power extended to Kiev, Chernigov, Murom, Novgorod
Yuri Vsevolodovich (1218-1238)
Galicia - Volyn principality
- Vladimir Yaroslavovich - son of Yaroslav the Wise
- Rostislav Vladimirovich - son of Vladimir Yaroslavovich
In 1199, the unification of the Galician and Vladimir principalitiesRoman Mstislavovich
- Daniil Romanovich Galitsky (1230-1264) - a talented politician and military leader, reclaimed his lands from Poland and Hungary. Having recognized himself as a vassal of the Golden Horde, he retained a certain independence. Later he established contacts with Rome, agreed to a union with the Catholic Church (recognition of the basic dogmas of Catholicism while maintaining Orthodox rituals) and received the royal title, which angered the Horde. Unreliable companions left Daniel and he had to confront the Horde alone, which led to the decline of the principality
- Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152-1187) - fought with Dolgoruky, although he was married to his daughter Olga. In international politics, he mainly resorted to weapons. He successfully fought with the Polovtsians. Established good relations with Byzantium, Poland, Hungary. Osmomysl \u003d eight meanings, that is, he knew 8 languages, another interpretation \u003d sharp-thinking, that is, wise. Novgorod Republic
Novgorod Republic
1136 Vsevolod Mstislavovich was expelled by Novgorodians, and his son Vladimir was adopted
Alexander Nevsky (1252-1263)
Chernigov-Seversk principality
Svyatoslav
Oleg Svyatoslavovich
Svyatoslav Olegovich
Igor Svyatoslavovich
Yuri Igorevich (1235-1237)
The geographical position of which we will consider further, existed from 1132 to 1471. Its territory included the lands of glades and Drevlyans along the Dnieper River and its tributaries - Pripyat, Teterev, Irpen and Ros, as well as part of the left bank.
Principality of Kiev: geographical location
This territory bordered on the Polotsk land in the northwestern part, and in the north-east was Chernigov. Poland and the Galician principality were its western and southwestern neighbors. The city, built on the hills, was ideally located militarily. Speaking about the peculiarities of the geographical position of the Kiev principality, it should be mentioned that it was well defended. Not far from it were the cities of Vruchiy (or Ovruch), Belgorod, as well as Vyshgorod - they all had good fortifications and controlled the territory adjacent to the capital, which provided additional protection from the western and southwestern sides. From the southern part, it was covered by a system of forts built along the banks of the Dnieper, and nearby well-protected cities on the Ros River.
Principality of Kiev: characteristics
This principality should be understood as a state formation in Ancient Rus, which existed from the 12th to the 15th century. Kiev was the political and cultural capital. It was formed from the separated territories of the Old Russian state. Already in the middle of the 12th century. the power of the princes from Kiev was of significant importance only within the borders of the principality itself. The city lost its all-Russian significance, and the rivalry for control and power lasted until the Mongol invasion. The throne passed in an incomprehensible order, and many could claim it. And also to a large extent the possibility of gaining power depended on the influence of the strong boyars of Kiev and the so-called "black hoods".
Social and economic life
The location near the Dnieper has played a big role in economic life. In addition to communicating with the Black Sea, he led Kiev to the Baltic, with which Berezina also helped. Desna and the Seim provided communication with the Don and Oka, and the Pripyat - with the Neman and Dniester basins. There was the so-called “from the Varangians to the Greeks” route, which was a trade one. Due to fertile soils and mild climate, agriculture developed intensively; cattle breeding, hunting were widespread, the inhabitants were engaged in fishing and beekeeping. Crafts were divided early in these parts. Woodworking played a rather significant role, as well as pottery and leatherworking. Due to the presence of iron deposits, the development of blacksmithing was possible. Many types of metals (silver, tin, copper, lead, gold) were delivered from neighboring countries. Thus, all this influenced the early formation of trade and craft relations in Kiev and the cities adjacent to it.
Political history
As the capital lost its all-Russian significance, the rulers of the strongest principalities began to send their henchmen to Kiev - "assistants". The precedent in which, bypassing the accepted sequence of succession to the throne, Vladimir Monomakh was invited, the boyars later used to justify their right to choose a strong and pleasing ruler. The principality of Kiev, whose history was characterized by civil strife, turned into a battlefield where cities and villages suffered significant losses, were ruined, and the inhabitants themselves were captured. Kiev saw the time of stability during the periods of Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich Chernigov, as well as Roman Mstislavovich Volynsky. Other princes who quickly succeeded each other remained more colorless for history. The Kiev principality was badly damaged, the geographical position of which allowed it to defend itself well for a long time, during the Mongol-Tatar invasion in 1240.
Fragmentation
The Old Russian state originally included tribal principalities. However, the situation has changed. Over time, when the local nobility began to be ousted thanks to the Rurik family, principalities began to form, which were ruled by representatives from the younger line. The established order of succession to the throne has always caused strife. In 1054, Yaroslav the Wise and his sons began to divide the Kiev principality. Fragmentation was an inevitable consequence of these events. The situation escalated after the Lubechensk Cathedral of Princes in 1091. However, the situation improved thanks to the policies of Vladimir Monomakh and his son Mstislav the Great, who managed to maintain integrity. They were able to put the Kiev principality under control of the capital again, the geographical position of which was quite favorable for protection from enemies, and for the most part only internal strife spoiled the state of the state.
With the death of Mstislav in 1132, political fragmentation ensued. However, despite this, for several decades Kiev retained the status of not only a formal center, but also the most powerful principality. Its influence has not completely disappeared, but has significantly weakened compared to the situation at the beginning of the 12th century.
In the XII-XIII centuries, two ancient Russian principalities were of particular importance for the domestic and foreign policy of the Slavic state. These were the Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal lands - vast geographically, rich, different in structure, but equally important for the economy and security of Russia.
Let's compare these two principalities and consider their key features.
Novgorod is a republic within the state and a northeastern military outpost of Ancient Rus
From the Baltic to the Urals, the lands were not very fertile, so agriculture was never of fundamental importance for Novgorodians. And yet it was the richest principality.
- Novgorod had at its disposal dense forests and deep rivers, which means that the inhabitants of the principality were provided with wood, forest animals, furs, fish and many others. The Novgorodians used their resources themselves and conducted an active trade.
- The most important trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" ran through Novgorod. Accordingly, the principality constantly contacted foreign merchants, collected tribute from them, sold its own goods dearly and acquired curiosities.
A unique feature of Novgorod was that the mayor was the head of the city, the elders and the tysyatsky obeyed him, and the princes had a purely nominal value. Moreover, the attempts of the princes to take power into their own hands ended in failure.
Novgorod was of major military importance. He defended Russia from invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe.
Vladimir-Suzdal land - trade with the East and protection from the peoples of the Steppe
Like Novgorod, it was surrounded by dense forests. However, there were also good lands - therefore, the culture of agriculture was better developed.
- The Vladimir-Suzdal principality also stood on an important trade route - the Volga, which connected Russia and Europe with the East - therefore it was economically in a favorable position.
- The influx of population into this principality was one of the largest. The ruinous raids of the nomads did not reach here - therefore the Vladimir-Suzdal land accepted everyone who fled from the border estates.
Unlike Novgorod, these lands were traditionally ruled by a firm princely hand. The Vladimir-Suzdal princes strove to expand their territories at the expense of contiguous estates, and were actively engaged in urban planning. It was from here that the separate Tver and Moscow principalities subsequently emerged, vying for the role of the state center.
