Multivariance of social development (types of societies). Types of society Types of societies in social studies

The topic "Types of societies"

comparison table "Types of societies"

Comparison lines

Traditional (agricultural)

Industrial (technogenic)

Postindustrial (technotronic, informational)

Symbol

Land, arable land

Steam engine

A computer

1. The main factor of production

earth

capital

information

2.Features of production

Manual labor, agricultural production

Widespread use of mechanisms, technologies, mass industrial production

Industrial automation, computerization, development of the service sector

3. State of the art

low, hand tools

high, the use of steam power, electricity

very high, use of electronics, high technology

4. The nature-human relationship

Deification of nature, human dependence on nature

“Nature is not a temple, but a workshop”; conquest of nature; pressure on nature

Realization of the value of nature as the universal home of all mankind

5.The position of a person in society

Close connection of a person with the primary team;

lack of freedom of a person

Personal freedom of a person; man is the master of his own destiny;

Personal freedom, self-sufficiency of a person; constant self-development

6 social structure

Corporate and hierarchical; the presence of estates, the existence of a community

Formation of new classes - the bourgeoisie and hired workers; destruction of the estate structure

Formation of the middle class; maintaining social differentiation

7 social mobility

Low level of mobility; submission to tradition; stability of society

High degree of mobility; urbanization

High social mobility

8 social values

Traditions, faith, collectivism, patriarchy

Secularization of public consciousness; individualism; human freedom

Individualism, freedom, the rule of law and civil society

9 problems of society

High degree of dependence on nature; hunger and disease

Global problems of humanity

Assignments in the format of the exam on the topic "Civilizations and types of societies" Grade 10 Option 1

1 ... The traditional society is characterized (s)

1) the value of the human person

2) dynamic development

3) the significant role of religion

4) industrial production

2 ... A characteristic feature of Western civilization is

1) long-term preservation of traditions

2) active implementation of innovative technologies

3) low social mobility

4) weakness and underdevelopment of democratic values

3 ... A leap in the development of productive forces, consisting in the transition from manufacture to machine production, is:

1) scientific and technological revolution

2) industrialization

3) scientific and technological progress

4) industrial revolution

4. Are the following judgments about the ways of development of society correct?

A. A traditional society is characterized by high social mobility, admiration for science, the priority of the individual over the collective.

B. In an industrial society, production is massive.

5 ... The transformation of any aspect of social life that does not destroy the foundations of the existence of a social structure is:

1) reform

2) counter-revolution

3) evolution

4) revolution

6 ... Are the judgments correct:

A) O. Spengler emphasized the isolation and independence of civilizations

B) In his opinion, civilization is the flowering of culture, the development of its creative forces

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both are false

7 ... Civilization is understood as:

1) a set of industrial relations

2) a set of social values

3) production method

4) domination system

8 ... Below are the terms related to Eastern philosophies. Write down a term that falls outside this range.

Veda, reincarnation, yoga, tao, humanism, logos.

9. Complete the phrase: "Degradation, a return to already obsolete social institutions and relations is ...."

10 . Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words that you want to replace the blanks.

Characterization of society as ______ (A) involves the study of its internal structure. Its main elements are social life and social institutions. There are four areas that are closely related, because support the necessary ______ (B) society. ______ (B) in each of the areas they solve important social problems. They provide the production and distribution of various types of ____ (D), as well as the management of the joint _____ (D) people.

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.

Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

1) integrity

2) system

3) society

4) social goods

5) sphere

6) production

7) culture

8) social institutions

9) activity.

11 ... What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "Public relations". Make two sentences with this concept.

(1) The concept of progress expresses the idea of \u200b\u200bimprovement, the transition to higher stages of development, overcoming the obsolete, obsolete, the victory of the new, advanced. (2) Social progress, that is, progress in the development of society, has, in our opinion, a similar meaning. (3) The idea of \u200b\u200bsocial progress, that is, the progressive movement of society, is undoubtedly a revolutionary idea. (4) It means the development of society along an ascending line, in other words, the obligatory replacement of outdated and obsolete institutions with new, young and growing ones. (5) The idea of \u200b\u200bsocial progress originated in philosophy on the basis of objective observations of socio-cultural transformations of human society.

Determine which text positions are worn

A) factual nature

B) the nature of value judgments

C) the nature of theoretical statements

13 ... Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of different societies and their types: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Assignments in the Unified State Exam format on the topic "Civilizations and types of societies" Grade 10 Option 2

1. The leading role is characteristic of the modern post-industrial society

1) extractive industry

2) manufacturing industry

3) agriculture

4) information and information technologies.

2 ... In the transition from a traditional society to an industrial

1) the person began to obey the community

2) social mobility has increased

3) the role of customs in the regulation of social relations has increased

4) increased non-economic compulsion to work.

3 ... Are the following judgments about traditional society correct?

A. Respect for customs, norms that have evolved over centuries, the predominance of collective principles over private ones, distinguish traditional society.

B. In a traditional society, individual characteristics of a person are highly valued, initiative and enterprise are encouraged.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both are false.

4 ... The transformation of any aspect of social life that does not destroy the foundations of the existence of a social structure is

1) reform

2) counter-revolution

3) evolution

4) revolution.

5 ... There are three stages in the development of civilization: agrarian, industrial, post-industrial.

1) Rostow

2) Toffler

3) Toynbee

4) Marx.

6 ... Are the following judgments true:

A) All countries go through the same stages of development, moving along the same historical path.

B) The historical development of countries takes place in various forms.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both are false

7 ... The civilizational theory of the development of society is based on the criteria

1) division of society into classes

2) development of productive forces

3) the level of cultural development

4) property relations.

8 ... Find social phenomena in the list below

1) the emergence of the state

2) the transition from appropriating economy to producing

3) climate change on the planet

4) the formation of nations

5) traditions and customs

6) a person's ability to sense cognition

7) a person's genetic predisposition to diseases.

9 ... Below are the terms associated with the doctrine of socio-economic formations. Write out a term that falls out of this range:

Basis, civilization, superstructure, productive forces, production relations.

10 ... What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "civilization". Make two sentences with this concept.

11 . Read the text below, each position is numbered.

(A) Scientists have counted several dozen scientific areas of human study. (B) Many dissertations have been defended in these areas. (B) But knowledge about a person is still fragmented and does not allow understanding many important aspects. (D) The essence of a person is manifested at several levels: biological, psychological, social. (E) It is unlikely that it will be possible in the near future to make a breakthrough in the study of man at the social level.

Determine which positions of the text have

1) factual nature

2) the nature of value judgments

3) the nature of theoretical statements

Write down in the table under the letter denoting the position, the number that expresses its character.

12 ... Establish a correspondence between the manifestations of a person's abilities and the nature of these abilities: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

13 ... Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words that you want to replace the blanks.

“Under ____ (A) is meant the direction of development, which is characterized by the progressive movement of society from the lowest and _____ (B) public organization to higher and more complex ones. This concept is opposite to the concept of ____ (B), which is characterized by a reverse movement - from higher to lower, a return to already obsolete structures and ________ (D). Some thinkers view history as a cyclical cycle with a series of ____ (D) and recessions. In modern sociology, historical progress is associated with the process of modernization, that is, the transition from an agrarian society to an industrial one, and then to ____ (E) ”.

1) post-industrial society

2) relationships

3) traditional society

4) evolution

5) revolution

6) rise

7) progress

8) regression

9) simple form.

The following table lists letters for missing words. Write down the number of the word you have chosen in the table under each letter.

The most common in the sciences of society today is the point of view according to which all human communities can be attributed to three main types.

Types of society:

1. Traditional society
2. Industrial Society
3. Post-industrial society

1. Traditional society

Traditional society - type of society with an agricultural structure. It is based on a subsistence economy, a monarchical system of government and the predominance of religious values \u200b\u200band worldview.

Characteristic features of a traditional (agrarian, pre-industrial) society:

1. Manual labor and primitive technologies.
2. The predominance of agriculture.
3. Estates system.
4. Low social mobility.
5. The prevalence of collectivism values.
6. The influence of the church on public life.
7. Patriarchal family.

Signs

• The main sphere of economic activity is agriculture.
• Very low development rates.
• Society is directed to the past, is inertial, afraid of innovations.
• Complete absorption of the personality by the collective.
• The society is aimed at satisfying everyday needs.

2. Industrial society

Industrial society - determined by the level of technical, industrial development.

Characteristics of an industrial society

1. Preferential development of industry.
2. Serial machine production and automation ..
3. The transformation of science into a public institution.
4. The birth of mass culture.
5. Class system.
6. Granting rights and freedoms to people.
7. Formation of civil society.

Signs

• The society is based on machine production and factory organization of labor.
• The economy becomes the basic structure of society.
• The main driving mechanism of society is the desire for economic growth.
• Society strives to meet social needs (money, career, quality of life).
• It is aimed at maximum adaptation to the present moment.
• The main way of making a decision is empirical research of mass character.

3. Post-industrial society

Post-industrial society or information society - modern type of society based on the dominance of information (computer technology) in production. The development of computing and information technology.

Characteristic features of a post-industrial society

1. Development of the service sector.
2. Information (knowledge) becomes a unit of commodity.
3. Information technology development.
4. Professional division of society.
5. Widespread use of computer technology.
6. Economic globalization.
7. Implementation of the scientific and technological revolution.
8. Dominance of the partner type family.

Signs

• Since agriculture and industrial products in such a society are produced more than it can use, more than 50% of the population goes into the service sector.
• The main factor in the development of this society is theoretical knowledge or information.
• The society is future-oriented and the main decision-making factor is modeling and analytical methods.
• Social communication takes place at the human-to-human level, and not at the human-nature or human-machine level.
• The leading technology is mental technology, not manual labor as in the traditional and not machine technology as in the industrial one.

By the degree of openness:

• Closed society - characterized by a static social structure, limited mobility, traditionalism, very slow introduction of innovations or their absence, authoritarian ideology.
• Open society - characterized by a dynamic social structure, high social mobility, the ability to innovate, pluralism, the absence of state ideology.

By the presence of writing:

• Preliterate
• Written (proficient in the alphabet or sign letter)

By the degree of social stratification:

• Simple - pre-state formations (no managers and subordinates)
• Complex - several levels of government, segments of the population.

Traditional society

This type of society includes the life of people with an agrarian orientation. Such a society takes the subsistence economy, the monarchy as the ruling link and the rise of religion over science as the basis for development. Typical features include the following:

• The activity is aimed at the development of agriculture.
• The society has very low growth and development rates.
• Often there is no progress, since innovations are not welcome.
• Submission of the individual to collective opinion.

In this case, technologies and their level of development are taken as a basis. Unlike the first option, this system is aimed at rapid progress and has a number of distinctive features. Characteristic:

• The main form of labor is based on the use of technology and the work of factories.
• The economic component of people's lives is taken as a basis.
• The main task of such a system is to meet the needs of people and achieve adaptation to existing living conditions.

Post-industrial society

The post-industrial type includes those societies that are gradually leaving the sphere of production of material goods and moving on to the development of the service sector. Depending on the rate of development of the service sector, one can judge the progress of society. The following principles are characteristic:

• The transition to mental work.
• Active development of the service sector.
• Interaction between people, while communication takes place in the "person-to-person" system.

Information society

The current stage of development dictates new conditions for creating a new system for the development of the social system. In this case, information and work with it play a key role. People are gradually moving from work in agriculture and factories to work with computer technology. Distinctive features are as follows:

• The main factor for development is information and methods of its processing.
• More than half of the population is rapidly moving into the service sector.
• Orientation of activities is aimed at future achievements, so the ability to analyze and make predictions plays a key role.

By the degree of openness

Classification

In this category, the social system is viewed from the point of view of the openness of ideology and the general principle of development. Depending on the choice of the main direction in development and the predominance of one or another form of management, there are different and distinguish between two main forms of organization of people's life.

1. Closed society. Most often, this group includes authoritarian systems in which all power is concentrated in the hands of one ruler. With this approach, people do not have freedom and the right to their own opinion, strict submission to power is the only principle of existence. Such formats are characterized by low rates of development, prohibition or slow adoption of innovations, and loyalty to traditions.
2. Open Society. The exact opposite of the previous category is the open type of social life. Distinctive features are the absence of a unified state ideology and a harsh dictatorship, as well as the presence of pluralism. In this regard, an opportunity is formed for high mobility, rapid development rates and the adoption of innovations in the life of society. This type is most often found in democratic societies.

By the presence of writing

Classification

One of the simplest classifications for determining the type of society and the level of its development is the presence of writing. On this basis, all existing types of social order can be divided into two large groups.

1. Preliterate societies. Such types of existing societies do not have their own alphabet and symbolic designation of letters. This indicates a low level of development and creates certain difficulties for communication between representatives of the social system, as well as with representatives from other societies.
2. Written societies. In this case, we are talking about those groups where there is their own alphabet, with the help of which communication takes place between various representatives... With its help, people can establish communications and achieve great success in the development of the social system.

By the degree of social stratification

Classification

Depending on the level of complexity of interaction between representatives of society, it is customary to distinguish two main forms of existence. Their main difference lies in the presence of class inequality and layers of social order.

1. Simple society. It is customary to refer to this type as simple organizations without a clear management structure. In such systems, there is no established form of relationship, there are no subordinates and managers. This structure is typical for the initial periods of development without the existence of state power.
2. Complex society. This format of public life management implies the presence of class inequality, a hierarchy in the system of exercising power, as well as the presence of division of the population into strata. The presented category is typical for the state form of government.

Classification

1. Polytheism. Belief in many Gods has developed since ancient times, when people worshiped different deities in order to appease them and ask for mercy for help in their daily affairs.
2. Monotheism or monotheism. Unlike the previous version, faith in one God is established here, who is the patron saint of people and helps them in earthly life.
3. Pantheism. With this understanding of religion, God is placed on a par with natural forces and is closely related to them.
4. Religions without God. In this case, we are talking about a deeper understanding of moral problems, we are talking about a philosophical understanding of important issues of life.

Historical types of society according to K. Jaspers

Classification

Karl Jaspers in his writings used the classification by time intervals in the history of human development. According to his work, two main stages can be distinguished.

1. Prehistoric (period of savagery). This period includes the time period that was marked by the emergence of human communities. At the same time, only the time when people did not yet have writing and tools for writing texts are attributed to the prehistoric period.
2. History or civilization period. After the appearance of writing, a fundamentally new stage in the development of society was distinguished, which Karl Jaspers called a historical period. It is customary to distinguish four main stages in it.

• Great cultures of antiquity. At this stage, the unified culture of mankind is divided into local structures that are united by common interests.
• "Axial time" (from 800 to 200 BC), during this period, the main directions of religious teachings and sciences for the salvation of the soul were formed. In this period, people think about the philosophical beginning of life and develop concepts for the salvation of the soul after death, and this era is also characterized by the emergence of faith and religion.
• Century of Science and Technology. With the development of technology and the emergence of new scientific knowledge, people strive to improve and simplify life, this period is called the technological age.
• One world of humanity. The presented category implies the total unification of humanity into a single well-coordinated team that will work and achieve success through joint efforts.

I. Wallerstein presented society as a large capitalist system, which has its own structural elements

Classification

The American sociologist I. Wallerstein had a rather interesting view of the development of society, according to his teaching, all aspects of social life can be divided into several main categories, which differ in the degree of participation in the world economic process.

1. "Mini systems". The smallest structure are societies with no more than six generations in their development. Most often, they were engaged in hunting and gathering, while high rates of development and cultural heritage were not noted.
2. "World Empires". A more complex option is the world empires that existed according to certain laws and had a clear hierarchy and structure of the organization of the social system. Also, a distinctive feature is the presence of certain cultural models that determine the basis of relationships between individuals.
3. "World economies". This form is the pinnacle of the development of the social system. This option includes several integrated chains of doing business and achieving the desired goals at once. In the global economy, success depends on who is in the lead in the power structure.

Guys, good day!

Do your homework carefully:
1. Kravchenko A.I. Social Science. Grade 8 - §3.
2. Bogolyubova L.N. Introduction to Social Studies: grades 8-9 - §17
3. Table "Types of societies".
4. Concepts: traditional, industrial, post-industrial society.

WE ARE PREPARING FOR A CONCEPTABLE DICTANT !!!

We work with texts:

Traditional society - a society governed by tradition. The preservation of traditions is of a higher value in it than development. The social order in it is characterized by a rigid class hierarchy, the existence of stable social communities (especially in the countries of the East), a special way of regulating the life of society, based on traditions and customs. This organization of society seeks to preserve the social and cultural foundations of life unchanged. Traditional society is an agrarian society.
General characteristics:
A traditional society is usually characterized by:
traditional economy
the predominance of the agrarian structure;
structure stability;
estate organization;
low mobility;
high mortality;
low life expectancy.
The traditional person perceives the world and the established order of life as something inextricably integral, holistic, sacred and not subject to change. A person's place in society and his status are determined by tradition (as a rule, by birthright).
In traditional society, collectivist attitudes prevail, individualism is not welcomed (since the freedom of individual actions can lead to a violation of the established order, time-tested). In general, traditional societies are characterized by the predominance of collective interests over private ones, including the primacy of the interests of existing hierarchical structures (state, clan, etc.). It is not so much individual capacity that is valued as the place in the hierarchy (bureaucratic, estate, clan, etc.) that a person occupies.
Traditional societies tend to be authoritarian and not pluralistic. Authoritarianism is necessary, in particular, to suppress attempts to disregard traditions or change them.
In a traditional society, as a rule, redistributive rather than market exchange prevails, and the elements of a market economy are tightly regulated. This is due to the fact that free market relations increase social mobility and change the social structure of society (in particular, they destroy the estate); the redistribution system can be regulated by tradition, but market prices cannot; forced redistribution prevents "unauthorized" enrichment / impoverishment of both individuals and classes. The pursuit of economic benefits in traditional society is often morally condemned, opposed to disinterested assistance.
In a traditional society, most people live their entire lives in a local community (for example, a village), and the ties with the “big society” are rather weak. In this case, family ties, on the contrary, are very strong.
The worldview (ideology) of a traditional society is conditioned by tradition and authority.

Industrial Society (German Industriegesellschaft) is a type of society that has reached such a level of socio-economic development in which the extraction and processing of natural resources, as well as industry, make the greatest contribution to the value of material goods.
An industrial society is an industry based society with flexible, dynamic structures characterized by a division of labor, widespread development of mass media and a high level of urbanization.
An industrial society emerges as a result of the industrial revolution. There is a redistribution of the labor force: employment of the population in agriculture falls from 70-80% to 10-15%, the share of employment in industry increases to 80-85%, and the urban population also grows. Business is becoming the dominant factor in production. As a result of the scientific and technological revolution, the industrial society is being transformed into a post-industrial society.
Industrial society features:
1. History moves unevenly, "leaps", gaps between eras are obvious, often these are revolutions of different types.
2. Socio-historical progress is quite obvious and can be "measured" by means of various criteria.
3. Society seeks to rule over nature, subordinating it and extracting the maximum possible from it.
4. The basis of the economy is the institution of highly developed private property. Ownership is seen as natural and inalienable.
5. Social mobility of the population is high, the possibilities for social movement are practically unlimited.
6. Society is autonomous from the state, a developed civil society has developed.
7. Autonomy, freedoms and individual rights are constitutionally enshrined as inalienable and innate. The relationship between the individual and society is built on the basis of mutual responsibility.
8. The most important social values \u200b\u200bare recognized as the ability and readiness to change and innovate.
An industrial society is characterized by a sharp increase in industrial and agricultural production, unimaginable in previous eras; rapid development of science and technology, means of communication, invention of newspapers, radio and television; dramatic expansion of propaganda opportunities; a sharp increase in the population, an increase in its life expectancy; a significant increase in the standard of living in comparison with previous eras; a sharp increase in population mobility; a complex division of labor not only within individual countries, but also internationally; centralized state; smoothing out the horizontal differentiation of the population (dividing it into castes, estates, classes) and the growth of vertical differentiation (dividing society into nations, "worlds", regions).

Post-industrial society Is a society in whose economy, as a result of the scientific and technological revolution and a significant increase in the population's income, the priority has shifted from the predominant production of goods to the production of services. Information and knowledge become a productive resource. Scientific developments are becoming the main driving force of the economy. The most valuable qualities are the level of education, professionalism, learning ability and creativity of the employee.
Post-industrial countries are usually called those in which the service sector accounts for significantly more than half of GDP. This criterion includes, in particular, the USA (the service sector accounts for 80% of the US GDP, 2002), the EU countries (the service sector - 69.4% of GDP, 2004), Australia (69% of GDP, 2003), Japan (67.7% of GDP, 2001), Canada (70% of GDP, 2004), Russia (58% of GDP 2007). However, some economists point out that the share of services in Russia is overstated.
The relative predominance of the share of services over material production does not necessarily mean a decrease in production volumes. It's just that these volumes in a post-industrial society are increasing more slowly than the volumes of services rendered are increasing.
Services should be understood not only trade, utilities and consumer services: any infrastructure is created and maintained by society to provide services: the state, army, law, finance, transport, communications, health care, education, science, culture, the Internet - these are all services. The service sector includes the production and sale of software. The buyer does not have all the rights to the program. He uses a copy of it under certain conditions, that is, he receives a service.
The term "post-industrialism" was introduced into scientific circulation at the beginning of the 20th century by the scientist A. Cumaraswamy, who specialized in the pre-industrial development of Asian countries. In its modern meaning, this term was first used in the late 1950s, and the concept of a post-industrial society received wide recognition as a result of the work of the professor Harvard University Daniel Bell, in particular, after the publication in 1973 of his book "The Coming Post-Industrial Society."
The concept of post-industrial society is based on the division of all social development into three stages:
Agrarian (pre-industrial) - the agricultural sphere was decisive, the main structures were the church, the army
Industrial - industry was decisive, the main structures were a corporation, a company
Post-industrial - theoretical knowledge is decisive, the main structure is the university, as a place of their production and accumulation
Similarly, E. Toffler identifies three "waves" in the development of society:
agrarian in the transition to agriculture,
industrial during the industrial revolution
informational in the transition to a society based on knowledge (post-industrial).
D. Bell identifies three technological revolutions:
invention of the steam engine in the 18th century
scientific and technological advances in the field of electricity and chemistry in the 19th century
creation of computers in the XX century
Bell argued that, just as the industrial revolution created assembly-line production, which increased labor productivity and prepared a society of mass consumption, so now there should be a stream production of information, ensuring appropriate social development in all directions.
Postindustrial theory, in many ways, has been confirmed by practice. As predicted by its creators, the mass consumption society gave rise to a service economy, and within its framework, the information sector of the economy began to develop at the fastest pace.