Secondary general education

UMK line G. A. Bordovskiy. Social Studies (10-11)

Social Studies

Unified State Exam in Social Studies: we analyze assignments with a teacher

My students, graduates of 2017, who successfully passed the Unified State Exam in Social Studies, claim that the recommendation to read the entire text of the work before starting the assignments gives a good effect when doing the work. When reading the work, emotional stress is removed, the brain activity is directed to the analysis of materials and the graduate is involved in productive cognitive activity, leading to high scores for the performance of the work.

As materials for work, we use the version of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies of 2017 (early period), published by FIPI in the spring of 2017.

Part 1

Task number 1

Write down the word missing in the table.

Factors of production and factor income

When performing task number 1, you must carefully look at the name of the table. In our case, the table is called "Factors of production and factor income". One of the factors of production is indicated: entrepreneurship (entrepreneurial ability) and its factor income is indicated: profit. Knowledge of the main factors of production: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial capabilities of information is inextricably linked with the knowledge of factor income as income that the owner receives from the use or application of factors of production. Labor - wages, land - rent, capital - interest, entrepreneurial ability, information - profit. The table shows the factor income - rent, which means that in the first column we can safely enter such a production factor as earth... The correct answer is earth. When preparing a student, it is important to know the complete characteristics of all factors of production.

Task number 2

In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing to all the other concepts presented. Write it down word (phrase).

State form, form of government, unitary state, federation, republic.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 2, it is always necessary to clearly define the generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). Our version presents: the form of the state, as device the political organization of society (it is important to remember that this is also a certain set of characteristics by which we determine the method of organization and structure of the state); the form of government, which is determined by the composition of the highest bodies of state power and the procedure for their formation, as well as by their interaction with the population of the state; a unitary state, which belongs to one of the forms of state-territorial structure, like a federation; republic is one of the forms of government. To my students, I always strongly recommend, in a draft, as soon as they begin to complete tasks related to the topic "Politics", draw a diagram:

This is important because a typical mistake that graduates make when conducting a trial exam is associated with confusing concepts. And when the scheme is in front of your eyes, it will be more difficult to make a mistake.

Accordingly, based on the scheme, it becomes clear that the generic (generalizing concept for everyone else here will be - the form of the state, i.e. its versatile characteristics presented in the answer options. The rest of the concepts reflect those or other elements. For example, the form of government is given as part of forms of state and republic, as one of the forms of government.

The correct answer is the form of the state.

Task number 3

Below is a list of characteristics. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the elite culture.

1. the complexity of the forms used;
2. the desire of the authors to embody their own ideas;
3. entertaining character;
4. strong commercial focus;
5. spiritual aristocracy;
6. special training requirement for understanding.

Find two characteristics that "fall out" from the general row, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

When performing task number 3, we draw attention to the concept in question. In this case, it is “elite culture” and we are asked about the characteristics of this concept. Elite culture is considered in the topic "The spiritual sphere of the life of society." The generic term is "Culture". In our case, the question is in the plane of the varieties of culture (material, spiritual; folk, mass, elite). The task presents the features of elite culture: the complexity of the forms used, the desire of the authors to embody their own ideas, spiritual aristocracy, the requirement for special training for understanding. Well, really, are we all ready to perceive the musical works of Schnittke, the analysis of the highly intellectual literary works of Kafka? What can you say about Rodin's sculptures? It is clear that this culture is designed for a narrow circle of consumers, prepared for the perception of complex works. Elite culture is not looking for commercial benefits; it is important for authors to express themselves and search for new forms in art.

The two characteristics that have remained outside our attention: the entertainment character and the pronounced commercial orientation are the most important characteristics of mass culture. Therefore, in this case, we will mark them as correct. Because in the task we are asked to remove unnecessary characteristics.

Task number 4

Choose the correct judgments about society and social institutions and write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. Society is a constantly evolving dynamic system.
2. Social progress is characterized by degradation, a return to obsolete structures and relationships.
3. In a broad sense, society is understood as a part of the world that is isolated from nature, but connected with it, which includes ways of interaction and forms of uniting people.
4. Social institutions perform the function of human socialization.
5. Society is a closed system that does not interact with the external environment.

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 4, we must find judgments about society and social institutions. Here one cannot do without knowledge of the concepts: "society" in the broad and narrow senses; society as a system; "Social institution", as a historically established stable form of organizing joint activities of people, and knowledge of the types of social institutions in the main spheres of society.

The first judgment characterizes society as a dynamic developing system - this judgment is correct, since it is an axiom in the course of social studies.

The second judgment is incorrect, since progress, which is one of the directions of social development, is characterized by the development of society from the lowest to the highest. And the judgment indicates: degradation, a return to already obsolete structures and relations, which are qualitative characteristics of another direction of social development - regression.

The third judgment almost completely reproduces the concept of "society" in a broad sense, and therefore is correct. It lacks "consisting of individuals with consciousness and will."

The fourth proposition is correct. In the course of socialization, a person assimilates the experience of previous generations. We know that social institutions establish certain patterns of behavior for people. This is best confirmed by such a social institution as the family, which belongs to the social subsystem of society.

The fifth judgment is not true. Society is a dynamic, open, self-developing system. It is practically impossible to apply the concept of a “closed system” to society that does not interact with the external environment. No special proof is needed here. Suffice it to recall the concept of society in the broad sense of "a part of the material world that is isolated from nature, but closely connected with it."

Thus, the judgments will be correct: 1, 3, 4.

Social Science Thematic Planning

Task number 5

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and types (forms) of activities: for each element given in the first column, select the corresponding element from the second column.

Task number 5 relates to the topic "Activity". The types (forms of activity) are considered: play, study, work, communication. To complete this task, it is enough to know the characteristics of each type (form of activity). Imaginary setting is a characteristic of the game (A 4), focus on achieving a practically useful result - towards work (a person creates certain objects that satisfy needs) (B 2). Focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills - to learning (AT 3)... And none of the types (forms) of activity is complete without communication. Therefore, the remaining two characteristics: the process of establishing and developing contacts between people and the focus on the exchange of information reflect the essence of communication. (D 1, D 1). Just remember that in the process of communication, people exchange not only information, but also emotions, influencing each other.

With the seeming ease of tasks, it is important not to rush, to conduct an internal dialogue with yourself. Answer the question: why the chosen answer is correct, based on knowledge of the concepts.

Task number 6

Students conducted a study of the motives of the educational activities of primary schoolchildren. Find in the list below the methods they applied that correspond to the empirical level of scientific knowledge. Write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. description of observed phenomena
2. hypothesis and substantiation
3. explanation of existing relationships
4. direct observation of individual facts and phenomena
5. fixing generalizations in the form of laws
6. obtaining quantitative data about the object under study

Answer: ___________________________.

In task number 6 asks about the empirical level of scientific knowledge and its methods. Immediately we mentally turn to the generic concept - "science", recall the structure of scientific knowledge, which includes levels: empirical and theoretical, and distribute the methods related to each level. We remember that empirical methods include: observation, description, measurement, classification, systematization, i.e. with their help, it is possible to identify specific properties of the objects under study, in contrast to the theoretical level aimed at identifying general trends, laws, etc.

This is how we found the correct answers: 1, 4, 6

Task number 7

Choose the correct judgments about economies and write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. Private property is the basis of the command (planned) economy.
2. In a traditional economy, the main issues of the economy are resolved by central government bodies.
3. The main subjects of market relations are economically independent participants in economic life.
4. The incentive for the activities of enterprises in a market system is profit.
5. The hallmarks of a market economy include free pricing.

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 7 aims us at knowing the characteristics of economic systems as a way of organizing the economic life of society. Knowledge of the distinctive features of traditional, command (planned) or command-administrative, market and mixed economies is the basic knowledge of a graduate seeking to obtain a high score on the exam.

So let's try. Private property is a prerequisite for the existence of a market model of an economic system. We are also told in the judgment that the command economy. This is not true, also because state ownership dominates in the command economy, and the main issues of the economy are decided by the central authorities. This means that the second judgment is also not true. The third judgment is correct, since in a market economy, each owner has the right to freely and independently dispose of his factors of production.

The fourth and fifth judgments are also true, since in a market economy, the freedom of economic activity of individual entities is aimed at making a profit in a competitive environment and market mechanisms determine the price.

Right answers: 3, 4, 5.

Task number 8

Establish a correspondence between examples and types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation (in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation): for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task number 8 is associated with the financial literacy of the graduate, namely the knowledge of the types of taxes and fees in the Russian Federation. The assignment defines the levels of taxes collected: federal, regional and local. When performing this assignment, it is important to clearly distinguish between the types of taxes by levels:

Thus, in our assignment, we again apply the empirical ranking method: A 3, B 3, B 1, G 3, D 2.

Authors: Vorontsov A.V., Koroleva G.E., Naumov S.A. The textbook covers the most important topics of social science course: economics, politics and law. In accordance with modern scientific concepts, the authors reveal the peculiarities of the operation of the market mechanism and the role of the state in the economy, the foundations of political science, the functioning of the state and the development of democracy, the principles of law, the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

Task number 9

Firm Y is a wedding dress tailor shop. Find examples of short-run variable costs for firm Y in the list and write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. costs of repayment of interest on a previously taken loan
2. the cost of purchasing fabrics, threads, accessories
3. costs of payment of piecework wages to employees
4. rent for atelier premises
5. payment for consumed electricity
6. insurance premiums

Answer: ___________________________.

Completion of task number 9 requires knowledge of the topic "Firm" and its key concepts: revenue, costs and profit. The assignment must clearly indicate the variable costs of the firm in the short run, as opposed to fixed costs.

To complete the task without error, you also need to remember that variable costs change with changes in production.

A firm's credit history will always be a fixed cost, so the first option is not correct. But the acquisition of fabrics, threads, accessories refers to consumables, which means variable costs, as well as the payment of piecework wages to workers, in contrast to salaries, which are fixed costs of the company. Rent, insurance premiums are fixed costs of any company. And here is the payment consumedelectricity (depends on the volume of work of the company) - will be a variable cost.

Right answers: 2, 3, 5 .

Social Studies. Grade 11. A basic level of. Textbook. Authors: Nikitin A.F., Gribanova G.I., Martyanov D.S. The textbook is included in the educational-methodical complex on social studies for grade 11 (basic level). Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of secondary (complete) general education, included in the Federal List. The textbook deals with the most important issues of economics and law. The methodological apparatus of the textbook includes the headings "Thinking, comparing, drawing conclusions", "Testing our knowledge", "Researching, designing, discussing, arguing".

The figure shows the change in the supply of chairs in the respective market: supply line Smoved to a new position - S 1 . (P - price; Q - quantity.)

Which of the following factors can cause such a change? Write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. increase in the cost of materials for upholstery chairs
2. increase in wages for workers in factories that produce chairs
3. reducing the cost of materials for the chair frame
4. reduction of taxes levied on furniture manufacturers
5. increase in electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers

Answer: ___________________________.

Task number 10 requires a very careful reading of the question. It is necessary to understand what is being asked: about a change in the amount of demand or the amount of supply? In this case, the supply of chairs in the respective market has changed. By observing the change in the supply curve, we can say that the supply has decreased. In carrying out the task, one must remember that the change in supply is influenced by the cost of factors of production, technology, state tax policy, government support, price expectations, competition, etc.

Therefore, the first answer is that an increase in the cost of materials for upholstery of chairs will just help reduce the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. An increase in the wages of workers increases the value of such a factor of production as labor, but also simultaneously lower the supply of this product on the market. The answer is correct. The third option should lead to an increase in supply, since a decrease in the cost of raw materials leads to an increase in the supply of goods on the market (in our case, a decrease in the cost of material for the frame). The answer is not correct. Tax cuts will also boost supply. The answer is not correct. Rising electricity tariffs for furniture manufacturers, on the other hand, will raise variable costs and lower supply. So, the rise in the cost of consumables, electricity tariffs, wages of workers will force the company to either reduce production or increase the cost of goods, which will lead to a decrease in supply on the market.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 11

Choose the correct judgments about social stratification and social mobility and write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. Horizontal mobility presupposes a transition to a social group at another level of the social hierarchy.
2. One of the criteria for differentiating social groups is income.
3. The personal qualities of a person are the criterion of social stratification of modern society.
4. Sociologists distinguish between individual and collective mobility.
5. One of the criteria for the social stratification of society is the amount of power.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 11, we proceed from knowledge of the concepts of "social stratification" and "social mobility", criteria of social stratification, types of social mobility.

Horizontal mobility presupposes a transition from one social group to another at the same level of the social ladder. Therefore, the first judgment is not correct. Differentiation (separation) of social groups in society occurs according to many criteria, one of which is income. And also the amount of power, education, prestige of the profession. The second and fifth statements are correct, in contrast to the third. A person's personal qualities are not a criterion for social stratification. The fourth proposition is correct because sociologists do distinguish between individual and collective mobility. For example, under the influence of the events of the 1917 revolution, the position of social groups shifted.

Right answers: 2, 4, 5.

In the course of sociological surveys of adult residents of countries Z and Y, they were asked the question: "Which of the directions of the state's youth policy do you consider the most important?"

The results of the polls (in% of the number of respondents) are shown in the diagram.

Find the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram in the list and write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. The share of those who note the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less in country Z than in country Y.
2. Equal shares of respondents in each country consider it necessary to carry out educational work.
3. In country Z, the opinion about the importance of ensuring access to decision-making in the economy, public life, and politics is less popular than the opinion about the importance of educational work.
4. In country Y, equal shares of the respondents noted as the most important areas the creation of conditions for self-expression, self-realization of young people and carrying out educational work with them.
5. The share of those who consider social support to be the most important in country Z is higher than in country Y.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 12, you need to carefully read the conditions of the sociological survey. In this case, the most important directions of the youth policy of the two countries were clarified. The chart shows the data for these countries. Before reading the presented judgments, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In each of the countries, the leading position was taken by the answer “providing social support”. Further, in country Z, the second place was taken by the position “conducting educational work”, and the minimum position was taken by the judgment “providing access to decision-making ...”. In country Y, equally minimal positions were taken by the judgments “providing access to decision-making ...” and “creating conditions for self-expression”. After we have independently tried to analyze statistical materials, we try to analyze judgments.

The first judgment is correct, since these diagrams demonstrate this position. The second proposition is not true, since there are more people in country Z who consider "educational work" important than in country Y.

The third proposition is correct, and we saw it during our own analysis of the diagram.

The fourth judgment is also true, we also determined this during the analysis of the diagram and marked these positions as minimally identical.

The fifth judgment is not true, it can be clearly seen in the diagram. The indicators indicate the opposite result.

Right answers: 1, 3, 4.

Task number 13

Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental safety.
2. The fundamental feature of a state of any type is the implementation of the principle of separation of powers in it.
3. The state has a monopoly on the lawful use of coercion by the forces of law enforcement and security agencies.
4. The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the state's economic policy in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
5. The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for effective and high-quality activities of state bodies.

Answer: ___________________________.

Performing task number 13, it is important to remember the concept of "state", its main features, external and internal functions. The first judgment directs us to such a feature of the state as the exclusive right on lawmaking... Therefore, the judgment “environmental requirements established by the state ( lawmaking), constitute the basis of the environmental safety of countries ”is correct. The second judgment is not true, because the principle of separation of powers is implemented in a democratic state, and, therefore, this feature is not fundamental for any type of state.

The third judgment “the state has a monopoly right to lawfully use coercion by the forces of law enforcement and security agencies” in fact, sends us to the most important feature of the state - the monopoly legal right to coercion. The fourth judgment is erroneous, since it reflects the most important internal function of the state "determining the general direction of the state's economic policy" The fifth judgment combines two features of the state: lawmaking and the system of bodies and mechanisms for exercising public power (we are talking about state power bodies). We read: “the state creates normative and organizational basis for efficient and high-quality activities government agencies.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 14

Establish a correspondence between the questions and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation, to whose jurisdiction these questions relate: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

For the correct fulfillment of task number 14, it is necessary to know well the fundamentals of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and the functionality of all branches of government in the Russian Federation. First, you need to carefully look at which subjects of state power of the Russian Federation are indicated in the assignment. In our case, they are not named directly, but the levels are indicated: only the federal center and jointly the federal center and the subjects of the Russian Federation. Knowledge of the principles of the federal structure of the Russian Federation will come to the rescue. Remember that in the conditions of a federation the principle of the integrity of the state, the unity of state power, and the delineation of powers, which we are asked about, are implemented. Earlier, we saw the delineation of powers when completing a tax assignment. It is necessary to remember what is in the exclusive competence of federal bodies: all issues of international relations, defense and security, judicial system, federal property, etc.

The first competence - issues of ownership, use and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources is under joint jurisdiction A 2... Those. it is a question on which the center and the subjects share the responsibility for solving problems. So, it would be correct to attribute to the same position "the implementation of measures to combat disasters" AT 2... Federal funds for regional development implement the foundations of federal policy and federal programs, therefore B 1... Positions D and E belong to the exclusive competence of the federal authorities, therefore D 1, D 1.

Task number 15

In Democratic State Z, during the reform of the electoral system for parliamentary elections, a transition was made from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one.

Which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Write down the relevant figures.

1. free and voluntary participation of citizens in elections
2. granting the right to vote to citizens from the age of 18, regardless of nationality, gender, professional affiliation, education level, income
3. secret ballot procedure
4. single-member constituency voting
5. dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes
6. possibility of nominating independent non-partisan candidates

Answer: ___________________________.

Question 15 is related to the electoral process. Despite the fact that at the beginning of the question they explain to us the reform, during which there was a transition from a proportional electoral system to a majoritarian one. The essence of the issue is not so much about the types of electoral systems, their reform, but about elections in general (topic "Political participation"). We need to recall the basic principles of elections in a democratic state: direct participation of citizens, universal, equal, direct suffrage, secret ballot, voluntary participation.

Accordingly, the first judgment is correct. The second proposition refers us to the principle of equality in electoral law, therefore it is also true. The third judgment is correct, one of the principles is also presented - secret ballot.

The fourth judgment goes beyond the question: which of the following remained unchanged during this electoral reform? Voting in single-mandate constituencies sends us to the organization of the electoral process under a majoritarian system, as opposed to proportional, where the state acts as a single constituency. This means that this judgment reflects a change in the electoral process. The answer is not correct in our case. The dependence of the number of deputy mandates received by a party on the number of votes cast also applies to the proportional electoral system, which is not true for our question. The sixth option also reflects the majority electoral model.

Correct answer: 1, 2, 3 .

Task number 16

Which of the following applies to the political rights (freedoms) of a citizen of the Russian Federation? Write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. holding meetings and rallies
2. appeal to state bodies
3. payment of legally established taxes and fees
4. defense of the Fatherland
5. participation in the management of state affairs through their representatives

Answer: ___________________________.

Question No. 16 again brings us back to the foundations of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation. Human and civil rights and freedoms. It is important to know four groups of rights and freedoms: personal (civil), political, socio-economic, cultural. Our assignment asks about political rights that ensure citizen participation in the exercise of political power. Therefore, the holding of meetings and rallies is correct, an appeal to state bodies is true, participation in the management of state affairs through its representatives is true. Paying taxes and fees, protecting the Fatherland are the constitutional obligations of a citizen, as well as compliance with the Constitution and laws of the Russian Federation, care for the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage, care for children and disabled parents.

Right answers: 1, 2, 5 .

Task number 17

Choose the correct judgments about family law in the Russian Federation and write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

1. Family law regulates property and personal non-property relations between family members.
2. The marriage is suspended due to the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as deceased.
3. The marriage is concluded in the civil registry office (Civil Registry Office).
4. The legal regime of the spouses' property is established only by the marriage contract.
5. Parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children.

Answer: ___________________________.

Analyzing the materials of assignment number 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to family law. The first judgment will be correct, as it refers us to article 2 of the Family Code. The key institution of family law is marriage concluded in the registry office (judgment 3), which gives rise to mutual rights and obligations of spouses. The second judgment confuses us a little, it is known that in connection with the death of one of the spouses, the second spouse needs to come to the registry office to obtain a certificateabout his death, and as a consequence of this, termination of a contracted marriage... Our task is formulated: the marriage is suspended due to the announcement by the registry office of one of the spouses as deceased. The answer is not correct. The fourth and fifth options take us to property rights and responsibilities of spouses. The fifth option is correct, since the wording is at the junction of constitutional obligations and norms of family law: parents are obliged to provide maintenance to their minor children. But the fourth option is erroneous because of its wording: the legal regime of the spouses' property is established onlyprenuptial agreement. This is not true since not only a marriage contract, but also the norms of family law, i.e. the legal regime of the spouses' property is governed by family law and established by the marriage contract.

Right answers: 1, 3, 5 .

Task number 18

Establish a correspondence between examples and measures of legal responsibility in the Russian Federation: for each item given in the first column, select the corresponding item from the second column.

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Task # 18 deals with legal liability. When completing the assignment, it is important to remember the types of legal liability: criminal, administrative, civil and disciplinary. A reprimand is a disciplinary action - A 2... Warning refers to the type of administrative penalties - B 3... Dismissal on appropriate grounds (for example, absenteeism, one-time gross violation of labor duties, repeated failure of the employee to perform labor duties, etc.) - AT 2... Notice - disciplinary action, G 2... Deprivation of liberty - criminal liability for committing a crime - D 1.

Task number 19

Joint-stock company "Sweet Charm" produces confectionery. Find in the above list the features that distinguish a joint-stock company from other organizational and legal forms of enterprises. Write down figuresunder which they are indicated.

• division of the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is framed with a security
• obligatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees
• the duty of employees to comply with labor discipline
• distribution of profits among employees in accordance with their labor participation
• bearing the risk of losses within the value of the participant's securities
• payment of dividends to owners for the year

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete task number 19, it is necessary to distinguish between the organizational and legal forms of enterprises. In our case, highlight the distinctive features of a joint stock company. We recall that joint stock companies, like limited liability companies, belong to economic companies. These are commercial organizations, i.e. the purpose of their activities is to make a profit. The authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Participants can be citizens, legal entities and public law entities. Therefore, answer option 1 - "division of the authorized capital of the company into equal parts, each of which is framed by a security" will be correct. It is known that shareholders are not liable for the obligations of a joint-stock company, but bear the risk of losses for the company's activities within the limits of the value of their shares. Therefore, option 5 - “bearing the risk of losses within the value of the securities owned by the participant” (share - security) will be correct, as well as answer 6 - “payment of dividends to the owners at the end of the year”. 2 and 3 judgments - "the obligatory conclusion of an employment contract with employees", "the obligation of employees to observe labor discipline" refer to the general provisions of Labor Law. But "the distribution of profits among employees in accordance with their labor participation" is a characteristic of such an organizational and legal form of an enterprise as a "production cooperative" (artel).

Right answers: 1, 5, 6 .

Task number 20

Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select from the provided list the words that you want to replace the blanks.

“A person who actively assimilates and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is _________ (A). This is a person with his own socially formed and individually expressed qualities: _________ (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. Their formation is due to the fact that the individual, together with other people _________ (C), cognizes and changes the world and himself. The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is simultaneously a process of _________ (D).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and to himself. It is characterized by _________ (D) to develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all the influences of social life, to all experience. This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries _________ (E) for his choice. "

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used one time.

Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

List of terms:

1. activity
2. intellectual
3. duty
4. everyday
5. responsibility
6. socialization
7. personality
8. aspiration
9. communication

The following table lists letters for missing words. Write down the number of the word you have chosen in the table under each letter.

When completing task number 20, I recommend that you first try to read the text and substitute words yourself that, in your opinion, are appropriate in meaning. This is how a semantic understanding of the content of the text is achieved. And when you read it again, you have to pick up words from the list. You will have a success situation when your chosen words coincide with the suggested ones from the list. So, we try to read by inserting words that are close in meaning, then we choose from those available in the task.

“A person who actively assimilates and purposefully transforms nature, society and himself is personality (A) (Personality is a set of socially significant properties and qualities of a person. Where a person is formed - in society. What a person does - transforms the world and himself). This is a person with his socially formed and individually expressed qualities: intellectual (B), emotional-volitional, moral, etc. (in this case, there is a listing of socially significant qualities). Their formation is due to the fact that the individual in a joint with other people activity (B) learns and changes the world and himself (one of the definitions of activity is the conscious activity of a person, the input of which a person changes the world around him and changes himself; the process of human interaction with the surrounding world). The process of this cognition in the course of assimilation and reproduction of social experience is simultaneously a process socialization (G).

Personality is defined as a special form of existence and development of social ties, a person's relationship to the world and with the world, to himself and to himself. It is characterized aspiration (D) develop, expand the scope of its activities and is open to all influences of social life, to all experience (again explained through the process of socialization, which lasts throughout a person's life). This is a person who has his own position in life, who shows independence of thought, carries responsibility (E) for your choice (freedom and responsibility in human life) ”.

Part 2

Read the text and complete assignments 21-24.

In a broad sense, underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the same salary that he could have by doing that job (and in the volume) that could claim ...

Cyclical unemployment is associated with fluctuations in the demand for labor. A downturn is a cyclical decline in business activity, as a result of which people lose jobs during the period until demand rises again and business activity revives. Seasonal unemployment occurs due to seasonal fluctuations in the demand for labor. It affects those involved in fishing, construction and agriculture. Those who change jobs and those who are not currently employed due to the transition from one place to another are called functional (frictional) unemployed. Functional (frictional) unemployment is considered, although inevitable, but still an acceptable consequence of a healthy economy. It can be assumed that even with full employment, wage earners will move from place to place.

Structural unemployed people experience difficulties in getting a job due to insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. Even during periods of high employment, the structural unemployed remains disproportionately high.

Unemployment is not just a lack of work ... While unemployment can be a creative, will-mobilizing test, most people who have experienced it say they have experienced despair, powerlessness and confusion, especially if they have been out of work for more than a few weeks. For most people, wage employment is the main and often the only means of meeting material needs for food, clothing, and a roof over their heads. Studies show that those who do not like their job still prefer to keep it, even when the opportunity is given to live on other incomes. While working conditions can be detrimental, lack of work leads to just as many problems: increased stress, family conflicts, and addiction to alcohol and drugs.

(K.H.Brier)

When starting to perform tasks on the text 21-24, initially you should read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pen for maximum assimilation of the content. I do not recommend that my students read the question right away and chaotically, with a cursory reading, look for answers. As a rule, this practice leads to erroneous answers and lower scores on the exam.

Task number 21

How does the text describe the impact of the recession on cyclical unemployment? What sectors of the economy, according to the author, is affected by seasonal unemployment? (Please list all industries mentioned in the text.) How does the author explain the inevitability of functional (frictional) unemployment?

Answer: "A downturn is a cyclical decline in business activity, as a result of which people lose jobs for a period until demand rises again and there is a recovery in business activity." Those. labor demand fluctuates.

Task number 22

Task number 22 is also best done in parts.

Answer: “underemployment is a situation in which the work performed does not require the full use of the qualifications and professional training of the individual, does not meet his expectations and does not allow him to receive the same salary that he could have by doing that job (and to the extent) , which could claim ... "

Explain why some workers agree to part-time employment (make two assumptions). When completing this task, I recommend that students write down each suggestion on a new line.

In our case, we can simulate the answer using text. We do not provide examples because this is not indicated in the assignment.

Answer: employees agree to part-time employment, because it is important for a person to feel significant, needed. Even part-time employment gives a person a sense of stability, relieves social tension, and makes it possible to participate in public life.

Workers agree to part-time employment, because in times of crisis, even such work can be the only source of income for their families, protection from social shocks, and allows them to preserve their lifestyle.

Task number 23

The author notes that "even during periods of high employment rates, disproportionately high unemployment remains among the structurally unemployed." Using social science knowledge, explain the reason for this level of unemployment among these categories of citizens. Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The author gives us the reasons for high unemployment among structural unemployed: insufficient or insufficient qualifications, discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, age or disability. But the task requires the use of social science knowledge. We recall that we know from the course of social studies that structural unemployment is associated with the impossibility of finding employment for people of certain professions and the mismatch between supply and demand in the labor market.

Answer: The high level of structural unemployment, even during periods of high employment throughout the country, is usually associated with changes in production technologies, scientific and technological progress. Those. people of certain professions are no longer in demand on the labor market (examples are not required in the assignment, only an explanation of the problem).

Name any two measures to prevent discrimination of the categories of citizens indicated by the author, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation. In this case, we are asked to refer to the norms of the Labor Law of the Russian Federation, since it regulates relations in the field of hired labor.

Answer: the labor code of the Russian Federation contains prohibitions on discrimination:

1. citizens of the Russian Federation have equal opportunities for workers to advance in their work, taking into account labor productivity, qualifications and work experience in their specialty, as well as for training and additional professional education;
2. restrictions on labor rights or obtaining benefits depending on gender, race, skin color, nationality, language, origin, property, family, social and official status, age, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, affiliation or non-affiliation with public associations are prohibited or any social groups, as well as from other circumstances not related to the business qualities of the employee.

The guarantee of non-discrimination of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation provides for the right of a person who considers himself discriminated against in the world of work to go to court with an application for the restoration of violated rights, compensation for material damage and compensation for moral damage.

Task number 24

Why, according to the author, does unemployment cause a state of despair and confusion in a person? Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about what the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested in.

Using social science knowledge and facts of social life, make two assumptions about what the mobilizing effect of the unemployed state on a person is manifested in (in this case, we must give examples, because the question is “facts of social life”).

1. The unemployed state provides an incentive for retraining if the profession is in little demand on the labor market. Break in employment for retraining and education. Citizen N, after being registered at the Employment Center, was sent for vocational training in the profession of an electric and gas welder.
2. The unemployed state provides an opportunity for organizing self-employment. For example, after being fired from his main job at the closure of an enterprise in the city of Moscow, citizen N moved to the Moscow region, submitted documents to the Employment Center of the City of Moscow, where he received advice on starting a farm, assistance in drawing up a business plan and one-time financial assistance.

Task number 25

What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "art"? Drawing on the knowledge of a social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the arts, and one sentence, revealing the essence of the educational function of art.

Task number 25 can be successfully completed only with knowledge of the basic concepts of the course. Art is a form of culture that reflects the surrounding reality in artistic images. The artistic image can be expressed in different types of art: music, painting, architecture, sculpture, literature. Works of art have a great influence on the formation of a person's personality.

Task number 26

Name and illustrate with examples any three main responsibilities of an employer, as enshrined in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Assignment # 26 should identify and illustrate examples of any of the three main responsibilities of an employer as set out in the Labor Code:

1. Ensure safety and working conditions in accordance with labor protection standards. At enterprise N, in order to improve the working conditions of employees, training sessions on injury prevention were held,
2. Pay full salary on time. For the delay in the payment of wages, the management of enterprise Y was prosecuted in the form of coercion to pay employees in addition to the wages of interest.
3. Carry out compulsory social insurance of employees. In the employment contract signed by citizen N with the company, a clause on compulsory social insurance of citizen N was included in the section of the employer's duties.

Task number 27

A new political party was registered in State Z. It has central government and regional offices. The party proclaims its basic principles traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual. The political party won the required number of votes during the elections and won seats in parliament. Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation. Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion. Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

• the party is registered;
• central government bodies and regional offices (sign indicates a mass party);
• basic principles: traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual (a sign indicating an ideological affiliation is conservative);
• entered parliament after the elections (participates in power - a sign indicating the ruling party);

Now questions: Determine the type of political party depending on its ideological affiliation.

Answer: Conservative Party.

Give the fact that allowed you to make such a conclusion.

Answer: Since it defends the principles of tradition and stability of development (traditionalism, stability, order, as well as the priority of the interests of the state, nation, society over the interests of the individual).

Name any two other types of parties distinguished by this criterion, and briefly describe any one of them.

Answer: Liberal and socialist parties can be distinguished according to their ideological orientation. Signs of the liberal party: the inalienability of natural human rights, their priority over the interests of society and the state, political pluralism, free market economy.

Task number 28

You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Types of families". Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.

To write a plan for any of the social science topics, it is necessary to clearly understand the structure of the topic's study. Basically, this assignment tests students' understanding of the structure of the topic. Therefore, the writing of the plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the material of the topic, understanding of its structure. In this case, the theme of the plan is “Types of families”.

1. The concept of a family as a small group based on marriage or consanguinity.
2. Family functions (in this version of the plan, you may not specify)
3. Types of families by the nature of the relationship between members:
1. Traditional (patriarchal family), its features:
   A) cohabitation of several generations;
   B) the leadership of the man;
   C) the economic dependence of family members on men;
   D) strict distribution of responsibilities
2. Partner (democratic) family:
   A) nuclearity;
   B) decision making by all family members;
   C) the economic independence of women;
   D) fair distribution of household responsibilities
4. Types of families in relation to raising children:
1. Authoritarian;
2. Democratic;
3. Liberal (conniving)
4. Modern trends in family development

Task 29

Please select one thingfrom the statements below, reveal its meaning in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic raised).

When expressing your thoughts on the problem raised (the designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use knowledgeobtained in the course of social studies, corresponding concepts, and factspublic life and own life experience.

(Give at least two examples from various sources for factual reasoning.)

29.1. Philosophy. “The privilege of fish, rats and wolves is to live according to the law of supply and demand; the law of human life is justice. " (D. Ruskin)

29.2. Economy. "The types of business are different, but the business as a system remains the same regardless of its scale and structure, products, technologies and markets." (P. Drucker)

29.3. Sociology, social psychology. “We need schools that do not just teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate a personality.” (V.V. Putin)

29.4. Political science. "The supreme power is worthy of veneration only insofar as it is a means of ensuring human rights." (A. Kyustin)

29.5. Jurisprudence. “Protection of rights is a duty to society. Whoever defends his right defends the right in general ”. (R. Iering)

The task 29. 3. “We need schools that do not just teach, which is extremely important, this is the most important thing, but also schools that educate a personality.” (V.V. Putin)

When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic belongs. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your “knowledge base”, understand on which of the topics you have clearer theoretical ideas, on which of the topics you can give the most qualitative examples that reveal the content of the topic.

In this case, we have chosen a topic from the section sociology, social psychology. We understand that the problem of the modern school and education system is immediately raised. The eternal question: the tasks of education, training and upbringing, which is more important? The issue of socialization is also touched upon - "schools that educate the individual." I would like to note that here we cannot go into the concepts of the topic of the spiritual sphere of society, because we are writing an essay from another section. So, let's try to write.

What social order should the school fulfill - to give students only a high level of education? Or to carry out an equally important mission - education of the individual?

As is known from the course of social studies, education is a way of becoming a person by acquiring knowledge, acquiring skills and abilities, developing creative abilities through a system of social institutions, the most important of which is school.

When we talk about a school as an institution providing education, we understand that we are talking about a social institution that has a number of elements: these are educational standards and programs, principles of functioning, which include a network of educational institutions and government bodies.

To improve the quality of education, the state is taking a number of measures: the training period is lengthened, the requirements for the qualification level of teachers are increased, the variability of educational programs is used, individual educational trajectories of students are built, schools are equipped with modern equipment, and new forms of final certification are introduced.

As a result, we see how high school graduates demonstrate high scores on the Unified State Exam, which makes it possible to take budget places in the leading universities of the capital. According to the results of international research presented by the HSE, in which 49 countries took part, Russian primary school students occupy leading positions in the world in reading, mathematics and science. And also 8 classes in mathematics. According to the researchers, this result was achieved due to the introduction of new educational standards, a system of unified state certification.

But are educational outcomes enough for society and individuals? The author of the quote clearly points us to the most important component of the educational process: the upbringing of a person's personality.

Based on the functions of education: economic, social and cultural, it becomes clear that it is precisely in the cultural function - the use of previously accumulated culture in order to educate a person, develop his creative abilities - this problem manifests itself.

In addition to lessons, grades, exams, there is also a rich school life: class hours, school festivals, hikes, joint trips with classmates in Russia and other countries.

In all this, the student learns to interact with other people, shows his abilities and talents. It is in this atmosphere that the social function of education is realized. Through the socialization of the individual, the assimilation of social norms, statuses and roles.

As an example, we can cite from childhood the favorite film "The Freak of 5 B", which vividly demonstrates how the school collective, the class, forms Boris's personality. How he learns responsibility when he is appointed as a counselor in grade 1.

Thus, V.V. In his statement, Putin once again emphasized the importance of understanding by society and the school of the inseparability of the two most important processes associated with the socialization of the individual - education and upbringing. "

Slide 1

Unified State Exam Social Studies
Quests 33 - 34
D.S. Mikhailov

Slide 2

1 (33)
In modern society, the role and importance of civil institutions is increasing. Give three examples illustrating the partnership of civil non-political organizations with the state.

Slide 3

- associations of teachers, trade unions of educators take an active part in the discussion of political decisions in the field of education, amendments to the law on education; - associations of tenants, associations of homeowners, together with the mayor's office, the city administration, discuss issues of urban planning, improving the transport situation, building new parking lots; - journalists, representatives of professional associations of workers employed in the media, oppose pressure on the media, in defense of freedom of speech; - organizations of veterans of local wars and conflicts are demanding the development of additional measures of social protection of servicemen; - environmental organizations and movements discuss decisions on the construction of large complexes, industrial enterprises, amendments to environmental legislation.
Answer

Slide 4

2 (33)
Scientists believe that the main value of modern society, its reference point, is innovation. Illustrate with three examples the innovative nature of modern society.

Slide 5

Answer
The innovative nature of education. The school is widely introducing multimedia technologies; soon a tablet computer will be used instead of a paper textbook. 2) The innovative nature of the economy. Economic leaders are those industries that most actively apply and use new technologies, produce new products (high-tech industries, Microsoft, Google, etc.). 3) The innovative nature of people's daily life. Every day, technical innovations and improvements (iPhones, gadgets, e-books, digital television) enter our lives.

Slide 6

3 (33)
Indicate and illustrate with examples of any three criteria for social progress.

Slide 7

Answer
humanization of public relations (for example, the abolition of the death penalty, mitigation of criminal laws, dissemination of ideas of multiculturalism, etc.); 2) improvement of technology and technology (for example, the introduction of new computer technology, the distribution of iPhones, iPads, space exploration, etc.); 3) expanding the range of human rights and freedoms (for example, the abolition of discrimination based on gender, race, nationality, expansion of electoral rights, etc.).

Slide 8

4 (33)
There are various social norms in society, including traditions, ceremonies, corporate norms (business habits). Illustrate each of the types of social norms named in the assignment with a specific example. (State the type of rate first, then an example).

Slide 9

Answer
Traditions, (for example, Moscow graduates celebrate the holiday of the last bell, coming to Vorobyovy Gory, annually; students and teachers of Moscow State University celebrate Tatiana's day (January 25) with festivities and drinking hot mead); 2) Ceremonies (for example, inauguration of the President of the Russian Federation; tea ceremony in China and Japan, ceremony of presenting credentials to ambassadors); 3) Corporate norms, (for example, the procedure for concluding a contract in a firm; negotiating between entrepreneurs).

Slide 10

5 (33)
What are the levels of socialization identified by scientists? Describe each level of socialization by identifying the agents of socialization.

Slide 11

Answer
1) the level of primary socialization. Primary socialization takes place in the field of interpersonal relationships in small groups; 2) the level of secondary socialization. Secondary socialization occurs at the level of large social groups and institutions. The primary agents of socialization, scientists refer to the immediate environment of the individual: parents, close and distant relatives, family friends, peers, teachers, doctors, etc. Secondary agents are formal organizations, official institutions: representatives of the administration and schools, army, state, etc. .d.

Slide 12

6 (33)
The information revolution in the last third of the 20th century led to large-scale qualitative changes in all spheres of society. Indicate any three directions of change, each of which is illustrated with an example.

Slide 13

Answer
a change in the nature of relations between people in society (for example, instead of vertical ties, duty and performance, horizontal ties come, based on partnership); 2) a change in the nature of the economy, the economic foundations of society (for example, a new factor of production appears - information, its production, processing, translation, the importance of the human factor of production - the intellectual labor force - increases); 3) changes in relations between states (for example, through electronic networks, borders between states, nations, people are erased, supranational decision-making centers appear).

Slide 14

7 (33)
Competition is one of the most important differences in a market economy. List two positive and two negative manifestations of competition, each of which illustrate with a specific example.

Slide 15

Slide 16

8 (34)
The states of Korea and N. border on each other. Both states have a proportional electoral system. In Kazakhstan, the electoral threshold for the entry of parties to parliament is 9 percent, while in N. the electoral threshold is only 0.75 percent. In addition, in Kazakhstan, in order to get on the electoral lists of parties, candidates must make a significant monetary contribution to the party treasury or collect 10,000 signatures of supporters. In which country is electoral legislation more democratic? Give two reasons to explain your answer.

Slide 17

Answer
The electoral system is more democratic in the state N. 2) - In Kazakhstan, only the most influential and large parties can enter parliament, the smaller ones will not receive representation, and the part of citizens who voted for parties that did not receive 9% of the vote will be left without their representatives in the legislature. In N., practically all political forces, with the exception of the most insignificant parties, will be represented in parliament, and the atmosphere in it will be more competitive and debatable. - The obligation to make a large contribution to the party treasury contributes to the nomination of the wealthiest citizens to parliament, who will defend the interests of the same strata of life and income of the population. In N., where there are no such restrictions, the very composition of the parliament will be more democratic. M

Slide 18

9 (34)
In one of the North African countries, an armed conflict broke out between the government and the opposition. Many civilians, out of fear for their lives, left their homes and began to leave the country, replenishing refugee camps in neighboring countries, trying to get to Europe, to find work in their specialty. What social phenomenon does this example represent? Give the specific name of the social phenomenon described in the problem. Indicate two features (signs) that characterize it.

Slide 19

Answer
The phenomenon described in the task is social mobility, one of its forms is migration. 2) The given form of social mobility can be characterized as: - group (covers many people); - territorial (geographical) (people change their place of residence); - horizontal (people do not change their status, trying to get a job in their profession in a new place).

Slide 20

10 (34)
T. Parsons believed that culture plays the main regulatory role in the development of society, personality and human body. Based on your knowledge of history, social studies, and your own experience, give three possible examples to support this view.

Slide 21

Answer
- Culture, including norms, customs, rituals, traditions, language, etc., determines the environment in which each social community carries out its life, for example, ethno-national (Belarusian, Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Azerbaijani, etc.) - The culture of a national community or social stratum dictates differences in value judgments and in the standards of personality behavior. - Culture affects the human body, instilling hygiene standards, etc.

Slide 22

11 (33)
Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “Russia is a social state”. Illustrate with three examples the social rights of citizens of the Russian Federation.

Slide 23

Answer
1. The right to a minimum wage. When hiring an employee, the wages cannot be set below the established minimum wage. 2. The right to a state pension. Women who have reached 55 years of age are entitled to a pension. 3. The right to social protection in case of job loss, disability, etc. In case of job loss, you must register at the labor exchange, which will allow you to receive unemployment benefits.

Slide 24

12 (34)
What tendencies in the development of interethnic relations can be attributed to the holding of an international youth festival? Give any two other examples of this trend in the development of interethnic relations.

Slide 25

Answer
The given example reflects the tendency of rapprochement of nations, interethnic integration; 2) - examples of economic and political alliances: European Free Trade Association (EFTA), European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), etc .; - examples of international cultural centers: (Center for International Education, Center for Latin American Culture, etc.).

Slide 26

13 (34)
What form of culture can ballet be classified as? Name any three hallmarks of ballet by which you identified this.

Slide 27

Answer
Ballet is an elite form of culture; 2) - created by professionals, people with special training - not perceived by everyone, but by connoisseurs - incomprehensible and boring for the bulk

Slide 28

14 (34)
Population growth in developing countries has posed an acute food problem. To solve it, an extensive path of agricultural development is used - the development of more and more lands. This leads to the deforestation of large areas of rainforest. An intensive path of development of agricultural production, associated with the use of modern technology, is often inaccessible to these states due to their economic backwardness. The interconnection of what global problems can be traced here? List three problems.

Slide 29

Answer
- demographic; - ecological; - the gap in the levels of economic development of the countries of the "North" and "South".

Slide 30

15 (34)
The ability to act effectively in a non-standard situation, to find the optimal solution to a problem is not inherent in humans, as in an animal, in the genetic program, in instincts, but is acquired in ontogenesis, in the process of activity. Name any two activities that contribute to the development of this skill. Explain how to use it in unusual situations.

Slide 31

Answer
1) play (contributes to the development of fantasy, creative imagination, which affects the ability to make non-standard decisions); 2) educational and cognitive activity (involves the search for ways and options for solving educational problems, transferring the knowledge gained from familiar situations to unfamiliar ones).

Slide 32

16 (34)
The family, which arose in ancient times, initially concentrated in itself all the basic functions of ensuring human life. Gradually, it began to share its separate functions with other institutions of society. List three such functions. Name the social institutions that began to fulfill them.

Slide 33

Answer
1. The functions of the family, which were shared with other institutions of society: a) Socializing b) Economic c) Social status. 2. Institutions that began to carry out. 1. Education, religion. Participate in the socialization of the individual. 2. The state protects the rights of children. Army. 3. Mass media. Provide opportunities for organizing leisure activities, entertainment opportunities for family members.

Slide 34

17 (34)
In many states, an age qualification has been introduced for a citizen to exercise the right to elect and be elected to government bodies. Does this qualification correspond to the values \u200b\u200bof a democratic society? Give three reasons for your opinion.

Slide 35

Answer
1) The age qualification does not contradict the values \u200b\u200bof a democratic society; 2) - the age limit applies to all citizens of the corresponding age, i.e. the principle of equality is not violated; - the age limit does not exclude other opportunities for adolescents and young people to participate in the political life of society; - the age limit does not violate the principle of periodic election of government bodies; - the age qualification is expedient due to the timing of political socialization of adolescents and youth.

Slide 36

18 (34)
In one of the textbooks, this phenomenon is revealed as follows: "The totality of means and techniques by which society guarantees that the behavior of its members, individual subjects of government, social groups will be carried out in accordance with established social norms and values." Name the social phenomenon referred to in the text. Using your knowledge of the social science course, list two of its elements and illustrate with an example one (any) of them.

Slide 37

Answer
1) social phenomenon: social control; 2) two elements: - social norms; - social sanctions; 3) example: sanctions of encouragement - praise, applause, prize, certificate, etc.

Slide 38

19 (34)
Firm "Ivanov and K." is owned by a group of persons. The owners of the enterprise are liable for the obligations of their enterprise in full with the property belonging to them, they have equal rights in the management of their enterprise. What is the organizational and legal form of this enterprise? Give two reasons for your answer. Give an additional feature that distinguishes enterprises of this organizational and legal form, which is not specified in the problem.

Slide 39

Answer
1. The company is a full partnership 2. - the owners are responsible with all their property for the obligations of the enterprise - the owners have equal rights in management 3. - each of the participants in the partnership has the right to "veto" when making decisions; - founders of enterprises can be both individual entrepreneurs and legal entities.

Slide 40

20 (34)
In the country of N., after the Socialist government came to power, a large-scale tax reform took place. Instead of a single flat scale for calculating personal income tax (PIT), a progressive-regressive scale was introduced. What is the essence of this scale of personal income tax calculation? Give two reasons for introducing it to society.

Slide 41

Answer
The progressive-regressive scale for calculating personal income tax implies an increase in the tax rate for those with high incomes, and, on the contrary, a decrease in the tax rate for those with the lowest incomes. 2) - a progressive scale allows you to receive additional funds to the budget from the propertied citizens and direct them to finance social programs in the field of health care, education, and support for the poor; - a progressive-regressive scale makes it possible to strengthen the social function of taxes, help overcome excessive social inequality, reduce social discontent in society; - a progressive scale contributes to the growth of social responsibility of wealthy citizens, their understanding of the need to help the society that provided them with the opportunity to receive high incomes, etc.

Slide 42

21 (33)
Expand the theoretical position on the essence of creative activity using three examples.

Slide 43

Answer
1) qualitatively new goals of activity (for example, the creation of an artificial earth satellite); 2) qualitatively new means of activity, ways to achieve goals (for example, new ways to solve a problem in physics); 3) qualitatively new results of activity (for example, computer presentation using new software capabilities).

Slide 44

22 (33)
List three types of political relations in modern society and illustrate them with examples.

Slide 45

Answer
- relations between political parties. For example, the relationship of cooperation or competition for power that can be observed between the parties "United Russia", the Liberal Democratic Party, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and other political parties in modern Russia; - the relationship between the state and social groups. For example, at present, the state actively supports the institution of motherhood and childhood in the country by paying benefits ("maternity capital"); support is also provided to small businesses; - relations between the state and the media. The state through the media makes statements about the directions and results of the work of the state apparatus (implementation of the national project "Education").

Slide 46

23 (33)
Use three examples to illustrate the characteristics of a conservative party government.

Slide 47

Answer
- the conservative government seeks to preserve the existing situation in the political sphere (form of government, administrative apparatus, judicial system, existing political parties); - the conservative government often limits the freedom of action of reformer politicians; - the freedom of lower-level structures is narrowed by transferring part of their functions to higher authorities.

Slide 48

24 (33)
Illustrate with three examples the differences in government between parliamentary and presidential republics.

Slide 49

Answer
- in a presidential republic, the president receives powers directly from the voters; in a parliamentary republic, the president is usually elected by the legislature; - in a presidential republic, members of the government are appointed by the president, in a parliamentary republic - by the leader of the parliamentary majority party; - in presidential republics, the president is free to choose candidates for government posts, in parliamentary republics, only the deputies of the party with the majority of seats in the legislative assembly are appointed to the government.

Slide 50

25 (33)
Use three examples to illustrate the interconnectedness of today's global issues.

Slide 51

Answer
1) the economic backwardness of developing countries gives rise to the use of technologies that cause great damage to nature; 2) the rapid growth of population in developing countries aggravates economic problems, increases the lag behind developed countries; 3) the low socio-economic level of a number of developing countries, the lack of developed health care systems, education leads to an increase in dangerous diseases such as AIDS.

Slide 52

26 (33)
Show three examples of the close connection between society and nature.

Slide 53

Answer
1) natural conditions determine the occupation of people (for example, fishing for residents of coastal areas); 2) minerals, their presence or absence, their development largely determine the state of economic development (for example, the position of countries, oil exporters); 3) natural disasters can cause enormous damage to society (for example, destruction due to earthquakes, tsunamis).

Slide 54

27 (33)
Use three examples to illustrate the interplay of popular, popular, and elite culture.

Slide 55

Slide 56

28 (33)
Show with three examples the variety of criteria for distinguishing social groups. In each case, indicate the criterion and give a specific example.

Slide 57

Answer
- age (youth); - profession (deputies); - the amount of income (middle class);

Slide 58

29 (33)
List three manifestations of the role of mass communication in modern society and reveal each of them with an example.

Slide 59

Answer
1) presenting the mass audience with relevant information about various aspects of the life of modern society (newspapers, television cover the most important events of domestic and foreign policy, economic, social, cultural processes and phenomena); 2) participation in the formation of public consciousness of the individual and social groups, public opinion and social stereotypes (mass media contribute to the formation of negative public opinion in relation to international terrorism); 3) the possibility of using mass media to manipulate and control public consciousness (newspapers and television are often used as channels for manipulating citizens' opinions during election campaigns); 4) participation of the mass media in the socialization of the individual (through the media, the individual accepts the social norms that exist in society); 5) familiarization of society and the individual with the achievements of culture and art, the peculiarities of various cultures (the mass media constantly report on cinematic, book novelties, theatrical premieres, etc.).

Slide 60

30 (33)
Show with specific examples how the relationship between social statuses and roles is expressed. Give at least three examples.

Slide 61

Answer
1. The student is expected to master the academic subjects provided for by the program, attend school; 2. From the head of the enterprise - responsible decisions, care for the team members; 3. From a parent - raising your child

Slide 62

31 (33)
What are the three main characteristics of learning as an activity?

Slide Number 63

Answer
- the presence of subjects of activity (students and teachers); - the presence of an object of activity (studied subject); - focus on acquiring new knowledge and skills; - use of teaching aids (textbook, atlas, workbook).

Slide 64

32 (33)
Name any three functions of the state and explain each of them with an example.

Slide 65

Answer
1) economic function (adoption by the State Duma of the state budget); 2) social function (adoption of the law on the reform of the pension system); 3) legal function (adoption of the Criminal Code); 4) cultural and educational function (state support of folk museums); 5) the function of the country's defense (definition of the military-political doctrine); 6) the function of protecting the interests of the country in the international arena (participation in the activities of the UN)

Slide 66

33 (33)
Political parties play an important role in the social life of a democratic society. Name any three functions of a political party in the political system of society and illustrate each of them with a specific example.

Slide 67

Answer
1) the expression of powerfully significant interests of certain social groups (the parliamentary faction of a political party represents the interests of the middle class, seeking the adoption of legislation regulating the activities of medium and small businesses, and tax incentives for these types of businesses); 2) development of political programs (a political party presented its program for the development of civil society institutions); 3) the political socialization of citizens and their involvement in political life (the political party held a series of mass rallies in support of democratic reforms, attracting young people to participate in them by inviting famous pop performers).

Slide 68

34 (33)
Illustrate with three examples the relationship between the problems associated with the widening gap between the developed countries and the countries of the third world, with the problem of preventing a new world war.

Slide 69

Answer
1) a significant number of local armed conflicts are in the third world countries, some of which have nuclear weapons (for example, the Indo-Pakistani conflict); 2) due to the aggravation of the problem of providing raw materials and energy resources, the most developed countries of the world provoke, and sometimes they themselves participate in wars for control over sources of raw materials (for example, the war in the Persian Gulf or the American-Iraqi war); 3) the poverty of certain regions of the planet contributes to the spread of the most radical, militant ideologies in them, the adherents of which are fighting against developed countries (for example, Islamic terrorist organizations).

Slide 70

35 (33)
Name any three features of a limited partnership (limited partnership) as an organizational and legal form of entrepreneurial activity.

Slide 71

Answer
1) the founders of the partnership, along with individual entrepreneurs, can also be commercial organizations; 2) division of capital in the organization into shares (contributions) of the founders; 3) along with the participants who carry out entrepreneurial activities on behalf of the partnership and are responsible for the partnership's obligations with their property, there are several contributing participants who bear the risk of losses only within the limits of their contributions and do not take part in entrepreneurial activities).

Slide 72

36 (33)
Inflation complicates the activities of producers and consumers in a market economy. Illustrate with three examples of rational consumer behavior in the face of significant inflation.

Slide 73

Answer
1) borrowing money, since in conditions of inflation the debtor always wins, he will have to return cheaper money compared to what he borrowed; 2) investment of savings in works of art, something that is less prone to depreciation; 3) purchase of a plot of land, real estate; 4) investing money in your own recreation, health, etc.

Slide 74

37 (33)
What economic concept characterizes the situation when the state budget expenditures exceed its revenues? Give three examples of government actions to deal with the consequences of this situation.

We analyze tasks 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 Unified State Exam in Social Studies

Tests 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies test knowledge of various topics. It was due to the expansion of such tasks that the USE test was changed in 2016. These tasks can test any of the areas of society and consist of several answers. The exact number of correct answers is not fixed. And this circumstance is another difficulty of these tasks.

Let's talk about the technology for completing tasks 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies. Each task is evaluated with two primary points, which is not a little. If you made 1 mistake, then 1 primary point is given. If you make more than 1 mistake, points are not awarded.So, let's analyze several such tasks and give valuable recommendations.

This task refers us to, or rather to the types of culture that can be observed on the link. In this task you need to select the characteristics of mass culture.

Of course there will be correct answer at number 1: "The media presented the television series as a successful commercial project"

Since popular culture, as you well know, sells well ... at least better than other types of culture. Well, where do you often go, what do you pay for: for a movie in a cinema, or a concert of folk musical instruments? I think the answer is obvious!

Therefore, the answer under the number 2 is not an option to mark!

Option 3 is also incorrect, since self-expression is the main goal in elite culture. But answer 4 to this USE task in social studies will be correct: the television series is designed for an average consumer taste... After all, the taste of the layman, for whom popular culture is designed, is not very refined. What do the people need? Panem et circenses - bread and circuses! That is why on the first channel all sorts of shows are constantly being played - this is the social demand of the population!

The fifth option is focused on an elite culture, not a mass one. If it is still not clear why, I recommend purchasing my video course "Social Studies: Unified State Exam for 100 points" , in which I explain everything clearly and on my fingers.

And the last correct option: issue 6 "Understanding the TV series does not require special training"... In fact, the everyday life of the city hospital can be understood without special training: sometimes we go there ourselves! 🙂 These everyday life in the television series are also completely embellished ..., I wrote about the real everyday life of the city hospital)

Therefore, the correct options will be as follows: 1,4,6

From the analysis of this task Unified State Exam in Social Studiesit follows my first recommendation: you need to know well the signs of certain phenomena from different spheres of society!

Let's analyze one more task from options 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies:

This task is a little more difficult than the previous one. What is the difficulty? In understanding the assignment: it is necessary to choose the characteristics of the state as a central political institution. That is: how does the state differ from other institutions!

Having correctly understood the meaning of the task, we will choose the correct answers:

1 - has the highest concentration of power;

2 - establishes generally binding norms; (that is, makes laws)

5 - regulates the activities of citizens in a certain territory.

The rest of the options may be characteristic of other social institutions, but it is necessary to choose the features that distinguish the state!

This is a kind of secret, and I freely disclose it here ... If you want to familiarize yourself with the topic in more detail, read my post, and about the article

From this assignment Unified State Exam in Social Studies my second recommendation follows: read the question carefully and understand what you are asked about!

Let's analyze the third difficult task of the type 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18 Unified State Exam in social studies:

The assignment tests the topic of consciousness and activity. It requires you to choose the means of admission to the university, that is, the means of activity. I have not openly examined the topic of consciousness and activity anywhere. An analysis of the topic can be viewed in my video course on preparing for Unified State Exam in Social Studies .

But we will determine the correct answers by ourselves in this task:

2 - classes in an art studio;

3 - studying mathematics;

5 - experience in creating your own works.

All these funds will help Ivan to enter the university, for the specialty he has already chosen, and since it has been chosen, the answer number 6 will be wrong, like the others.

In future articles, we will continue to analyze difficult tasks. Moreover, for part B I will make small video tutorials, so do not miss and subscribe to new site articles !

Also, do not forget to solve this task yourself. Unified State Exam in Social Studies:

Answers can and should be written in the comments!

The eighteenth task of the Unified State Exam in social studies continues the theme of "Law"; in it it is necessary to carry out correspondences between positions from two columns and enter the results in the plate. As in all such tasks, you need to correlate generalizing concepts with specific ones - for example, specific examples with what they illustrate, or functions with those who carry them out.

The 18th task of the exam in social studies is of the basic level of complexity, but the maximum possible score for it is 2. It is given in the case of absolutely correct execution. In case of one mistake, 1 point is given, two or more mistakes - 0 points.

Despite the basic level of difficulty, it is often very difficult to complete task 18 without good fundamental knowledge of theoretical material. It is also very important here to carefully check the answer so as not to confuse the numbers from the second column - after all, the points received for this task can subsequently be decisive. It is also important to remember that all positions from the second column must be present in the answer - if, for example, 3 are given, and you used only 2, you need to double-check the answer and find a place for the third position.

Algorithm for the task

1. We read the condition of the task;
2. We study the proposed options in both columns;
3. We work through each option of the first column in turn, finding a match for it in the second;
4. We check and write down the answer.

Analysis of typical options for tasks No. 18 of the USE in social studies

The first variant of the task

Establish a correspondence between actions and elements of taxpayer status in the Russian Federation: for each item from the first column, match the second column.

The rights and obligations of taxpayers are spelled out in the Tax Code, in Articles 21 and 23. However, in this case, one can guess intuitively what is related to rights and what is related to obligations. The provisions under the letters A, B, D are rights, and C and D are duties. Nevertheless, it is still better to familiarize yourself with these articles of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: tasks related to them are found in the exam options quite often.

To complete this task, you need to know that civil law regulates property and personal non-property relations - mainly commodity-money and property-value. Administrative law regulates public relations arising from the implementation of executive power, and administrative offenses include those that infringe on public order, the rights and freedoms of citizens. Based on this, it is easy to determine that offenses under the letters A, B and D are administrative, and C and D are civil; in examples C and D we are talking about commodity-money relations. In case of difficulties regarding administrative offenses, you can familiarize yourself with their list in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses.

AND	B	IN	D	D
1	1	2	2	1

The third variant of the task

Establish a correspondence between examples and types of consumer rights: for each item from the first column, match in the second column.

CONSUMER RIGHTS

A) Elena bought shampoo, but there is no information on the product's place of manufacture on its label B) Victoria bought a blender that burned out during use and caused her burns C) Nikolai bought a jacket, and after two days of wearing it, the side seam came out D) Stanislav discovered that the tea he bought contained fruit additives, although the packaging indicated that it was classic black tea E) Tatiana bought lipstick, and soon she developed an allergy; laboratory analysis showed that the lipstick was made using materials prohibited for this

Right to information about the manufacturer and about the goods Right to product safety Eligibility upon discovery of defects in the goods

This example is not complicated: by comparing situations with consumer rights, it is easy to determine which of them relates to what. So, in the first case, we see the absence of information, which means that we are talking about the right to information about goods. The letter B describes a situation with a violation of the right to product safety. In the third situation, a shortage of goods was discovered - according to the law on the protection of consumer rights, in which case the citizen has the right to replace the goods or a full refund of the amount paid for it. Under the letter G, we again see a violation of the right to information about the product - false information was indicated on the label. In the latter case, the purchased product caused harm, which means that the violation of the right to the safety of the product is again described.

This variant of the task is already somewhat more complicated; for its implementation, it must be remembered that commercial legal entities are created to make a profit in the course of their activities and the further distribution of profits between their participants, and non-commercial ones do not have goals related to making a profit and are created for social, cultural, managerial, charitable purposes. At the same time, non-commercial legal entities can also conduct entrepreneurial activities, but only to a limited extent. So, based on this, the farm belongs to commercial entities, just like a municipal unitary enterprise. But the garage cooperative is a non-profit legal entity; it is created by citizens to ensure storage conditions for their cars, joint operation of garages. The production cooperative belongs to commercial entities - its members are united by share contributions. The community of indigenous minorities is created not for profit, but for cultural and social purposes, therefore it is a non-profit legal entity.

The internal affairs bodies are the police; it is an executive authority and is engaged in protecting the rights, life and health of citizens, combating crime and ensuring public safety. The prosecutor's office is sometimes referred to as the "fourth branch of government"; she is engaged in overseeing the observance of laws, consideration of related applications from citizens, inspections of the activities of enterprises, and coordination of the work of law enforcement agencies. Knowing this, you can easily complete the task; the functions of the prosecutor's office include examples A and D, and all the rest - the functions of the internal affairs bodies.

Correctional labor is one of the types of administrative punishment, along with an administrative fine, arrest for up to 15 days, suspension of activities, deprivation of special rights, etc. A reprimand and reprimand are examples of disciplinary sanctions that occur in the event of a violation of labor, educational or service discipline. Compensation for losses is the main measure of responsibility that occurs in the event of damage to the property of citizens, which is regulated by civil law. Warning is another measure of administrative responsibility.

AND	B	IN	D	D
2	1	1	3	2