Participle and participle in a sentence. Communion and participle Rules of the Russian language participial and participle turnover

The opinions of linguists about what a gerund is are divided. Some believe that it refers to a special form of the verb, others suggest that it is an independent part of speech. We will support the second option.

The participle is an independent part of speech. It contains the signs of an adverb and a verb, shows when, why and how the action is performed by the verb-predicate, has an additional effect. If the gerund in a sentence is not alone, but has words that depend on it, then this set of words is called a gerund. The article will tell about how and when the separation of gerunds in a sentence is made.

What is isolation?

In Russian, the concept of isolation is a way of clarifying and highlighting a certain set of words in a sentence. Only members of the proposal that are secondary can be isolated, and this is how they differ from non-isolated members. Separations are necessary so that the reader can more accurately understand the described picture of the ongoing action. Not only lonely standing participles can be isolated, but also

Examples of single gerunds

If an isolated circumstance does not have dependent words in the sentence, then it is called a single gerund. When writing a sentence, this part of speech is always distinguished by commas on both sides.

The location of the participle in the sentence can be any. Here are examples of the correct selection of single gerunds with commas:

1. As she stared, she couldn't utter a word.
2. When I returned, I found my sister at home.
3. Without training, you can not achieve success in sports.

Accordingly, the following gerunds were allocated with a comma:

• staring;
• returning;
• without exercising.

There are several repeated participles in the letter. They are called homogeneous. At the same time, they are separated by commas among themselves and separated by this punctuation mark as separate parts of speech. Examples of such proposals:

1. Laughing, singing and spinning, Natasha hurried to her first date.
2. Laughing and winking, Pasha closed the door.
3. She was silent, angry, but cowardly.

Homogeneous participles in a sentence can refer to different predicates. For example: Playing and laughing, she, inspired, rushed towards her dreams.

Separation by commas of single gerunds

Separation of single gerunds occurs in the following cases:

1. If the gerund plays the role of the second predicate in the sentence. Stores the meaning of the verb. Indicates the condition, cause, or time of an action, but not its image. Having escaped, Marina lost her purse. After the holiday, the guests departed without calming down.
2. If you can check the sentence in your mind by replacing the gerund with a verb, or make a complex sentence out of a simple sentence. When Marina ran away, she rubbed her purse. The guests after the holiday, though not calmed down, but dispersed.

Separation of single gerunds does not occur if:

1. A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning or has a close connection with the predicate. Masha ran into the room without knocking. Zhenya got down from the tree silently and slowly.
2. If gerunds are circumstances of the mode of action and they cannot be replaced by verbs. Zhenya tears silently and in no hurry.
3. If a single participle can be replaced by a noun. Masha ran into the room without knocking.

Isolation of single gerunds depending on their location in the sentence

Separation of gerunds may not occur if they are at the beginning or end of a sentence, but in the middle they are separated by commas. Let's compare two sentences:

1. Tanya tried on slippers slowly.
2. On the way, slowly, Tanya admired the flowers.

In the first sentence, the separation of the participle with commas is not done, since it is represented by the circumstance of the mode of action. It can be replaced by the word - "slowly".

In the second sentence, the participle is the circumstance of the reason ("because I was in no hurry").

How is an adverbial turnover formed?

If the sentence contains a part of speech that answers the questions “what are you doing?”, “what are you doing?” and called a gerund, with dependent words, then this set of words is usually called a gerund participle.

In a sentence, this turnover always performs the function of a circumstance and refers to the verb, as it denotes an additional action. Additional actions are performed by the same person, phenomenon or object that performs the main actions.

Examples of adverbial phrases

The separation of participles and participles occurs regardless of where they stand in relation to the verb-predicate. For example:

1. All day dark clouds were moving across the sky, now opening the sun, then closing it again.
2. Walking next to his mother, the baby looked at her with surprise and fascination.
3. Joy, bringing happiness to some people, gave others inescapable grief.
4. I watched the sunrise without taking my eyes off it.
5. The kid, following his mother's hand, made the same movements.

What should be remembered when using the gerund and participle in a sentence?

The basic rules for using adverbial phrases when writing a text are as follows:

1. Expressed by the verb-predicate, the main action and the additional action, expressed by the adverbial turnover, must refer to the same person, object or phenomenon.
2. Most often, the isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is used when writing a one-part, definitely personal sentence, as well as with a verb in the imperative mood.
3. If the sentence is impersonal in the infinitive, then it is also possible to use the adverbial turnover.
4. The isolation of gerunds and the isolation of circumstances are one and the same, since the gerund expresses a sign of a circumstance in a sentence.

In what cases are gerunds and participles not separated by commas?

Separation of circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles is not carried out if:

1. Circumstances are connected by the union "and" with a non-isolated circumstance or predicate. She hated him and accepted his attentions. Dasha played noisily and screamed with joy.
2. Circumstances converge with adverbs. They lose their added value and acquire the value of a sign of action. This:

• gerunds, which have become phraseological turns (without closing your eyes, rolling up your sleeves, headlong, opening your mouth, and others). For example: Petya worked carelessly. But: rolling up her sleeves, she washed her hands in the tub. It should be remembered that phraseological introductory phrases (apparently, in other words, in fact, others) are separated by a comma.
• gerunds that carry the main semantic load. Without them, the predicate does not fully express the thought. This part of speech usually comes after the predicate. The "adverb" of these gerunds is obvious in sentences where there is a group of homogeneous members - gerunds and adverbs. For example: He answered me without embarrassment and frankly. without embarrassment is a gerund, and frankly- adverb.

Commas do not distinguish gerunds in the composition having the dependent word "which" in all its variations. He wanted to get rid of the letter, reading which he recalled his recent grief.

What should be distinguished from verbal participles

Separating the participles, many do not think that these can be adverbs or prepositions.

The following adverbs are distinguished:

• clover;
• sneak;
• joking;
• silently;
• sitting;
• standing;
• lying and others.

The gerunds identical with these words retain an additional effect. This happens during the formation and connection with other gerunds. Anya rode standing all the way. He will do the job jokingly (easy). These sentences use adverbs.

Standing at the top, Anya looked down. All the way, having fun and playing, Yana did not close her mouth. In these sentences, commas separate the participle in the first sentence and the homogeneous participles in the second sentence.

From the prepositions they distinguish: starting with, based on. Commas are not put, since the adverbial part can be removed from the sentence and its meaning will not change. It's snowing since the night (it's coming from the night)

Separation of participles and participles: what is the difference?

Participial and participle turnovers perform different functions in a sentence and have their own following morphological differences:

1. The participial turnover or single participle refers to the word being defined (noun or pronoun). The participle or participle turnover is closely related to the verb-predicate. At the same time, the participle changes in numbers, genders, cases, has a full and short forms, and the participle is an invariable word form.
2. The participial turnover and the participle perform the function of definition in the sentence, and the gerund and participle turnovers act as different circumstances.
3. Participles and participles are different with suffixes. Participles have such suffixes as -usch-(-yusch-), -ashch-(-yashch)- -vsh-, -sh- of real participles and -om-(-em-), -im-- -enn-, -nn-, -t- in the suffering. While gerunds have the following suffixes: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -lice-, -shi-.

1. If there is a union in the sentence next to the adverbial phrase, then they are separated by a comma. Unions and are not included in circulation. For example: He smiled at his friend and, jumping over a puddle, ran home. An exception is the union "a", which stands before the adverbial turnover. In this case, it is included in the turnover. For example: A person needs to understand what is the meaning of life, and having understood this, he will tell others.
2. If the sentence consists of several adverbial phrases or single adverbial adverbs, then commas are placed between them as when listing homogeneous members of the sentence. For example: She approached, staggering and holding her friend by the shoulder with one hand, and kept the other on her belt.
3. If in one sentence there are several adverbial phrases relating to different predicates, then each of them is separated by commas. For example: Pushing the gate with his foot, he ran out onto the road and, paying no attention to the people, rushed away.
4. The adverbial phrase is always separated by commas on both sides.

Separation of gerunds will not cause problems if you learn how to correctly identify this part of speech in any sentence.

How can you help your child consolidate what they have learned?

After the child has studied the theoretical material, he should be invited to consolidate it with practical exercises.

Initially, children should work orally with sentences and learn to find adverbial phrases and single adverbs in them. After that, students should be asked to write sentences and arrange them. In addition, the child must explain his choice in the arrangement of commas.

After the children have mastered simple sentences, you can give them sentences with conjunctions and allied words. At the same time, before finding a participle or a single participle, one should highlight the grammatical basis.

They complicate the task with complex compound sentences that have several grammatical bases and homogeneous adverbial phrases.

In Russian, speech constructions can be enriched with participial and participle turns. This article discusses the features and rules for the use of each type of turnover, examples of their competent use in speech are given.

Communion and gerund in Russian- these are special forms of the verb (some authors have independent parts of speech), which, together with dependent words, form special syntactic constructions: participial and adverbial phrases.

• Participial, like a single participle, denotes a sign by action, answers questions Which? What? Doing what? What has done? and in the sentence refers to the word being defined. The syntactic role is a separate or non-separate definition.

  Examples of sentences with participial turnover: Sitting by the window the boy put down the book and looked at his mother (the boy (who? who did what?) was sitting by the window). Furniture, brought from the cottage, we put in the corridor (furniture (what?) Brought from the dacha).

• Participial turnover indicates an additional action, answers questions What do you do? Having done what? and in the sentence refers to the verb-predicate. It performs the syntactic role of a separate circumstance.

  Examples of the use of adverbial turnover: Doing the exercise, the student noticed a typo in the textbook (notice (what while doing?) doing the exercise). Having cooked dinner, Katya decided to rest a little (decided to rest (what did she do?) Having cooked dinner).

Note! In the formation of participial turnover, the main word of the construction can only be a participle, and the participial turnover can only be a participle.

Isolation of participial revolutions

In a sentence, the isolation (separation by commas) of the participle in the sentence depends on its position in relation to the word being defined:

• Before the word being defined, the participial turnover is not isolated.

  Examples: Dima raised fallen off the hanger hat. Student redrawn given in the textbook scheme.

• After the word being defined, the participial turnover is separated by commas on both sides.

  Examples: Janitor, sweeping the leaves all morning went out for lunch. Painting, painted in modern style hung over the sofa.

Also, the participial turnover is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun or expresses an adverbial meaning.

Examples: Moved to another group They haven't met yet. Worried about a friend, the man called the hospital every hour (called (why? what did you do?) worrying about a friend).

Isolation of adverbial phrases

The adverbial phrases have one rule of isolation in sentences - the adverbial phrase is always distinguished by commas, regardless of its position in relation to the verb-predicate.

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Examples: Frightened by the rumble, the kitten hid under the sofa. Grandma made tea for us asking about what happened.

The adverbial turnover is not separated by commas:

• If it is part of a phraseological expression L (people listened to the guest hanging ears) ;
• If the gerund has turned into an adverb and it can be replaced by a synonymous adverb (They walked slowly (slowly)).
• If the adverbial phrase includes a dependent word which the or derivatives (We attended a lecture, after listening to which we began to better understand the subject).

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So what is it? How to distinguish it from an accomplice? What punctuation marks does it stand out in writing? What questions does it answer? What difficulties can arise when using it in speech? These and other questions will be discussed in this article.

In contact with

The adverbial turnover, like the participial, is an independent member of the sentence. He is gerund and related dependent words. Answers the questions of the participle: what are you doing? having done what? and denotes an additional action of the object / person performing the main action (it is usually determined by the predicate). In the proposal he is separate member, or rather, a separate circumstance.

Dot-dash (dash-dot) is underlined. You can also ask questions of circumstance:

• how?
• when?
• for what purpose?
• why?

They can be given both from the predicate, and in some cases from participle or participial turnover.

Examples

Commas when using a participial phrase in a sentence

The adverbial turnover, in contrast to the participle, always separated with commas on both sides, regardless of its location in relation to the main word - the verb from which the question is asked. In order to correctly highlight this syntactic construction with punctuation marks, you need to be able to find it in the text and clearly define the boundaries. The participle turnover includes all dependent words related to this participle.

For example, in the sentence "The opponent who was ahead of me at the start, soon fell behind" it is the expression "ahead of me at the start", and not just "ahead of me." Since the words "at the start" are also dependent on the participle, and not on the predicate. This means that they are part of the turnover.

When it is at the beginning of a sentence, separated by a comma on one side only- after it, and if it is located at the end, then, on the contrary, a comma is placed only before it, and at the end - a sentence completion sign.

The exceptions are the adverbial phrases that are part of phraseological unit. When a turnover is a part or a whole phraseological unit, commas are not placed with it. An example of such a sentence: the mother listened to her with bated breath. Also, those cases when several participial phrases are homogeneous and connected by the union “and” do not fall under this rule on setting commas. Then there are no commas. With punctuation marks, everything is very clear here, but there are often errors associated with the incorrect use of adverbial phrases.

Construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover. Possible mistakes

The first and most basic rule has already been mentioned above, it says that an additional action must be performed by the same object as the main action. For example, you can't say, "As I approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door." After all, the subjects here are a growl and a howl, they were heard, that is, they performed the main action. But there was no way they could approach the house, it was some other person who did it.

Thus, this sentence can be rebuilt into a grammatically more correct complex sentence: "When I / he / she approached / approached the house, a strange growl and howl came from behind the door."

One must also be careful when using the adverbial turnover in impersonal and indefinitely personal sentences, that is, sentences that do not contain a subject at all. The predicate in the first case can be expressed by the infinitive, and in the second - by the verb of the third person. An example of such an error is the following syntactic construction: “After graduating from school, graduates were assigned to work at a factory.” It is built incorrectly, since the participle implies the action performed by the graduates themselves: they graduated from school, and the verb (predicate) denotes an action performed by someone else who distributed these graduates.

In an impersonal sentence, the adverbial turnover can be included as follows: “You can look at their beautiful faces for hours without taking your eyes off.” In this case, all grammatical norms will be observed, since the person performing both the main and side actions is absent. You can also use it in definite personal sentences, that is, those that contain a subject expressed by a personal pronoun of the first or second person (I, we, you, you). For example, "I need to do this work as soon as possible, using all possible materials."

These are the main mistakes in coordinating the adverbial turnover with the basis of the sentence. They can often be found in our speech, as we sometimes do not attach due importance to this. But in vain, because the inaccurate use of the adverbial turnover leads to a violation of the semantic load of the sentence.

Today you will get acquainted with the sacrament and understand why it can simultaneously give literary, virtuosity, and brevity to the English language. We will compare it with similar Russian forms in terms of application and capabilities. Looking ahead, I will say that there are even more opportunities for participles in English than in Russian, and when you understand this, you will be happy to use them.

The participle in English is (like the gerund and the infinitive) the non-personal form of the verb, that is, it is not conjugated either by persons or by numbers. It can combine the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb

Here are two versions of the same sentence:

1. I went to the ticket office, which had just opened, and bought a ticket for the train, which follows the route Moscow - Novosibirsk
2. Going to the newly opened ticket office, I bought a ticket for the Moscow-Novosibirsk route.

Not only was the sentence in the second version reduced by as much as five words, it stopped cutting the ear. And all this thanks to two participles:

• open, next

and one gerund:

• coming up

In English, formally there are no gerunds, but in fact we will have to distinguish them in order to build sentences correctly. And it is convenient to do this precisely on the questions that we pose in Russian:

• For communion:
  • what doing(imperfect species)
  • what did(perfect view)
• For adverb:
  • what doing(imperfect species)
  • what having done(perfect view)

Let's see how it works in English.

Types of English participles

There are two types of participles in English:

1. Participle 1 The present participle has two forms:
   Present Participle Simple - simple participle
   Present Participle Perfect - perfect participle
2. Participle 2 or Participle Past - past participle

Unlike Participle 1, Participle 2 has only a passive voice (the object in the role of the subject cannot itself perform an active action)
The rules of formation in affirmative and negative sentences, together with examples, are presented in the form of a table.

View			Participle 2Past Participle
	Present Participle Simple	Present Particle Perfect
Active Voice	IV f. (-ing)	having + III f.(-ed)	---------------
	not + IV f. (ing)	not + having + III f.(-ed)
	Drawing- drawing, drawing. I saw the artist drawing the picture. — I saw an artist painting a picture. Drawing, he looked at the model - While drawing, he looked at the model.	drawing- drawing Having drawn the picture, he comes out from the workroom. Having painted a picture, he left the workshop.
passive Voice	being + III f.(-ed)	having been + III f(ed).	III f.
	not + III f. (-ed)	not + having been + III f (ed)	not + III f.
	being drawn- drawable, being drawn That picture being drawn is closed now. - The picture that is being drawn (drawn) is closed now. Beingdrawn recently, the picture drew attention. - Since the picture is painted recently (having been painted), it attracted attention	havingbeendrawn- being (already) drawn havingbeendrawn, the picture sent to the exhibition at once. - When the picture was painted (being painted), it was immediately sent to the exhibition.	drawn- drawn The picture drawn by the great Van Gogh, was sold for a lot of money recently. A painting painted by the great Van Gogh was recently sold for a lot of money.

Analogy between English and Russian participles and gerunds

It is clearly visible from this diagram:

• Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action that occurs simultaneously with the main action expressed by the predicate, and answers the questions:
  which,
  corresponding to the Russian participle:
  
  • drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
  • drawable ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,

  how, in what way,
  
  

  • drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
  • being drawn ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,

  In the passive voice (Passive Voice) Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action experienced by the subject or object

• Participle 1 Perfect is used in both voices to express the action preceding the predicate, and answers various questions about the circumstances of time and reason, for example:
  when, in connection with what, under what circumstances etc.,
  corresponding to the Russian gerund:
  • He left the workshop when? - Drawing ( drawing) picture
  • The painting was sent to the exhibition in connection with which? — being drawn ( having been drawn).

  As you noticed, the literal translation of the English passive participle into Russian looks indigestible, so the option is acceptable here:

  • When the picture was painted
• Participle 2 Past is used only in the passive voice to express a past action and basically answers the question:
  • what picture- drawn ( drawn)

  However, there are times when other questions can be asked:

  • Drawn many years ago the picture needed in the restoration. — Since the picture was drawn many years ago, it needed restoration.

  Why Is the painting in need of restoration? — Since it was drawn many years ago

Participle and adverbial phrases

The participle in English, associated with other parts of speech, forms participial and (as an analogy) participle turnover.

What turnover is before us, we can also judge by the function of the participle in the sentence.
Most often, attributive turns are participles, and adverbials are participles, with the exception of Participle 2 Past: there are no analogies with gerunds here.

Participle Functions in a Sentence

Participles can be:

The semantic verb of the tense form:

• Participle 1 - Continuous and Perfect Continuous groups
• Communion 2 - Perfect groups

Definition:

• Participle 1 Simple:
  • Active Voice: We saw a plane soaring into the sky. We saw a plane taking off into the sky.
  • Passive Voice: The book being waited in the literary community promises to be interesting. - The book, expected in the literary community, promises to be interesting
• Participle 2 Past
  • The lesson learned yesterday went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday was good for the student.

  Learned here it may not be part of a turnover, but a separate adjective when it comes before a noun:

  • The learned yesterday lesson went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday was good for the student.
  • My broken life nobody cares. - My broken life does not bother anyone
• Participle 1 Perfect never acts as a definition, which cannot be said about the Russian analogue of this perfect English form - the past participle of the perfect form (it differs by the suffix -vsh)
  • We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law. — We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law.

  Instead of a participle, in the English version - a subordinate clause

circumstance of time:

• Participle 1 Simple
  • Living in India, he became interested in Roerich's pictures. — While living in India, he became interested in Roerich's paintings.
  • Being put in the hospital, he waited an operation with fear. - When he was admitted to the hospital, he was waiting for the operation with fear
• Participle 1 Perfect
  • Having passed the final exam, he went to the rest. Having passed the last exam, he went to rest.
  • Having been grown, flowers decorated our garden. — When the flowers grew, they decorated our garden
• Participle 2 Past
  • When written, the article was published. — When the article was written, it was published

  The use of the participle made it possible to shorten the longer version:

  • When the article was written it was published

circumstance causes

• Participle 1 Simple
  • Wishing to meet, we agreed on tomorrow. - Wishing to meet, we agreed on tomorrow.
  • Being scared, he ran out of the building. - Being frightened (scared), he ran out of the building
• Participle 1 Perfect
  • No having given back the book, he lost my trust. “By not returning the book, he lost my trust.
  • No having been eaten long time, dogs looked awful. Since the dogs had not been fed for a long time, they looked terrible.
• Participle 2 Past.
  • Built to my project, house was especially dear to me. - Built according to my project, the house was especially dear to me

The nominal part of the predicate:

• He looked tired. - He looked tired.

Participle turnover, examples of sentences

syntactic rules. Building a sentence with a participle. Commas, segregation.

gerund - this is an independent part of speech in Russian, which denotes an additional action with the main one. This part of speech combines the features of the verb (kind, pledge and reflexivity) and the adverb (invariability, syntactic role of circumstance). Answers questions by doing what? having done what?

Participial turnover is a gerund with dependent words. Like a single gerund, it denotes an additional action and is performed by the same person, object or phenomenon that performs the main action. Always isolated.

Answers the question "What are you doing?" or “having done what?”.

Rule.

When using the adverbial phrase in a sentence, remember that:

the main action, expressed by the verb-predicate, and the additional action, expressed by the participle, refer to the same person or object

often the adverbial turnover is used in a one-part definite-personal sentence, including with a verb in the form of an imperative mood (where the subject is easily restored)

it is possible to use a participial turnover in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive

Sentences with adverbial turnover (examples)

I watched the rising sun without taking my eyes off it.

She left without closing the door behind her.

The boy, cleaning his room, found a huge amount of things.

The goose, seeing the children, flew away.

All the sheep rushed to her, only the baby could not cope with the acceleration, barely managing to slow down.

Trap!

The adverbial turnover cannot be used in the following cases:

if the action expressed by the predicate verb and the action expressed by the gerund belong to different persons (objects):

Jumping off the footboard of the tram, my hat flew off (DO NOT, because "a hat cannot jump from a tram"!)

if in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the adverbial turnover could refer, but there is a combination of a verb-predicate with a pronoun or noun as an object.

Looking out the window, I felt sad (DO NOT, as there is an addition to me)

if the adverbial turnover refers to passive participles, tk. in this case, the subject of the action expressed by the predicate and the subject of the action indicated by the gerund) do not match:

Having run away from home, the boy was found (DO NOT, because the boy runs away from the house, but other people find him!)

syntactic rules. Action algorithm.

1) In the turnover in bold, find the gerund (answers the questions: what are you doing? what are you doing?)

2) Select the basis in each variant.

3) If there is no subject in the sentence, try to restore it according to the predicate.

4) If it is impossible to restore the subject in the sentence, see if the producer of the action is indicated in the indirect case.

5) Match the subject in each variant with the participle.

6) The option where the subject performs the action of both the gerund and the predicate is correct.

Parsing the task.

Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Not counting on help

1) I started to lose strength.

2) The students completed the task on their own.

3) independence is very important.

4) the textbook helps to better cope with difficult material.

We find adverb: not counting on help– doing what? not counting.

In each option, we find the grammatical basis:

1) me started leave strength.

2) pupils on one's own coped with a task.

3) independence very important.

4) textbook helps better handle difficult material.

We correlate the gerund and the subjects, answering the question: who can not count on help? This is not strength, not independence and not a textbook. Only students can cope with the task and not count on help.

Correct answer– option number 2.

Also watch the video if something is not clear.

Practice.

1. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Analyzing Pushkin's poem "Poltava",

1) critics noted the abundance of colloquial expressions.

2) its “obvious” shortcoming was considered to be an abundance of colloquial expressions.

3) contemporaries reproached the poet for abusing "bargain" expressions.

4) it was received by critics without enthusiasm.

2. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Starting with text

1) We got into an argument.

2) try to read it carefully.

3) the size was incorrectly determined by me.

4) students often do not take into account the division into paragraphs.

3. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence.

Lined up in columns

1) the leader gives a signal, and the ants set off.

2) their length can reach 100-200 meters.

3) army ants go on a two to three week trip.

4) a two-three-week trip of ants begins.

Answers : 3, 2, 3.