Royal capital of Europe. Countries of Eastern Europe. From "P" to "X"

Europe is a region with a unique history. The geographical position of European countries is more than favorable. Before listing the list of European countries and their capitals, we will describe the European territory as a whole. Most states are located in a favorable climatic zone and have a favorable geopolitical position. Almost all European powers have access to the sea.

Here is a list of European countries and their capitals. And we will add brief descriptions. What makes these powers unique and interesting?

Western Europe

1. Austria - Vienna: Sigmund Freud lived and worked in this city throughout his career.
2. Belgium - Brussels: The airport of the capital of Belgium is the largest chocolate selling point in the world.
3. Great Britain - London: This is the only city in the world where the Olympic Games have been held three times.
4. Germany - Berlin: only in this city in the world there are three opera houses at once.
5. Ireland - Dublin: Dublin is home to the world's oldest maternity hospital.
6. Liechtenstein - Vaduz: despite its status as the capital, less than 6,000 people live there.
7. Luxembourg - Luxembourg: It is the second richest country in the world after Qatar.
8. Monaco - Monaco: Monaco borders France on all sides and is actually a city-state.
9. Netherlands - Amsterdam: There is not a single free parking in all of Amsterdam.
10. France - Paris: there is only one stop sign in the French capital.
11. Switzerland - Bern: the main language of the capital is not Swedish at all, but German.

Eastern Europe

1. Belarus - Minsk: the capital of Belarus is older than Moscow and has burned to the ground 18 times in its history.
2. Bulgaria - Sofia: an almost single-ethnic city, 95% of ethnic Bulgarians live there.
3. Hungary - Budapest: in the center is the largest synagogue in Europe, it can accommodate 3,000 visitors.
4. Moldova - Chisinau: there was a time when the country did not have a president for 3 years.
5. Poland - Warsaw: there is not a single circus in the capital of Poland, and the number of theaters exceeds the number of cinemas.
6. Romania - Bucharest: Unofficially proclaimed the capital of stray dogs, there are more of them here than in all of Europe.
7. Slovakia - Bratislava: the city is famous for its most expensive hotel, which was designed by the same person who was involved in the Titanic project - Thomas Andrews.
8. Ukraine - Kyiv: here is the widest and shortest central street in Europe - Khreshchatyk.
9. Czech Republic - Prague: Faust's House is located on one of the streets of the city.

Northern Europe

Consider a list of European countries with capitals.

1. Denmark - Copenhagen: there is still a profession of chimney sweep here.
2. Iceland - Reykjavik: there are no ants or mosquitoes in this country.
3. Norway - Oslo: the most expensive city to live in the world.
4. Latvia - Riga: Riga airport is the largest in the Baltics.
5. Lithuania - Vilnius: 93% of Lithuanians own real estate.
6. Finland - Helsinki: tap water in Helsinki comes directly from mountain springs.
7. Sweden - Stockholm: 95% of Swedes speak English.
8. Estonia - Tallinn: Estonians themselves write the name of their capital with two "l" and two "n".

It remains to consider the countries of southern Europe and their capitals; the list is also presented in alphabetical order.

1. Albania - Tirana: a country that declared itself the first atheist state.
2. Andorra - Andorra la Vella: there is no army here, the population is protected by the troops of Spain and France.
3. Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo: first the country gained independence and only then, three years later, a constitution appeared in it.
4. Vatican City - Vatican City: a well-known fact - it is the smallest state in the world, its area is only 0.44 sq. km.
5. Greece - Athens: the first Olympic Games were held in the capital of Greece.
6. Spain - Madrid: the capital is located exactly in the geographical center of the country.
7. Italy - Rome: the city is one of the most beautiful in Europe, and the famous Colosseum is one of the seven wonders of the world.
8. Macedonia - Skopje: The famous Mother Teresa was from Skopje, and the city has a museum dedicated to her.
9. Malta - Valletta: Home to an endemic species of bees, the country's name means "honey" in Russian.
10. Portugal - Lisbon: The country has a population of 11 million, and Portuguese is spoken by 232 million people in the world.
11. San Marino - San Marino: There are no customs controls at the entrance to San Marino.
12. Serbia - Belgrade: national pride - Nikola Tesla.
13. Slovenia - Ljubljana: the capital was designed in the shape of a star.
14. Croatia - Zagreb: The capital of Croatia has the safest passenger transportation system.
15. Montenegro - Podgorica: Montenegrins are considered the highest nation in Europe.

This list of European countries and their capitals for the southern part is the most numerous. Mainly due to the presence of small but interesting and original countries.

So, we not only looked at the list of European countries and their capitals, but also provided interesting facts about each country or its capital.

Europe is a part of the world that, together with another part of the world, Asia, forms a single continent - Eurasia. Its vast territory contains 44 independent states. But not all of them are part of Foreign Europe.

Foreign Europe

In 1991, the international organization CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) was created. Today it includes the following states: Russia, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. In relation to them, the countries of Foreign Europe are distinguished. There are 40 of them. This figure does not include dependent states - possessions of a particular state that are not formally its territory: Akrotil and Dhekelia (Great Britain), Aland (Finland), Guernsey (Great Britain), Gibraltar (Great Britain), Jersey (Great Britain) ), Isle of Man (Great Britain), Faroe Islands (Denmark), Svalbard (Norway), Jan Mayen (Norway).

In addition, this list does not include unrecognized countries: Kosovo, Transnistria, Sealand.

Rice. 1 Map of Foreign Europe

Geographical position

The countries of Foreign Europe occupy a relatively small area - 5.4 km2. The length of their lands from north to south is 5,000 km, and from west to east - more than 3,000 km. The extreme point in the north is the island of Spitsbergen, and in the south is the island of Crete. This region is surrounded by seas on three sides. In the west and south it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Geographically, Foreign Europe is divided into regions:

• Western : Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, France, Switzerland;
• Northern : Denmark, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Estonia;
• South : Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican City, Greece, Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro;
• Eastern : Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic.

From ancient times to the present day, the development of Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Great Britain, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, and the Netherlands is inextricably linked with the sea. In the west it is difficult to find a place that would be more than 480 km away from the water, and in the east - 600 km.

general characteristics

Foreign European countries vary in size. Among them there are large, medium, small and “dwarf” states. The latter include the Vatican, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Malta. As for the population, you can mainly observe countries with a small number of citizens - about 10 million people. According to the form of government, the vast majority of countries are republics. In second place are constitutional monarchies: Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Monaco, Denmark, Spain, Great Britain, Andorra, Belgium. And at the last stage in the singular - theocratic monarchy: the Vatican. The administrative-territorial structure is also heterogeneous. The majority are unitary states. Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, Montenegro, Germany, Austria, Belgium are countries with a federal structure.

Rice. 2 Developed countries of Europe and their capitals

Socio-economic classification

In 1993, the idea of ​​European unification received a new lease of life: that year the treaty establishing the European Union was signed. At the first stage, some countries opposed joining the ranks of such an association (Norway, Sweden, Austria, Finland). The total number of countries included in the modern EU is 28. They are united not only by their name. First of all, they “profess” a common economy (a single currency), a common domestic and foreign policy, as well as a security policy. But within this alliance, not everything is so smooth and homogeneous. It has its own leaders - Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy. They account for about 70% of the total GDP and more than half of the population of the European Union. The following are small countries, which are divided into subgroups:

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• First : Austria, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden;
• Second : Greece, Spain, Ireland, Portugal, Malta, Cyprus;
• Third (developing countries): Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

In 2016, a referendum was held in Great Britain on whether the country should leave the EU. The majority (52%) were in favor. So, the state is on the threshold of a difficult process of leaving the large “European family”.

Rice. 3 Rome - the capital of Italy

Foreign Europe: countries and capitals

The following table provides a list of countries and capitals of Overseas Europe in alphabetical order:

	A country	Capital	Territorial structure	Political system
			Federation	Republic
		Andorra la Vella	Unitary	Republic
		Brussels	Federation	A constitutional monarchy
	Bulgaria		Unitary	Republic
	Bosnia and Herzegovina		Unitary	Republic
			Theocratic monarchy
		Budapest	Unitary	Republic
	Great Britain		Unitary	A constitutional monarchy
	Germany		Federation	Republic
			Unitary	Republic
		Copenhagen	Unitary	A constitutional monarchy
	Ireland		Unitary	Republic
	Iceland	Reykjavik	Unitary	Republic
			Unitary	A constitutional monarchy
			Unitary	Republic
			Unitary	Republic
			Unitary	Republic
	Liechtenstein		Unitary	Constitutional monarchy
	Luxembourg	Luxembourg	Unitary	Constitutional monarchy
	Macedonia		Unitary	Republic
		Valletta	Unitary	Republic
			Unitary	Constitutional monarchy
	Netherlands	Amsterdam	Unitary	Constitutional monarchy
	Norway		Unitary	Constitutional monarchy
			Unitary	Republic
	Portugal	Lisbon	Unitary	Republic
		Bucharest	Unitary	Republic
	San Marino	San Marino	Unitary	Republic
			Unitary	Republic
	Slovakia	Bratislava	Unitary	Republic
	Slovenia		Unitary	Republic
	Finland	Helsinki	Unitary	Republic
			Unitary	Republic
	Montenegro	Podgorica	Unitary	Republic
			Unitary	Republic
	Croatia		Unitary	Republic
	Switzerland		Federation	Republic
		Stockholm	Unitary	Constitutional monarchy
			Unitary	Republic

What have we learned?

In this article we talked about the countries and main cities of Foreign Europe. Overseas Europe is a region of Europe. What does it contain? It includes all countries located in the European part of Eurasia, except for the states belonging to the CIS. The European Union operates on the territory of Foreign Europe, which has united 28 states under its roof.

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Here is a map of countries in Russian and a table with sovereign states, as well as dependent territories. They include completely independent states and territories dependent on various European countries. In total, in the European part of the world there are 50 sovereign states and 9 dependent territories.

According to the generally accepted geographical definition, the border between and Europe runs along the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Caspian Sea in the east, the Greater Caucasus mountain system and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles in the south. Based on this division, the transcontinental states of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territories in both Europe and Asia.

The island of Cyprus in Western Asia is close to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and lies on the Anatolian Plate, but is often considered part of Europe and is a current member of the European Union (EU). Armenia is also entirely in Western Asia, but is a member of some European organizations.

Although providing a clearer separation between and Europe, some traditionally European islands, such as Malta, Sicily, Pantelleria and the Pelagian Islands, are located on the African Continental Plate. The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which crosses the Eurasian and North American plates.

Greenland has socio-political ties to Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but is geographically closer to. Sometimes Israel is also seen as part of the geopolitical processes of Europe.

Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located on other continents, such as the French overseas departments, the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the African coast, and the Dutch Caribbean territories of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.

There are 50 internationally recognized sovereign states with territory located within the general definition of Europe and/or members in international European organizations, of which 44 have their capitals within Europe. All but the Vatican are members of the United Nations (UN), and all but Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Vatican are members of the Council of Europe. 28 of these countries have been members of the EU since 2013, meaning they are highly integrated with each other and partially share their sovereignty with EU institutions.

Political map of Europe with country names in Russian

To enlarge the map, click on it.

Political map of Europe with names of states/Wikipedia

Table of European countries with capitals

Eastern European states
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Belarus	Minsk
2	Bulgaria	Sofia
3	Hungary	Budapest
4	Moldova	Kishinev
5	Poland	Warsaw
6	Russia	Moscow
7	Romania	Bucharest
8	Slovakia	Bratislava
9	Ukraine	Kyiv
10	Czech	Prague
Western European countries
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Austria	Vein
2	Belgium	Brussels
3	Great Britain	London
4	Germany	Berlin
5	Ireland	Dublin
6	Liechtenstein	Vaduz
7	Luxembourg	Luxembourg
8	Monaco	Monaco
9	Netherlands	Amsterdam
10	France	Paris
11	Switzerland	Berne
Nordic states
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Denmark	Copenhagen
2	Iceland	Reykjavik
3	Norway	Oslo
4	Latvia	Riga
5	Lithuania	Vilnius
6	Finland	Helsinki
7	Sweden	Stockholm
8	Estonia	Tallinn
Southern European states
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Albania	Tirana
2	Andorra	Andorra la Vella
3	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo
4	Vatican	Vatican
5	Greece	Athens
6	Spain	Madrid
7	Italy	Rome
8	Macedonia	Skopje
9	Malta	Valletta
10	Portugal	Lisbon
11	San Marino	San Marino
12	Serbia	Belgrade
13	Slovenia	Ljubljana
14	Croatia	Zagreb
15	Montenegro	Podgorica
Asian states that are partly located in Europe
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Kazakhstan	Astana
2	Türkiye	Ankara
States that, taking into account the border between Europe and Asia along the Caucasus, are partly located in Europe
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Azerbaijan	Baku
2	Georgia	Tbilisi
States that are located in Asia, although from a geopolitical point of view they are closer to Europe
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Armenia	Yerevan
2	Republic of Cyprus	Nicosia
Dependent territories
№	Titles	Capital Cities
1	Åland (autonomy within Finland)	Mariehamn
2	Guernsey (a British Crown Dependency that is not part of Great Britain)	St Peter Port
3	Gibraltar (British overseas possessions disputed by Spain)	Gibraltar
4	Jersey (a British Crown Dependency that is not part of Great Britain)	St Helier
5	Isle of Man (British Crown Dependency)	Douglas
6	Faroe Islands (autonomous island region, part of Denmark)	Tórshavn
7	Svalbard (an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean that is part of Norway)	Longyearbyen

If you are going to Europe, then preliminary information about the country of destination will not hurt. Including historical information. Since no trip to any country usually passes its capital, data on the main city of the state is of greatest interest. Getting to know the city begins with its name. We should know the names of the capitals of European countries from school. But few people know about the origin of these names. The selection of etymological references offered below will help fill this gap in knowledge.

Amsterdam. Capital of the Netherlands. The city is located at the mouth of the river Amstel. Fishing village at this place with the name Amstelredamme known since 1282. Translated as “village by the dam on the Amstel River.”

Athens. Capital of Greece. The first settlements on this site are known from the 15th–13th centuries. BC e. The ancient Greeks associated the name of the city with the name of the goddess Pallas Athena, its patroness. It is believed that this name appeared before the ancient Greeks and was given by the Pelasgians. Translated from the language of the latter, it probably means “hill, eminence.”

Belgrade. Capital of Serbia. The city was founded by the Celts in the 4th–3rd centuries. BC e. entitled Singidun (dun- "Hill"). After the conquest by the Slavs in 878, it was first mentioned by the name White City. The modern name is the same, only in Serbo-Croatian. The word "white" is believed to have a symbolic meaning in this case. Only the latter is interpreted differently. Some associate the element white with water, since all the “white cities” are located near the river. Others explain it as a synonym for beautiful. Still others believe that in this case white= “free” (that is, a city that has certain privileges).

Berlin. Capital of Germany. The name has been known since 1244. The origin of the name has not yet been precisely established. Many explanations have been proposed. The following are considered the most convincing: 1. From a personal name Berla. 2. From Slavic brl“swamp, swamp.” 3. From Slavic brlen“a dam on a river for fishing or floating timber.”

Berne. Capital of Switzerland. The city has been known since 1191. Many explanations have been proposed. The following are considered the most convincing: 1. From the Celtic “mountain”. 2. This is a name transferred from Italy Verona, processed into Berne. The city's coat of arms depicts a bear. And popular rumor connects the name of the city with the word “bear”. This explanation is rejected by etymologists as unacceptable.

Bratislava. Capital of Slovakia. Before our era, there was a Roman fortified camp on the site of the city. Posonium. Later a Slovak city was formed here Preslav, named after a personal name. Subsequently, this name was transformed into Breslavsburg, and then Pressburg. After the formation of Czechoslovakia, the city returned its Slavic name Bratislava(this is a modified version of the toponym Preslav).

Brussels. Capital of Belgium. The city was first mentioned in the 8th century in the form Brocela, which then transformed into modern French Bruxelles and Flemish Brussels. The toponym consists of Flemish roots brock"swamp" and sela“housing”, that is, Brussels – “a village by the swamp”.

Budapest. Capital of Hungary. In 1872, the cities of Buda and Pest, located on opposite banks of the Danube, were united into one city, called Budapest. Both parts of the toponym are Slavic: buda“house, building, village”; pest“oven” in the meaning of “home, home.”

Vein. Capital of Austria. Named after the river that flows into the Danube at this point. Some derive the name of the river from Celtic vedunia"tree". Others are from Celtic windo"white", "building". Another version - from Celtic vedunis"forest stream"

Bucharest. Capital of Romania. The city was first mentioned under this name in 1459. The toponym was formed from a personal name Bucur, apparently belonging to the feudal owner. Suffix -eshti common in the names of Romanian settlements.

Vaduz. Capital of Liechtenstein. The toponym has been known since 1342. It is a modified name of the valley, the name of which was given by the Romans - Wallis-Dulcia – vallis"sweet, pleasant" + dulcis"valley". Through intermediate Valduz the city received its modern name Vaduz.

Warsaw. Capital of Poland. The city has been known under this name since the 13th century. Different opinions have been expressed regarding the etymology. The most convincing is the construction to a personal name Varsh+ accessory suffix -Eve. That is Warsaw- “village Varsha”.

Vilnius. Capital of Lithuania. Until 1939 it was called Vilna. Founded in the 10th century on the Viliya River (lit. Neris) at the confluence of the Vileika (Vilnia) river. The city got its name from the names of these rivers. The name of the river Viliya is from Slavic Vella"big".

Zagreb Capital of Croatia. Known since the 11th century. The most convincing version is the Slavic origin of this toponym. Its etymology is “behind the embankment (dam, ditch).”

Kyiv. Capital of Ukraine. The city arose in the 5th century. The etymology of its name is controversial. Currently, a common version is the formation of the toponym from the Slavic Kujava"mountain, steep hill, peak." In the ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" the name is derived from the name Cue. However, even in the chronicles they could not decide who this Kiy was - a simple man or a prince? In ancient times, cities received the names of princes, so the princely version seems more plausible. But then the name still lived Kiev transportation, therefore, a version appeared that Kiy was a carrier across the Dnieper. An adherent of the personal name version Cue there was A.I. Sobolevsky, who derived this very name from the Slavic whoa"stick, pole." There is also a version about the non-Slavic origin of the toponym, which many famous Slavists reject. In this case, we are talking about an attempt to connect the toponym with Prakrit (Central Indian languages ​​and dialects) kojawa, in the sense of "place of the throne." In the Middle Ages Kyiv was called Sambatas. The origin of this toponym raises a wide variety of speculations.

Kishinev. Capital of Moldova. The toponym has been known since the 15th century. According to Radlov, from Moldavian no"new" and Turkic kishlakh"winter hut". Another version: from ancient Moldavian chisinau"well, spring, source." Among other hypotheses there is a version of Polovtsian origin: from swarming"burial place, mausoleum."

Copenhagen. Capital of Denmark. The toponym has been known since 1231. It consists of two stems from Danish words: kjobmann"merchant, merchant" + havn"harbour, pier."

Lisbon. Capital of Portugal. First mentioned in the 2nd century BC. e. The origin of the name is unclear. So, they are trying to derive the second component from the Phoenician ippo“fence”, the second component is unclear. In another case, they try to explain from Phoenician alis ubbo"joyful bay (joyful bay)". There is also a hypothesis about the appearance of the name from Lisso or Lucio is the pre-Roman name of the Tagus River on which Lisbon stands.

London. The capital of Great Britain. The city has been known under this name since 115 - Londinium. Several explanations have been proposed: from a personal name Londin(“city of Londina”), from the name of the tribe londin("city of Londins"), from Celtic lon-dun“fortification on a hill”, etc.

Ljubljana. Capital of Slovenia. The toponym has been known since the 6th century. To date, the semantic meaning of this name is unclear, although there are many versions: from the Slavic basis love, from ethnonym Ljubljana, on behalf of the river deity Lubarus, from an ancient Slavic name Lyubovid etc. However, the presence of numerous toponymic parallels indicates the pre-Slavic origin of the toponym. So, they are trying to derive from Latin alluviana "flooding".

Madrid. Capital of Spain. The city was founded in 927. In 939 it was mentioned as Magerite. It was believed that it comes from Arabic madarat- "city". But then another explanation appeared: the name is pre-Arabic and comes from Romance maderita"forest growth"

Minsk. Capital of Belarus. The city has been known since 1067. Chronicle forms of the toponym – Menesk, Mensk, Mensk. Ancient Minsk arose somewhat southwest of the historical core of the modern city, on the river Meni (Menki), from which he received his name. The origin of the name of the river is not completely clear. Someone sees a parallel with the name of the river Mine(tributary of the Rhine) in Germany. Someone is deducing from Latvian main- "swamp".

Oslo. Capital of Norway. Founded in 1048. At least two versions of the origin of this toponym are known. From os"mouth" + Lo– the name of the river, i.e. “the river at the mouth of the Lo River.” Another version: from ass og lo“clearing (clearing) in the forest.” Since 1624 the city was named after King Christian Christiania (Christiania). In 1925, its original name was returned to it.

Paris. Capital of France. At the turn of our era the city was called Lutetia Parisiorium. It was the main city of the Gallic tribe of Parisians. It is believed that the first part of the toponym is from Celtic lut"swamp". The etymology of the ethnonym Parisia is controversial. According to one version it means “ship”, according to another it means “border people”.

Prague. Capital of the Czech Republic. The name has been known since the 10th century. Of the numerous explanations, the most convincing is the origin of the Czech pražiti“a place where the forest has been burned or dried out.” A very common interpretation is through the word threshold. But it is erroneous because it is not confirmed either linguistically or geographically (there are no river rapids here).

Reykjavik. Capital of Iceland. The city was founded by the Vikings in 875 and named after the bay on the shore of which it stands. The steam over the hot springs along the shores of the bay was called smoke. Hence the name of the bay Reykjavil – reyka"smoke" + vik"bay, bay"

Riga. Capital of Latvia. The city was founded at the turn of the 12th–13th centuries. The name is derived from the Baltic languages ​​- from the word ring, ring"bend, bend." From this word the name of the river is derived, which later acquired the diminutive form Ridzene. This river was filled up. Thus, the city was named either by the river or by the bend at which the settlement arose.

Rome. Capital of Italy. The legend about the connection between the name of the city and the name of the founder Romulus is a toponymic myth, a classic example of folk etymology. It is believed that the toponym arose from the ancient name of the Tiber River on which it is located - Rumo, Rumon. The name of the river is possibly associated with the name of one of the Etruscan tribes, who were the ancient population of these places.

holm stak"bay" and stok"stake, pile, pillar."

Stockholm. Capital of Sweden. The city was founded in the middle of the 13th century. Second part of the toponym holm means "island". The first part is less transparent. It could be stak"bay" and stok"stake, pile, pillar."

Tallinn. Capital of Estonia. The city has been known since 1154. The modern name arose in the 13th century, when the city was captured by the Danes and named Taani Linn"Danish city" Officially, this name was established only in 1917. However, the city is also known under other names. In Russian chronicles and in later sources up to the 18th century - Kolyvan. Its origins are unclear. They are also derived from a personal name Kalev(hero of the epic “Kalevala”), and from Lithuanian kalvis"smithy". Until 1917, the official name of the city was Revel. The origin of this toponym is also controversial. Some derive from the name of the entire coastal region - Roared. Others are from the Swedish "melt". Third - from the name of the shopping area Rebala. The origin of the city's earlier name is debatable Lindanisa.

Helsinki. Capital of Finland. The city was founded by the Swedes in the 16th century near a waterfall and named by them Helsingfors. Second component forces- “waterfall”. The origin of the first is unknown. It is assumed that from the ethnonym Helsingi. The city moved away from the waterfall, but the Swedish name remained in use for a long time in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Sources

Nikonov V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary. M., 1966.

Pospelov E.M. School toponymic dictionary. M., 1988.

The article contains information on countries included in Eastern Europe. Explains the reason for changing the territorial boundaries of the region. The material actually proves the stability of the region’s economy, taking into account all the changes on a global scale.

General characteristics of Eastern European countries

Historically, the states of Eastern Europe lag slightly behind their Western neighbors in terms of economic development and other indicators. It is also worth noting that it is the states of this part of Europe that constitute a buffer between Russia and other powers from the CIS, and the states of Western Europe, on the other.

Eastern Europe occupies 2/3 of the total territory of Eurasia; only 34% of the total European population of the planet lives in its vastness. The oldest state in the region is Bulgaria.

Eastern Europe represents the eastern lands of the European tip of mainland Eurasia. Its boundaries changed depending on the historical events that took place in a certain period. During the Cold War era, the region contained Soviet countries. At the end of this historical phenomenon, the former Soviet republics began to represent sovereign powers.

Rice. 1. Eastern Europe on the map.

Most of the countries of Eastern Europe have undergone dramatic economic and geographical transformations over the past fifty years.

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The collapse of the USSR led to the emergence of new states, and in those that already existed, the process led to regime change.

The economy of the bulk of Eastern European countries developed quite intensively during this period. Today there is a slowdown in the rate of development, but it is still high compared to other European countries.

The disappearance of the Iron Curtain marked the end of the conventional division of countries into East and West, but this concept is still actively used in the media.

List of Eastern European countries and their capitals

Today the countries of Eastern Europe include:

• Belarus, Minsk;
• Hungary - Budapest;
• Bulgaria - Sofia;
• Moldova, Kishinev;
• Russia Moscow;
• Poland Warsaw
• Romania - Bucharest;
• Slovakia - Bratislava;
• Czech Republic, Prague;
• Ukraine, Kyiv.

Every year the map of Eastern Europe undergoes more and more modifications. In the old days, the southern countries of the region had the unofficial status of an all-Union health resort for any Soviet person, and a trip to Bulgaria was equivalent to traveling abroad.

The largest country in the region is Ukraine, its area is 603.7 thousand km. sq. followed by Poland - 313 thousand km. sq. and Belarus with a territory of 208 thousand km. sq.

Rice. 2. Ukraine on the map of Eastern Europe.

If we describe the territory from the point of view of its ethnic component, it will become clear that a significant proportion of the population belongs to the Slavic type. The predominant nations are: Belarusians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Moldovans, Ukrainians and Russians.

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