Alexey Konstantinovich TOLSTOY

About love

Known for his historical dramas in verse and satirical works, one of the creators of the famous Kozma Prutkov, A.K. Tolstoy was also a soulful lyricist. Songs based on his words “If only I knew, if only I knew”, “My bells, steppe flowers” ​​became popular.

The love lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy are entirely connected with the name of his wife - Sofia Andreevna Bakhmeteva (in her first marriage - Miller). Deep and long-term love appears in these lyrics in a romantically sublime coloring. The beloved is depicted as an object of admiration and worship, as a high ideal. Therefore, in the poems dedicated to her, there are almost no everyday details, episodes from which one could reconstruct the true history of their relationship, as can be done from the poems of Nekrasov, Tyutchev, Ogarev. There are no psychological conflicts in them either. They represent the high, poetic, but almost unchanged feeling of the poet himself.

Among noisy ball, casually,
In alarm of wordly vanity,
I have seen you, but secret
Your coverlets of line.

Only eyes it is sad looked,
And the voice so marvelously sounded,
As a ring of a remote pipe,
As the seas a playing shaft.

Your camp was pleasant to me thin
And all your thoughtful kind,
And your laughter, both sad and sonorous,
Since then in my heart sounds.

At o'clock lonely nights
I love, tired, to lie down -
I see sad eyes,
I hear cheerful speech;

And I am sad so I fall asleep,
And in dreams unknown I sleep...
Whether I love you - I don't know,
But it seems to me that I love!

Dmitry Hvorostovsky - Among the noisy ball

PETER NALCH IN THE CDA - ROMANCE "AMID A NOISY BALL..."

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Introduction

1. Love theme

2. Nature theme

3. Satire and humor

4. Theme of Russian history

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817?1875), Russian poet and writer. Born on August 24, 1817 in St. Petersburg. A personal friend of Alexander II, he refused the offer to become the Tsar's adjutant and decided to take the position of manager of the court hunt. The writer is known for ballads on themes of Russian history, the historical novel “Prince Silver” (1863) from the time of Ivan the Terrible, and the dramatic trilogy (1866?1870) “The Death of Ivan the Terrible,” “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” and “Tsar Boris.” The last two plays were banned by censorship for a long time, since in the drama “Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich” Tolstoy depicted the tragic fate of the simple-minded tsar: wanting to do good, but unable to understand the confused politics of his time, he brings disaster to everyone he would like to help.

Tolstoy was a convinced Westerner and contrasted the free and civilized existence of Kievan Rus as part of the Western world with the cruel tyranny of Ivan the Terrible and Muscovite Rus, which survived to his days. Among his most important poems are “John of Damascus,” which affirms the freedom of art, and “The Dragon,” from the life of revived Italy. Tolstoy is the author of a number of satirical works, including a comic history of Russia, which ridicules the Russian longing for order, and the poem “The Stream-Bogatyr,” which castigates both Moscow tyranny and the radical absurdity of modern days. In the same derisive vein, Tolstoy and his cousins, Alexey, Vladimir and Alexander Zhemchuzhnikov, wrote under the collective pseudonym “Kozma Prutkov.” Prutkov was portrayed as an extremely narrow-minded bureaucrat who fancied himself a writer; the bad taste of his poems and general impenetrable stupidity should have become a satirical barrier to the literary claims of numerous small writers extolled by his contemporaries.

Tolstoy was severely criticized for not joining any of the social movements of his time; however, the humanity, lofty ideals and aesthetic merits of his works provide him with a worthy place in Russian literature.

1. Love theme

The theme of love occupied a large place in Tolstoy's work. Tolstoy saw love as the main principle of life. Love awakens creative energy in a person. The most valuable thing in love is the kinship of souls, spiritual closeness, which distance cannot weaken. The image of a loving, spiritually rich woman runs through all the poet’s love lyrics.

The main genre of Tolstoy's love lyrics were poems of the romance type.

Since 1851, all the poems were dedicated to one woman, Sofya Andreevna Miller, who later became his wife, she was A. Tolstoy’s only lifelong love, his muse and first strict critic. All of A. Tolstoy’s love lyrics since 1851 are dedicated to her.

At the same time, it is curious that this feeling has already been influenced by the public mood, formed largely by the democratization of the spiritual life of Russian society. That is why the heroine of A. K. Tolstoy’s love lyrics, despite the fact that she was a completely independent woman with a fairly strong character and will, appears in the poems as a person who has endured a lot, in need of sympathy and support. This was reflected not only in the poems, but also in the poet’s letters.

The poem “Among the Noisy Ball,” thanks to Tchaikovsky’s music, turned into a famous romance, which was very popular in both the 19th and 20th centuries. literature Tolstoy writer

The work is a poetic short story in which “with almost chronicle accuracy” the circumstances of the poet’s chance meeting with a stranger who appeared in the bustle of a crowded ball are reproduced. The author does not see her face, but manages to notice the “sad eyes” under the mask, hear the voice in which “both the sound of a gentle pipe and the roar of the sea wall” are paradoxically combined. The portrait of the lady looks as vague as the feelings that suddenly take possession of the lyrical hero: on the one hand, he is worried about her mystery, on the other hand, he is alarmed and confused before the pressure of “vague dreams” overwhelming him.

2. Nature theme

A.K. Tolstoy is characterized by an unusually subtle sense of the beauty of his native nature. He knew how to capture the most characteristic things in the forms and colors of nature, its sounds and smells.

Many of A.K. Tolstoy’s works are based on descriptions of his native places, his Motherland, which nurtured and raised the poet. He has a very strong love for everything “earthly”, for the surrounding nature, he subtly senses its beauty. Tolstoy's lyrics are dominated by landscape-type poems.

At the end of the 50-60s, enthusiastic folk song motifs appeared in the poet’s works. A distinctive feature of Tolstoy's lyrics is folklore.

Spring time, blossoming and reviving fields, meadows, and forests, are especially attractive to Tolstoy. Tolstoy's favorite image of nature is the “cheerful month of May.” The spring revival of nature heals the poet from contradictions, mental torment and gives his voice a note of optimism.

In the poem “You are my land, my native land,” the poet associates his homeland with the greatness of the steppe horses, with their crazy jumps in the fields. The harmonious fusion of these majestic animals with the surrounding nature creates in the reader images of boundless freedom and vast expanses of their native land.

In nature, Tolstoy sees not only undying beauty and a force that heals the tormented spirit of modern man, but also the image of the long-suffering Motherland. Landscape poems easily include thoughts about the native land, about the battles for the country's independence, about the unity of the Slavic world. (“Oh haystacks, haystacks”)

Many lyrical poems, in which the poet glorified nature, were set to music by great composers. Tchaikovsky highly valued the poet's simple but deeply moving works and considered them unusually musical.

3. Satire and humor

Humor and satire have always been part of A.K.'s nature. Tolstoy. The funny pranks, jokes, and antics of young Tolstoy and his cousins ​​Alexei and Vladimir Zhemchuzhnikov were known throughout St. Petersburg. High-ranking government officials were especially hard hit.

Later, Tolstoy became one of the creators of the image of Kozma Prutkov - a smug, stupid official, completely devoid of literary gift. Tolstoy and the Zhemchuzhnikovs compiled a biography of the fictitious would-be writer, invented a place of work, familiar artists painted a portrait of Prutkov.

On behalf of Kozma Prutkov, they wrote poems, plays, aphorisms, and historical anecdotes, ridiculing in them the phenomena of the surrounding reality and literature. Many believed that such a writer really existed.

Prutkov's aphorisms went to the people.

His satirical poems enjoyed great success. Favorite satirical genres of A.K. Tolstoy were: parodies, messages, epigrams.

Tolstoy's satire was striking in its boldness and mischief. He aimed his satirical arrows at nihilists (“Message to M.N. Longinov on Darwinism”, the ballad “Sometimes in Merry May...”, etc.), and at the state order (“Popov’s Dream”), and at censorship, and obscurantism officials, and even on Russian history itself (“History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev”).

The most famous work on this topic is the satirical review “The History of the Russian State from Gostomysl to Timashev” (1868). The entire history of Russia (1000 years) from the calling of the Varangians to the reign of Alexander II is outlined in 83 quatrains. Alexey Konstantinovich gives apt characteristics of Russian princes and tsars, describing their attempts to improve life in Rus'. And each period ends with the words:

Our land is rich

There is no order again.

4. Theme of Russian history

The main genres in the historical lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy were ballads, epics, poems, and tragedies. These works unfold a whole poetic concept of Russian history.

Tolstoy divided the history of Russia into two periods: pre-Mongol (Kievan Rus) and post-Mongol (Moscow Rus).

He idealized the first period. In his opinion, in ancient times Rus' was close to knightly Europe and embodied the highest type of culture, reasonable social structure and free manifestation of a worthy personality. There was no slavery in Rus', there was democracy in the form of a veche, there was no despotism and cruelty in governing the country, the princes respected the personal dignity and freedom of citizens, the Russian people were distinguished by high morality and religiosity. The international prestige of Rus' was also high.

Tolstoy's ballads and poems, depicting images of Ancient Rus', are imbued with lyricism; they convey the poet's passionate dream of spiritual independence, admiration for the integral heroic natures captured in folk epic poetry. In the ballads “Ilya Muromets”, “Matchmaking”, “Alyosha Popovich”, “Borivoy”, images of legendary heroes and historical subjects illustrate the author’s thoughts and embody his ideal ideas about Rus'.

The Mongol-Tatar invasion turned the tide of history back. Since the 14th century, the liberties, universal consent and openness of Kievan Rus and Veliky Novgorod have been replaced by servility, tyranny and national isolation of Muscovite Russia, explained by the painful legacy of the Tatar yoke. Slavery in the form of serfdom is established, democracy and guarantees of freedom and honor are destroyed, autocracy and despotism, cruelty, and moral decay of the population arise.

He attributed all these processes primarily to the period of the reign of Ivan III, Ivan the Terrible, and Peter the Great.

Tolstoy perceived the 19th century as a direct continuation of the shameful “Moscow period” of our history. Therefore, modern Russian orders were criticized by the poet.

Tolstoy included in his works images of folk heroes (Ilya Muromets, Borivoy, Alyosha Popovich) and rulers (Prince Vladimir, Ivan the Terrible, Peter I)

The poet's favorite genre was the ballad

The most common literary image in Tolstoy’s work is the image of Ivan the Terrible (in many works - the ballads “Vasily Shibanov”, “Prince Mikhailo Repnin”, the novel “Prince Silver”, the tragedy “The Death of Ivan the Terrible”). The era of the reign of this tsar is a vivid example of “Muscovism”: the execution of undesirables, senseless cruelty, the ruin of the country by the tsar’s guardsmen, the enslavement of the peasants. The blood runs cold when you read the lines from the ballad “Vasily Shibanov” about how the servant of Prince Kurbsky, who fled to Lithuania, brings Ivan the Terrible a message from his master.

A. Tolstoy was characterized by personal independence, honesty, incorruptibility, and nobility. Careerism, opportunism and the expression of thoughts contrary to his convictions were alien to him. The poet always spoke honestly to the king's face. He condemned the sovereign course of the Russian bureaucracy and looked for an ideal in the origins of Russian democracy in ancient Novgorod. In addition, he resolutely did not accept the Russian radicalism of the revolutionary democrats, being outside both camps.

Conclusion

Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy remains to this day a great Russian writer of the “Golden Age” of Russian literature. Naturally, the writer made a significant, huge contribution to the development of Russian literature. He is a versatile poet, since he wrote his works, starting from any topics in which he wrote what he thinks, expressing his point of view through artistic images, techniques, etc. We have already studied some of these themes of Tolstoy’s lyrics, and many important ones at that. .

Retrograde, monarchist, reactionary - such epithets were awarded to Tolstoy by supporters of the revolutionary path: Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Chernyshevsky. And in Soviet times, the great poet was relegated to the position of a minor poet (he was little published and was not studied in the course of literature). But no matter how hard they tried to consign the name of Tolstoy to oblivion, the influence of his work on the development of Russian culture turned out to be enormous (literature - became the forerunner of Russian symbolism, cinema - 11 films, theater - tragedies glorified Russian drama, music - 70 works, painting - paintings, philosophy - views Tolstoy became the basis for the philosophical concept of V. Solovyov).

“I am one of two or three writers who hold the banner of art for art’s sake in our country, for my conviction is that the purpose of a poet is not to bring people any direct benefit or benefit, but to elevate their moral level, instilling in them a love for beautiful..." (A.K. Tolstoy).

Bibliography

1. “Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy” http://www.allsoch.ru

2. “Tolstoy Alexey Konstantinovich” http://mylektsii.ru

3. “Russian love lyrics” http://www.lovelegends.ru

4. “Nature in the works of A.K. Tolstoy” http://xn----8sbiecm6bhdx8i.xn--p1ai

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Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy (1817 - 1875)

Karl Bryullov. Portrait of Count Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy. 1836

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy is a Russian count, writer, playwright, historical novelist, translator, one of the fathers of the famous Kozma Prutkov, author of wonderful lyric poems, poems and ballads. A poet, about 150 of whose works were set to music by the most famous Russian composers.
Kozma Prtutkov, or “Among a Noisy Ball by Chance,” set to music by Tchaikovsky, would have been enough. But everything was available to him. Own ironic and lyrical poems, dramas - historical trilogy ("The Death of Ivan the Terrible", "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" and "Tsar Boris"), historical novels, wonderful translations, such as "Heather Honey" by Stevensovna. And all this is still alive and modern; there are no archaic works in his work. Everything worked out. While in Paris, he wrote several mystical-romantic works "Meeting after Three Hundred Years", "The Ghoul", Family of the Ghoul" (after that I am still afraid of dark windows on the first floors). In addition, Tolstoy had courage and enormous physical strength: he broke on a bear hunt, threw a two-pound weight over the outhouse, and bent horseshoes.

He met Sofia Andreevna Miller in January 1851, he was 33, and she was a little younger. Not too beautiful, but incredibly charming, and Tolstoy fell in love immediately and for the rest of his life.

Almost all of Tolstoy's love lyrics are dedicated to Her, who became his wife, his “artistic echo,” his inspirer and most severe critic. But they were able to get married only 12 years later. The writer's domineering mother categorically opposed this marriage.

It is curious that at the same ball another of our classics, Turgenev, met Sophia Miller, but did not find anything remarkable in her (“The Face of a Chukhon Soldier in a Skirt”). But they corresponded for a long time, and Ivan Sergeevich later admitted: “Of the dozens of happy occasions that I let slip out of my hands, I especially remember the one that brought me together with you and which I took such bad advantage of.”


With the beginning of the Crimean War, A.K. Tolstoy, being a government official, went to the theater of military operations. Typhus was rampant among the troops, and he became dangerously ill. Sofya Andreevna immediately arrived and literally pulled him out of the other world.

Recovery further strengthened Tolstoy's love, and the death of his mother removed the main obstacle to their union. It was an almost perfect marriage. Sofya Andreevna was encyclopedically educated, knew more than ten languages, and easily quoted Goethe, Shakespeare, and Ronsard. She had excellent literary taste, which Tolstoy completely trusted. After years of marriage, he confessed to his wife:

“I can’t lie down without telling you that I’ve been telling you for 20 years now - that I can’t live without you, that you are my only treasure on earth, and I’m crying over this letter, like I cried 20 years ago. The blood freezes in my heart at the mere thought that I could lose you." But it was not he who lost her, but she who lost him. In the last years of Alexei Konstantinovich’s life, perhaps as a consequence of suffering from severe typhus, he was tormented by illness, insomnia, and headaches. He had to resort to morphine. He died from overdose: fell asleep and did not wake up. Was it an accident, or a strong man could not come to terms with his helplessness. When seriously ill, suffocating from asthma, he could no longer wander through the forests, the forest “came” to his home: in his rooms there were freshly cut pine trees in tubs of water, among which he died at the age of 58 in 1875...

His best poems became textbooks and entered the golden fund of Russian poetry. His historical dramas, staged in Russian theaters, featured the most famous actors of different times - from Stanislavsky to Smoktunovsky.
As if anticipating his imminent death and summing up his entire literary activity,Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoywrote:“The end has come to everything, accept it too, Singer, who held the banner in the name of beauty...”

HISTORY OF RUSSIAN GOVERMENT

“Our whole land is great and abundant, but there is no clothing in it.”
Nestor, chronicle, p. 8.

Listen guys
What will grandfather tell you?
Our land is rich
There is just no order in it.

2
And this truth, children,
For a thousand years
Our ancestors realized:
There is no order, you see.

3
And everyone became under the banner,
And they say: “What should we do?
Let's send to the Varangians:
Let them come to reign.

4
After all, the Germans are overpriced,
They know darkness and light,
Our land is rich,
There’s just no order in it.”

5
Envoys at a quick pace
Let's go there
And they say to the Varangians:
“Come, gentlemen!

6
We will give you some gold,
What Kyiv sweets;
Our land is rich
There’s just no order in it.”

Earlier:

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy is the greatest writer and poet of the 19th century. Love lyrics occupy a huge place in his work. His collections contain more than 20 poems dedicated to this feeling. Tolstoy puts human experiences and thoughts in the foreground, showing the depth of the soul of a person in love. Let's consider this fact using the example of one famous poem: > written by the author in the 50s of the 19th century.

The poem was written by the author at the age of 33; being a little-known aspiring writer and womanizer, he was in love with the married Sofya Alekseevna Miller, but public criticism could not overshadow the happiness of the lovers. The poet dedicates this poem specifically to her, expressing the secret of his sincere feelings that overwhelm his soul from the first meeting.

The title of the lyrical work characterizes the emotional state of the lyrical hero, who, in the bustle of a social visit, is flattered by the beauty and voice of the young lady.

He believes that he is the one who can appreciate the talent of a girl who is smart and very erudite for her age.

The genius of the poet allows us to present a more complete picture of the actions. The author describes the atmosphere of a noisy ball, which calms down after the appearance of a magnificent girl, whose beauty enchants everyone around her.

Thanks to the richness of the author’s literary language, it is possible to carry out a full linguistic analysis of the work. Alexey Konstantinovich uses various means of expression that help the reader get a very vivid and sensual picture of what is happening. In the poem the poet uses the comparison: >, >.

This fact is very characteristic of the poet and gives the lyrical work a special artistic load. The author also uses inversion. Irregular word order allows the author to place greater emphasis on individual sections and give the text a special rhythm. The ellipsis used by Tolstoy expresses understatement, which symbolizes the poet’s indescribable feelings.

This lyrical work had a huge influence on me. The feelings conveyed by the author are very close to me. I believe that the author masterfully conveyed the depth of love and tenderness between a man and a woman.

Love in Nekrasov: The theme of love is resolved in Nekrasov’s lyrics in a very unique way. It was here that his artistic innovation was fully demonstrated. Unlike his predecessors, who preferred to depict the feeling of love “in beautiful moments,” Nekrasov did not ignore that “prose” that is “inevitable in love” (“You and I are stupid people...”). However, in the words of the famous Nekrasov scholar N. Skatov, he “not only proseized the poetry of love, but also poeticized its prose.”

It is natural to focus on the “Panaev cycle”. Avdotya Alekseevna Panaeva is the main addressee of Nekrasov’s intimate lyrics. Relations with Panaeva became the theme of many of Nekrasov’s poems, created over almost ten years. This is a real novel in verse, which reflects various moments in the life of the lyrical characters. Precisely lyrical ones. Nekrasov himself saw in his poems not just a poetic appeal to a certain woman, but attached much greater importance to them. He published these poems in magazines, which means he deliberately made them the subject of poetry, a common property. We can say that the poems in the cycle are deliberately asocial, devoid of any specific details and hints. In the foreground here is the psychological motivation, the depiction of the feelings and experiences of the heroes, like Tyutchev’s, “the fatal duel.” He is a reflective person, prone to suspiciousness, suspicion, despondency, and bitterness. But at the center of the “Panaev cycle” is she. And it was in creating the character of the heroine that Nekrasov’s innovation manifested itself. This character is completely new, and besides, it is “given in development, in various, even unexpected, manifestations, selfless and cruel, loving and jealous, suffering and making one suffer” (Skatov). motives for the quarrel (“If, tormented by rebellious passion...”, “You and I are stupid people...”); parting, separation (“So this is a joke? My dear...”, “Farewell”) or their premonitions (“I don’t like your irony...”); memories (“Yes, our life flowed rebelliously...”, “Long ago, rejected by you...”); letters (“Burnt Letters”) and others. “Panaev’s” poems are characterized by a certain pairing (cf., for example, “It’s been a difficult year - an illness has broken me...” and “A heavy cross has come my way...”, “Forgive” and "Farewell")

Thus, the poems in the cycle are united not only by a common content, but also by artistic features: end-to-end images and details; “nervousness” of intonation, conveying almost “Dostoevsky” passions; fragmentation, indicated in writing by the ellipses that end many poems.

Speaking about the most famous Nekrasov cycle, one cannot do without comparing it with Tyutchev’s “Denisiev cycle”. Like Tyutchev, Nekrasov’s love is almost never happy. Motifs of suffering, the “illegitimacy” of love, and “rebellion” permeate both cycles and thereby unite - in intimate lyrics - two such different poets.

In conclusion, let us return once again to the question of the innovation of Nekrasov’s love lyrics. It consists not only in the novelty of the content (“prose of life”), but also in the fact that the poet finds an appropriate artistic form to depict “non-poetic” phenomena: colloquial speech, prose, innovative versification.

The main motives and genre originality of the lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy.

His ideas about poetry, its place in human life, the purpose, and nature of poetic creativity developed under the influence of idealistic ideas. The highest manifestation of the beauty of life for T. was love.

One of the manifestations of the highest love is earthly love, love for a woman. A significant place in T.'s poetic heritage is occupied by love lyrics and cycles of poems associated with the image of S.A. Miller (Tolstoy). These are works such as “Among the noisy ball”, “The sea sways”, “Don’t trust me, friend”, “when the forest is silent all around”, etc.

For T., not only the world of human feelings, but also the world of nature is full of beauty. The hymn to earthly beauty sounds in the poem “John of Damascus.” Recreating the beauty of nature and the world, the poet resorts to sound and visual. tactile impressions. Often, especially in early works, pictures of nature in T.'s poetry were accompanied by historical and philosophical reasoning. Thus, in the famous poem “My Bells,” the poetic picture of nature is replaced by the thoughts of the lyrical hero about the fate of the Slavic peoples. Landscape sketches are often combined in T.'s works with ballad motifs. In the poem “A pine forest stands in a lonely country,” the character of the landscape has ballad features - a night forest immersed in fog, the whisper of a night stream, the unclear light of the moon, etc.

The world of beauty is contrasted in his poetry with the world of secular prejudices, vices, the world of everyday life, with which T., like a warrior, but with a good sword, enters into battle. The motives of open opposition to the evil of the surrounding world are heard in the poems “I recognized you as holy convictions”, “The heart, flaring up more strongly from year to year”, etc.

The poet had a bright humorous and satirical gift. One of the significant successes in humor was the image of Kozma Prutkov he created (“Letter from Corinth”, “To my portrait”, “Ancient plastic Greek”). He ridiculed everything that, from his position, violated the laws of naturalness, freedom, beauty and love. Therefore, some works were

directed against the so-called democratic camp, others against official government circles.

A significant place in the poetic heritage of T. is occupied by historical ballads and epics. The poet idealizes the pre-Mongol period of the history of the Fatherland, sees in it an expression of the valor of the people, a manifestation of moral freedom, a democratic, fair state structure (“The Song of Harald and Yaroslavna”).

A.K. Tolstoy invariably laughed at nihilism - in the poem “Sometimes on Merry May...” (“Ballad with a Tendency”), the poet ridiculed “false liberalism” with its desire to “humiliate the high”: a blooming garden needs to be sowed with turnips, nightingales need to be exterminated for being useless, a shady shelter needs to spoil what is fresh and clean in it.

It is love that lifts a person above the mediocrity of everyday existence, freeing his soul (“Me, in the darkness and dust…”). Love, like creativity, transforms a person and the world, introduces the hero to the harmony of the world. We find the same motives in the dramatic poem “Don Juan”, where the spirits talk about love:

The artist - and just a person - from A.K. Tolstoy is distinguished by the desire for the ideal, the constant feeling of its presence in the world. This motif is easy to notice in the poem “Darkness and fog obscure my path...”:

A noticeable motif in the lyrics of A.K. Tolstoy - a memory. As a rule, this motive sounds traditionally elegiac and is associated with “lost days” (“Do you remember, Maria ...”), “bitter regrets” (“Silence descends on the yellow fields ...”), past happiness (“Do you remember the evening how the sea rustled..."), loneliness ("I'm sitting on a steep cliff by the sea..."), "the morning of our years" ("That was in early spring...").

Hence another motive in the poetry of A.K. Tolstoy - the motive of desolation, destruction and decline of estate life, dear and invariably valuable to our poet. (Empty house)

About the same poems “The bad weather is noisy outside...”, “I greet you, devastated house...”, and in the poems “Our path is hard, your poor mule...” and “Where is the bright key, going down...” the motive of destruction is complicated by the traditional one in general the theme of the death of entire civilizations (the last three poems are included in the cycle “Crimean Sketches”).

26. “Denisevsky cycle” in the works of F.I. Tyutchev's innovation of poetic principles. Features of the figurative system.

The image of muse-poetry.

The cycle has been forming since the early 1850s. Lear's heroine is Elena Aleksandrovna Denisyeva.

Fatal love, sweeping away all barriers and prohibitions.

Love is a fatal duel (Predestination). Tragic grotesque. Predestination

The cycle creates an image of double existence, this is a cross-cutting moment in T.’s work.

Tyutchev became interested in E. A. Denisieva in 1850. This late, last passion continued until 1864, when the poet’s girlfriend died of consumption. For the sake of the woman he loves, Tyutchev almost breaks with his family, neglects the displeasure of the court, and forever ruins his very successful career. However, the brunt of public condemnation fell on Denisyeva: her father disowned her, her aunt was forced to leave her place as inspector of the Smolny Institute, where Tyutchev’s two daughters studied.

These circumstances explain why most of the poems of the “Denisevsky cycle” are marked by a tragic sound, such as this:

Oh, how murderously we love,

As in the violent blindness of passions

We are most likely to destroy,

What is dear to our hearts!

In the poem “Predestination” (1851), love is conceptualized as a “fatal duel” in the unequal struggle of “two hearts,” and in “Twins” (1852) - as a disastrous temptation, akin to the temptation of death:

And who is in excess of sensations,

When the blood boils and freezes,

I didn’t know your temptations -

Suicide and Love!

Until the end of his days, Tyutchev retained the ability to revere the “unsolved mystery” of female charm - in one of his later love poems he writes:

Is there an earthly charm in her,

Or unearthly grace?

My soul would like to pray to her,

And my heart is eager to adore...

"Denisevsky cycle" is an artistic expression of spiritual drama. In it, love appears in various guises: as a spiritual feeling that elevates a person, as a powerful, blind passion, as a secret feeling, a kind of night element reminiscent of ancient chaos. Therefore, Tyutchev’s theme of love sounds like “the union of the soul with the dear soul,” sometimes as anxiety, sometimes as a warning, sometimes as a sorrowful confession.

Burning with love, the poet suffered, dooming his beloved to suffering. At that time, the cohabitation of an unmarried couple was a scandalous matter. Elena's father disowned her, and her aunt lost her post at the Smolny Institute. Their children were labeled as “illegitimate.” Having failed to protect his beloved woman from “human judgment,” the poet addressed a bitter reproach to himself:

Fate was a terrible sentence Your love was for her, And an undeserved shame She laid down on her life.

Elena did not like poetry at all, even those written by Tyutchev. She only liked those that expressed his love for her. Tyutchev with the utmost frankness defined his role in the life of the woman he loved. Tyutchev's understanding of love in these years is bleak. He sees an inexorable law operating in human relations: the law of suffering, evil and destruction:

The union of the soul with the dear soul - Their connection, combination,

AND their fatal merger,

AND fatal duel...

Passions are blind, there is a dark element in them, chaos, which the poet saw everywhere. But not only love itself is destructive. It is also destroyed by those who condemn, and thereby desecrate the “lawless” feeling. These guardians of legalized morality trample into the mud the feelings of Tyutchev’s beloved woman. But he cannot fight this, he blames, reproaches himself, but remains powerless in front of his accusers. She fights and wins the battle with the crowd, managing to preserve her love. Tyutchev never ceases to be amazed at the power of her love and devotion. He writes about this again and again.

Oh, how in our declining years we love more tenderly and more superstitiously...

Shine, shine, farewell light of the last love, the dawn of the evening!.. Let the blood in your veins become scarce.

But there is no shortage of tenderness in the heart...

O you, last love!

You are both bliss and hopelessness.

Finally, that “fatal” outcome of events is approaching, which Tyutchev had foreseen before, not yet knowing what could happen to them. The death of a beloved woman comes, experienced twice - first in reality, and then in poetry. Death is depicted with frightening realism. There are so many small, clearly drawn details in the poem that the room where the dying woman lies, and the shadows running across her face, and the summer rain rustling outside the window clearly appears before the eyes. A woman who loves life infinitely is fading away, but life is indifferent and dispassionate, it continues to boil, nothing will change with the departure of a person from the world. The poet is at the bedside of a dying woman, “killed but alive.” He, who so idolized her, his last love, who suffered so much for many years from human misunderstanding, was so proud and surprised by his beloved, now can do nothing, unable to bring her back. He still does not fully understand the pain of loss, he has to go through all this.

All day she lay in oblivion, And shadows covered her all,

The warm summer rain was pouring - its streams sounded cheerfully through the leaves,

AND she slowly came to her senses,

AND I started listening to the noise...

“Oh, how I loved all this!”

On August 7, 1864, Elena Denisyeva, who died on August 4 from consumption, was buried. A revolt against death was bubbling in Tyutchev. He called the death of his first wife Eleanor and the death of Elena Deniseva “the two greatest sorrows.”

You loved, and the way you love -

No, no one has ever succeeded!

Oh Lord!.. and survive this...

And my heart didn't break into pieces...