Category "Image of the World" in modern psychology. Modern problems of science and education Psychology of the image a.n. Leontieva

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1 Lesosibirsk Pedagogical Institute - branch of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Siberian Federal University"

2 FSBEI HE "Siberian State university of Technology"- Lesosibirsk branch

The article provides a theoretical analysis of studies of the category of "image of the world" in the works of Russian psychologists. It is shown that the term first used in the work of A.N. Leontyev, is studied within the framework of various humanities, where it is filled with different semantic content. Comparing the concepts of “image of the world”, “picture of the world”, “multidimensional image of the world”, the authors highlight the characteristics of the image of the world: integrity, sensuality, processuality, social and natural determinism. According to the authors, in modern russian psychology the most attractive is the approach proposed by V.E. Klochko within the framework of systemic anthropological psychology, where a person, understood as an open psychological system, includes the image of the world (subjective component), lifestyle (activity component) and reality itself - the multidimensional human life world. In this case, the multidimensional image of the human world acts as a dynamic systemic construct that combines subjective-objective perception and is characterized by a single space and time.

systemic anthropological psychology.

multidimensional image of the world

psychology

image of the world

1. Artemyeva E.Yu. Psychology of subjective semantics. - Publishing house of LCI, 2007.

3. Klochko V.E. Self-organization in psychological systems: problems of the formation of the mental space of the individual (introduction to trans-perspective analysis). - Tomsk: Publishing house of the Tomsk state. University, 2005.

4. Klochko V.E. Formation of the multidimensional world of man as the essence of ontogenesis // Siberian psychological journal. - 1998. - P.7-15.

5. Klochko Yu.V. Rigidity in the structure of a person's readiness to change the way of life: dis. ... Candidate of Psychological Sciences. - Barnaul, 2002.

6. Krasnoryadtseva OM Features of professional thinking in terms of psychodiagnostic activity. - Publishing house of BSPU, 1998.

7. Leontiev A.N. Psychology of the image // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 1979. - No. 2. - P.3-13.

8. Mazlumyan V.S. Picture of the World and Image of the World ?! // The world of psychology. - 2009. - No. 4. - S.100-109.

9. Matis D.V. Reconstruction of the dynamics of the image of the human world by means of psychohistorical analysis: dis. ... Candidate of Psychological Sciences. - Barnaul, 2004.

10. Medvedev D.A. The image of the world as an internal factor in the development of the personality of a student of a pedagogical university: dis. ... Candidate of Psychological Sciences. - Stavropol, 1999.

11. Serkin V.P. Five definitions of the concept of "image of the world" // Vestnik MGU. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 2006. - No. 1. - p. 11-19.

12. Smirnov S.D. The psychology of the image: the problem of the activity of mental reflection. - M .: Moscow State University, 1985.

13. Tkhostov A.Sh. Topology of the subject // Bulletin of Moscow University. Ser. 14. Psychology. - 1994. - No. 2. - P.3-13.

The term first used by A.N. Leontiev in 1975, characterizes the image of the world as a world in which "people live, act, remake and partially create," and the formation of the image of the world is "a transition beyond the immediate sensory picture." Analyzing the problem of perception, the scientist distinguishes, in addition to the dimensions of space and time, the fifth quasi-dimension - the intrasystem connections of the objective objective world, when “the picture of the world is filled with meanings” and makes the image of the world subjective. It is with development this phenomenon A.N. Leont'ev linked "one of the main points of growth" of the general psychological theory of activity.

The concept of "image of the world" is used in various sciences - philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, linguistics, in each of which it acquires additional shades of meaning and is often interchanged with synonymous concepts: "picture of the world", "scheme of reality", "model of the universe", "cognitive map". The development of the problem of the "image of the world" affects a wide layer of philosophical and psychological research, and the projection of this problem is found in the works of many Russian scientists. To one degree or another, the formation of the “image of the world” phenomenon was influenced by the works of M.M. Bakhtina, A.V. Brushlinsky, E.V. Galazhinsky, L.N. Gumilyov, V.E. Klochko, O. M. Krasnoryadtseva, M.K. Mamardashvili, G.A. Berulava, V.P. Zinchenko, S.D. Smirnova and others.

The lack of formation of ideas about the studied phenomenon is also confirmed by the fact that in psychological dictionaries there are different interpretations of the image of the world: an integral, multi-level system of human ideas about the world, other people, about himself and his activities; an integrated system of general ideas of a person about the world, other people and about himself, a scheme of reality in coordinates of space and time, covered by a system of socially formed meanings, etc. However, the authors agree, noting the primacy of the image of the world relative to any specific image, in other words, any image that appears in a person is due to the image of the world already formed in his (person's) consciousness.

In a number of studies devoted to the analysis of the category of the image of the world, this phenomenon is viewed through the prism - "representations of the world" V.V. Petukhov, typology of the life worlds of F.E. Vasilyuk, the subjective experience of E.Yu. Artemyeva, "pictures of the world" by N.N. Koroleva, "pictures of the world order" by Yu.A. Aksenova and others.

E.Yu. Artemieva considers the image of the world as a formation that regulates the entire mental activity of the subject, and the property of which is the accumulation of the prehistory of activity (Artemieva, 30). According to the author, there should be a structure capable of being a regulator and building material for the image of the world, which is the structure of subjective experience. In this context, the scientist identifies the surface layer ("perceptual world"), semantic ("picture of the world"), the layer of amodal structures (the actual image of the world). Note that in the future, the level structure of the image of the world is analyzed in the works of F.V. Bassin, V.V. Petukhova, V.V. Stolin, O.V. Tkachenko and others.

S. D. Smirnov believes that the image of the world is a holistic formation of the cognitive sphere of a person, performing the function of the starting point and result of any cognitive act, specifying that the image of the world "cannot be identified with a sensory picture." The scientist notes the main characteristics of the image of the world: amodality, integrity, multilevel, emotional and personal meaningfulness, secondary.

S. D. Smirnov identifies the following characteristics of the image of the world:

1. The image of the world does not consist of images of individual phenomena and objects, but from the very beginning develops and functions as a whole.

2. The image of the world in functional terms precedes actual stimulation and sensory impressions caused by it.

3. The interaction of the image of the world and stimulus influences is not built on the principle of processing, modification of stimulus-induced sensory impressions with the subsequent binding of the image created from the sensory material to the pre-existing image of the world, but by approbation or modification (clarification, detailing, correction or even significant restructuring) of the image of the world

4. The main contribution to the construction of the image of an object or situation is made by the image of the world as a whole, and not by a set of stimulus influences.

5. Movement from the images of the world towards stimulation from the outside is the mode of its existence and is, relatively speaking, spontaneous. This process provides constant testing of the image of the world by sensory data, confirmation of its adequacy. When the possibilities of such testing are violated, the image of the world begins to collapse.

6. We can talk about the continuous procedural nature of the movement from the "subject to the world", which is interrupted only with the loss of consciousness. The difference between the approach developed here is that the image of the world generates cognitive hypotheses not only in response to a cognitive task, but constantly.

7. It is not the subject who adds something to the stimulus, but the stimulus and the impressions caused by it serve as an "addition" to the cognitive hypothesis, turning it into a sensually experienced image.

8. If the main component of our cognitive image is a cognitive hypothesis, formed on the basis of the broad context of the image of the world as a whole, then it follows that this hypothesis itself at the level of sensory cognition should be formulated in the language of sensory impressions.

9. The most important characteristic of the image of the world, providing it with the possibility of functioning as an active beginning of the reflective process, is its activity and social nature.

V.S. Mazlumyan, analyzing the relationship between the concepts of "image of the world" and "picture of the world", notes that the image of the world is an individual emotive-semantic refraction of the social Picture of the world in the mind of an individual. Moreover, the image of the world is not a simple body of knowledge, but a reflection of individual shades of feelings and moods of an individual, which forms the basis for a person's orientation in the world and in his behavior.

YES. Medvedev puts three inseparable components into the concept of "image of the world": the image of the I, the image of the Other, the generalized image of the objective world, where all the components are contained in the human mind at the logical and figurative-emotional levels and regulate the subject's perception of the surrounding reality, as well as his behavior and activities ... At the same time, the person peers into the world, which under his exploratory or simply observing gaze “here and now” generates something new.

IN modern psychology a detailed analysis of the development of ideas about the essence of the "image of the world" phenomenon is made in the works of V.P. Serkin, who defined the image of the world as an incentive and orienting subsystem of the entire system of the subject's activities. The scientist, relying on the reasoning of A.N. Leontyev, distinguishes the following characteristics of the image of the world:

1. The image of the world is built on the basis of highlighting experience that is significant for the system of activities implemented by the subject.

2. Creation of an image of the world becomes possible in the process of transformation of the sensory fabric of consciousness into meanings ("meaning").

3. The image of the world is a plan of the subject's internal activity, i.e. integral individual system human values.

4. The image of the world is an individualized cultural and historical basis of perception.

5. The image of the world is a subjective predictive model of the future.

According to A. Sh. Tkhostov, the image of the world is a phantom of the world, which acts as the only possible way of adapting to the world, at the same time, the image of the world cannot be evaluated outside the context, against the background of which the cognitive hypotheses of the subject are actualized, objects are structured, and as a result, the only possible human reality is created.

The most attractive for our study is the approach proposed by V.E. Klochko within the framework of systemic anthropological psychology, where a person, understood as an open psychological system, includes the image of the world (subjective component), lifestyle (activity component) and reality itself - the multidimensional human life world. According to the author, development consists in expanding and increasing the dimensionality of the image of the world, which means that it acquires new coordinates. It is especially worth noting the concept of "multidimensional human world", which in the understanding of a scientist is the basis of a multidimensional image of the world. V.E. Klochko writes: “any image, including the image of the world, ... is the result of reflection. The multidimensional image of the world, therefore, can only be the result of the reflection of the multidimensional world ”, i.e. human being is larger and deeper than objectified reality, than what can fit into the framework of knowledge.

Thus, new dimensions are not added to the subjective image, but exist in the human world from the very beginning. This interpretation brings the ideas of V.E. Klochko with A.N. Leontiev, who called the derivative of the multidimensionality of the "fifth quasi-dimension" - the system of values, however, V.E. In the course of the development of the human world, more dimensions of meanings and values \u200b\u200bare added. Similar ideas are found in the works of I.B. Khanina, for whom the multidimensionality of the image of the world is determined by the activity itself. In other words, the specificity and variability of the types of activity (play, educational, educational and professional, etc.) determines the emergence and development of different dimensions of the image of the world. At the same time, a person as a system cannot develop in all directions at once, he must choose the network basis that suits him for certain purposes, is optimal in its internal correlation, proportionality, which indicates the selectivity of mental reflection.

O. M. Krasnoryadtseva, analyzing the concept of "image of the world" and discussing the origin of its multidimensionality, notes that it is thinking and perception that perform the functions that form this multidimensionality. According to the author, perception leads to the construction of an image of the world, and thinking is aimed at its creation, at the production of dimensions, at bringing it into a system. At the same time, perception objectifies the external and inscribes it into the image of the world, and thinking projects the I of a person, his essential forces and capabilities into the objective world that has opened to him. Thus, we can talk about the image of the multidimensional world and the multidimensional world itself as two poles of a single system, which is ordered by means of perception and thinking.

Thus, the multidimensional image of the human world acts as a dynamic systemic construct that combines subjective-objective perception and is characterized by a single space and time.

In a number of dissertations, the ideas of V.E. A piece about the formation of the image of the human world. So, in the work of D.V. Matisse not only revealed the psychological mechanisms of reconstructing the image of the world and way of life (socialization, adaptation, language, religion, folk pedagogy), but also determined that the formation of the image of the world among different nations has its own characteristics, due to the traditional sociocultural space, and is determined by the entire course of the historical development of the ethnos. The author believes that the formation of the image of the world occurs in stages, by transforming culture into it, while from the moment of birth, its dimensionality gradually expands, and in adolescence, changes in the image of the world acquire a qualitative nature.

ON. Dolgikh notes the originality of the image of the world as a central category of art education, which allows us to talk about the possibility of forming the image of the world in the conditions and means of art education.

Yu.V. Klochko in his dissertation research shows that three components can be distinguished in the structure of the image of the world:

1. Perceptual layer, which includes spatial categories and time and is characterized by a multitude of ordered objects moving relative to the subject; the specificity of this layer is representation in the form of various modalities;

2. The semantic layer, presented in the form of multidimensional relations, the presence of the meanings and qualities of objects, their characteristics; modalities are present and separated semantically;

3. Amodal layer, characterized by integrity and inseparability.

Thus, the considered concepts allow us to characterize the image of the world as a holistic multi-level structure that includes a person's ideas about himself, about other people, about the world as a whole and about his activities in it, while the integrity of the image of the world is the result of reflection of objective and subjective images. Most researchers focus on the role of perception, which makes it possible to create a holistic vision of the world.

Reviewers:

Loginova I.O., Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Head of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy with a course of medical psychology, psychotherapy and pedagogy of PO, Dean of the Faculty of Clinical Psychology, KrasGMU. prof. VF Voino-Yasenetsky Ministry of Health of Russia, Krasnoyarsk;

Ignatova V.V., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Psychology and Pedagogy of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Siberian State Technological University", Krasnoyarsk.

Bibliographic reference

Kazakova T.V., Basalaeva N.V., Zakharova T.V., Lukin Yu.L., Lugovskaya T.V., Sokolova E.V., Semenova N.I. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF RESEARCHING THE IMAGE OF THE WORLD IN DOMESTIC PSYCHOLOGY // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - No. 2-2 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id\u003d22768 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

The concept of "image of the world" was introduced by A.N. Leontiev, considering the problems of perception. In his opinion, perception is not only a reflection of reality, it includes not only a picture of the world, but also concepts in which objects of reality can be described. That is, in the process of constructing an image of an object or situation, the main importance is not individual sensory impressions, but the image of the world as a whole.

Development of the concept "image of the world" by A.N. Leontiev is associated with his general psychological theory of activity. According to A.V. Petrovsky, the formation of the image of the world occurs in the process of the subject's interactions with the world, that is, through activity.

The psychology of the image, in the understanding of A.N. Leont'ev, this is specifically scientific knowledge about how, in the process of their activity, individuals build an image of the world - the world in which they live, act, which they themselves alter and partially realize; it is also knowledge about how the image of the world functions, mediating their activity in the objective real world. He noted that the image of the world, in addition to four dimensions of the reality of space-time, also has a fifth quasi-dimension - the meaning of the objective world reflected for the subject in the cognized objective intrasystemic connections of the objective world.

A.N. Leont'ev, speaking about the "image of the world", wanted to emphasize the difference between the concepts "world of images" and "image of the world", as he addressed the researchers of perception. If we consider other forms of emotional reflection of the world, then we could use other terms, such as, for example, "the world of experiences" (or feelings) and "experience (feeling) of the world. And if we use the process of representation to describe this concept, then we can use the concept of "world view".

Further discussion of the problem of the "image of the world" led to the emergence of two theoretical positions. The first provision includes the concept that every mental phenomenon or process has its own carrier, subject. That is, a person perceives and cognizes the world as an integral mental being. When modeling even individual aspects of the functioning of particular cognitive processes, cognitive processes are taken into account. The second provision complements the first. According to him, any human activity is mediated by his existing individual picture of the world and his place in this world.

V.V. Petukhov believes that the perception of any object or situation, a specific person or an abstract idea is determined by the integral image of the world, and he is determined by all the experience of a person's life in the world, his social practice. Thus, the image (or representation) of the world reflects that concrete historical - ecological, social, cultural - background against which (or within which) all human mental activity unfolds. From this position, the activity is described from the point of view of the requirements that are imposed on perception, attention, memory, thinking, etc.

According to S.D. Smirnov, the real world is reflected in consciousness as an image of the world in the form of a multilevel system of man's ideas about the world, other people, himself and his activities. The image of the world is "a universal form of knowledge organization that determines the possibilities of cognition and behavior control."

A.A. Leontyev distinguishes two forms of the image of the world:

1. situational (or fragmentary) - i.e. the image of the world, not included in the perception of the world, but completely reflexive, remote from our action in the world, in particular, perception (as, for example, when memory or imagination works);

2. extra-situational (or global) - i.e. the image of the whole world, a kind of scheme (image) of the universe.

From this point of view, the image of the world is reflection, that is, comprehension. The image of A.N. Leontiev considers it as education associated with human activity. And the image of the world as a component of personal meaning, as a subsystem of consciousness. Moreover, according to E.Yu. Artemyeva, the image of the world is born simultaneously in the consciousness and in the unconscious.

The image of the world acts as a source of subjective certainty, which makes it possible to unambiguously perceive objectively ambiguous situations. The system of apperceptive expectations arising on the basis of the image of the world in a particular situation affects the content of perceptions and representations, giving rise to illusions and errors of perception, as well as determining the nature of perception of ambiguous stimuli in such a way that the actual perceived or presented content corresponds to the integral image of the world, structuring its semantic structures and the interpretations, attributions and forecasts arising from it regarding the given situation, as well as actual semantic attitudes.

In the works of E.Yu. Artemyeva's image of the world is understood as an “integrator” of traces of human interaction with objective reality. ”From the standpoint of modern psychology, the image of the world is defined as an integral multi-level system of human ideas about the world, other people, about himself and his activities, a system“ which mediates, refracts through itself any external influence. "The image of the world is generated by all cognitive processes, being in this sense their integral characteristic.

The concept of "image of the world" is found in a number of works by foreign psychologists, among which, first of all, the founder of analytical psychology, K.G. Cabin boy. In his concept, the image of the world appears as a dynamic formation: it can change all the time, just like a person's opinion of himself. Each discovery, each new thought gives the image of the world new outlines.

S. D. Smirnov deduces the basic qualities inherent in the image of the world - integrity and consistency, as well as complex hierarchical dynamics. S. D. Smirnov proposes to distinguish between nuclear and surface structures of the image of the world. He believes that the image of the world is a nuclear formation in relation to what appears on the surface in the form of a sensually (modally) formed picture of the world. "

The concept of "picture of the world" is often replaced by a number of terms - "image of the world", "scheme of reality", "model of the universe", "cognitive map". In the research of psychologists, the following concepts are correlated: "picture of the world", "model of the world", "image of the world", "information model of reality", "conceptual model".

The picture of the world includes a historical component, a person's worldview and perception of the world, an integral spiritual content, an emotional attitude of a person to the world. The image reflects not only the personal, ideological and emotional component of the personality, but also a special component - this is the spiritual state of the era, ideology.

The picture of the world is formed as an idea of \u200b\u200bthe world, its external and internal structure. The picture of the world, in contrast to the worldview, is a set of worldview knowledge about the world, a set of knowledge about objects and phenomena of reality. To understand the structure of the picture of the world, it is necessary to understand the ways of its formation and development.

G.A. Berulaeva notes that in the perceived picture of the world there are 3 layers of consciousness: its sensory fabric (sensory images); meanings carried by sign systems, formed on the basis of the interiorization of subject and operational meanings; personal meaning.

The first layer is the sensory fabric of consciousness - these are sensory experiences.

The second layer of consciousness is made up of meanings. The bearers of meanings are objects of material and spiritual culture, norms and images of behavior enshrined in rituals and traditions, sign systems and, above all, language. In the meaning, socially developed ways of acting with reality and in reality are fixed. The interiorization of operational and objective meanings based on sign systems leads to the emergence of concepts (verbal meanings).

The third layer of consciousness is formed by personal meanings. Objective content, which is carried by specific events, phenomena or concepts, i.e. what they mean for society as a whole, and in particular for the psychologist, may not substantially coincide with what the individual discovers in them. A person not only reflects the objective content of certain events and phenomena, but at the same time fixes his attitude towards them, experienced in the form of interest, emotion. The concept of meaning is associated not with a context, but with a subtext appealing to the affective-volitional sphere. The system of meanings is constantly changing and developing, ultimately determining the meaning of any individual activity and life in general, while science is primarily concerned with the production of meanings.

So, the image of the world is understood as a certain aggregate or an ordered multi-level system of human knowledge about the world, about oneself, about other people, which mediates, refracts through itself any external influence.

The image of the world is a personality-conditioned, initially unreflected, holistic attitude of the subject to himself and to the world around him, which carries the irrational attitudes that a person has.

In the mental image is hidden personal significance, the personal meaning of the information captured in it.

The image of the world is largely mythological, that is, it is real only for the person whose image is.

Collection output:

PSYCHOLOGY OF IMAGE A.N. LEONTIEVA

Goryachev Vadim Vladimirovich

cand. psychol. Sci., Associate Professor, Ryazan Branch of MPSU, Ryazan

The image is a rather active concept and is used in different ways in the system of scientific knowledge: psychological, historical, philosophical, pedagogical, ethnographic. In psychology, the image is often defined in the context of sensory perception and reflection of reality, the study of consciousness and the development of human cognitive activity. A fundamentally new problematic situation not only in the system of psychological knowledge, but also in general educational space outline the approaches to the image of the world in the context of the psychology of perception, expressed by A.N. Leontiev in his work "The Image of the World". As the scientist wrote: “the formation of the image of the world in a person is a transition beyond the limits of the“ directly sensible picture ”. The purpose of our article is to consider the category of "image" in the works of A.N. Leontiev, and above all, the position he made about the existing relationship and interdependence of reflection and activity.

Analyzing the state of the theory of perception, A.N. Leontyev comes to the conclusion that in psychology there is a large amount of accumulated knowledge in this direction, but a full-fledged theory is actually absent. From the point of view of a scientist, it is necessary to revise the very fundamental direction in which research is moving. Of course, A.N. Leont'ev proceeds from such fundamental provisions of dialectical materialism as the recognition of the primacy of matter in relation to spirit, consciousness, psyche, understanding of sensation and perception as a reflection of objective reality and brain function. The researcher insisted on translating these provisions into the practice of experimental work, while the author considered it necessary to radically change the very formulation of the problem of psychology of perception and abandon the imaginary postulates that remain in it.

One of the main provisions endured and defended by A.N. Leont'ev, consists in the following: the problem of perception should be posed as a problem of the psychology of the image of the world and developed from this point of view. At the same time, the problem should be analyzed consistently materialistically, considering that every thing primarily exists objectively - in the objective connections of the real world, and that it secondarily posits itself in human consciousness, the direction of research should be the same.

A.N. Leont'ev also touches on the problem of biological development of the sense organs in connection with the four-dimensionality of the real world. He rightly points to the need to understand the phylogenetic evolution of the sense organs as a process of adaptation to four-dimensional space. Further A.N. Leont'ev introduces the concept of the so-called fifth dimension, in which objective reality is revealed to a person, understanding by it a kind of semantic field or system of meanings. “In a person, the world acquires the fifth quasi-dimension in the image. It is by no means subjectively attributed to the world. It is a transition through sensuality, through sensory modalities, to the amodal world. The objective world appears in the meaning, that is, the picture of the world is filled with meanings. " In this way, perceiving a certain object, the subject does not have an image of its individual features, their simple totality (criticism of associative theories) and does not perceive first of all the form (criticism of Gestalt psychology), but perceives the object as a categorized object. Naturally, in the presence of a corresponding perceptual task, it is possible to perceive both individual elements of the object and its form, but in the absence of such, it is objectivity that comes to the fore.

A.N. Leontiev introduces the division of the image into its texture or sensual fabric and objectivity. Facture is understood as a set of individual elements of perception and connections between them, its main feature is the ability to collapse and replace without distorting objectivity. Most often, the explanation of this phenomenon (an indirect connection between the sensory fabric and the objectivity of the image) consists in attributing the categorical nature of perception itself. It is essential that with such an approach there is a logical need to refer to ontogenetic a priori categories, which, according to the scientist, seems to be very dangerous.

In contrast to this approach, the author puts forward a fundamentally new idea: the properties of meaningfulness and categoricality should be understood as characteristics of the conscious image of the world that are not immanent in the image itself. O.E. Baksansky notes referring to A.N. Leont'ev that: “These characteristics, express the objectivity revealed by the totality of social practice, idealized in the system of meanings, which each individual individual finds as“ outside-his-existing ”- perceived, assimilated - and therefore the same as what is included in his image of the world. Thus, meanings are something that lies behind the "appearance of things", in the objective connections of the real world, cognized by the subject. In other words, meanings form in themselves a certain special dimension, which, according to A.N. Leont'ev is the fifth quasi-dimension of reality.

A.N. Leont'ev in his work defines perception as a means of building an image of reality (building an image, but not reality itself), an image more or less adequate to the latter. An important point that the scientist focuses on is the inadmissibility of being limited in research to an analytical approach. With regard to the psychology of perception, this problem consists in returning to that holistic image of reality, which is built in the consciousness of the subject, in the process of perception of the latter. In other words, the image of the world cannot be reduced to an aggregate of separate phenomena, characteristics and relations, abstracted from the real process of its functioning in the consciousness of the subject. Based on this provision, A.N. Leont'ev expresses the idea of \u200b\u200bthe amodality of the real world in its separation from the subject. Putting forward this thesis, the author proceeds to distinguish all the information that can be acquired about an object into a property of two types:

1. properties of inanimate objects that can be detected in the process of their interaction with other inanimate objects;
2. properties of inanimate objects that can be detected only in the process of their interaction with living organisms that have a certain way of arranged sense organs.

Properties of the second kind are manifested in specific effects perceived by specially adapted senses and depending on the structure of the latter; it is in this sense that they, according to A.N. Leont'ev are subjective or modal. It is essential that the same characteristics of objects can cause impressions of different modalities in the subject. In addition, such a property of perception as the integrity of an image has been empirically substantiated, that is, data from different senses are organized in a certain way into a certain single image, and during this process contradictions are resolved. Which can arise between information coming from different sources.

From our point of view, the position discussed by A.N. Leontiev that any influence fits into the image of the world, that is, into a whole. As an empirical justification, the scientist cites the following established facts:

1. not everything given in sensations reduces the situation into a subjective image;
2. there is the phenomenon of "completing" the image, that is, the attribution of the situation to actually absent, but subjectively necessary elements.

Thus, the image of the world is a certain model, which is built on the basis of subjective experience, and in the future itself mediates the perception of this experience.

Summarizing the above, I would like to highlight the most fundamental ideas of A.N. Leontyev concerning the category "image of the world" he introduced into scientific circulation:

1. The image of the world is not the sum of perceptual images, the image is not a sensory picture.
2. The image of the world mediates the interaction of the subject with reality.
3. The world outside the subject is amodal, modalities of sensations appear as a result of the subject-object relationship of the individual with reality.
4. Information from different senses is in a certain way consistent in the image of the world into a single representation, that is, conflicting data are in some way consistent into a consistent image.
5. The modal characteristics of sensations caused by objects of reality depend on what biological species the perceiving subject belongs to.
6. The image of the world presents not only objects that are actually present in the thesaurus of the subject's perception, it is a relatively stable idea of \u200b\u200breality.

The listed provisions, from our point of view, are very significant in the context of studying the image of the world. Particularly noteworthy is the formulation of the problem of the existence of a certain formation, which acts as an intermediary between objective reality and a perceiving subject, functioning in the form of a prism, which arouses the subject's interest in some of its elements and makes him completely ignore others. In addition, the thesis of A.N. Leont'ev on the amodality of the surrounding reality outside the subject, that is, the world acquires modal characteristics only in the process of the subject's interaction with reality.

In the context of the study of the phenomenon of the image of the world, the idea of \u200b\u200bA.N. Leontyev that this formation is not a simple summation of perceptual data, that is, it is a relatively stable formation resulting from the processing of perception data. Associated with this understanding of the image of the world is the fact that any incoming information is embedded in some existing structure of the subject, which results in his ability and ability to take into account those objects in the environment. Which are not currently in the current field of perception.

In conclusion, I would like to note that A.N. Leont'ev's propositions were not appreciated by a wide range of researchers, and the phenomenon of the image of the world is still practically little studied in Russian psychology. Probably, this situation is associated with certain methodological difficulties, the overcoming of which will allow us to consider the image of the world as an object of psychological science in the broadest sense.

List of references:

1. Baksansky O.E., Kucher E.N. Cognitive image of the world: scientific monograph / O.E. Baksansky, E.N. Coachman. M .: "Canon +" ROOI "Rehabilitation", 2010. - 224 p.
2. Leontiev A.N. Selected psychological works: in 2 volumes. T. 2 - M. Pedagogy, 1983.320 p.
3. Leontiev A.N. Image of the World // World of Psychology. 2003. No. 4. S. 11-18.

Introduction

1.1. Definition of the concept of "image of the world"

2. The problem of variability of the image of the world in psychology

2.1. Characteristics of the image of the world

2.2. The image of the world and consciousness

Conclusion

List of references

Excerpt from the text

The legal picture of the world consists of a multitude of national legal systems existing and functioning at the present stage of development of society. All of them are in one way or another interconnected, interdependent and have, albeit to varying degrees, impact on each other.

As a theoretical and practical basis, the work used the work of domestic and foreign authors on the topic of research, legislative acts of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, various types of social advertising using the image of the family.

The professional image of a child psychologist includes, based on their structure of the activity of the psychological education service (I.V. Dubrovina, V.E. Pakhalyan, M.R.Bityanova, T.I. Chirkova, etc.), competence in such types of work as: and education, psychoprophylaxis, education, diagnostics, psychocorrection, etc.

As a research method, methods of abstracting existing sources of theoretical knowledge, intent and content analysis, statistical and stylistic analyzes, as well as the method of continuous sampling were chosen.

Psychology professional activity covers a huge field of problems that arise from the moment when a person just begins to think about choosing a profession. The problems of perception of professional images are presented by studies that analyze attitudes towards certain professions: secretary, journalist, psychologist, and others. The problem of perception of the image of a psychologist in the public consciousness is on the border of these two areas of research: on the one hand, it acts as a professional stereotype, on the other, as a problem of the social well-being of future professionals.

The information and empirical base of the research is represented by the content of monographs, dissertations, scientific articles, other publications of Russian and foreign economists, as well as the reference legal system Garant and official sites of the global Internet. The empirical basis of the study was the official statistical materials of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation and Krasnodar Territory, analytical data published in scientific economic journals, expert developments and assessments of Russian and foreign scientists, as well as the author's analytical and own calculation materials.

Research hypothesis: the personal quality of the negotiator affects the negotiation process, namely: the level of empathy is associated with the preference for certain strategies of behavior in the conflict that may arise during the negotiation process, namely:

Research hypothesis: empathy as a personal quality of a negotiator affects the negotiation process, namely: the level of empathy is associated with the preference for certain strategies of behavior in a conflict that may arise during the negotiation process, namely:

The world of technological progress has changed the attitude towards reading. Bright and attractive television programs, the world of computer games shift the value system of the little person towards ease and accessibility of perception.

List of references

1.Abulkhanova KA About the subject of mental activity. - M .: Nauka, 1973.

2. Artemieva E. Yu. Fundamentals of the psychology of subjective semantics. -M., 1999.

3.Asmolov A.G. Cultural-historical psychology and construction of the worlds. - M .: Voronezh: 1996.

4.Vasilyuk F.E. Psychology of experience. Analysis of overcoming critical situations. - M .: 1984.

5. Velichkovsky BM Image of the world as a heterarchy of reference systems. - M .: 1983.

6. Velichkovsky BM Functional organization of cognitive processes // Author's abstract. doct. diss. - M .: 1987.

7. Vygotsky L.S. History of the development of higher mental functions // Sobr. op. - T. 3.M .: Pedagogy, 1983.

8.Zinchenko V.P. Ideas of LS Vygotsky about the units of psyche analysis. // Psychological journal. - 1981. - No. 2.

9.Zinchenko V.P., Mamardashvili M.K. Research of higher mental functions and the evolution of the category of the unconscious. // Questions of philosophy. - 1991. - No. 10.

10.Zinchenko V.P., Mamardashvili M.K.The problem of the objective method in psychology // Problems of Philosophy. - 1977. - No. 7.

11.Klochko V.E., Galazhinsky E.V. Self-realization of personality: a systemic view. - Tomsk, 2000.

12. Koroleva NN Semantic formations in the picture of the world of the individual. // Autoref. dis. to. ps. n. - SPb., 1998.

13. Leont'ev A. A. Active mind. - M .: Meaning, 2001.

14. Leontiev A. N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. - M., 1975.

15. Leontiev A. N. Image of the world. / Fav. psychologist. works. - M .: Pedagogy, 1983.

16. Leontiev A. N. Problems of the development of the psyche. Ed. 3. - M., 1972.

17. Leontiev A. N. Psychology of the image. // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series Psychology. - 1979. - No. 2.

18.Mamardashvili M.K. As I understand philosophy. - M .: Progress-Culture, 1992.

19. General psychology. Texts. In 3 volumes. Volume 1. // Comp. Dormashev Y., Kapustin S./Pod. ed. V. Petukhov. - M .: Genesis, 2001.

20. Petrovsky A. V., Yaroshevsky M. G. Fundamentals of theoretical psychology. - M .: Infra-M., 1998.

21. Petukhov V.V. The image of the world and the psychological study of thinking. // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series Psychology. - 1984. - No. 4.

22. Pravnik D. Yu. Gender variability of the image of the world of personality // Diss. on uch. Art. to. ps. n. - Khabarovsk .: KSU, 2007.

23.Sapogova E.E. As I understand psychology // Journal of a practical psychologist. - 1999. - No. 4.

24.Sapogova EE Child and sign: sign-symbolic activity of the preschooler. - Tula, 1993.

25.Smirnov S. D. The world of images and the image of the world. // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series Psychology. - 1981. - No. 2.

26.Smirnov SD Concept "image of the world" and its meaning for the psychology of cognitive processes. // A. N. Leontiev and modern psychology. - M .: 1983.

27.Stetsenko AP The concept of "image of the world" and some problems of ontogenesis of consciousness // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series Psychology. - 1987. - No. 3.

28. Tarasov V. The art of management struggle. - M .: Good book, 2006.

29. Ulybina E. V. Psychology of everyday consciousness. - M., 2001.

30. Khanina I.B. Invariants of the image of the world and their origins. // Activity approach in psychology: problems and perspectives. - M .: 1990.

As you know, the psychology and psychophysiology of perception are characterized, perhaps, by the largest number of studies and publications, an immense amount of accumulated facts. Research is conducted at various levels: morphophysiological, psychophysical, psychological, theoretical and cognitive, cellular, phenomenological (“phenographic” - K. Holzkamp) 2, at the level of micro- and macroanalysis. Phylogenesis, ontogeny of perception, its functional development and the processes of its restoration are studied. A wide variety of specific methods, procedures, indicators are used. Various approaches and interpretations have become widespread: physicalistic, cybernetic, logical-mathematical, "model". Many phenomena have been described, including completely amazing ones that remain unexplained.

But what is significant, according to the most authoritative researchers, now there is no convincing theory of perception that can embrace accumulated knowledge, outline a conceptual system that meets the requirements of dialectical materialist methodology.

In the psychology of perception, in essence, physiological idealism, parallelism and epiphenomenalism, subjective sensationalism, and vulgar mechanism are preserved in an implicit form. The influence of neopositivism is not weakening, but increasing. Reductionism is especially dangerous for psychology, destructivethe very subject of psychological science. As a result, open eclecticism prevails in works that claim to cover the problem broadly. The miserable state of the theory of perception with the wealth of accumulated concrete knowledge is evidence

1 Leontiev AM.Selected psychological works: In 2 volumes. Moscow: Pedagogy,
1983. T. I. S. 251-261.

2 Cf. Holzkamp K.Sinnliehe Erkenntnis: Historischen Upsprung und gesellschaftliche
Function der Wahrnehmung. Frankfurt / Main, 1963.

Leontiev A, N.Image of the world

That there is now an urgent need to revise the fundamental direction in which research is moving.

Of course, all Soviet authors proceed from the fundamental principles of Marxism, such as the recognition of the primacy of matter and the secondary nature of spirit, consciousness, psyche; from the position that sensations and perceptions are a reflection of objective reality, a function of the brain. But we are talking about something else: about the embodiment of these provisions in their concrete content, in the practice of research psychological work; about their creative development in the very, figuratively speaking, the flesh of research of perception. And this requires a radical transformation of the very formulation of the problem of the psychology of perception and rejection of a number of imaginary postulates, which by inertia remain in it. The possibility of such a transformation of the problem of perception in psychology will be discussed.

The general position that I will try to defend today is that the problem of perception must be posed and worked outas the problem of the psychology of the image of the world.(I will note, by the way, that the theory of reflection in German is Bildtheorie, that is, the theory of the image.) Marxism poses the question in this way: “... sensation, perception, representation and, in general, human consciousness,” Lenin wrote, “ reality "1.

Lenin also formulated an extremely important idea about the principled path along which a materialist analysis of the problem should consistently follow. This is the path from the external objective world to sensation, perception, image. The opposite path, Lenin emphasizes, is a path that inevitably leads to idealism.

This means that every thing is primarily put objectively - in the objective connections of the objective world; that it - for the second time - posits itself also in subjectivity, human sensibility, and in human consciousness (in its ideal forms). It is necessary to proceed from this in the psychological study of the image, the processes of its generation and functioning.

Animals, humans live in the objective world, which from the very beginning acts as a four-dimensional: three-dimensional space and time (movement), which is “objectively real forms of being” 3.

This proposition should by no means remain for psychology only a general philosophical prerequisite, allegedly not directly affecting the specific psychological study of perception, understanding of its mechanism.

1 Lenin V.I.Floors, collection op. T. 18.P. 282-283

2 See ibid. P. 52.

3 Ibid. P. 181.

532 Theme

Nizmov. On the contrary, it makes many things to be seen differently, not the way it developed within the framework of bourgeois psychology. This also applies to understanding the development of the sense organs in the course of biological evolution.

From the above Marxist position it follows that the life of animals from the very beginning proceeds in the four-dimensional world of objects, that the adaptation of animals occurs as an adaptation to the connections that fill the world of things, their changes in time, their movement; that, accordingly, the evolution of the sense organs reflects the development of adaptation to the four-dimensionality of the world, i.e. provides orientation in the world as it is, and not in its individual elements.

I say this to the fact that only with such an approach can many facts be comprehended that elude zoopsychology, because they do not fit into the traditional, essentially atomic, schemes. Such facts include, for example, the paradoxically early appearance in the evolution of animals of the perception of space and the estimation of distances. The same applies to the perception of movements, changes in time - the perception, so to speak, of continuity through discontinuity.But, of course, I will not touch on these issues in more detail. This is a special, highly specialized conversation.

Turning to a person, to the consciousness of a person, I must introduce another concept - the concept of the fifth quasi-dimension, in which the objective world is revealed to man.It - semantic field, system of meanings.

The introduction of this concept requires a more detailed explanation.

The fact is that when I perceive an object, I perceive it not only in its spatial dimensions and in time, but also in its meaning. When, for example, I glance at a wristwatch, then, strictly speaking, I do not have an image of the individual features of this object, their sum, their "associative set". By the way, this is the basis of the criticism of associative theories of perception. It is also not enough to say that I have first of all a picture of their form, as Gestalt psychologists insist on it. I do not perceive the form, but an item that has a watch.

Of course, in the presence of a corresponding perceptual task, I can distinguish and realize their form, their individual signs - elements, their connections. Otherwise, although all this is included in textureimage in his sensual fabric,but this texture can be curled up, blurred, replaced without destroying, without distorting the objectivity of the image.

The thesis I expressed is proved by many facts, both obtained in experiments and known from everyday life... It is unnecessary for perceptual psychologists to list these facts. I will only note that they appear especially vividly in images-representations.

The traditional interpretation consists here in attributing to the very perception of such properties as meaningfulness or categoricality.

Leontiev A, N.Image of the world

As for the explanation of these properties of perception, they, as R. Gregory correctly says, 1 at best remain within the boundaries of the theory of H. Helmholtz. I will note right away that the deeply hidden danger here lies in the logical need to appeal ultimately to innate categories.

The general idea I advocate can be expressed in two positions. The first is that the properties of meaningfulness, categoricality are the characteristics of the conscious image of the world, not immanent to the image itself,his consciousness. They, these characteristics, express the objectivity revealed by the aggregate social practice, idealizedin the system of meanings that each individual finds as out-of-his-existing- perceived, assimilated - and therefore the same as what is included in his image of the world.

I will express it differently: meanings do not appear as what lies in front of things, but as what lies behind the appearance of things- in the cognized objective connections of the objective world, in various systems in which they only exist, they only reveal their properties. Meanings, therefore, carry a special dimension. This dimension intrasystemic connections of the objective objective world. She is the fifth quasi-dimension of it!

Let's summarize.

The thesis I advocate is that in psychology the problem of perception should be posed as the problem of building in the consciousness of the individual a multidimensional image of the world, an image of reality.That, in other words, the psychology of the image (perception) is concrete scientific knowledge about how in the process of their activity individuals build the image of the world - the world in which they live, act, which they themselves alter and partially create; it is also knowledge of how the image of the world functions, mediating their activity in objectively realthe world.

Here I must interrupt myself with some illustrative digressions. I recall the dispute between one of our philosophers and J. Piaget when he came to us.

You succeed, - said this philosopher, referring to Piaget, -
that the child, the subject in general, builds the world with the help of a system of operations. how
can you take this point of view? This is idealism.

I do not at all stand on this point of view, - answered J. Piaget, - in
this problem my views coincide with Marxism, and it is completely wrong
it is good to consider me an idealist!

But how, then, do you claim that for a child the world
the way its logic builds?

Piaget never gave a clear answer to this question. The answer, however, exists and is very simple. We are really building, but not the World, but the Image, actively "drawing out" it, as I usually say,

1 Cf. Gregory R.Intelligent eye. M., 1972.

534 Topic 7.Man as a subject of knowledge

From objective reality. The process of perception is the process, the means of this "scooping", and the main thing is not how, with the help of what means this process proceeds, but what is obtained as a result of this process. I answer: the image of the objective world, objective reality. The image is more adequate or less adequate, more complete or less complete ... sometimes even false ...

Let me make another digression of a completely different kind.

The fact is that the understanding of perception as a process through which the image of a multidimensional world is built, with every link, act, moment, every sensory mechanism, comes into conflict with the inevitable analyticism of scientific psychological and psychophysiological research, with the inevitable abstractions of a laboratory experiment.

We isolate and investigate the perception of distance, discrimination of shapes, color constancy, apparent movement, etc. etc. By careful experiments and precise measurements, we seem to drill deep but narrow wells that penetrate into the depths of perception. True, we do not often manage to lay "communication routes" between them, but we continue and continue this drilling of wells and scoop out from them a huge amount of information - useful, as well as of little use and even completely useless. As a result, whole waste heaps of incomprehensible facts have now formed in psychology, which mask the true scientific relief of the problems of perception.

It goes without saying that by this I do not at all deny the necessity and even inevitability of analytical study, the isolation of certain particular processes and even individual perceptual phenomena in order to study them in vitro. You just can't do without it! My idea is completely different, namely that, isolating the studied process in the experiment, we are dealing with some abstraction, therefore, the problem of returning to the integral subject of study in its real nature, origin and specific functioning immediately arises.

In relation to the study of perception, this is a return to the construction of an image in the consciousness of an individual. external multidimensional world,the world as it isin which we live, in which we act, but in which our abstractions in themselves do not "inhabit", as does not exist ^ for example, in it such a thoroughly studied and carefully worn-out "phi-movement" "1.

Here I am again forced to retreat.

Many decades of research in the psychology of perception dealt mainly with the perception of two-dimensional objects - lines, geometric shapes, and generally images on a plane. On this basis, the main direction in the psychology of the image arose - Gestalt psychology.

1 Cf. Gregory R.Eye and brain. M., 1970.S. 124-125

Leontiev A.N.Image of the world

First, it was singled out as a special "quality of form" - Gestalt-qualitat; then they saw in the integrity of the form the key to solving the problem of the image. The law of "good shape", the law of pre-ness, the law of figure and background were formulated.

This psychological theory, generated by the study of flat images, itself turned out to be “flat”. In essence, it closed the possibility of the "real world - psychic gestalt" movement, as well as the "psychic gestalt - brain" movement. Substantial processes turned out to be replaced by relations of projectivity and isomorphism. V.Kehler publishes the book "Physical Gestalts" 1 (it seems that K. Goldschtein wrote about them for the first time), and K. Koffka already explicitly declares that the solution to the contraverse of spirit and matter, psyche and brain consists in the fact that the third is primary. and this third is Gestalt - form. A far from the best solution is offered in the Leipzig version of Gestalt psychology: form is a subjective a priori category.

And how is the perception of three-dimensional things interpreted in Gestalt psychology? The answer is simple: it consists in transferring the laws of perception of projections on a plane to the perception of three-dimensional things. Thus, things of the three-dimensional world appear as closed planes. The main law of the field of perception is the law of "figure and background". But this is not the law of perception at all, but the phenomenon of perception of a two-dimensional figure against a two-dimensional background. It refers not to the perception of things of the three-dimensional world, but to some of their abstraction, which is their contour 2. In the real world, however, the definiteness of an integral thing appears through its connections with other things, and not through its "outlining 3.

In other words, with its abstractions, gestalt theory replaced the concept of objectivethe world the conceptfields.

It took years in psychology to experimentally separate and oppose them. It seems that this was first done best by J. Gibson, who found a way to see the surrounding objects, the environment as consisting of planes, but then this situation became ghostly, lost its reality for the observer. It was possible to subjectively create the "field", but it turned out to be inhabited by ghosts. This is how a very important distinction arose in the psychology of perception: the “visible field” and the “visible world” 4.

IN last years, in particular, in studies carried out at the Department of General Psychology, this distinction received a fundamental theoretical

1 Kdhler W.Die physischen Gestalten in Ruhe und stationaren Zustand. Brounschweig, 1920.

2 Or, if you like, a plane.

3 Ie operations of selection and vision of the form.

4 Cf. Gibson J.J.The Perception of the Visual World. L .; N.Y., 1950.

536 Theme7. Man as a subject of knowledge

Tic lighting, and the discrepancy between the projection picture and the object image is a fairly convincing experimental 1 justification 2.

I stopped at the Gestalt theory of perception, because in it the results of reducing the image of the objective world to individual phenomena, relations, characteristics, abstracted from the real process of its generation in human consciousness, a process taken in its entirety, are especially clearly reflected in it. It is necessary, therefore, to return to this process, the necessity of which lies in the life of a person, in the development of his activity in an objectively multidimensional world. The starting point for this should be the world itself, and not the subjective phenomena it causes.

Here I come to the most difficult, one might say, critical point of the train of thought I am testing.

I want to immediately express this point in the form of a categorical thesis, deliberately omitting all necessary reservations.

This thesis is that the world in its remoteness from the subject is amodal.We are talking, of course, about the meaning of the term "modality", which it has in psychophysics, psychophysiology and psychology, when, for example, we talk about the form of an object given in visual or tactile modality or in modalities together.

In putting forward this thesis, I proceed from a very simple and, in my opinion, completely justified distinction between properties of two kinds.

One is such properties of inanimate things that are found in interactions with things (with "other" things), i.e. in the interaction "object-object". Some properties are found in interaction with things of a special kind - with living sentient organisms, i.e. in the interaction "object-subject". They are found in specific effects depending on the properties of the recipient organs of the subject. In this sense, they are modal, i.e. subjective.

The smoothness of the surface of an object in the interaction "object-object" reveals itself, say, in the physical phenomenon of reducing friction. When touched by hand - in a modal phenomenon of tactile sensation of smoothness. The same surface property appears in the visual modality.

So, the fact is that one and the same property - in this case, a physical property of the body - causes, acting on a person, a perfect

1 It was also possible to find some objective indicators that dismember the visible field
and objects, a picture of an object. After all, the image of an object has such a characteristic,
as measurable constancy, i.e. constant coefficient. But as soon as
the objective world slips away, transforming into a field, so the field reveals it
aconstance. This means that it is possible to dismember the objects of the field and the objects of the world by measuring.

2 Logvinenko AD., Table V.V.Investigation of perception under field inversion conditions
view // Ergonomics. VNIITE Proceedings. 1973. Issue. 6.

Leontiev A.I.Image of the world

Chenno's impressions are different in modality. After all, "shine" does not look like "smoothness", and "dullness" does not look like "roughness". Therefore, sensory modalities cannot be given a "permanent residence" in the external objective world. I emphasize externalbecause a person, with all his sensations, himself also belongs to the objective world, there is also a thing among things.

Engels has one notable idea that the properties that we learn about through sight, hearing, smell, etc., are not completely different; that our self absorbs various sensory impressions, combining them into a whole as "Joint"(Engels's italics!) properties. “It is the task of science to explain these different properties available only to different senses ...” 1.

120 years have passed. And finally, in the 1960s, if I am not mistaken, the idea of \u200b\u200bmerging in man these "joint", as Engels called them, splitting sensesproperties has become an experimentally established fact.

I mean the study by I. Rock 2.

In his experiments, subjects were shown a square made of hard plastic through a reducing lens. “The subject took the square with his fingers from below, through a piece of cloth, so that he could not see his hand, otherwise he could understand that he was looking through a reducing lens ... We ... asked him to give his impression of the size of the square ... We asked the subjects to draw a square of the corresponding size as accurately as possible, which requires the participation of both sight and touch. Others had to choose a square of equal size from a series of squares presented only visually, and still others from a series of squares, the size of which could only be determined by touch ...

The subjects had a certain holistic impression about the size of the square ... The perceived size of the square ... was about the same as in the control experiment with only visual perception. "

So, the objective world, taken as a system of only “object-object” relationships (ie the world without animals, before animals and humans), is amodal. Only with the emergence of subject-object connections, interactions, there are many different and, moreover, changing from type to type 3 modalities.

This is why, as soon as we get distracted from subject-object interactions, sensory modalities drop out of our descriptions of reality.

1 K. Marx, F.Op. T. 20.P. 548.

2 Cf. Rock I., Harris C.Sight and touch // Perception. Mechanisms and models. M.,
1974.S. 276-279.

3 I mean the zoological species.

538 Topic 7.Man as a subject of knowledge

From the duality of connections, interactions "0-0"and "OS", subject to their coexistence, and the well-known duality of characteristics occurs: for example, such and such a section of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves and, say, red light. At the same time, one should not only lose sight of the fact that one and the other characteristic expresses the "physical relationship between physical things" 1.

A further naturally arising question is the question of the nature, origin of sensory modalities, their evolution, development, the necessity, non-randomness of their changing "sets" and different, in Engels's term, "compatibility" of the properties reflected in them. This is an unexplored (or almost unexplored) problem of science. What is the key approach (position) for an adequate solution to this problem? Here I must repeat my main idea: in psychology, it should be solved as a problem of the phylogenetic development of the image of the world, since:

(1) an "indicative basis" of behavior is needed, and this is an image,

(2) this or that lifestyle creates the need for an appropriate
his orienting, managing, mediating image into an object
nome world.

In short. One must proceed not from comparative anatomy and physiology, but from ecologyin its relation to the morphology of the sense organs, etc. Engels writes: "What is light and what is non-light depends on whether it is a night animal or daytime" 2.

There is a special issue about "combinations"

1. Alignment (modalities) becomes, but in relation to
feelings, image; she is his condition 3. (As an object - a "node of properties",
so the image is a "knot of modal sensations.")

2. Alignment expresses spatialitythings as odds
their existence).

3. But it also expresses their existence in time, therefore the image
in principle there is a product not only simultaneous, but also successively

1 K. Marx, F.Op. Vol. 23, p. 62.

2 K. Marx, F.Op. T.20. S. 603.

3 B.M. Velichkovsky drew my attention to one study related to the early
infancy: Aronson£., Rosenbloom S.Space perception in early infancy:
perception within a common auditory visual space // Science. 1972. V. 172. P. 1161-1163.
In one experiment, the reaction of a newborn to bending and
talking mother. The fact is that if the sound comes from one side and the mother's face
is on the other, then there is no reaction. Similar data, both psychological and
biological, allow us to talk about perception as a process of forming an image. We are not
we can start with the elements of perception, because the formation of an image presupposes
compatibility. One property cannot characterize an object. The subject is a "node
properties ". A picture, an image of the world arises when properties are "tied in a knot", from this
development begins. First comes the consistency relation, and then the splitting
joint with other properties.

Leontiev A.N.Image of the world

thalignment, merging 1. The most characteristic phenomenon of the alignment of viewpoints is children's drawings!

General conclusion: any actual impact fits into the image of the world, i.e. into some "whole" 2.

When I say that everything that is actual, i.e. now, the property affecting perceptual systems "fits" into the image of the world, this is not an empty, but a very meaningful position; it means that:

(1) the boundary of an object is established on the object, i.e. branch
it does not occur at the sensory, but at the intersections of the visual axes.
Therefore, when using the probe, the sensor is shifted 3. it
means that does not exist objectification of sensations, perceptionFor the Cree
tic of "objectification", i.e. referring secondary signs to real
the world, there is a criticism of subjective-idealistic concepts. Otherwise
speaking, I stand on what not perception posits itself in the object, but
subject- through activities- posits himself in the image. Perception
and there is his "subjective belief"... (Positioning for the subject!);

(2) fitting into the image of the world also expresses the fact that the object is not
consists of "sides"; he acts for us as one continuous;
discontinuity is only its moment *.The phenomenon of the "core" of the object appears
that. This phenomenon expresses objectivityperception. Reconstruction processes
acceptance obeys this core. Psychological evidence: a) c
brilliant observation of G. Helmholtz: “not everything that is given in the sensation,
enters into the "image of representation" "(tantamount to the fall of the subjective
idealism in the style of Johannes Müller); b) in the phenomenon of increments to pseudo-
scopic image (I see the edges going from the suspended in space
plane) and in experiments with inversion, with adaptation to the optical
the woman's world.

So far I have touched on the characteristics of the image of the world common to animals and humans. But the process of generating a picture of the world, like the picture of the world itself, its characteristics change qualitatively when we turn to a person.

1 None of us, getting up from the desk, will move the chair so that it
hit a bookcase if he knows the display is behind this chair. World
behind me is present in the picture of the world, but absent in the actual visual world.
The fact that we do not have panoramic vision, the panoramic picture of the world does not disappear, it
just acts differently.

2 Cf. Uexkull V., KriszatG. Streifziige durch die Umwelten von Tieren und Menschen.
Berlin, 1934.

3 When the probe touches an object, the sensor moves from the hand to
tip of the probe. Sensitivity there ... I can stop probing this object with the probe
Move your hand slightly over the probe. And then the feeling returns to the fingers, and
the tip of the probe loses its sensitivity.

4 "Tunnel effect": when something interrupts its movement and, as a result of its
impact, it does not interrupt its existence for me.

540 Topic 7. Man as a subject of knowledge

In man the world acquires in the image the fifth quasi-dimension.It is by no means subjectively attributed to the world! This is the transition through sensuality beyond sensibility, through sensory modalities to the amodal world.The objective world appears in meaning, i.e. the picture of the world is filled with meanings.

The deepening of knowledge requires the removal of modalities and consists in such removal, therefore science does not speak the language of modalities, this language is expelled in it. The picture of the world includes the invisible properties of objects: a) amo-distant- discovered by industry, experiment, thinking; b) Supersensible- functional properties, qualities, such as "cost", which are not contained in the substrate of the object. They are represented in meanings!

It is especially important to emphasize here that the nature of meaning is not only not in the body of the sign, but also not in formal sign operations, not in the operations of meaning. It - in the totality of human practice, which in its idealized forms is included in the picture of the world.

Otherwise, it can be said this way: knowledge, thinking are not separated from the process of forming the sensory image of the world, but are included in it, adding to sensuality. [Knowledge enters, science does not!]