The tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom character of the heroes. The story of Peter and Fevronia of Murom, characteristic of the image of Fevronia. Several interesting compositions
Peter and Fevronia
PETER AND FEVRONIA - the heroes of the Old Russian "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom", which took shape from the second half of the 15th century. based on oral legends and traditions. The narrative finally took shape in connection with the canonization of P. and F. (1547) in the middle of the XVI "Shv.
The literary processing of the plot about the Murom saints was carried out by the writer and publicist of the clerical rank Yermolai-Erasmus, who was part of the circle of Metropolitan Macarius's collaborators who worked on the Great Menaion Chetym. The popularity of the story is evidenced by the large number of copies that have survived to this day. The story united two ancient folklore motifs - about the snake fighter and about the wise maiden. In a number of lists, "The Tale" is referred to as a life, however, Ermolai-Erasmus could not deviate from the folk-poetic tradition in the depiction of heroes, in the construction of the plot. Probably because of this genre uncertainty, the predominance of folklore principles in the narrative about the “new miracle workers of Murom”, the work of Ermolai-Erazma was not included by Metropolitan Macarius in the Great Mena of the Chetikh. The image of the "wise maiden" F. goes back to the Russian fairy tale. The daughter of a beekeeper ("drevolaztsa") from the village of Laskovo, Ryazan land, is famous for her good deeds, intelligence and sagacity. She is a faithful and caring wife who knows how to fight for her happiness. F. embodies love, which neither evil people nor the power of circumstances can defeat. Researchers have more than once compared the Old Russian story with the Western European novel about Tristan and Isolde, who also meet various obstacles on their way to happiness. The main character is active, she herself creates her own fate and the fate of Prince Peter, over whom she wins a moral victory. The image of P. plays a less noticeable role in the narration, it is as if overshadowed by the bright and colorful figure of F. Murom prince P., standing up for the honor of his brother's wife, fights with a flying serpent that has become accustomed to her. Having mastered the Agriculture sword, P. wins, but the poisonous blood of the snake causes incurable ulcers and scabs on his body. F. heals the prince, putting forward a condition: she will cure P. if he takes her as his wife. The prince does not want to marry a simple peasant woman. But after a second appeal to F. for help, the ashamed prince takes a peasant girl as his wife. F.'s wisdom is manifested not only in deeds and actions, but also in the ability to speak allegories, riddles. This is how the princely messenger does not understand it, in response to whose questions F. says: “It’s bad when the yard is without ears, and the house is without eyes”; "Father and mother went on loan to cry, and my brother went through the feet of death to look into the eyes." F. herself explains the meaning of what was said: the ears of the house are the dog, and the eyes are the child. They, each in their own way, will warn the owner about the approach of a stranger. The heroine's father and mother went to the funeral, and the beekeeper brother went to his dangerous craft, climbing tall trees. With his wise speeches, F. baffles his future husband as well. After F. becomes the wife of the prince, the evil boyars and their wives, "like a psycho barking", do not want to be ruled by a woman of peasant origin, they seek to expel F. from the city, to separate the heroes. However, here, too, the power of love prevails. F. wants to take with him the most precious thing - his spouse. P. refuses to reign, leaves Moore together with F. The heroes of the story do not value power and wealth. So the love of P. and F. overcomes social obstacles. In this episode, a definite antiboyar tendency is noticeable. The creator of the story emphasizes that the "evil" boyars had a fight over the power: each one was "although powerful." The townspeople beg P. to rule Murom as before. Returning to the city, P. and F. rule not with rage, but with truth and justice, treat their subjects not as mercenaries, but as true shepherds. They are compared to gracious and warm-hearted, child-loving parents. Neither social inequality, nor "malicious" boyars can separate the heroes. They are inseparable in the face of death. Simultaneously accepting the monastic rank, P. and F. pray to God: "Yes, at one hour there will be her retirement"; and bequeathed to bury themselves in one tomb. The description of the death of the saints is especially expressive. Before her death, "blessed" F. embroiders "air" with the faces of the saints for the cathedral. The prince, feeling close to his death, sends to tell his wife that he is waiting for her in order to leave this world together. F. asks his master to wait until she finishes the job. After P.'s third appeal to her ("I am leaving this world, I can no longer wait for you"), the nun princess, who managed to embroider the face and hand of the saint, responds to her husband's call. After sticking a needle into the unfinished cover and wrapping a thread around it, F. sends to P. to say that he is ready. Even the posthumous miracle - an important element of the composition of the hagiographic narrative - reaffirms the continuity of the heroes' conjugal bonds. People who tried to separate P. and F. during their lifetime separate them twice after death: P.'s body was laid in the city, "in the cathedral church of the Most Pure Mother of God", and F.'s body was buried "outside the city", in the Exaltation of the Temple of the Convent. In the morning, everyone sees a miracle: the bodies of the prince and princess find themselves in a common tomb. The images of P. and F., beloved by the people, were repeatedly captured by icon painters. By order of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich and Tsarina Irina, the cover of the relics of Murom miracle workers was embroidered - a wonderful monument of gold embroidery of medieval Russia (1594). Old Russian narrative attracted the attention of writers and composers of modern times. Thus, the heroine of IA Bunin's story "Clean Monday" (1944), who chose the path of a nun for herself, quotes from memory two fragments from the story (opening lines and words about the end of the earthly life of the saints). "Inseparable love" of the heroes of the ancient legend inspired A.M. Remizov. His work "Peter and Fevronia of Murom" (1951), which was not published during the writer's lifetime, was first published by RP Dmitrieva in TODRL (T. XXVI. L., 1971). The opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia" (1904 - libretto by V. Belsky).
Lit .: Dmitrieva R.P. Ermopai-Erasmus (Ermolai the Sinister) // Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Russia. L., 1988. Issue. 2, part 1. S. 220-225; Likhachev D.S. Great Heritage: Classical Works of the Literature of Ancient Rus. M., 1975. S. 253-258; The story of Peter and Fevronia. Prep. texts and research by R.P. Dmitrieva. L., 1979; Skripil M.O. The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Muromsky and Its Relationship to the Russian Fairy Tale // TODRL. M .; L., 1949.T.7. S. 131-167.
Fevronia: The image of the "wise maiden" F. goes back to the Russian fairy tale. The daughter of a beekeeper ("drevolaztsa") from the village of Laskovo, Ryazan land, is famous for her good deeds, intelligence and sagacity. She is a faithful and caring wife who knows how to fight for her happiness. F. embodies love, which neither evil people nor the power of circumstances can defeat. Researchers have more than once compared the Old Russian story with the Western European novel about Tristan and Isolde, who also meet various obstacles on their way to happiness. The main character is active, she herself creates her own fate and the fate of Prince Peter, over whom she wins a moral victory.
The image of P. plays a less noticeable role in the narration, it is as if overshadowed by the bright and colorful figure of F. Murom prince P., standing up for the honor of his brother's wife, fights with a flying serpent that has become accustomed to her. Having mastered the Agriculture sword, P. wins, but the poisonous blood of the snake causes incurable ulcers and scabs on his body. F. heals the prince, putting forward a condition: she will cure P. if he takes her as his wife.
The prince does not want to marry a simple peasant woman. But after a second appeal to F. for help, the ashamed prince takes a peasant girl as his wife.
F.'s wisdom is manifested not only in deeds and actions, but also in the ability to speak allegories, riddles. This is how the princely messenger does not understand it, in response to whose questions F. says: “It’s bad when the yard is without ears, and the house is without eyes”; "Father and mother went on loan to cry, and my brother went through the feet of death to look into the eyes." F. herself explains the meaning of what was said: the ears of the house are the dog, and the eyes are the child.
They, each in their own way, will warn the owner about the approach of a stranger. The heroine's father and mother went to the funeral, and the beekeeper brother went to his dangerous craft, climbing tall trees.
With his wise speeches, F. baffles his future husband as well. Peter: After F. becomes the wife of the prince, the evil boyars and their wives, "like a psycho barking", do not want to be ruled by a woman of peasant origin, they seek to expel F. from the city, to separate the heroes. However, here, too, the power of love prevails. F. wants to take with him the most precious thing - his spouse.
P. refuses to reign, leaves Moore together with F. The heroes of the story do not value power and wealth. So the love of P. and F. overcomes social obstacles. In this episode, a definite antiboyar tendency is noticeable. The creator of the story emphasizes that the "evil" boyars had a fight over the power: each one was "although powerful."
The townspeople beg P. to rule Murom as before. Returning to the city, P. and F. rule not with rage, but with truth and justice, treat their subjects not as mercenaries, but as true shepherds.
They are compared to gracious and warm-hearted, child-loving parents. Neither social inequality, nor "malicious" boyars can separate the heroes.
They are inseparable in the face of death. Simultaneously accepting the monastic rank, P. and F. pray to God: "Yes, at one hour there will be her retirement"; and bequeathed to bury themselves in one tomb. The description of the death of the saints is especially expressive. Before her death, "blessed" F. embroiders "air" with the faces of the saints for the cathedral.
The prince, feeling close to his death, sends to tell his wife that he is waiting for her in order to leave this world together. F. asks his master to wait until she finishes the job. After P.'s third appeal to her ("I am leaving this world, I can no longer wait for you"), the nun princess, who managed to embroider the face and hand of the saint, responds to her husband's call. After sticking a needle into the unfinished cover and wrapping a thread around it, F. sends to P. to say that he is ready.
Even the posthumous miracle - an important element of the composition of the hagiographic narrative - reaffirms the continuity of the heroes' conjugal bonds. People who tried to separate P. and F. during their lifetime separate them twice after death: P.'s body was laid in the city, "in the cathedral church of the Most Pure Mother of God", and F.'s body was buried "outside the city", in the Exaltation of the Temple of the Convent. In the morning, everyone sees a miracle: the bodies of the prince and princess find themselves in a common tomb.
| Peter | Fevronia | |
| Social status (position) before marriage | The younger brother of Prince Peter, who ruled in the city of Murom and after whose death the devil began to come to his wife in the form of a serpent. Relying on God's help and receiving the "Agricov sword", Peter struck the snake. However, poisonous drops of the serpent's blood fell on Peter - from this, painful ulcers appeared on his body. | The daughter of a peasant dart frog-beekeeper (collecting honey), living in the village of Laskovo in Ryazan land, “who had the gift of insight and healing” (reminds of today's psychics and folk healers). |
| Traits |
|
Along with the religiosity that was inherent in the majority of the population of Russia during the XII century, Fevronia possessed such character traits as:
|
| Reason for meeting and subsequent marriage | When Peter with the help of the "Agriculture sword" cut off the snake that came to his brother's wife, the head, poisonous drops of snake blood fell on his body and led to the formation of non-healing ulcers (scabs). Fevronia agrees to heal him if he takes her as a wife after recovering, but Peter “forgets” about his promise (apparently, deliberately, he deceived, or “deceived”, since he still ordered to send gifts to her). But after he gets sick again, Prince Peter himself comes to her, and after talking with her, appreciating her mind and “inner beauty” (wisdom, meekness, observance of Christian commandments about caring for “neighbors” - sick, family, beggars), falls in love with her. They got married after Fevronia cured him completely. |
Fevronya agrees to treat the prince for ulcers. But, being wise and perspicacious, she understood that the prince could deceive her, and therefore, having given him a medicinal ointment (“blowing bread leaven on him”), she ordered the prince to leave one ulcer unmasked. As a result, after he refused to fulfill his promise of marriage, he was again attacked by this ailment. They meet personally when the prince comes to her house. Peter liked not so much the external (there is no information about the beauty of Fevronia's face and figure in the "Tale ..." of this item of the table). Their subsequent marriage and common marital life are associated with the cure of Prince Peter. |
| The attitude of the boyars and their wives to the princely couple Peter-Fevronia | Some boyars treated Peter well, as a representative of the princely family, seeing at the same time that he ruled wisely and justly. Others, envious of his status and his personal happiness, began to fight for the princely throne and tried to "denigrate" his wife (they accused Fevronia of collecting crumbs from the "lord's table" as a princess, not understanding the true reason for her behavior (see the above information about the character traits of Fevronia), about the meaning of Fevronia's true vocation as the keeper of the family hearth and the abilities given to her from God (turning bread crumbs into fragrant flowers). |
The daughters and wives of the boyars hated (envy, anger) Fevronya because she - a simple peasant woman - was not only able to marry the prince (bewitched, drugged with drugs -?), But also began to rule the city of Murom with him and, accordingly, their husbands-fathers and themselves. |
| Love for each other and fidelity to marital duty in the traditions of Christianity (these qualities were most clearly manifested during the struggle between the prince and the boyars for the rule of Murom) | The boyars demanded that Peter expel his commoner wife: "Either let him let go of his wife, who offends noble wives with her origins, or leave Murom." Faithful to the duty of his Christian spouse, Peter chose to abandon the reign and left Moore with Fevronia. |
When the boyars began to drive Fevronia out of the city, she, having received permission to “take the most precious thing,” took Peter with her, since she really loved her husband and was devoted to him. And when the prince, deprived of his privileges, began to doubt the need to leave Moore, Fevronia supported him with the necessary words and phrases. |
| From Murom, the princely couple sailed along the Oka "on 2 ships" (they could, apparently, accommodate "princely chambers" - cabins, there were clothes, shoes, food, servants ... (about the everyday problems of the expelled couple "Tale ... »Is silent). | ||
| Attitude towards people during the reign of Prince Peter | Peter's reign was "truth-loving, but without harsh austerity, merciful but without weakness." The people of Murom considered him "a father, protector, nourishment, helper." |
Smart and pious, Fevronia helped her husband with advice and charity. Residents of Murom called her "an affectionate mother." |
| Both lived according to the commandments of God. Pleased God with their good deeds, chastity, piety and mercy to the poor, "caring for the entrusted city" | ||
| Monastic names after leaving the monastery | Davyd | Efrosinya |
| The death of the main characters of the "Tale ..." | Prince Peter, living in a city monastery, feeling that "his end is near," several times sent a messenger to Fevronia, wanting her to be with him at the "hour of death." | Fevronia, being in a monastery remote from the city of Murom, fulfilled her monastic vow: she embroidered the so-called "air" - the veil used in the sacrament of the Eucharist and communion. But when she heard that Peter had very little time left before his death, she was forced to interrupt this “Godly deed”, stopped embroidering (“stuck a needle into the fabric”) and ... died - on the same day and hour (according to the Christian calendar, this happened on July 8 in a new style), when her husband, Prince Peter / Davyd, died. |
| What happened after their death | After being laid in different monasteries, their bodies three times "miraculously" (that is, by the will of God) ended up in the same coffin - which is another vivid example of the inexhaustible power of love and loyalty of Peter and Fevronia. And they were also together, in one coffin, buried. | |
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At the beginning of the 16th century, even during the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia Macarius instructs his monastery assistants-scribes to search all Russian cities and villages for stories about righteous people who became famous for their pious life. One of such ancient beautiful and romantic stories was "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom". An analysis of the actions of the main characters suggests that these were the righteous who became the spiritual symbol of the Christian family. And therefore, with the consent of the Church Council in 1547, they were canonized. The priest Ermolai was entrusted with writing a detailed essay about the life and love of Peter and Fevronia.
Peter and Fevronia. Plot summary
In the city of Murom, Prince Pavel ruled. And suddenly the Serpent in the guise of Paul began to fly to his wife for fornication. She immediately told her husband about it. He immediately asked her that at the next meeting with the Serpent she flatteringly found out from him what he expected his death from. The humble wife did so. Seduced by her beauty and tender speeches, the Serpent gave her the secret of his death, which consisted in the fact that Peter would kill him with the help of the Agrikov sword. Alarmed by this news, Paul calls his brother Peter to him and tells him everything. And he was ready to fight the enemy, although he did not know where to get the Agricov sword.
Agricov sword
At the same time, it is impossible not to mention the fact that this sword was forged by Agric, the son of the cruel tyrant Herod, known from the biblical texts. This mighty sword had supernatural properties and emitted a bluish glow in the darkness. He easily dealt with any military armor. By the way, he was also called the sword-kladenets - the weapon of epic heroes. But how did he end up in Ancient Russia? There is reason to assert that the Templars, participating in the excavations, most likely found the main Christian relics: the Holy Grail, the shroud, later called the Turin shroud, and the Agrik sword. It was him that they presented to the fearless commander of Vladimir - Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky - as a special reward when he decided to return to Russia. But with the outbreak of internecine wars, the prince was killed. And the sword began to pass from one hand to another. In the end, he was hidden within the walls of the monastery of the glorious city of Murom.
Continuation of the plot
So, after a while, to Peter, who is praying in the church of the monastery, the youth points to the treasure in which Agrikov's sword was kept. He took the weapon and went to his brother. Prince Peter almost immediately realized that the Serpent was sitting with his brother Paul's wife in his witchcraft guise. Then he struck him a fatal blow, and he died instantly, splashing him with his blood, after which the prince became very ill and covered with scabs. Not a single doctor undertook to treat Peter. But once there was such a village healer by nature, a wise maiden named Fevronya, who healed the prince and became his faithful wife. After the death of his brother Paul, Peter took the throne. But the insidious boyars decided to expel the commoner, their wives did not like her. And Fevronya was ready to leave the city, but only with her husband, who decided to go with her. The boyars were at first very happy to let them go, but after a while, after internecine strife and murders for the throne, they decided to return the married princely couple. And after that everyone healed happily and happily.
Main interchange
And when the time came, Peter and Fevronya took monastic vows and received Euphrosinya at the same time. They even prayed to God that He would send them death in one day, and even prepared a double coffin with a partition. And so it happened - they died on the same day, but the priests were afraid of the wrath of God and did not bury them together. Having placed their deceased bodies in different churches, in the morning they found them together in their special coffin. This was repeated twice. And then it was decided to bury them together, never again separating them.
Now the holy beloved Peter and Fevronia are always together. The summary of this story revealed only a small part of their righteous life. These miracle workers became the patrons of marriage and love. Now any believer has the opportunity to pray over the holy relics in the Holy Trinity Monastery in the city of Murom.
Wise Fevronia
The characterization of Peter and Fevronia surprises them with endless humility, calmness and serenity. Possessing tremendous inner strength, the chaste and perspicacious Fevronia is very stingy in its external manifestation. She conquered her passions and was ready for anything, even for the feat of self-denial. Her love became outwardly invincible, because inwardly it submitted to the mind. Fevronia's wisdom lies not only in her extraordinary mind, but in feeling and will. And there is no conflict between them. Hence such a heartfelt "silence" in her image. Therefore, it is not surprising that Fevronia possessed life-giving power, so great that she even revived felled trees, which after that became even larger and greener. Possessing a strong spirit, she was able to unravel the thoughts of travelers. In her love and wisdom, she even surpassed her ideal faithful Peter. The love of Peter and Fevronia found its response in the hearts of millions of people who will definitely pray to these holy images.
Brave Peter
Characterizing Prince Peter, one can see his unprecedented heroism and courage in the victory over the insidious devilish Serpent. It is immediately clear that he is a deeply religious person, otherwise he would not have been able to defeat such an insidious tempter. However, he still once deceived Fevronia when he made a promise that after his recovery he would marry her. He never did it until he was covered with fetid scabs again. The lesson taught by Fevronya, the prince quickly learned and then began to listen to her in everything. Soon they got married and began to live like true Christian families in love, fidelity and harmony. Prince Peter never indulged his wife. He was truly pious, it was not for nothing that the boyars and the people loved him.
The characteristic of Peter and Fevronia is unique in its own way. These were really people from God. And more than once you are surprised at how strong their mutual understanding and love were. After all, they perfectly complemented each other, and therefore became the image of an ideal married couple.
Genres of Old Russian literature
In addition to this famous story, there were other examples of Old Russian literature. In general, the ancient Russian scribes, mastering the common Slavic literature, were mainly engaged in Greek translations and then turned to the creation of their original works performed in various genres: life, chronicle, teaching, military story. It is impossible to indicate exactly when the first records of various historical legends appeared, but vivid examples of Old Russian literature appeared already in the middle of the 11th century. It was then that the Russian chronicles were created, representing a detailed record of some very much in Russia. A special place is occupied by the stories of Old Russian literature - this is something intermediate between the novel and the short story. But now these are mostly stories - short narratives about an event. Thus, folklore and ancient Russian literature are especially appreciated by contemporaries.
Monuments of Old Russian Literature
One of the first known ancient chroniclers was the Monk Nestor (his holy relics rest in the caves of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra) with his chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", dated to the 11th century. Behind him, the Grand Duke of Kiev Vladimir Monomakh wrote the book "Instructions" (XII century). Gradually, such works began to appear as "The Story of the Life of Alexander Nevsky", the author of which was most likely the scribe of Metropolitan Kirill of Vladimir at the turn of the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Then another monument of Old Russian literature was created, dated to the beginning of the XII century, called "The Lay of Igor's Campaign", where the author's name remained unknown. I would certainly like to note the great work about the Mamayev massacre "Zadonshchina", created at the turn of the late XIV and early XV centuries, presumably the author was the Ryazan priest Sophrony.
"The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom". Analysis
Gradually, the list of Old Russian literature expanded. It also included "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom". An analysis of this work of the 16th century calls it a hymn of conjugal love and fidelity. And it will be right. Here he is - an example of a real Christian family. and devotion is demonstrated by "The Tale of Peter and Fevronia of Murom". An analysis of the artistic features of the work suggests that it combines two folklore plots. One of them tells about the insidious Serpent-seducer, and in the other - about the wise virgin. It is distinguished by the simplicity and clarity of presentation, the gradual slowness of the development of events and, most importantly, the calmness of the narrator in the innocence of the description of the characters. That is why it is easily perceived and read, which means that it teaches us to love truly, humbly and selflessly, as did its main characters - Peter and Fevronya.
Characteristics of Fevronia. The heroine of the story is the maiden Fevronia. She is wise with folk wisdom. The first appearance in the story of the girl Fevronia is captured in a visually distinct image. She is found in a simple peasant hut by the messenger of the Murom prince Peter, who fell ill from the poisonous blood of the snake he killed. In a poor peasant dress, Fevronia sat at a loom and was engaged in a "quiet" business - weaving linen, and a hare was jumping in front of her, as if symbolizing her merging with nature. Her questions and answers, her quiet and wise conversation clearly show that "Ruble's thoughtfulness" is not thoughtless. Fevronia amazes the messenger with her prophetic answers and promises to help the prince. Knowledgeable in medicinal drugs, she heals the prince. Despite social obstacles, the prince marries the peasant girl Fevronia. The arrogant wives of the boyars disliked Fevronia and demand her exile.
Fevronia makes wise riddles and knows how to solve life's difficulties without fuss. She does not object to her enemies and does not offend them with open teaching, but resorts to an allegory, the purpose of which is to teach a harmless lesson: her opponents themselves guess about their mistakes. She works wonders in passing: she makes the branches stuck for a fire into a big tree in one night. Its life-giving power extends to everything around. Crumbs of bread in her palm turn into grains of fragrant incense. Intelligence, nobility and meekness help Fevronia overcome all the hostile actions of her strong opponents. In every conflict situation, the high human dignity of the peasant woman is opposed to the low and selfish behavior of her noble opponents. Fevronia used the wisdom given to her not for herself, but for her husband. She led him, helped in matters, including state affairs, was a real assistant to him. Fevronia The same did not force the prince to do what she wanted. A wise wife is always a joy for her husband and for those around her. Fevronia, as we know, glorified and exalted with her wisdom both herself and her husband, Peter. There is such a saying that family life is the ego ship and the captain on it is the husband, but all this huge ship is in the hands of the wife. Thus, wherever she turns the rudder, the ship will sail there, and she can turn it towards the calm and calm sea, or maybe towards the reefs. "A wise wife will build her house, and a foolish one will destroy it with her own hands." (Proverb 14.1) Fevronia died in 1228 on the same day with her husband. Both of them, according to the will, are laid in the same coffin. In 1547, their memory was established to be celebrated “everywhere in Murom” on the 25th day of June. The relics of the holy prince Peter and the holy princess Fevronia rest under a bushel in the same shrine in the Murom cathedral church.
