Trial testing of the exam Russian language. Ege in Russian. Handbook for preparing for the exam

Handbook for preparing for the exam

Reference information for all tasks: 1 - 26. If you don’t know something, don’t remember, don’t understand, you are here. Simple, accessible, lots of examples.

Collection of practice tests: 1 - 24

Practice tests with answers to all tasks

"USE-navigator"

Interactive preparation course for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. 26 sections. Individual achievement statistics. Options are formed for each person personally during new visits. Fully complies with the new format of the exam.

• Unified State Examination Navigator by subscription

"USE-responder"

Who is interested in training options for the exam in the Russian language with answers and comments? Our new series "Unified State Examination" is for you.

Collection of essays on the Russian language (task 26)

It is easier to learn how to write essays from the source text if you know exactly what the requirements of the exam are for task 26 in the Russian language. Analysis of the work of graduates shows typical mistakes and shortcomings.

Final winter essay

All about graduation essay. Concept. Criteria for testing at school. Evaluation criteria in universities. Work samples.

Workshop on orthoepy

Nouns from the FIPI list. How to remember them? Intensive training in an interactive form will help

Useful information

The word USE has a fascinating effect on people. The majority, long before the exam, begins to treat it as a fatal milestone: terrible and inevitable. One gets the impression that the will and mind of people are paralyzed at the same time ... Distinct images of a conveyor belt, a meat grinder or a current that carries the unfortunate people to no one knows where emerge ... What is the consequence of such an attitude towards the upcoming test? Passivity, indifference or, on the contrary, feverish activity, senseless fuss, excessive nervous tension. Get reliable information about the upcoming exam.

useless information

Even during difficult or serious work, you can find a reason to joke. Section for those who want to relax a bit

Self defense. If an appeal is needed

It is better not to tune in to the appeal in advance. There is such a life pattern: often people attract situations that they think too much about. The situation of filing an appeal is not the most pleasant. I wish you could avoid it. But if an appeal is unavoidable, it's best to know how to file it.
Therefore, I consider it important to talk about this topic.

The authors of the articles are professional tutors I.M. Khrapova, T.V. Vorontsova and O.V. Gushchina

How to prepare for the exam in the Russian language? So you open a collection of typical test tasks for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language and understand that you managed to forget something, but you didn’t hear about something at all. Then you pick up a voluminous manual and understand that you don’t know on which page, in which section to look for information. How to combine theory and practice?

We offer you a short and effective path to success. We have analyzed for you separately each task of the exam in the Russian language. In each article you will find theoretical material that contains only what is necessary and sufficient to complete the USE assignments in Russian. we give you an algorithm for completing exam tasks. We will tell you what traps you can expect in a particular task. The material to be learned by heart is presented in the form of hint tables.

Take the test questions in order, from 1 to 26. You will notice that in subsequent tasks you build on the knowledge gained earlier. Consider our materials as a guide-instruction, constantly refer to them when solving USE tests in the Russian language.

What is the Unified State Examination in the Russian Unified State Examination. What are the requirements and criteria. What is KIM?

December essay on the Unified State Examination in the Russian language 2019-2020

How to prepare for the December essay - 2018?

Video course on Russian language and literature "December composition 2014".

This course describes the most winning topics of the December essay and reveals the technology of writing it. You will learn how to guarantee and with minimal time to get high results in the essay.
The author of the video course is the leading teacher of the Russian language and literature of the EGE-Studio company, candidate of philological sciences Tatyana Vladimirovna Vorontsova.

Algorithm for completing USE tasks

In Russian.

Part 1.

Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

Task execution algorithm:

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. By successively selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in the gap.

Task 3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) in the sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Task execution algorithm:

1. read the task carefully;
2. find the specified offer;
3. include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis;
4. listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;
5. determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

• if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;
• if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.

Task 4. In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

Remember: the mobility of Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task.

Task 5. In one of the sentences below WRONG highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. Task execution algorithm:

• read all offers carefully;
• determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronymic words by selecting synonyms and antonyms or taking into account what words each of them can be combined with;
• indicate the correct answer.

Addressee - addressee. Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - a person or organization sending a postal item (sender).

anecdotal - anecdotal. Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (an anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).

archaic - archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - obsolete, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).

weekday - everyday. Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).

Breathe in - breathe in. Inhale - take in, draw in air (inhale oxygen), inspire something (inhale courage); sigh - let out a sigh (breathe with relief); rest a little (let me breathe); to grieve, be sad (sigh for children).

Educational - educational. Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the teacher (educational room).

Everyone - everyone. Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most diverse (all kinds of searches).

Elective - selective. Elected - related to elections, elected by voting (elected position); selective - partial (selective check)

Harmonic - harmonious. Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - slender, coordinated (harmonious personality).

main - capital. Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).

Engine - mover. Engine - a machine that sets in motion, power (electric motor); mover - what sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated.).

Democratic - democratic. Democratic - pertaining to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of democracy, democrat (democratic act).

Dynamic - dynamic.Dynamic - related to dynamics, movement (dynamic theory); dynamic - possessing great internal energy (dynamic pace).

Diplomatic - diplomatic.Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long - long. Long - having a great length (long report); long - long-term (long vacation, long period).

Voluntary - voluntary. Voluntary - performed without coercion (voluntary labor); volunteer - relating to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).

dramatic - dramatic. Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (dramatic circle).

friendly - friendly. Friendly - relating to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).

pitiful - pitiful. Pitiful - expressing sorrow, longing, suffering; plaintive, sad (pitiful voice); compassionate - prone to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).

Spare - thrifty. Spare - available as a spare (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).

Evil - malicious . Evil - filled with a sense of enmity (an evil person); malicious - having a bad purpose, deliberate (malicious non-payer).

Executive - performing. Executive - diligent, having as its goal the implementation of something (executive worker); performing - relating to the performer (performing skills).

seconded - business trip. Seconded - a person who is on a business trip (a seconded specialist); business trip - relating to a business traveler (travel expenses).

Comic - comical. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comical - funny (comical look).

Critical - critical. Critical - related to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).

logical - logical. Logical - related to logic (logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).

methodical - methodical. Methodical - related to methodology (methodological conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).

Hateful - hateful. Hateful - imbued with hatred (hateful acts); hateful - causing hatred (hated enemy).

intolerable - intolerable. Unbearable - one that cannot be endured (unbearable cold); intolerant - unacceptable (intolerant attitude).

to dine - to dine. To become poorer - to become poor (to become poorer as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).

dangerous - fearful. Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).

typo - unsubscribe . A typo - an accidental mistake in writing (an annoying typo); unsubscribing - an answer that does not affect the merits of the case (impudent unsubscribing).

Learn - learn. To master - to learn how to use something, to include it in the circle of one's activities (to master the release of new products); to assimilate - to make habitual; understand, memorize

Organic - organic. Organic - relating to the plant or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).

Condemnation - discussion. Condemnation - an expression of disapproval, sentencing (condemnation of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);

Responsible - responsible.Reciprocal - being the answer (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible employee).

Reporting - distinct. Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - well distinguishable (distinct sound).

Political - political. Political - related to politics (politician); political - acting diplomatically, cautiously (political hint).

Understandable - understandable.Understanding - quickly understanding (understanding person); understandable - clear (clear reason).

Representative - representative.Representative - making a favorable impression (representative appearance); representative - elected (representative body); relating to representation, representative (representation expenses).

Presentation - provision.Submission - presentation for familiarization, nomination for promotion (representation of a characteristic); provision - the allocation of something at someone's disposal (granting a loan).

conspicuous - conspicuous. Perceptive - able to notice (perceptive critic); noticeable - noticeable (noticeable displeasure).

Realistic - realistic. Realistic - next to realism (realistic painting); realistic - corresponding to reality, quite practical (realistic goal).

Hidden - secretive. Hidden - secret, invisible (hidden threat); secretive - unrevealed (secret person).

Tactical - tactical. Tactful - possessing tact (a tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).

Technical - technical.Technical - relating to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).

Lucky - lucky.Lucky - happy; one who is lucky (lucky explorer); successful - successful (good day).

Actual - actual. Actual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (actual report).

Master's - economic. Master - relating to the owner; such as a good owner (owner's interest); economic - busy with the economy, associated with the economy (economic issues).

Explicit - obvious.Explicit - obvious, undisguised (clear superiority); clear - distinct, well distinguishable (clear whisper).

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form.Correct the mistakeand spell the word correctly.

Find mistakes in education and usage

• case forms of numerals;
• numerals one and a half, one and a half;
• collective numerals, including numerals both, both;
• comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;
• nominative and genitive plural of some nouns;
• imperative forms of some verbs.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Determine which part of speech the given word belongs to.

2. If this name is a numeral, remember that

• in complex quantitative names of numeralsboth parts are inclined;

• when declining compound ordinal numbers, only the last word ;
• numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both - female;

• collective nouns (two, three, fouretc.) are used with nouns denoting males, names of baby animals, paired objects, or having only the plural form.

3. If this name is an adjective, check if the forms of degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.

4. If this is a verb, pay attention to the correct formation

• imperative mood forms;
• forms of the past tense used without a suffix are -NU-.

(there is - well - in the verb - error - correct answer)

5. If this is a noun, make sure the formation is correct

• nominative plural forms;
• genitive plural forms.

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

1. Look for mistakes in sentences:

1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the union I. Ask a question from the verb to the homogeneous members of the sentence. The question should be the same, if not, then an error !!! This will be the correct answer. (Isee??? (a member of the sentence is missing) and I'm proudnature? I see what?, I'm proud of what?)

2) with participle turnovers; (look at the end of the sacrament, remember that there must be agreement with the word being definedin gender, number, case.)

3) with proper names enclosed in quotation marks and being the name of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;

4) with derivative prepositionsthanks to, in spite of, in spite ofand non-derivative preposition on used in speechupon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;

5) with double alliancesnot only but; like…and;

6) using quotes;

7) beginning with the words:everyone who…; those who…; none of those who...

Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed checked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:

1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with an alternating vowel in the root (gar - mountains, zar - zor, clan - clone, creature - creation, lag - lie, bir - ber, feast - lane, dir - der, tir - ter, world - mer, blist - shine, stil - stel, jig - burned, chit - even, kas -kos, rast - rosch - grew, jump - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).

2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words in which an unstressed vowel requires memorization;

3) if you found a dictionary word, you can cross it out, as it will not be the correct answer;

4) if by the way you managed to pick up a test in which an obscure vowel sound was stressed and is clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.

Task 9. Identify the sequence in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write these words out with the missing letter.

You need to know the following spelling rules:

• spelling of prefixes on -З and -С;
• spelling of prefixes PRE and PRI;

• Remember:

Task 10. Write out the word in which the letter E / I / is written at the place of the gap

Task execution algorithm:

1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If the vowel is omitted at the end, then use the indefinite form of the verb to establish its conjugation:

• in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation, vowels E, U are written;
• in the personal endings of the verbs of the second conjugation, vowels I, A (I) are written.

3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

• missing vowel in participle suffixesush, yusch, ash, box, im, eat (om).
• missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn.

4) Spelling participle suffixesush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om)depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

• in participles formed from verbs of I conjugation, suffixes are written usch, yusch, em (om);
• in participles formed from verbs II conjugation, suffixes are written ash, box, im.

5) Vowel spelling before suffixes participles vsh and nn depends on whether to press - yat or it - to eat the indefinite form of the original verb ends:

• yat or yat, then before in passive past participles, the vowel is preserved and I);
• if the original verb ends in ite or et, then only e is written before nn;
• before suffix vsh retains the same vowel, as before the end be in an indefinite form.

HINT: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (THEY do what? THEY do what?) ending -ut-yut - verb 1 conjugation - in endings you should write a letter E ,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter AND .

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap

Need to know the spelling of suffixes

• nouns (ets, itz; ink, enk; out, in; ichk, echk; ik, ek);
• adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv);
• verbs ( willow, willow; eva, ova; And, E before the stressed suffix wa).

Task execution algorithm:

1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.

2) Apply the desired rule.

Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT with the nightingale is written ONE. (SEPARATE). Open the brackets and write out this word.

)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

• NOT with nouns, quality adjectives, adverbs in -O and -E;
• NOT with verbs and gerunds;
• NOT with participles.

1. Not with nouns, adjectives, adverbs in O, E

2. Not with verbs and gerunds

3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.

4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNS

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are written CLEARLY (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write out these two words.

Task execution algorithm:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the underlined word belongs to.

• Unions so that, also, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, because are written together ; they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech.
• Words of other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound whatever, the same likewise, for that, for that, for that, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them(well, would) can either be removed from the proposal, or rearranged to another place; other component(that, that, than, so, that) replace with other words.
• Derivative prepositions are written together:DUE TO = due to, IN VIEW = due to, ABOUT = about, TOGETHER = to, DESPITE = contrary to.
• Derivative prepositions are written separately:DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN DIFFERENCE, IN CONCLUSION, DURING.
• For continuous, hyphenated or separate spelling of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Task 14.Indicate all the numbers in the place of which HH (H) is written

1. determine what part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;
2. apply the spelling rule Н and НН in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun:

Adjective:

Participles:

Task 15.Set up punctuation marks. Specify the numbers of sentences in which you need to put one comma.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine which unions connect them:

• if it is a single connecting or dividing union (and, or, either, yes (= and), commain front of himnot put;
• if it is a double union (as ..., and; not so much ... as; not only but; though...but), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double union;
• if thisrepeated alliances, thena comma is placedonly in front of those who arebetween homogeneous members;
• before opposing alliancesbetween homogeneous membersalways put a comma.

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: ifhomogeneous membersin a sentence are combined in pairs, thena comma is placed between paired groups and only one!

Task 16.Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

Remember:

• participialanswers the questionswhich? which? which? which?;
• gerundanswers the questionshaving done what? doing what?And denotes an additional action with a verb - a predicate; participial turnoveranswers the questionsas? when? why?
• punctuation in participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;
• the adverbial turnover is always distinguished in writing by commas;
• homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and participial phrases and connected by a single union And, are not separated by a comma.

Task execution algorithm:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies (DO- does not stand out with commas !!! AFTER the word being defined - stands out !!!).

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the union AND, expressed by participial or participial phrases. A comma is not put before the union And.

4).Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of the turnover, thisprovocation!!! Eliminate them!!!Use the trick to eliminate the highlighted turnover.

Task 17.

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic construction.Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.

Task execution algorithm:

1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.

• Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.
• Homonymous with the introductory words, the members of the sentence cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas:as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the end, it seems to be, hardly, anyway, after all, even, exactly, sometimes, as it were, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, probably, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, let, decisively, nevertheless, only, supposedly.

Task 18.Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.

2. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember!As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task.with adjectives, in themconjunction word whichis not at the beginning of the subordinate part, butIn the middleher, thereforeA comma is not placed before the allied word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word "which"

4. Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects:parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

Task 19.Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in the place of which commas should be in the sentence.

To complete the task, use the algorithm:

1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.

2. Define the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic construction.

3. See how these parts are connected.

4. Find out if the offer containsUnion And, and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

• ifhomogeneous members, then there is a comma before itnot put;
• ifparts of a complex sentence, then there is a comma before itput.

5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

• Comma between conjunctionsNOT putif the words go further in the sentencethen yes, but
• Comma between conjunctionsput, ifno THEN, SO, BUT.

Task 20.Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:

• they (argument and output) contain the main information;
• therefore, among the answer options, one should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.
• Remember the main information is given only in its direct meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICLY)

Task execution algorithm:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the causal relationship between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, introductory constructions.

3. Shorten the text by crossing out secondary information (various explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Transmit in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Compare your text compression option (your sentence that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.

Task 21.Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Read the text.

2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary "photography":

• if it is possible to “photograph” the entire text in one frame, this isdescription;
• if it is possible to “photograph” the text in a successive series of frames, this isnarration;
• if the text cannot be "photographed" - thisreasoning.

3. Remember that

• descriptionshows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);
• narrationtells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of characters);
• reasoningproves and is built according to the scheme: thesis - proof - final conclusion.

1. Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.

Task 22.From the given sentences write out synonyms (synonymous pair). (There may be various lexical means.

Task execution algorithm:

1. If in the task it is required to find a certain lexical unit in the specified passage of text, it is necessary

recall the definition of this lexical unit:

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual.

Homonyms- These are words that are identical in sound (with a possible different spelling) or spelling (with a possible different sound), but different in meaning.

historicisms- these are obsolete words that have fallen into disuse due to the disappearance of the objects and phenomena that they denoted from life.

Neologisms– new words of limited use.

Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang your nose, win, voice of crying)

Task 23.Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is connected with the previous one using a possessive pronoun (another means of communication). Write the number of this offer.

Lexical means of communication required in task B7:

• lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);
• synonyms and synonymic substitutions;
• contextual synonyms;
• antonyms (including contextual ones).

Morphological means of communication:

• unions;
• personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;
• adverbs;
• degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

The syntactic means of communication of sentences include:

• syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences);
• parceling (withdrawal from the sentence of any part and its execution in the form of an independent incomplete sentence);
• incomplete sentences;
• introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.

Task execution algorithm:

1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronominal connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.

2. Remember that you must determine the relationship of this sentencewith the previous, with the one that isto the offer you are considering.

Task 24.Restore the missing terms in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive means of the language presented in the sample of answers.
2. Divide all the terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.
3. Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.

four . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list of those terms that, according to the meaning, cannot be in place of gaps in the text.

1. trails- words and expressions used in a figurative sense:

• epithet- figurative definition (Throughwavythe moon sneaks through the fog ... / A.S. Pushkin/);
• personification- attribution of qualities, actions, emotions of a person to objects, nature, abstract concepts (The earth is sleepingin the glow of blue / M.Yu. Lermontov/);
• comparison- a comparison of two objects or phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other (Iceweak on the studenoy riverlike melting sugarlies on. Nekrasov/);
• metaphor- the transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (Lightsrowan bonfirered / S.A. Yesenin /);
• metonymy- allegorical designation of the subject of speech, "renaming", replacing one concept with another that has a causal relationship with it (All flagswill visit us / A.S. Pushkin/);
• synecdoche- a kind of metonymy, when the name of the part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);
• hyperbola- excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (The sunset burned in a hundred thousand suns / V.V. Mayakovsky /);
• litotes- excessive underestimation of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (your spitz, lovely spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboyedov /);
• irony- hidden mockery; the use of a word or expression in the opposite sense of the literal (Otkol,clever, you wanderhead? / I.A. Krylov/);
• paraphrase– replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their distinctive features or an indication of characteristic features (King of beasts/instead ofa lion/);

2. Figures of speech- special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:

• antithesis- a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images (You are wretched, You are plentiful, You are powerful, You are powerless, Mother Russia! / N.A. Nekrasov /);
• inversion- reverse word order (whitenssail lonely/M.Yu. Lermontov/);
• gradation- the arrangement of words or expressions in ascending or descending order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) (Glowing, burning, shininghuge blue eyes)
• oxymoron- a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning (Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);
• parceling- intentional violation of the boundaries of the sentence (It happened a long time ago. A very long time ago. Anna had trouble. Big.);
• anaphoramonophony, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases (Waitme and I'll be back. Just wait a lot.Waitwhen yellow rains make you sad,Waitwhen it snows,Waitwhen the heatWaitwhen others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov/);
• epiphora- repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent constructions (I would like to know why Ititular councilor? Why exactlytitular councilor? /N.V. Gogol /);
• rhetorical question- a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (To be or not to be? / Shakespeare /);
• rhetorical appeal- emotional appeal to people who are not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);
• ellipsis- omission of the predicate, giving speech dynamism (We villages - to ashes, cities - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);
• lexical repetition- intentional repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep:sleepinggrass,slepttrees,sleptclouds).
• questionable- response form of presentation- a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What to do? I don’t know. Whom to ask for advice? Unknown.);
• syntactic parallelism- the same syntactic construction of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar members of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. / M.Yu. Lermontov /);
• homogeneous members of the sentence.

3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary

Dialect words -a word or phrase existing in a particular locality (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialectism):cock-kochet

jargon- the speech of a social group, different from the common language, containing many artificial words and expressions. There are different jargons: salon, philistine, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc."Smell" - from the jargon of hunters, "amba" - from the sea.

Antonyms(fromGreek Ant- against and onuma- name) - words that have opposite meanings:"Deceit and love", "Whiter is only a shine, blacker is a shadow."

Archaisms(from the Greek Archaios - ancient) - an obsolete word or figure of speech.

Neologisms(from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) - a newly formed word that appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). Neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, "mediocrity" instead of "mediocrity".

Synonyms(from Greek - the same name) 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close (or the same) in meaning: defeat-overcome (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - charming; hippopotamus - hippopotamus. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that converge in meaning in the same context, these words are individual, situational in nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); the voice (murmur) of the waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) of foliage.

Contextual synonyms -words or a combination of words that acquire a close meaning only in a certain context."Doing nothing" - passive rest.

Phraseologism -lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, integral in meaning, a phrase reproduced in the form of a finished speech unit. (Frown eyebrows, win, lower head, bloody nose, burn with shame, bare teeth, sudden death, longing takes, biting frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate position)

Homonyms-similar-sounding words with different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (a lot and change your mind). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

PART 2

It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author's position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and conclusively expressing one's own attitude to what was read. The volume of the essay is at least 200 words.

In order to perform the task correctly, you need to knowPart C evaluation criteria.

Essay writing plan - reasoning on the proposed text

Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, compiled on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of part C:

1. Formulate the problem - K 1

2. Comment on the problem.K-2

4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4

5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).

6. Final conclusion (conclusion).

Problem- a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.

A series of publications with advice from specialists from the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) continues with a story about preparing for the Unified State Examination in a subject that is mandatory for all graduates - the Russian language.

When preparing for the unified state exam in the Russian language, it is important to take into account the main thing: there is nothing in the text of the examination paper that would go beyond the limits of school programs in the Russian language.

First of all, you need to familiarize yourself with a demonstration version of the control measuring materials (KIM) of the Unified State Examination of 2017 in the Russian language on the FIPI website.

When preparing for the tasks of the first part of the examination paper, which contains 24 tasks with a short answer, it is worth paying attention to the fact that this part is not limited only to testing the ability to write and punctuate correctly. Along with the skills of mastering spelling norms (tasks 8–14) and punctuation norms (tasks 15–19), the skills of mastering the basic language literary norms (tasks 4–7) and the skills of semantic and speech analysis of the read text (tasks 1–3 and 20) are tested here. –24).

Particular attention should be paid to tasks that test the development of the following content elements: spelling -n- and -nn- in various parts of speech (task 14), punctuation marks in a complex sentence with different types of connection (task 19), functional semantic types of speech ( task 21).

It must be borne in mind that in task 17, which tests the ability to isolate constructions that are not grammatically related to the sentence, examples with isolated calls can now be used. The text can be used both prose and verse, while the wording of the task will remain the same.

The change in task 22, which is focused on testing the ability to conduct a lexical analysis of a word in context, will consist in the fact that the phenomenon indicated in the task can be represented in the source text in more than one form. Thus, a request to write out a phraseological unit from the text does not mean that there is only one phraseological unit in the indicated fragment: there may be several. The task of the USE participant is to write out only one phraseological unit.

In task 23, which was devoted to identifying the means of communication between sentences in the text and, in previous years, it assumed only one answer, now there can be either one or several answers. In this regard, the wording of the task itself has been changed.

In the process of preparing for the second part of the examination work (task 25), it is recommended to pay special attention to the development of skills to comment on the problem posed and to express one's point of view with reason. To do this, you need to read more in order to be ready to demonstrate the breadth of understanding of any of the philosophical problems raised in the text of the examination paper, and to give literary arguments.

“When preparing for the exam, it is necessary to carry out systematic and systematic work to improve practical literacy and the level of proficiency in language and speech norms, because it is precisely according to the criteria that test these skills that examinees most often receive low scores,” advises the chairman of the federal commission of developers of the KIM USE in Russian Irina Tsybulko.

At the end of May, 11th grade graduates will face a rather difficult test - USE in Russian language 2017. This exam is considered mandatory, the same as mathematics, so everyone will have to take it without exception. To date, the main task for eleventh graders is timely preparation for the test so that the certificate is not spoiled by a bad grade. In addition, a high score for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language opens the door to the most prestigious universities in the country for the future applicant.

Most students, assuming that tests in Russian are not as difficult as mathematics or physics, are not prepared for the subject at all and, as a result, do not receive high enough scores. It must be remembered that the exam covers not only materials for grade 11, but also topics from previous years of study. In addition, the exam includes such tasks that require extraordinary thinking. As you can see, the Russian language is not such an easy subject, and given the future, predicted for 2017, it will become even more difficult.

What should be prepared for?

The fact that tests in the Russian language are waiting for a number of innovations has been said more than once. For many years, scientists and teachers have been developing an optimal knowledge testing system that could reflect the real knowledge of students. In 2017, it is planned to introduce an oral part in the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. This has already been stated by Lyudmila Verbitskaya (head of the Russian Academy of Education).

At this stage, all the necessary transformations have already been developed. It remains only to understand how to rationally use them in this.

Until 2017, all students of general education schools took the Russian language in writing. The test form that was in the forms is, of course, a good thing, but it is not able to reflect the real knowledge of graduates, because they can simply guess the answer. But what about punctuation or spelling? Tests are not able to thoroughly show the literacy of the student.

The oral exam will help to identify gaps in knowledge, the ability to accurately express one's thoughts, put sentences out of words and lead a narrative that is understandable to examiners.

In our time, the correct staging of speech is extremely important, especially in sectors of the economy. Any leader should be able to formulate tasks for subordinates, be able to express thoughts and convey their ideas to others. Just for this, every student must learn spelling, as well as learn the basics of oratory.

The oral block is far from all the changes that await the Russian language exam. In the upcoming 2017, officials intend to introduce a grading system for a control essay. Recall that at the moment, for the manifestation of creative abilities and the ability to logically build their own thoughts, the student received simply “pass” or “fail”.

Lyudmila Verbitskaya considers this an unfair approach, especially for those students who can show the level of their knowledge through an essay. Only the introduction of a clear assessment scale will help to clearly recognize the level of preparedness of the student and form a clear objective view of the exam.

Dates

Early exams will begin on May 25, 2017. Just during this period, eleventh-graders will be able to pass the Russian language. The main tests are scheduled for May 30. Retake for those who “flunked” the subject or want to increase their grade, there will be an opportunity to take the second exam on June 27th. The reserve days are April 15 and September 24.

Conducting the exam in the Russian language

To cope with all the tasks, students are given an hour. In the allotted time, it is necessary to solve all two blocks, which include 24 questions. The first block consists of questions that must be answered numerically or verbally. On the second form, students must write an essay on a given topic.

Evaluation scale

Back in 2015, for this test, you could get a “pass / fail”. Since 2016, points have appeared, the amount of which depended on the number of correct answers. From the table below, you can find out the exact number of points that you can get for a particular question.

The second part of the exam requires the student to show creativity and fluency in Russian. Note that essays are evaluated in a special way, so the examiner will not be surprised by grammar alone.

For a correctly completed second part of the exam, the student can earn 25 points. In general, for two blocks, the graduate will earn 57 points, to which points are added according to other criteria. Given that the knowledge assessment system is 100 points, in order to understand what grade a student has earned, it is enough to refer to this scheme:

• 0 - 24 - "two"
• 25 - 57 - "troika"
• 58 - 71 - "four"
• from 72 - “five”

Note that the minimum number of points for admission to a university is only 36 points, but to obtain a certificate it is enough to score 24 points.

Materials for preparing for the exam in the Russian language

Now a mass of literature is published annually, which helps future graduates prepare for the exam. In addition, a lot of additional materials are provided for general access on the FIPI official website, namely:

1. Demo version of the exam
2. Task forms
3. Training compilations
4. Video consultations

Among the most optimal literature for preparation, it is worth highlighting the manual from the author Tsybulko I.P.