Dissolve zinc chloride in water. Zinc chloride: composition and molar mass. Molar mass of elements and compounds
Zinc Chloride (Zinc Chloride, Zinc Dichloride, Soldering Acid)– a chemical compound of zinc with chlorine.
Physicochemical characteristics.
Formula ZnCl 2. White powder. Density 2.91 g/cm3. Melting point - 318°C. The melted preparation is a transparent porcelain mass. Boiling point 732°C. At 650÷700°C, thick white smoke of sublimating ZnCl 2 is formed. It is extremely hygroscopic, moist air passed over ZnCl 2 contains only 0.98 mg/l H 2 O. In the temperature range of 12.5÷26 ° C it can exist in the form of ZnCl 2 × 1.5 H 2 O hydrate with a melting point of 26 °C, which is very soluble in water, ethanol, glycerin.
| Solvent | Temperature, °C | Solubility, g/100g solvent |
| Ethanol | 12,5 | 100 |
| Sulfur dioxide | 0 | 0,160 |
| Glycerol | 15,3 | 49,9 |
| Ammonia liquid | Insoluble | |
| Diethyl ether | Well soluble | |
| Pyridine | 0 | 1,6 |
| 20 | 2,6 | |
| 105 | 19,4 | |
| Acetone | 18 | 43,5 |
| Water | 0 | 208 |
| 10 | 272 | |
| 20 | 367 | |
| 25 | 408 | |
| 30 | 435 | |
| 40 | 453 | |
| 50 | 471 | |
| 60 | 495 | |
| 80 | 549 | |
| 100 | 614 |
Application.
Zinc chloride (zinc chloride) is used:
- as a drying agent;
- in fire protection for fire protection (fire-resistant foam, impregnation of cardboard and fabrics);
- for antiseptic impregnation of wood, sleepers;
- in fiber production;
- in the chemical industry for the production of vanillin and zinc cyanide;
- in technological processes for the production of dyes and cotton dyeing;
- in the oil industry during oil refining;
- in metallurgy in the production of metals such as aluminum, in soldering processes, in the preparation of metal products for galvanizing and chrome plating;
- in galvanic batteries and for other purposes.
Activated carbon is a product of heat treatment of carbon-containing raw materials (wood, peat, coal), which has a porous structure and due to this a large surface area. Used to purify gases and liquids from impurities.
The use of zinc chloride in activated carbon production technology makes it possible to obtain activated carbon with high technical performance.
For example, for activated carbon from birch sawdust, treatment with zinc chloride makes it possible to increase the specific surface area by 20 times from 50 m 2 /g to 1000 m 2 /g compared to untreated activated carbon.
The technology for the production of activated carbon using zinc chloride for birch sawdust 5 mm in size is carried out in three stages.
1. First, the starting material is impregnated with an aqueous solution of zinc chloride (0.5 kg of zinc chloride per 1 kg of sawdust). Then drying is carried out for 50-70 hours at a temperature of 102-105 ° C. Drying is carried out until the weight of the material stops decreasing.
2. Heat treatment (carbonization) is carried out in a horizontal flow reactor in an argon flow at 25–800 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C/min and holding at the final temperature for 30 minutes. with a horizontal flow reactor in argon flow
3. Rinsing the products with water for 1.5 hours at a temperature of 60 degrees C until a neutral environment.
This product has a pore size of 0.5-3 microns and a fibrous texture. Specific surface 1000 m 2 /g.
Electrolytic zinc-cobalt coatings are used instead of cadmium coatings in shipbuilding. These coatings are highly corrosion resistant in marine environments, but unlike cadmium coatings, they are cheaper and less toxic.
The zinc-cobalt coating was applied using an electrolyte of the following composition (g/l):
Zinc chloride (in terms of metal) 30-40;
Cobalt (II) chloride (in terms of metal) 10-20;
Ammonium chloride 20-260;
Boric acid 20-30;
Bone glue 2-3.
The preparation of an electrolyte for electrodeposition of a zinc-cobalt alloy to replace the toxic cadmium plating electrolyte is carried out as follows:
1) The calculated amount of ammonium chloride is dissolved and the solution is introduced into the galvanic bath;
2) Dissolve the calculated amount of zinc chloride in a separate container and add it to the ammonium chloride solution;
3) Dissolve cobalt chloride and add it to the ammonium chloride solution;
4) The calculated amount of boric acid is introduced into the electrolyte, which is first dissolved in hot water.
The electrolyte must be kept for 24 hours to form complexes of zinc and cobalt. The electrolyte is filtered, the pH of the electrolyte is adjusted to the required value and processed at a current density of 0.5-0.7 A/dm 2 for 2-3 hours. Then the additive TsKN-3 or glue is introduced. The glue must first be soaked in warm water (t=40-45 °C). After introducing the adhesive or additive, the electrolyte must be worked in operating mode for 1 hour until a coating of the required quality is obtained.
The electrolyte is adjusted according to chemical analysis data for zinc and cobalt. A complex salt of zinc and cobalt is introduced into the electrolyte. The addition of glue or TsKN-3 is carried out according to the appearance of the coating. The pH of the electrolyte is adjusted by adding ammonium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid (1:2).
Production of laboratory samples of zinc-cobalt coating:
1) The sample to be coated is degreased in an alkaline environment;
2) Washing the sample in distilled water at a temperature of 298K;
3) The sample is etched in an acid solution, the composition of which depends on the base material. In the case of a copper sample, etching is carried out in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids. In the case of a steel base, etching is carried out in hydrochloric acid;
4) Washing the sample in distilled water at a temperature of 298K.
A saturated solution of zinc chloride is used as a flux when soldering with soft low-tin solders POS-18, POS-30, etc. This flux is used in cases where the corrosive effect of flux residues is not important and special strength is not required from the solder. In this way, products made of zinc, galvanized iron, iron, brass, and copper are soldered.
Zinc chloride is part of a paste-like flux for brazing stainless steel. This flux is produced as follows. Crystalline sodium tetraborate and boric acid are mixed in equal quantities. The powder mixture is then added to a saturated aqueous solution of zinc chloride until a paste-like consistency is obtained.
In addition, zinc chloride is used together with ammonium chloride as a flux when melting and pouring sliding bearings based on cadmium alloys.
Wood is a material that is not very resistant to rot (infection with spores of wood-decaying fungi).
To operate wooden products near sources of fungal infection (temperature from +2 to +45 °C, humidity more than 25%), wood is impregnated with an antiseptic - a saturated solution of zinc chloride. For example, the average duration of railway service sleepers impregnated with zinc chloride are: pine - 15 years; spruce, beech - 10 years; oak - 18 years. Impregnation is carried out under pressure or in open baths by immersion.
Receipt.
Zinc chloride is obtained by dissolving zinc or its oxide in hydrochloric acid, followed by evaporation of the solutions or by heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine.
Zinc chloride is also called zinc chloride and zinc dichloride. This chemical reagent has a fairly wide range of applications. Zinc chloride (ZnCl 2) is white crystals or flakes, sometimes with a yellowish tint, capable of absorbing water vapor from the environment.
Main characteristics
Completely odorless.
- Solubility, which varies depending on the temperature of the water. For example, at a temperature of 25 °C, 432 g of zinc chloride can be dissolved in 100 g of water, and at a temperature of 100 °C - already 614 g. On average, the compound has 80% solubility in water. Along with water, good solvents for zinc chloride are acetone, ethyl alcohol, ether and glycerin.
- Not flammable.
- Toxic if inhaled; if it comes into contact with the skin and mucous membranes, it causes chemical burns, so you need to work with this substance using protective equipment.
Production
Industrial production of zinc chloride is carried out in two ways. During the first, zinc is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Moreover, both pure zinc and its oxides and even zinc-containing secondary raw materials are suitable for this method. After dissolution, the solution is evaporated.
The second method involves using zinc in liquid or (less commonly) granular form. Chlorine is applied to the zinc, simultaneously heating the zinc to a temperature of 420 °C.
Purification of zinc chloride occurs by sublimation; production standards are prescribed in GOST 7345-78 and 4529-78.
Storage and transportation
The storage area must be dry and well ventilated. It is important to exclude the possibility of scattering and spilling of the compound (if it is transported in the form of a solution), for which it is recommended to use sealed containers. The average shelf life ranges from 2 months to six months.
Zinc dichloride is transported in accordance with the cargo transportation rules that apply to this type of transport. During transportation, the reagent must be hermetically packaged, and the container must be marked in accordance with GOST 19433-88.
ZnCl2 is usually transported and stored in sealed tanks or barrels.
Application
Zinc chloride is widely used in completely different areas of industry. The most common areas of its use:
- In dentistry for the production of cements.
- For printing designs on chintz, in the production of dyes, including dyes for cotton fabrics, in light industry.
- For the production of refractory impregnations of various materials. 
- For oil refining.
- As a dehumidifier.
- In the coal industry - for conducting fractional tests of coal samples.
- In woodworking for antiseptic impregnation of wood.
- In metallurgy for refining melts, for purifying metals from the oxide layer.
- In the production of batteries.
- To improve the quality of soldering. This is one of the main areas of application of this reagent, therefore its aqueous solution is widely known as “soldering acid”.
Zinc chloride (zinc chloride, zinc dichloride), denoted by the formula ZnCl 2 and is a compound of two chemical elements - zinc and chlorine. It is a colorless, highly hygroscopic, crystalline substance with caustic properties. Zinc chloride is soluble in ether, ethanol, glycerin and acetone. Concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride dissolve starch, silk and cellulose, and that is why such a liquid is a medium strength Lewis acid. A Lewis acid is any compound that can accept an electron pair into an unfilled orbital. In other words, a Lewis acid is an electron pair acceptor.
Zinc chloride is a white crystalline substance with a density of 2.91 g/cm³ and a melting point of 322°C. The product is highly soluble in water, with an average compound solubility of 80 percent. Thus, 368 g of zinc chloride dissolves in 100 g of water at 20°C, and 614 g at 100°C. When zinc chloride is dissolved in water, the solution heats up due to the chemical interaction of the substance with the solvent. Zinc dichloride solutions are acidic; the pH of solutions usually varies from 1.5 to 3.5.
Zinc chloride always contains some amount of water, because... it is hygroscopic. Due to its good solubility, this substance can completely dissolve in hygroscopic water and form viscous, thick solutions with high density. Typically, the composition of a zinc chloride solution must be adjusted after determining its density using a hydrometer (a device for measuring the density of liquids and solids).
Zinc chloride has chemical properties that are characteristic of soluble zinc salts. It can be obtained by dissolving zinc or its oxide in hydrochloric acid, heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine, or displacing other metals from their compounds (chlorides) with zinc.
The industrial method of production is the dissolution of zinc and its compounds in hydrochloric acid. Both pure zinc and its oxides and even zinc-containing secondary raw materials are suitable for this method. Subsequently, the resulting solution is evaporated, since the final product, in addition to zinc chloride, will be water or volatile gases. The second industrial method for producing ZnCl 2 is heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine. To do this, granulated zinc is melted at a temperature of 419.6 °C (zinc melting point).
In laboratories, zinc dichloride can be obtained by the action of pure zinc on solutions of chlorides of certain metals. Those metals that are to the right of zinc in the electrochemical series of voltages will be displaced by it from the compounds. The most common metals included in the reagents are copper, iron, mercury and silver. Another method for obtaining zinc chloride in laboratories is the action of metal chlorides or hydrochloric acid on zinc compounds.
Purification of zinc chloride occurs by sublimation (transition of a substance from a solid state to a gaseous state without remaining in a liquid state) at a temperature of 600°C - 700°C in a stream of chlorine.
Technical zinc chloride is supplied in industrial packaging:
- cargo is transported by rail, road and sea transport in closed compartments;
- transported in sealed original packaging;
- during transportation, the safety and integrity of the packaging should be ensured and zinc chloride should not be allowed to come into contact with the external environment;
- it is necessary to store the product in closed warehouses in sealed original packaging;
- during storage and use, the required safety measures for the product should be ensured and its spillage should not be allowed;
- It is recommended to store zinc chloride separately from food.
Subject to the conditions of transportation and storage in unopened original packaging, the guaranteed shelf life of zinc chloride is 12 months.
Zinc chloride is a useful substance widely used in industry. Its use is based on its specific chemical properties as a drying and fire-retardant agent.
The most common areas of use of zinc chloride:
- in the production of fire retardants, such as fire-resistant foam, impregnation of fabrics and cardboard;
- in the oil industry for killing oil wells;
- as an antiseptic impregnation of wood and railway sleepers;
- in the chemical industry in the production of zinc cyanide;
- in technological processes for the production of dyes;
- in metallurgy in the production of aluminum and in the processes of soldering steel or copper cases, screens, also as a flux for cleaning metals before soldering;
- used in the preparation of electrolyte for dry cells and galvanic baths in electroplating;
- in the textile industry as a paint fixer when dyeing fabrics;
- in the coal mining industry when testing coal samples for fractional composition;
- as a catalyst in organic synthesis for alkylation, Friedel-Crafts acylation;
- during hot-dip galvanizing (galvanizing in molten zinc).
Zinc chloride is a chemical compound of two elements - chlorine and zinc - and is designated by the formula ZnCl2. This substance is white crystals.
Zinc chloride dissolves quite easily in water - at room temperature its solubility is 80%. Chloride melts at 322°C and boils at 722°C.
Zinc chloride is obtained in two ways. The first option: zinc or its oxide is dissolved in hydrochloric acid, after which the solutions are evaporated from the resulting mixture. Second option: zinc (in liquid state) is heated in a stream of chlorine.
Hydrolysis of zinc chloride occurs by cation and has the following formula: ZnCl2 + H2O = ZnOHCl + HCl. The resulting solution is acidic.
Industrially produced zinc chloride is available in two forms: solid and liquid. In solid form, the substance should have the appearance of white flakes; slight staining of any color is acceptable. In the form of a solution, the chloride should be colorless or have a slight yellowish tint. The solution may be slightly cloudy.
In solid form, chloride should not be less than 97.7%, in solution - 50%. Zinc chloride is not flammable.
The substance is very dangerous for the environment and humans: it has degree 2 toxicity. The substance, upon contact with the skin and mucous membranes of a person or animal, causes irritation; with longer contact with the skin, it causes burns and corrodes tissue. Wounds formed in this way are very difficult to heal.
There is also a danger if the substance enters the respiratory tract. In small doses it causes soreness in the nasopharynx and throat, and a dry cough. Inhalation of large amounts of chloride may cause shortness of breath and so-called wheezing.
If the substance gets into the mucous membrane of the eye, the victim experiences quite intense cutting pain. If the eyes are not washed immediately, total or partial blindness may occur.
Due to the toxicity of zinc chloride, extreme care must be taken when transporting and using it. Crystalline zinc chloride is packaged in bags or drums and the solution is transported in steel barrels or special tanks.
Transportation of the substance is carried out both by rail and by road, and the substance is transported only in covered compartments and the responsible person is obliged to monitor the integrity of the packaging during transportation.
When working with zinc chloride, workers are required to wear protective clothing, rubberized gloves, and respirators that correspond to the level of concentration of the substance in the air.
Under no circumstances should zinc chloride be allowed to enter water bodies or sewerage systems.
Zinc chloride is used in many areas of production. It is used to impregnate wooden parts for disinfection (for example, wooden sleepers). This substance is involved in the manufacture of fiber, many dyes, many dental cements, cotton, zinc cyanide, aluminum and even vanillin. In addition, zinc chloride is used to clean metal surfaces before painting, soldering and chrome plating. This substance also plays a significant role in oil refining, analyzing coal samples and making voltaic batteries.
Zinc chloride is also used for dyeing chintz, producing viscose fibers, and as an electrolyte for galvanizing. It is possible to use the substance in medicine - as a drug that stops rotting; in gardening - as a microfertilizer.
In addition, zinc chloride, due to its brilliant ability to greedily absorb moisture from the air, is used as a desiccant. It is also indispensable in the fire department, as it is involved in the production of fire-resistant foam and the impregnation of fabrics and cardboard.
ANNOTATION
The article provides information about the importance of zinc compounds, in particular zinc chloride, and discusses some of its properties and production technologies.
The methods for producing zinc chloride and their testing in laboratory conditions are described in detail. By introducing granules of pure zinc and plates into solutions of iron, copper and mercury chlorides, solutions of zinc chloride were obtained.
Crystalline zinc chloride is obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on zinc hydroxide, followed by evaporation of the solution. By the action of barium chloride on zinc sulfate and subsequent separation of barium sulfate, a solution of zinc chloride and then crystalline zinc chloride are obtained.
Industrial methods for producing zinc chloride from roasted ore by dissolving in hydrochloric acid, by heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine, and by leaching zinc cakes - waste from processing zinc concentrate - with sulfuric acid solutions are considered. The requirements for zinc chloride are given.
A conclusion is made about the possibility of organizing the production of zinc chloride, since the republic has all the possibilities for this.
ABSTRACT
Information about the importance of zinc compounds, in particular, zinc chloride is presented; some of its properties and production technologies are considered in the article.
Methods of obtaining zinc chloride and their approbation in laboratory conditions are described in detail. Solutions of zinc chloride are produced by the introduction of granules of pure zinc and plates into solutions of iron, copper and mercury chlorides.
Crystalline zinc chloride has been obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on zinc hydroxide followed by evaporation of the solution. A solution of zinc chloride and then crystalline zinc chloride is obtained by the action of barium chloride on zinc sulfate and the subsequent separation of barium sulphate.
Industrial methods for the production of zinc chloride from calcined ore by dissolving in hydrochloric acid, by heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine, by leaching zinc cakes - waste from processing of zinc concentrate with solutions of sulfuric acid are considered. The requirements for zinc chloride are given.
The conclusion is made about the opportunity of organizing the production of zinc chloride since the country has all the possibilities.
Keywords: zinc chloride, soldering, sediment, hydrochloric acid, hydrometallurgy, rolling.
Keywords: zinc chloride; soldering; residue; hydrochloric acid; hydrometallurgy; roll bender.
Zinc chloride is widely used in Uzbekistan, but is not currently produced, despite the fact that there are a large number of zinc raw materials.
Zinc compounds are of great importance in the metallurgical, paint and varnish and chemical industries. The most important of them are zinc sulfate and zinc chloride. Other compounds - zinc oxide and hydroxide, zinc sulfide and others - play the role of raw materials, intermediates and products in a number of industries. Some properties of the main zinc compounds and the technology of zinc sulfate and zinc chloride are discussed here.
Zinc chloride technical (zinc chloride) is used as a drying agent; for fire protection (fire-resistant foam, impregnation of cardboard and fabrics); for antiseptic impregnation of wood, sleepers; in fiber production; when producing vanillin and zinc cyanide; in the production of dyes and cotton dyeing; during oil refining; in aluminum production; during the soldering process, during galvanizing and preparing metal products for chrome plating; in galvanic batteries and for other purposes.
When soldering steel or copper cases, screens or other large objects, where the use of other fluxes makes soldering difficult, only zinc chloride is used.
The experimental conditions completely simulate production conditions. The analysis of the initial ore, intermediate and final products was carried out using analytical methods known and used at the enterprise.
In the laboratory, zinc chloride can be obtained by the action of pure zinc on solutions of chlorides of certain metals. Those metals that are to the right of zinc in the electrochemical series of voltages will be displaced by it from the compounds. The most common metals found in reagents are iron, copper, mercury, and silver. To carry out the reaction, a small amount of ferric chloride solution (copper, mercury or silver) is taken into a test tube, then pure zinc granules or a zinc plate are added there.
2 FeCl 3 + 3 Zn = 3 ZnCl 2 + 2 Fe
Since the solution of iron III chloride is yellow in color, after the reaction the solution becomes discolored, and pure iron precipitates. This is a visual confirmation of the successful completion of the reaction:
CuCl 2 + Zn = ZnCl 2 + CuHgCl 2 + Zn =
=ZnCl 2 + Hg 2AgCl + Zn = ZnCl 2 + 2 Ag
Another laboratory method for obtaining zinc chloride is the action of chloride salts of certain metals or hydrochloric acid on zinc compounds. To carry out the reaction, a calculated amount of zinc hydroxide is poured into a test tube and an equivalent amount of hydrochloric acid is added. After the neutralization reaction, a colorless solution of zinc chloride is formed. To obtain the substance in dry form, the solution is transferred to a porcelain cup and placed on an electric stove. After evaporation, a white precipitate is formed.
Zn(OH) 2 + 2 HCl = ZnCl 2 + 2 H 2 O
The required amount of zinc sulfate solution is taken into a test tube and barium chloride is added. With correct calculation, the substances react with each other completely (without residue), and the final products are separated. Barium sulfate will precipitate, and zinc chloride will remain in solution. The precipitate is filtered off and the solution is evaporated.
ZnSO 4 + BaCl 2 = ZnCl 2 + BaSO 4 ↓
Zinc production is one of the largest metallurgical industries. The total production of zinc in the world is more than 8 million tons per year. In Uzbekistan, the main amount of zinc is produced by Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine JSC.
The industrial method of production is dissolving zinc and its compounds in hydrochloric acid. The starting material can be roasted ore. Subsequently, the resulting solution is evaporated, since the final product, in addition to zinc chloride, will be water or volatile gases.
Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2 ZnO + 2 HCl =
ZnCl 2 + H 2 OZnS + 2 HCl = ZnCl 2 + H 2 S
Another industrial method for producing ZnCl 2 is heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine. To do this, granulated zinc is melted at a temperature of 419.6 °C (zinc melting point).
Zn + Cl 2 =t= ZnCl 2
Zinc chloride, obtained by exposing calcined ore to hydrochloric acid and heating liquid zinc in a stream of chlorine, must meet the following requirements:
Quality certificate (zinc chloride):
Index | Norm |
Appearance | White or lightly colored scales |
Mass fraction of the main substance, %, not less | |
Substances insoluble in hydrochloric acid, %, no more | |
Sodium, potassium, calcium (Na + K + Ca), %, no more | |
Mass fraction of iron (Fe), %, no more | |
Mass fraction of heavy metals (Pb), %, no more | |
Mass fraction of copper (Cu), %, no more | |
Mass fraction of cadmium (Cd), %, no more | |
Mass fraction of sulfates (SO 4 2-),%, no more |
In calculating the costs of metallurgical enterprises, the main share is the cost of the extracted metals in the purchased raw materials. Thus, the price of zinc in sulfide zinc flotation concentrates can be up to 60% of the cost of metal in ingots.
In the hydrometallurgical technology of zinc production, zinc concentrates after roasting and leaching form a significant amount (about 30-45%) of solid middling product - zinc cakes, which, depending on the raw materials supplied for roasting, contain a large number of valuable components - zinc, lead, copper compounds , cadmium, silver, gold, as well as trace elements: thallium, indium, etc. In this case, up to 80% of the indium supplied with the initial zinc concentrate goes into the leaching cakes. The zinc content in cakes is about 15-25%, which is comparable to that in oxidized zinc ores, however, the forms of metal in cakes require special processing methods.
According to available data, the following basic technologies for processing zinc cakes have been developed and industrialized:
– Hydrometallurgical – mainly comes down to the leaching of zinc cakes with sulfuric acid solutions at elevated temperatures (70-200°C). Further technology comes down to purifying the resulting zinc sulfate solution from impurities, primarily iron, in order to ensure its quality necessary for electrolysis. Iron from solution is most often removed into a separate product, known as a “tail” product.
– Pyrometallurgical methods using processes occurring at temperatures of 400-1300°C. The main method of pyrometallurgical processing is Waeltzing, i.e. high-temperature firing in rotating tubular kilns. Technologies for sublimation of zinc in an electric arc furnace, magnetizing roasting with subsequent leaching of cinders, and chlorinating roasting in fluidized bed furnaces are also known.
The Republic of Uzbekistan has all the capabilities for the production of zinc chloride. Based on literature data and experimental work, we can conclude that it is possible to obtain zinc chloride under industrial conditions.
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