Ideal female images in medieval Rus' of the XI-XV centuries. The image of Avdotya Ryazanochka in Russian folklore and modern poetry The rhythmic basis of the work of Avdotya Ryazanochka
Glorious old king Bakhmet Turkish He fought on the Russian land, He mined the old Kazan-city under the forest, He de stood under the city With his army-power, There was a lot of time this time, Yes, and ruined Kazan-city under the forest, Ruined Kazan-de city in vain.
Glorious old King Bahmet TurkishHe fought on the Russian land,
He mined the old Kazan-city undergrowth,
He de stood under the city
With your force-army,
There was a lot of time this time,
Yes, and ruined Kazan-city undergrowth,
Ruined Kazan de city in vain.
He cut down all the princes-boyars in Kazan,
Yes, and the princess-boyar -
He took those alive in full.
He captivated the people many thousands,
He led the Turkish land to his land,
He set up three great outposts on the road:
The first great outpost -
He let in rivers, deep lakes;
Another great outpost -
Clear fields are wide,
Became thieves-robbers;
And the third outpost - dark forests,
Unleashed fierce beasts,
Only in Kazan in the city
There was only one young wife, Avdotya Ryazanochka.
She went to the Turkish land
Yes, to the glorious king, to the Turkish Bakhmet,
Yes, she went full to ask.
She walked not by the way, not by the road,
Yes, you are deep rivers, wide lakes
Those she sailed,
And you are small rivers wide lakes
Yes, whether she wandered along the ford.
Did she pass the great outpost,
And those clean fields are wide,
The thieves-robbers of those opalden passed,
How about noon fierce thieves
Those sleeping holding.
Yes, she passed the second great outpost,
Yes, dark, you are dense forests,
Those fierce beasts passed midnight,
Yes, at midnight the beasts are fierce
Those sleeping holding.
Came to the Turkish land
To the glorious king Bakhmet of Turkey,
Yes, in his chambers are royal.
She lays down the cross according to the written
And bows, you know in a learned way,
Yes, she beat the king with her brow, bowed low.
- Yes, you, sir king de Bakhmet of Turkey!
You ruined our old Kazan-city under the forest,
Yes, you are our princes, the boyars knocked them all out,
You took our princesses, the boyars of those living in full,
You took many thousands of people full of people,
You brought Turkish into your land,
I am a young woman, Avdotya Ryazanochka,
I remained alone in Kazan.
I came, sir, to you myself, yes,
Is it possible to let me go
some people captured.
Would you like your own kind-tribe? -
Turkish king Bahmet says:
- You are a young wife, Avdotya Ryazanochka!
How I ruined your old Kazan under the forest,
Yes, I killed the boyar princes,
I took the princess-boyar and those living in full,
Yes, I took many thousands of people full of people,
I brought Turkish into my land,
He set up three great outposts on the road:
The first great outpost -
Rivers, deep lakes;
The second great outpost -
Clear fields are wide,
Became fierce thieves-robbers,
Yes, the third outpost of the great -
Dark forests - you are dense,
I unleashed fierce beasts.
Yes, tell me, wife Avdotya Ryazanochka,
How did you pass these outposts? -
The answer is kept by wife Avdotya Ryazanochka:
I am these great outposts
Passed not by way, not by road.
Like I am a river deep lakes
Those I sailed,
And those clean fields are wide,
Thieves, robbers,
Those I have gone through,
Opalden thieves-robbers,
They rested holding.
Dark forests are those of fierce beasts,
Those de I passed at midnight,
Ferocious beasts,
Those sleeping holding.-
Yes, those speeches fell in love with the king,
Says the glorious King Bahmet Turkish:
- Oh, you, young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka!
Yes, she knew how to speak with the king,
Yes, know how to ask the king for a full de head,
Yes, which little head will not be amassed for more than a century.–
Yes, the young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka says:
- And you, the glorious king Bakhmet of Turkey!
I'll get married and get a husband,
Yes, I will have a father-in-law, I will call the father,
If you are a mother-in-law, I will call you mother.
And I'll be known as their daughter-in-law,
Yes, I will live with my husband, yes I will give birth to a son,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed, I will have a son,
Let me call you mother.
Yes, I will marry my son and take my daughter-in-law,
Yes, will I be known as a mother-in-law.
Yes, I will live with my husband,
Let me give birth to a daughter.
Yes, I will sing, I will feed, I will have a daughter,
Let me call you mother.
Yes, I will give my daughter in marriage,
Yes, I will have a son-in-law,
And I will be known as mother-in-law.
And don’t make me that little head,
Yes, dear beloved brother.
And I’ll never see my brother forever and ever.-
Did the king like those speeches,
He said to the wife this is the word: -
Oh, you young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka!
You knew how to ask the king if the head is full,
Yes, you won’t make money for a century.
When I ruined your old Kazan-city undergrowth,
I knocked out the boyar princes,
And I took those living princesses to the full,
He took many thousands of people full of people,
Yes, they killed my dear beloved brother,
And the glorious Turkish Pasha,
Yes, I won’t make a brother for me forever and ever.
Yes, you, young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka,
You take your captive people,
Yes, take them to Kazan to the last.
Yes, for your-you words for suave,
Yes, you take yourself a golden treasury
Yes, in my Turkish land,
Do you just take as much as you need.-
Tuto's wife Avdotya Ryazanochka
She took the people captivated,
Yes, she took the golden treasury
Yes, from that land of Turkish,
Yes, as much as she needed.
Yes, she brought de captive people,
Yes, to that empty Kazan,
Yes, she built Kazan-city anew,
Yes, since then Kazan has become glorious,
Yes, since then Kazan has become rich,
Is it here in Kazan Avdotino's name was exalted,
Yes, that's how it ended.
With the invasion of Batu and the ruin of Ryazan in 1237, two outstanding artistic images created by the genius of the people are connected - Evpaty Kolovrat and Avdotya Ryazanochka. But if the legend (and according to some assumptions - a song, an epic) about the feat of the Ryazan hero Yevpaty Kolovrat has come down to us as part of the Old Russian "The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu in 1237", then the legend (and perhaps a true story) about Avdotya Ryazanochka has survived in the oral song tradition, it was preserved and carried through the centuries by folk memory.
According to its genre features, as well as its content, "Avdotya Ryazanochka" can be attributed both to ballads (it has a plot), epics (it "sounded" like an epic), and historical songs (it is historical in its essence, although specific historical realities were not preserved in it). But its main advantage lies in the fact that it is in this work of oral folk art that the heroic image of a Russian woman is created. And if Yaroslavna "Words about Igor's Campaign" is called next to the names of female images of world literature, then we can name Avdotya Ryazanochka next to Yaroslavna.
One of the songs about Avdotya Ryazanochka was recorded on August 13, 1871 at Kenozero by A.F. Hilferding from the sixty-five-year-old peasant Ivan Mikhailovich Lyadkov. Known for "Avdotya Ryazanochka" and arranged by the wonderful Russian writer Boris Shergin.
The text is published according to the edition: Gilferding A.F. Onega epics. 4th ed., vol. 3, no. 260.
The image of Avdotya Ryazanochka is undoubtedly fictional, having no chronicle prototype, it is found in a historical song, composed, apparently, in the middle of the 13th century and preserved with minor changes by northern Russian storytellers until the 20th century. The song begins with a picture of the Tatar invasion.
Glorious old King Bahmet Turkish
He fought on the Russian land,
He mined the old Kazangorod undergrowth.
He de stood under the city
With your force-army
There was a lot of this time, time,
Yes, and ruined Kazan "the city of undergrowth,
Ruined Kazan-de-city for nothing.
He cut down all the princes-boyars in Kazan,
Yes, and the princess-boyar
He took those alive.
He captivated the people many thousands,
He led the Turkish to his land.
There are at least two anachronisms here. The first is "Turkish king" and "Turkish land", the second - "Undergrowth Kazan". These are late replacements for the Tatar tsar and the Tatar land and Ryazan. The ancient song was a response to the invasion of the hordes of Batu and the ruin of Ryazan in 1237. Ryazan was the first to take the blows of the invasion, suffered a terrible defeat - this event was described in the book "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", where, along with accurate chronicle details, folk songs also found a place. The story ended with a story about the revival of Ryazan: Prince Ingvar Ingorevich "renew the land of Ryazan, and put up churches, and protect monasteries, and comfort strangers, and gather people." In a folk song, the same feat is performed by a simple “young woman” Avdotya Ryazanochka (by the way, the name “Ryazanochka” speaks of the places where the events took place). But she does it in a completely different way. There is a lot of fantastic, extraordinary in the song. On the way back, the enemy king sets up “great outposts”: deep rivers and lakes, “wide open fields, thieves-robbers” and “dark forests” filled with “fierce beasts”. Avdotya Ryazanochka was left alone in the city. She goes to the "Turkish land" - "full to ask." She manages to almost miraculously overcome obstacles. She turns to Bakhmet:
I stayed in Kazan alone,
I came, sir, to you myself, yes,
Would it not be possible to release a captive to me to the people,
Would you like your kind-tribe?
Further dialogue between the "king" and the "young woman" develops in the spirit of the old epics. Having learned about how skillfully Avdotya went through the “great outposts”, and paying tribute to how skillfully she spoke with him, Bakhmet sets her a difficult task: only by completing it, she will be able to take the full with her.
Yes, you can ask the king
full of heads
Yes, which little head will not be acquired for more than a century.
The “young woman” copes with this task, showing the properties of a fairy-tale or epic “wise maiden”.
I'll get married - yes, I'll make a husband,
Yes, I will have a father-in-law - I will call the father,
Will you be a mother-in-law - I will call mother,
But I will be reputed to be their daughter-in-law;
Yes, I will live with my husband - yes, I will give birth to a son,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed - I will have a son,
May you call me mother;
Yes, I will marry my son and take my daughter-in-law -
May I also be known as a mother-in-law;
Yes, I will live with my husband -
Yes, and I will give birth to a daughter,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed - I will have a daughter,
Let me call you mother.
Yes, I will give my daughter in marriage -
Yes, and I will have a son-in-law,
And I will be known as a mother-in-law ...
Thus, perhaps, according to Avdotya, the whole large family has been restored - only in an updated composition.
And don’t make me that little head -
Yes, dear beloved brother,
And I will not see the brethren for a century and for a century.
Here is the key to solving a difficult problem: all relatives can be "acquired" - except for a sibling. Avdotya's answer is not only correct, but also, it turns out, affects Bakhmet himself: he admits that his beloved brother died during the invasion of Rus'.
You knew how to ask the king if the head is full,
Yes, you won’t make something for a century ...
You take your captive people
Yes, take them to Kazan to the last.
Yes, for your-you words for suave
Yes, you take yourself a golden treasury
Yes, in my Turkish land,
Yes, just take as much as you need.
So, thanks to a wise answer, Avdotya receives the right to take “the captive people” to Rus' to “empty Kazan”. Yes, she built Kazan-city anew, Yes, from that time on Kazan became glorious, Yes, from that time Kazan became rich, And here in Kazan, Avdotyino's name was exalted .,.
Such is the legend of the "young woman" who performed a miracle. Ancient Rus' firmly believed in the truth of what happened and in the authenticity of the heroine.
Avdotya Ryazanochka Avdotya Ryazanochka is the heroine of an ancient epic. This simple woman lived with her family in Ryazan and once left the city on business. In her absence, the city was attacked by the Tatar troops, who plundered and burned it, beat the princes and boyars, and drove the surviving inhabitants into captivity. Historically, events usually correlate with the attack of Batu Khan's troops in December 1237 or the ruin of Ryazan in the 15th century by Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat. However, in the interval between these two dates, there were many other attacks on this city.
In one Onega epic tells about the bold act of Avdotya Ryazanochka, about her female fidelity. Avdotya managed to get out of Tatar captivity not only her relatives, people close to her: brother, son and husband (in other editions of the epic - son, daughter-in-law and mother), but the whole Ryazan is full. Some researchers attribute this dangerous journey to the Horde to the times of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, to the sacking of Ryazan in December 1237, although in some versions “King Bakhmet of Turkey” is mentioned.
It seems to us that this legendary event could have taken place both in the 13th century and in the 14th century. Probably, the replacement of Batu with Bakhmet could have occurred in the second half of the 15th century after the attack on Ryazan by Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat.
The Ryazan Principality was constantly invaded by predatory detachments of the Tatar-Mongolian Golden Horde that had begun to disintegrate. One of these detachments raided in exile, that is, unexpectedly, lightly, as a result of which the defenders of the city could not offer any serious resistance to the enemies, especially since the Ryazan army at that time set out on a campaign. The steppe marauders who attacked the city robbed and took away all the surviving population in full.
As the song about Avdotya Ryazanochka says, Turkish Khan Bakhmet:
He mined the old Kazan-city under the forest.
He de stood under the city
With its force-army.
There was a lot of this time, time.
Yes, I ruined Kazan-city undergrowth,
Ruined Kazan-de-city in vain.
Yes, and the princess-boyar
He took those alive in full.
He led the Turkish to his land.
The city, which has undergone devastation, is called Kazan in the text for some reason. But Kazan, which became part of the Muscovite state from the second half of the 16th century, was never subjected to enemy invasions. Apparently, here we are dealing with the epic replacement of one city by another, which is common for northern storytellers:
But Kazan was burned like a fire,
But Ryazan was taken to the full;
I traveled through Turkey and Sweden,
Kazan, and Ryazan, and Vostrakhan.
The epithets "old" and "undergrowth", found in the song, are more consistent with Ryazan (with the epithet "old" Ryazan is also mentioned in the song "Polish Ataman": "Collection of Kirsha Danilov", No. 53). In the name of Tsar Bakhmet, perhaps, there are echoes of the name of Khan Akhmet, who devastated Ryazan in 1472. The name of this king Turkish and the Turkish land apparently reflects the influence of the folklore of the 17th-18th centuries with the Turkish theme strongly developed in it.
Unexpected news of the sack of Ryazan found Avdotya Ryazanochka at a time when she was on the other side of the Oka River, preparing hay for the winter in the flood meadows of the Oka. Avdotya, like any Russian woman, quickly took matters into her own hands. Having wept her tears, and knowing that hardly anyone would help her in these circumstances, she began to think about how to improve the situation in which she found herself by a tragic accident. Having little hope for a favorable outcome of her idea, she nevertheless got ready for the road, having prepared, just in case, funeral white shirts for her relatives. Avdotya got to the Khan’s headquarters for a very long time and trampled down more than one pair of bast shoes, overcoming several enemy outposts-barriers on her way:
The first great outpost -
He let in rivers, deep lakes;
Another great outpost -
Clear fields are wide,
Became thieves-robbers;
And the third outpost - dark forests
Unleashed fierce beasts.
Finally, the Ryazan wife came to where the Turkish (Tatar) was full. There she was greeted unfriendly, but with undisguised curiosity.
What do you want, Russian woman? - said the king-king Bakhmet, not a little surprised at the arrival of Avdotya Ryazanochka.
I want to return my relatives to the empty land, Ryazan, the eastern king, ”answered Avdotya Ryazanochka.
Tsar Bakhmet says to her:
You, Avdotya, are Ryazanochka's wife!
When you knew how to go the way and the way, -
So know how to ask for heads
Of the three united.
But you don’t know how to ask for little heads, -
So I will cut off your wild head to the shoulders.
Listen to me, oh great and wise ruler, and decide the matter in truth. I am still a very young woman, and I can get married again. So I will have a husband. And if I have a husband, then I will give birth to a son. Only no one will return my own brother, no one will give me a present, so free my brother.
You speak the truth, Ryazanka Avdotya. Since you are so wise, then do the same. I give you three days and two nights so that you can find your relatives in my kingdom. But that is not all. Pick any flower from my tent, and until it withers for three days, no one will touch you, but wither, then your last hour will come to you.
Avdotya came out of the tent, not herself, twirled, grieved. She shook her head from side to side, fell on the grass, wailed, shedding tears:
My Russian Mother Earth, do not let your daughter disappear in a strange side. Help me, mother, parent!
The Russian Land did not give her offense. Sunny, golden flower, put right into Avdotyushka Ryazanochka’s hands, and the flower is called immortelle, it won’t wither not only for three days and three nights, but it won’t wither for three hundred and thirty and three days, and maybe even three thousand three hundred and three years with three months, with three weeks, with three days.
And the sun is going down, and the cavalry is rushing to Avdotya Ryazanochka, preparing to fulfill the Khan's command. Yes, how Russian Polonyaniki ran out of the most extreme yurts, and among them a son with a husband and a brother, Yes, and there were Yelets, Bryanet, not enough, Moscow, but more than all Ryazan, Oka. The Tatar horsemen galloped up to Avdotya Ryazanochka to knit, so, and the flower in her hands burns with the sun, does not fade in any way. That's it!
Though you are a khan, even a tsar-king, but the word must be restrained, reassured, so that forests and seas and steppes with tulips and poppies are praised. And the tsar-myr, the sovereign of the east, had to give everything away, to let go to Ryazan, to sow the Russian land, to settle in.
Since then, Ryazan has again settled down and settled down, and again it began and beautified, because Avdotya Ryazanochka:
Built Kazan-city anew,
But here in Kazan Avdotino's name was exalted.
In another version, it is directly said about Ryazan:
Yes, since then Ryazan has become glorious,
Yes, since then Ryazan has become rich,
Is it here in Ryazan that Avdotino's name was exalted
And yes, that was the end of it.
The woman's mind turned out to be wise and cheerful: Avdotya brought the whole of Ryazan with her.
And everyone praised Avdotya Ryazanochka with glory.
Returning home, Avdotya found that the city had been burned, and her relatives were neither among the survivors nor among the dead. Realizing that her family members are in captivity, she makes an unheard-of decision at that time - to go to the Horde to help them. Not only that, before the headquarters of the Khan, located on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. she needs to go several thousand kilometers, on this way there are a lot of rivers, robbers, wild animals.
After a long journey, the woman reaches the khan's headquarters on foot and seeks a meeting with him. Struck by her courage, the khan allows her to choose only one of her relatives, and she makes a choice not in favor of her son or husband, which would be more understandable, but in favor of her brother. When asked by the khan how to explain her choice, the woman said that she was still young enough to get married again and give birth to new children, but she would never be able to return her brother.
The Khan allowed her to search for her relatives, however, he limited it in time to a period until a freshly picked flower withered in her hands. If she does not have time to find her loved ones before this time, she will lose her head. The woman went out into the steppe and plucked an immortelle flower that never withers. According to some epics, the khan, struck by her courage and wisdom, released with Avdotya not only her relatives, but also other captured Ryazanians, and even rewarded her. Returning, these people rebuilt the city of Ryazan in a new place.
A simple and weak woman succeeded in what princes and skillful warriors could not do with the help of weapons. The bylina about Avdotya Ryazanochka has several variants, in which both the name of the khan and the name of the city change. In the future, a lot of legends appear in folklore using this plot, where other women play the main role. But the main participants are always the Woman, the Khan and the Immortelle flower.
Avdotya Ryazanochka
Glorious old King Bahmet TurkishHe fought on the Russian land,
He mined the old Kazan-city undergrowth,
He de stood under the city
With your force-army,
There was a lot of time this time,
Yes, and ruined Kazan-city undergrowth,
Ruined Kazan de city in vain.
He cut down all the princes-boyars in Kazan,
Yes, and the princess-boyar -
He took those alive in full.
He captivated the people many thousands,
He led the Turkish land to his land,
He set up three great outposts on the road:
The first great outpost -
He let in rivers, deep lakes;
Another great outpost -
Clear fields are wide,
Became thieves-robbers;
And the third outpost - dark forests,
Unleashed fierce beasts,
Only in Kazan in the city
There was only one young wife, Avdotya Ryazanochka.
She went to the Turkish land
Yes, to the glorious king, to the Turkish Bakhmet,
Yes, she went full to ask.
She walked not by the way, not by the road,
Yes, you are deep rivers, wide lakes
Those she sailed,
And you are small rivers, wide lakes
Yes, whether she wandered along the ford.
Did she pass the great outpost,
And those clean fields are wide,
The thieves-robbers of those opalden passed,
How about noon fierce thieves
Those sleeping holding.
Yes, she passed the second great outpost,
Yes, dark, you are dense forests,
Those fierce beasts passed midnight,
Yes, at midnight the beasts are fierce
Those sleeping holding.
Came to the Turkish land
To the glorious king Bakhmet of Turkey,
Yes, in his chambers are royal.
She lays down the cross according to the written
And bows, you know in a learned way,
Yes, she beat the king with her brow, bowed low.
- Yes, you, sir king de Bakhmet of Turkey!
You ruined our old Kazan-city under the forest,
Yes, you are our princes, the boyars knocked them all out,
You took our princesses, the boyars of those living in full,
You took many thousands of people full of people,
You brought Turkish into your land,
I am a young woman, Avdotya Ryazanochka,
I remained alone in Kazan.
I came, sir, to you myself, yes,
Wouldn't it be possible to release some of the captives to me?
Would you like your own kind-tribe? -
Turkish king Bahmet says:
- You are a young wife, Avdotya Ryazanochka!
How I ruined your old Kazan under the forest,
Yes, I killed the boyar princes,
I took the princess-boyar and those living in full,
Yes, I took many thousands of people full of people,
I brought Turkish into my land,
He set up three great outposts on the road:
The first great outpost -
Rivers, deep lakes;
The second great outpost -
Clear fields are wide,
Became fierce thieves-robbers,
Yes, the third outpost of the great -
Dark forests - you are dense,
I unleashed fierce beasts.
Yes, tell me, wife Avdotya Ryazanochka,
How did you pass these outposts? -
The answer is kept by wife Avdotya Ryazanochka:
I am these great outposts
Passed not by way, not by road.
Like I am rivers, deep lakes
Those I sailed,
And those clean fields are wide,
Thieves, robbers,
Those I have gone through,
Opalden thieves-robbers,
They rested holding.
Dark forests are those of fierce beasts,
Those de I passed at midnight,
Ferocious beasts,
Those sleeping holding.-
Yes, those speeches fell in love with the king,
Says the glorious King Bahmet Turkish:
- Oh, you, young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka!
Yes, she knew how to speak with the king,
Yes, know how to ask the king for a full de head,
Yes, which little head will not be amassed for more than a century.–
Yes, the young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka says:
- And you, the glorious king Bakhmet of Turkey!
I'll get married and get a husband,
Yes, I will have a father-in-law, I will call the father,
If you are a mother-in-law, I will call you mother.
And I'll be known as their daughter-in-law,
Yes, I will live with my husband, yes I will give birth to a son,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed, I will have a son,
Yes, I will marry my son and take my daughter-in-law,
Yes, will I be known as a mother-in-law.
Yes, I will live with my husband,
Let me give birth to a daughter.
Yes, I will sing, I will feed, I will have a daughter,
Let me call you mother.
Yes, I will give my daughter in marriage,
Yes, I will have a son-in-law,
And I will be known as mother-in-law.
And don’t make me that little head,
Yes, dear beloved brother.
And I’ll never see my brother forever and ever.-
Did the king like those speeches,
He said to the wife this is the word: -
Oh, you young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka!
You knew how to ask the king if the head is full,
Yes, you won’t make money for a century.
When I ruined your old Kazan-city undergrowth,
I knocked out the boyar princes,
And I took those living princesses to the full,
He took many thousands of people full of people,
Yes, they killed my dear beloved brother,
And the glorious Turkish Pasha,
Yes, I won’t make a brother for me forever and ever.
Yes, you, young wife Avdotya Ryazanochka,
You take your captive people,
Yes, take them to Kazan to the last.
Yes, for your-you words for suave,
Yes, you take yourself a golden treasury
Yes, in my Turkish land,
Do you just take as much as you need.-
Tuto's wife Avdotya Ryazanochka
She took the people captivated,
Yes, she took the golden treasury
Yes, from that land of Turkish,
Yes, as much as she needed.
Yes, she brought de captive people,
Yes, to that empty Kazan,
Yes, she built Kazan-city anew,
Yes, since then Kazan has become glorious,
Yes, since then Kazan has become rich,
Is it here in Kazan Avdotino's name was exalted,
Yes, that's how it ended.
The heroism of a small defenseless woman who came to the Horde, famous for bloody raids, devastation and cruelty, made the Tatar tsar imbued with respect for her, and her wisdom subdued the storm of Russian lands.
This epic is remarkable in that not a male warrior, but a female worker "won the battle" with the Horde. She stood up for her relatives, and thanks to her courage and intelligence, "Ryazan went out of the crowd."
PS: The famous historical ballad "Avdotya Ryazanochka" by the compiler does not refer to 1237 (the ruin of Ryazan by Batu), but following the recent article by A. O. Amelkin - to the events of 1505 in Kazan, when the vassal of Ivan III, who first conquered in 1487 Kazan, Khan Mohammed-Emin unexpectedly imprisoned the Russian ambassador, killed many Russian people who lived in this city, and even violated Russian borders, besieging Nizhny Novgorod. S. N. Azbelev points out that in the historical ballad the action takes place in Kazan and only the nickname of the heroine connects her with Ryazan. This detail allows the researcher to join the point of view of A. O. Amelkin. Nevertheless, if we accept the researcher's hypothesis about the dating of songs about Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible to the 15th century with interest, then this rendering of the song about Avdotya Ryaznochka seems unconvincing to us. Let us pay attention to the fact that in the few surviving versions of this song (the academic edition gives three lyrics of the song), the city where the heroine comes from is consistently called "old Kazan". This is a clear echo of the written formula "Old Ryazan" (modern Ryazan stands several tens of kilometers from the city devastated by Batu); the epithet "old" in relation to Kazan is not registered in writing. The stable nickname of the heroine Ryazanochka leaves, in our opinion, no doubt that the content of this ballad should be associated with the historical events of the Russian city of Ryazan, and not the Tatar Kazan.
Avdotya Ryazanochka - The image of Avdotya Ryazanochka is undoubtedly fictional, having no chronicle prototype, it is found in a historical song, apparently composed in the middle of the 13th century and preserved with minor changes by northern Russian storytellers until the 20th century. The song begins with a picture of the Tatar invasion.
Glorious old King Bahmet Turkish
He fought on the Russian land,
He mined the old Kazangorod undergrowth.
He de stood under the city
With your force-army
There was a lot of this time, time,
Yes, and ruined Kazan "the city of undergrowth,
Ruined Kazan-de-city for nothing.
He cut down all the princes-boyars in Kazan,
Yes, and the princess-boyar
He took those alive.
He captivated the people many thousands,
He led the Turkish to his land.
There are at least two anachronisms here. The first is "Turkish king" and "Turkish land", the second - "Undergrowth Kazan". These are late replacements for the Tatar tsar and the Tatar land and Ryazan. The ancient song was a response to the invasion of the hordes of Batu and the ruin of Ryazan in 1237. Ryazan was the first to take the blows of the invasion, suffered a terrible defeat - this event was described in the book "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", where, along with accurate chronicle details, folk songs also found a place. The story ended with a story about the revival of Ryazan: Prince Ingvar Ingorevich "renew the land of Ryazan, and put up churches, and protect monasteries, and comfort strangers, and gather people." In a folk song, the same feat is performed by a simple “young woman” Avdotya Ryazanochka (by the way, the name “Ryazanochka” speaks of the places where the events took place). But she does it in a completely different way. There is a lot of fantastic, extraordinary in the song. On the way back, the enemy king sets up “great outposts”: deep rivers and lakes, “wide open fields, thieves-robbers” and “dark forests” filled with “fierce beasts”. Avdotya Ryazanochka was left alone in the city. She goes to the "Turkish land" - "full to ask." She manages to almost miraculously overcome obstacles. She turns to Bakhmet:
I stayed in Kazan alone,
I came, sir, to you myself, yes,
Would it not be possible to release a captive to me to the people,
Would you like your kind-tribe?
Further dialogue between the "king" and the "young woman" develops in the spirit of the old epics. Having learned about how skillfully Avdotya went through the “great outposts”, and paying tribute to how skillfully she spoke with him, Bakhmet sets her a difficult task: only by completing it, she will be able to take the full with her.
Yes, know how to ask the king for a full de head,
Yes, which little head will not be acquired for more than a century.
The “young woman” copes with this task, showing the properties of a fairy-tale or epic “wise maiden”.
I'll get married - yes, I'll make a husband,
Yes, I will have a father-in-law - I will call the father,
Will you be a mother-in-law - I will call mother,
But I will be reputed to be their daughter-in-law;
Yes, I will live with my husband - yes, I will give birth to a son,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed - I will have a son,
May you call me mother;
Yes, I will marry my son and take my daughter-in-law -
May I also be known as a mother-in-law;
Yes, I will live with my husband -
Yes, and I will give birth to a daughter,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed - I will have a daughter,
Let me call you mother.
Yes, I will give my daughter in marriage -
Yes, and I will have a son-in-law,
And I will be known as a mother-in-law ...
Thus, perhaps, according to Avdotya, the whole large family has been restored - only in an updated composition.
And don’t make me that little head -
Yes, dear beloved brother,
And I will not see the brethren for a century and for a century.
Here is the key to solving a difficult problem: all relatives can be "acquired" - except for a sibling. Avdotya's answer is not only true, but also, it turns out, affects Bakhmet himself: he admits that his beloved brother died during the invasion of Rus'.
You knew how to ask the king if the head is full,
Yes, you won’t make something for a century ...
You take your captive people
Yes, take them to Kazan to the last.
Yes, for your-you words for suave
Yes, you take yourself a golden treasury
Yes, in my Turkish land,
Yes, just take as much as you need.
So, thanks to a wise answer, Avdotya receives the right to take “the captive people” to Rus' to “empty Kazan”. Yes, she built Kazan-city anew, Yes, from that time Kazan became glorious, Yes, from that time Kazan became rich, And here in Kazan Avdotyino's name was exalted.
Such is the legend of the "young woman" who performed a miracle. Ancient Rus' firmly believed in the truth of what happened and in the authenticity of the heroine.
Avdotya Ryazanochka - The image of Avdotya Ryazanochka is undoubtedly fictional, having no chronicle prototype, it is found in a historical song, composed, apparently, in the middle of the 13th century and preserved with minor changes by northern Russian storytellers until the 20th century. The song begins with a picture of the Tatar invasion.
Glorious old King Bahmet Turkish
He fought on the Russian land,
He mined the old Kazangorod undergrowth.
He de stood under the city
With your force-army
There was a lot of this time, time,
Yes, and ruined Kazan "the city of undergrowth,
Ruined Kazan-de-city for nothing.
He cut down all the princes-boyars in Kazan,
Yes, and the princess-boyar
He took those alive.
He captivated the people many thousands,
He led the Turkish to his land.
There are at least two anachronisms here. The first one is “Turkish king” and “Turkish land”, the second one is “Podlesnaya Kazan”. These are late replacements for the Tatar tsar and the Tatar land and Ryazan. The ancient song was a response to the invasion of the hordes of Batu and the ruin of Ryazan in 1237. Ryazan was the first to take the blows of the invasion, suffered a terrible defeat - this event was described in the book "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", where, along with accurate chronicle details, folk songs also found a place. The story ended with a story about the revival of Ryazan: Prince Ingvar Ingorevich "renew the land of Ryazan, and put up churches, and protect monasteries, and comfort strangers, and gather people." In a folk song, the same feat is performed by a simple “young woman” Avdotya Ryazanochka (by the way, the name “Ryazanochka” speaks of the places where the events took place). But she does it in a completely different way. There is a lot of fantastic, extraordinary in the song.
Hood. K. Vasiliev
On the way back, the enemy king sets up “great outposts”: deep rivers and lakes, “wide open fields, thieves-robbers” and “dark forests” filled with “fierce beasts”. Avdotya Ryazanochka was left alone in the city. She goes to the "Turkish land" - "full to ask." She manages to almost miraculously overcome obstacles. She turns to Bakhmet:
I stayed in Kazan alone,
I came, sir, to you myself, yes,
Would it not be possible to release a captive to me to the people,
Would you like your kind-tribe?
Further dialogue between the "king" and the "young woman" develops in the spirit of the old epics. Having learned about how skillfully Avdotya went through the “great outposts”, and paying tribute to how skillfully she spoke with him, Bakhmet sets her a difficult task: only by completing it, she will be able to take the full with her.
Yes, know how to ask the king for a full de head,
Yes, which little head will not be acquired for more than a century.
The “young woman” copes with this task, showing the properties of a fairy-tale or epic “wise maiden”.
I'll get married - yes, I'll make a husband,
Yes, I will have a father-in-law - I will call you father,
Will you be a mother-in-law - I will call mother,
But I will be reputed to be their daughter-in-law;
Yes, I will live with my husband - yes, I will give birth to a son,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed - I will have a son,
May you call me mother;
Yes, I will marry my son and take my daughter-in-law -
May I also be known as a mother-in-law;
Yes, I will live with my husband -
Yes, and I will give birth to a daughter,
Yes, I will sing, I will feed - I will have a daughter,
Let me call you mother.
Yes, I will give my daughter in marriage -
Yes, and I will have a son-in-law,
And I will be known as a mother-in-law ...
Thus, perhaps, according to Avdotya, the whole large family has been restored - only in an updated composition.
And don’t make me that little head -
Yes, dear beloved brother,
And I will not see the brethren for a century and for a century.
Here is the key to solving a difficult problem: all relatives can be "acquired" - except for a sibling. Avdotya's answer is not only true, but also, it turns out, affects Bakhmet himself: he admits that his beloved brother died during the invasion of Rus'.
You knew how to ask the king if the head is full,
Yes, you won’t make something for a century ...
You take your captive people
Yes, take them to Kazan to the last.
Yes, for your-you words for suave
Yes, you take yourself a golden treasury
Yes, in my Turkish land,
Yes, just take as much as you need.
So, thanks to a wise answer, Avdotya receives the right to take “the captive people” to Rus' to “empty Kazan”. Yes, she built Kazan-city anew, Yes, from that time Kazan became glorious, Yes, from that time Kazan became rich, And here in Kazan Avdotyino's name was exalted.
Such is the legend of the "young woman" who performed a miracle. Ancient Rus' firmly believed in the truth of what happened and in the authenticity of the heroine.
