uy > Qadimgi Sharq > O'rta asrlarda harbiy yo'qotishlar. Muz ustida jang. Taktik xususiyatlar, qo'shinlarning shakllanishi va soni Livoniya qofiyali yilnomasidan parcha

O'rta asrlarda harbiy yo'qotishlar. Muz ustida jang. Taktik xususiyatlar, qo'shinlarning shakllanishi va soni Livoniya qofiyali yilnomasidan parcha

pF UBNSHCHY DTECHOYI CHTENEO, LPZDB MPYBDSH UMKHTSYMB FPMSHLP UTEDUFChPN RETEDCHYTSEOYS OBFOSCHI CHPYOPCH, Y DP OPCHEKYEZP CHTENEY LBCHBMETYKULBS UMKCHTPOOFYBYVE, UMKCHTPOOFYMBIVE DPCH PTHTSYS.

VSHUFTPFB DCHYTSEOYS HAQIDA MPIBDY DHI UNEMPUFY, CHSTBVBFSCCHBENSCHK PE CHUBDOYLE CHETIPCHPK EBDK, VSHMY RTYYUYOBNY FPZP, YuFP LPOOBS TMKHTSVNY PLTCHTUSBDRBUSHTYF YGB LPZP DHIB. REIPFB Y BTFYMMETYS DPMTSOSCH VSHMY PFMYUBFSHUS RTEINHEEUFCHEOOP ZTBTSDBOULYNY DPVMEUFSNY - UFPKLPUFSHA Y KHRPTUFCHPN, B LPOOYGB - VPMEE DCHPTSOULYNY TFEMSHOUSCHUYB CHPUFSH.

CHOBYUBME RPMSH'PCHBMYUSH VSHUFTTPFPK MPYBDI FPMSHLP DMS RETEDCHYTSEOYK, DMS VPS TSE ChPYOSCH UREYYCHBMYUSH; OP 'BFEN CHP'OILMB NSCHUMSH RPMSH'PCHBFSHUS CHUBDOILPN Y MPYBDSHA DMS KHDBTB Y LBL VSHCH VTPUBFSH YI RPMOSHN IPDPN OERTYSFEMS HAQIDA. rPDPVOSHK PVTB DEKUFCHYK DETTSBMUS PYUEOSH DPMZPE CHTENS, Y PYUECHYDOP, UFP RTY OEN LPOOYGB NPZMB DEKUFCHBFSH YULMAYUYUYFEMSHOP OBUFHRBFEMSHOP. TEKHMSHFBFPN LFPZP VSCHMP FP, YuFP REIPFB NPZMB DEKUFChPCHBFSH HAQIDA CHUSLPK NEUFOPUFY Y RTYFPN LBL OBUFKHRBFEMSHOP, FBL Y PVPTPPOYFEMSHOP; DMS LPOOIGSH CE OHTSOB VSHMB TPCHOBS, ZPTY'POFBMSHOBS, PFLTSCHFBS NEUFOPUFSH, Y CHNEUFE U FEN LPOOYGB OE NPZMB OH BFBLPCHBFSH 'BEEEOOOSCH LBLYNY-MYVP OBLTSYSHYFTYFTYF FEMSHULPK BFBLY, NEUF HAQIDA OFPS.

pVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB LFY RPCHMELMY UB UPVPK UYMSHOPE HCHEMYUEOYE REIPFSCH CH UPUFBCHE BTNYK, LPZDB PZOEUFTEMSHOPE PTKHTSYE Y RILY DBMY EK CHPNPTSOPUFSHUBFUSB.

OP RPMSH'B LPOOIGSH RTY OUEEOYY UFPTPTSECHPK Y TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOPK UMHTSVSH, VMBZPDBTS EE RPDCHYTSOPUFYY VSCHUFTPFE, RPDDETSYCHBMB EE OBYOOYE CHSHPECHBOSSPYH OBYUYFEMSHOPN YUYUME PE CHUEI BTNYSI. h LFPC UMKHTSVE POB CHUEZDB VSHMB OBYVPME RTYZPDOB CHOE 'BCHYUINPUFY PF EE CHPPTHTSEOYS Y TPDB RTPFPYCHOILB.

MEZLIE CHUBDOYLY ZTELPCH, RETUPCH, TYNMSO, CHPPVEE CHUSLBS IPTPYBS MEZLPOYGB VSHMB Y VKhDEF DMS LFPC UMHTSVSH UPCHETYEOOP OEPVIPDYNB, OEBCHYUYNPPV PF CHUBSCHUPSKP FSCH, LBL BUUYTYKULYE CHPYOSCH, UTBTSBCHYYEUS HAQIDA LPMEUOYGBI, UEMY CH RETCHSHCHK TB HAQIDA UCHPYI KHRTSTTSOSHI MPYBDEC , Y DP FPZP CHTENEOY, LPZDB RTHUULYE KHMBOSHCH TBURTPUFTBOSMY UFTBI Y XTSBU RP CHUEK ZhTBOGYY.

h TBYAEDBI, OBVEZBI, RTEUMEDPCHBOY PFUFKHRBAEEZP CHTBZB, RTYLTSCHFYY DCHYTSEOYS Y F.R. LPOOYGB CHUEZDB 'BOYNBMB RETCHPE NEUFP Y OE YNEMB UPRETOILPC. oBRTPFYCH FPZP, PFOPUYFEMSHOP CHBTSOPUFY HAQIDA RPME UTBTSEOYS CHUEZDB CHEMBUSH RPUFPSOOBS VPTSHVB NETSDH TBMYUOSCHNY TPDBNY PTTHTSYS, Y FTHDOP OBDESFSHUS, YuUFSHPOSHPUSHIFP US CH RPMSH'X FPK YMY DTHZPK UFPTPOSHCH. YYMPTSEOOSCHYE UFTBOYGBI HAQIDA OBN CHSHCHRBMB 'BDBBUB RTEDUFBCHYFSH RPUFPSOOP Y'NEOSAEYEUS HUMPCHYS, LPFPTSHCH RTY VEURTYUFTBUFOPN PFOPEYOY L DEMHCHMSCHMSTEDBUFBUFB ME UBTSEOYS FP LPOOYGE, FP REIPFE.

h DTECHOEKYE READING REIPFB VSHMB EDYOUFCHEOOSCHN TPDPN PTHTSYS. uLPTP RPSCHYMYUSH CHPYOSCH HAQIDA LPMEUOYGBI, LPFPTSHCHE OBYUBMY UPUFBCHMSFSH CHBTSOKHA YUBUFSH BTNYY. 'BFEN RPSCHYMBUSH LPOOGB H EE YUFYOOPN OBYOOYY, RTYNEOOOBS bMELUBODTPN nBLEDPOULINE RP OPCHPNH URPUPVH, - BFBLY VSHUFTSHCHN BMMATPN, Y ULPTP POB UCHPYNY OCHPYTPBUEPCHPEB'BEB NS RTEPVMBDBAEE CHMYSOYE.

x TYNMSO, OBRTPFYCH FPZP, REIPFB 'BOYNBMB RETCHPE NEUFP DP FAIRIES RPT, RPLB DEKUFCHYS zBOOYVBMB OE DBMY PRSFSH RETECHEB LPOOYGE. rTY AMYY GEUBTE VMBZPDBTS UDEMBOOSCHN YN KHMHYUYEOYSN CH REIPFE DMS RTPFPYCHPDEKUFCHYS CHUBDOILBN rPNRES REIPFB CHESMB CHETI. OP PUMBVMEOYE CH OEK DYUGIRMYOSCH Y KHRBDPL DPVMEUFY PE CHTENEOB YNRETBFPTPCH UDEMBMY EE MEZLPK DPVSHYUEK CHUBDOYLPCH CHBTCHBTULYI OBTPDPC, Y LFP PVUGIRMYOSCHFYP CH OERPVEDINPUFSH LPOYGSH RPME UBTSEOYS HAQIDA.

CHCHEDEOYE MOOOPK UYUFENSHY RPSCHMEOYE TSCHGBTUFCHB RPDOSMY EEE VPMEE OBYUEOYE LBCHBMETYY OYYCHEMY REIPFKH DP OHMS, RPLB BOZMYKULYE MKHYUOILYCHOBETTULYMSYYh DBUOPK VPTSHVSC U CHUBDOILBNY - CH RYLBY, MHLBI, B 'BFEN CH PZOEUFTEMSHOPN PTHTSYY.

CHUBDOILY, PDOBLP, PRTBCHYMYUSH PF LFPZP HDBTTB Y YJPVTEMY UTEDUFCHP CHETOHFSH UEVE HAQIDA CHTENS OEUBCHYUYNPE RPPTSEOYE. 'BNEFYCH, YuFP YN OE RTPVYFSH UPNLOKHFSHI NBUU REIPFSCH U FPTYUBEYNY RYLBNY, 'B LPFPTSCHNY URPLPKOP UFTEMSMY BTLEVKHYTSCH; SING, U PDOPK UFPTPOSCH, KHYYMYMY RTEDPITHBOYFEMSHOPE CHPPTHTSEOYE, U DTHZPK - CHPURPMSHJPCHBMYUSH OPCHSHCHN PTTSYEN CH CHYDE BTLEVKH YMY REFTPOEMCHENUFU ShN NBUUBN REIPFSCH Y UFTEMSMY RP RMPIP UOBTSSEOOOSCHN REIPFYOGBN, VKHDHYUY UBNY PVEUREYUEOSCH RTEDPITHBOFEMSHOSHCHN CHPPTHTSEOYEN PF YI PZOS.

Ofin Rhen Lpooyge HDBMMPUT UCHBOFGEFGHP DP peri peri Rpty Oe dbmy chpnptsophy Redtpitbyfemshe Redtpitbyfemshop ChPTPitboyfemshop ChPTPTHTBFEMHOP CHPTPTHETE. fPZDB RPUMEDOEE VSHMP PRSFSH PVMESUEOP, Y CHUBDOILY, RPDULBLYCHBS L RTPPFYCHOILH, PFLTSCHBMY PZPOSH YY RYUFPMEFPCH, LPFPTSCHNYY RTPVYCHBMY UEVE RPUMEDOEE DFMSRETSHISSBSUB. FEN OE Neoee rpmptseHh VPMEP VPMEPTPDMSCHPDMSCHN YFCHCHFSH OE pfvtchemob Rylh rTY LFPN UMEDHEF ЪBNEFYFSH, YuFP YFSHL UBN RP UEVE OE RTEDUFBCHMSEF DPUFBFPYuOPZP PTHTSYS RTPFYCH LPOOPC BFBLY Y YuFP OILBLBS REIPFOBS YUBUFSH YUBUFYOPCHYFNYFYF ZOS.

h FBLPN RPPTSEOY VSHMP DEMP RTY RPSCHMEOY ZHTYDTYIB CHEMYLPZP. Chue UMPSYMPUSH FBL, UFP IPTPYBS LPOOYGB NPZMB DPUFYZOKHFSH VPMSHYI KHUREIPCH. rEIPFB VSHMB IPTPYP PVHYUEOB, OP RTYCHSHLMB DEKUFCHPCHBFSH FPMSHLP RP TPCHOPK ZMBDLPK NEUFOPUFY; URPUPV INTS DEKUFCHYS " VSHM RPUFTPEO HAQIDA RTEDRPMPTSEOY NEDMEOOOPK FSTSEMPK BFBLY LPOOIGSHCH, Y POB OENYOKHENP DPMTSOB VSHMB RPFETREFSH RPTBTSEOYE RTY MIIPK VSHUBSHIPOOPPYPYBK CHUMEDUFCHYE LFPPZP CHUEI LBNRBOYSI ZHTYDTYIB RTHUULBS LPOOYGB RTY- , Y FBL LBL REIPFB OE YJNEOYMB UCHPEZP PVTBJB DEKUFCHYK. OE OBUYMB OPCHPZP PTHTSYS DMS CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYS KHTBUEOOPZP RETCHEOUFCHB, FP Y PE CHTENS OBRPMEPOPCHULYI CHPKO UFChPChBMP KHVETSDEOYE CH LBTSPOUTGSEBTSCHBO.

fBL RTDDPMTsBMPUSH DP Y'PVTEFEOYS OBTE'OPZP, B 'BFEN Y 'BTTSSBENPZP U LBOSCH PTHTSYS, DBMSHOPVPKOPZP, NEFLPZP Y ULPTPUFTEMSHOPZP. POP CHPUUFBOPCHYMP OBYUEOYE REIPFSCH, Y ORTBUOP LPOOYGB VKhDEF PVTBEBFSHUS L RTPYEDYENKH, YUFPVSC CHSHCHEUFY OBLMAYUEOYE, UFP POB Y FERETSH DPMTSBLOBTEBNEF . UMEDHEF PLPOYUBFEMSHOP VTPUYFSH RPRSHFLY RTYNYTYFSH UFBTSHCHK PVTB DEKUFCHYK U OPCHSHCHNY FTEVPCBOYSNYY PVUFPSPFEMSHUFCHBNY.

NSHCHYDYN, YUFP CH XVI UFPMEFYY, LPZDB JPVTEFEOYE RPTPIB DBMP UIMSHOPE PTHTSIE REIPFE, LPOOGB RTYVEZMB L DCHHN UTEDUFCHBN DMS CHPUUFBOPCHMEOYS UCHPECHUEPPDUPPAYP: CHPCHTBBEEOYY L DTECHOENH KHRPFTEVMEOYA MPYBDI LBL UTEDUFCHB RETEDCHYTSEOYS, RTYUEN CHPYOSCH DMS VPS UREYYCHBMYUSH, - PFUADB SCHYMBUSH NSHUMSH P DTBZHOBI ; DTHZPE UTEDUFCHP 'BLMAYUBMPUSH CH RPDULBLYCHBOYY HAQIDA VMYOLPE TBUUFPSOYE L REIPFE Y UFTEMSHVE Y' RYUFPMEFPCH. RTT Pvuxtsdeooy Tsembfemshopk ptzboybyy lpooygsh @ufssch jyuftes, lleufpfyee chtenptmope oCh de XPs.

YuFP LBUBEFUS CHPPVEE PUPVEOOPUFEK VPS LPOOIGSH RTPFYCH LPOOIGSH, FP RTETSDE CHUEZP VTPUBEFUS CH ZMBEB, YuFP VPMSHYEK YBUFSHA FB UFPTPOB PDETSYCHBEF CHETIPCMECHMECHBEF RTPFYCH LPOOIGSH. pFUADB CHSHCHFELBEF CHBTSOBS OEPVIPDYNPUFSH DMS LPOOIGSH YNEFSH CHUEZDB TEETCH; OEF VPMEE PRBUOPZP CHTENEY DMS OEE, LBL NYOHFB RPUME BFBLY, DBTSE HUREYOPK. Mady y mpybdy brybibmy, vveftddddddddddddddpl, Ryadbboys Oe UmshchybybyBF YMY UMShCHYBF YMY UMSHYBAF YMY UMXYBAF YUHTFY BUH FH NYHIHASI, HDbyub.

'BFEN LPOOYGB OBIPDIFUS CH RPMOPC 'BCHYUYNPUFY PF UPUFPSOYS MPYBDEK. eUMY POY OE CHFSOKHFSCH, EUMY RPLB OE CH OBDMETSBEEK YURTBHOPUFY, EUMY OE RTYOSFSH CHUE NETSCH RTPFYCH OBVYCHPL URYOSCH, FP MPYBDI ULTP ZYVOKHFLPFHEDBFUDBFZR.

dBMEE LPOOYGB OYLPZDB OE UNEF UDBCHBFSHUS, RP LTBKOEK NETE RPLB POB DEKUFCHHEF PFLTSCHFPK NEUFOPUFY HAQIDA. lFP DPMTSOP VShchFSH BLUIPNPK, RTBCHYMPN, LPFTPTPZP OYLPZDB OE UMEDHEF UBVShChChBFSh. pOB DPMTSOB RTPVYFSHUS, B EUMY LFP OECHPNPTSOP, FP TBUUSCHRBFSHUS RPPDYOPYULE Y LFYN RHFEN XULPMSH'OKHFSH PF RTEUMEDPCHBOYS. h LFPN PFOPYEOYY LBCBMETYS OBIPDIFUS CH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP VMBZPRTYSFOSHI HUMPCHISI. lPOOYGB EUFSH TPD PTHTSYS, HRTBCHMEOYE LPFPTSCHN PYUEOSH FTHDOP; POB PUEOSH MEZLP CHSHIPDYF Y' THL, Y 'BFEN EE PUEOSH FTHDOP PRSFSH RTYVTBFSH. CHETIPN POB NPTsEF DEKUFCHPCHBFSH FPMSHLP XHDPVOPK HAQIDA DMS FPZP NEUFOPUFY; POB OE NPTsEF CHEUFY PVPPTPOYFEMSHOPZP VPS, B DPMTSOB CHUFTEYUBFSH BFBLKH BFBLPC Idoralar.

lBChBMETYS OE DPMTSOB UNHEBFSHUS OEKHDBYEK. VSHMP NOPZP UMHYUBECH, LPZDB PRTPPLYOKHFBS LPOOYGB CHOPCHSH UPVYTBMBUSH Y BFBLPCHBMB U VPMSHYYN XUREYPN.

lPOOYGB PDYOBLPCHP OEPVIPDYNB LBL DMS RTYLTSCHFYS PFUFHRMEOYS RPFETRECHYEK RPTBTSEOYE BTNYY, FBL Y DMS RTEUMEDPCHBOYS TBVYFPZP RTPFPYCHOILB. bFBLB LPOOYGSH DPMTSOB VSHFSH RTPY'CHEDEO VSHUFTP, BOETZYUOP, TEYYFEMSHOP; TB DBOP RTYLBBOIE PV BFBLE, PUFPPTTSOPUFSH KHUFKHRBEF NEUFP WEBBCHEFOPK UNEMPUFY.

MADI CH LPOOYGE DPMTSOSCH VSHFSH FPMLPCHSHCHE Y MHYUYE PVHUEOSCH, YUEN CH DTHZYI TPDBI PTHTSYS. RETEDPCHSHCHI RPUFBI Y CH TBYAEDBI POY YUBUFP UPCHETYEOOP RTEDPUFBCHMEOSCH UBNYN UEVE Y DPMTSOSCH THLPCDUFCHPCHBFSHUS FPMSHLP UPVUFCHEOOSCHN TBHNEOYEN HAQIDA. rPDPVOSH UMKHYUBY CHUFTEYUBAFUS CH REIPFE Y BTFYMMETYY DBMELP OE UFPMSH YUBUFP Y OE YNEAF FBLPK CHBTSOPUFY.

zMBChB II.

PTZBOYBGYS LPOOIGSH Y TBDEMEOOYE HAQIDA TPDSCH

1. fSCEMBS YMY MYOEKOBS LPOOGB

CHUSLYK, LFP CHOINBFEMSHOP OBVMADBM UB TBCHYFYEN CHPEOOOPZP YULKHUUFCHB CH RPUMEDOYE DCHBDGBFSH MEF, OE Refinery OE EBNEFIFSH, YuFP OBYUYFEMSHOSHOSHMESHMESHMESHMESHYUCHEM Y UB UPVPK RETENEOSCH H HUMPCHYSI CHEDEOYS CHPKOSH Y UFP, NETSDH RTPYUN, DESFEMSHOPUFSH LPOOYGSCH HAQIDA RPME UTBTSEOYS UYMSHOP UHYMBUSH Y KHNEOSHYMBOPUSH CHPTNS DPUFYTS EOYS EA LBLPZP-OYVHDSH XUREYB. UYUFENB ZhTDTYIB UDEMBMB UCHPE DEMP; FERTSH RPTB PUNPFTEFSHUS Y RTYOSFSH OPCHHA UYUFENKH, RPDIPDSEHA L OPCHSHCHN RPFTEVOPUFSN.

prschf ZhTBOLP-ZETNBOULPK CHPKOSHCH, LBL LBTSEFUS, FCHETDP KHUFBOPCHYM OELPFPTSHCHE RPPTSEOYS. rTETSDE CHUEZP UDEMBMPUSH PYUECHYDOSCHN, YuFP ITBVTEKYBS OOETZYUOBS LPOOYGB OE NPTsEF TBUUUYFSHCHBFSH HAQIDA KHUREY RTY BFBLE HAQIDA REIPFKH VMBFZPOODBOSCHNE CHYOFPCHPL. rTHUULBS REIPFB CHUFTEYUBMB BFBLY CH FPN UFTPA, CH LPFPTPN OBIPDIMBUSH, Y PFTBTSBMB YI PDOYN PZOEN.

RTY CHETFE, NBTU-MB-FHTE, UEDBOE TEJHMSHFBF VSHM CHUEZDB PDYO Y FPF TSE - RPYUFY RPMOPE HOYUFPTSEOYE LPOYGSHCH. rTY CHETFE ZHTBOGKHULYE LITBUYTSCH VSHMY RPYUFY YUFTEVMEOSCH, OP BFBLB YI OE VSHMB VEURPMEOB, FBL LBL POB RTYPUFBOPCHYMB, IPFSH Y HAQIDA LPTPFLPE CHTENS, YUFTEVMECHOBOGYB HBN PFUFHRMEOYE. rTY CHYPOCHYME BFBLB LIGHTBUYT Y KHMBO VTEDPCHB, IPFS Y UPRTSCEOOBS U PZTPNOSCHNY RPFETSNY, CHUE-FBLY OE NPTsEF UYFBFSHUS OEHUREYOPK, FBL LBL PUFBOPCHYPSE, KHMBO M RTYCHEUFY L RPTBTSEOYA OENEGLPK BTNYY, Y FEN URPUPVUFCHPCHBMB DBMSHOEKYEK RPVEDE. rTYOEUEOB VSHMB FSTSEMBS TSETFCHB, OP TEJHMSHFBF PLBBBMUS CHBTSOEE RPFETSH.

fY BFBLY Y VSHMY EDYOUFCHEOOSCHNY, LPFPTSCHE NPTsOP UYYFBFSH DP YJCHEUFOPK UFEREOY HUREYOSCHNY; YUYUMP TSE FAIRIES, LPFPTSHCHE PUFBMYUSH UPCHETYEOOOP VEJTEIKHMSHFBFOSHNY, PUEOSH CHEMILP. fBL, RTY CHYPOCHYME, 16 BCHZKHUFB, DOEN, ZEOETBM DA rTEKMSH RPMKHYUM PF ZEOETBMB zhTPUUBTB RTYLBBOYE OENEDMEOOOP BFBLPCHBFSH RTHUUBLPCH, FBLPCHBFSH RTHUUBLPCH, FBL LBLPRZHUFUESH VBLPZHUFUSHBY. bFBLB VSHMB RTPY'CHEDEOB VMEUFSAIN PVTB'PN RPUFTPEOOOSCHNY CH DCHE MYOYY LIGHTBUYTBNY. kuylash UNEMP VTPUYMYUSH HAQIDA RTPFYCHOILB, OP VSHCHMY CHUFTEYUEOSCH FBLYN UNETFPOPUOSCHN PZOEN, YuFP CHSCHOKHTSDEOSCH VSHCHMY RPCHETOHFSH OBBD; CH OEULPMSHLP NYOHF POY RPFETSMY HVYFSHCHNYY TBOEOSCHNYY 22 PJYGETB, 208 OYTSOYI YYOPCHY 243 MPYBDY; RTHUULBS CE REIPFB OE RPFETSMB PF BFBLY OH PDOPZP YuEMPCHELB.

fP TSE RPLBYSHCHBAF Y BFBLY RTY UEDBOE: FSTSLYE RPFETY LPOOGSHCH Y OILBLLPZP TEKHMSHFBFB. fBLYN PVTBBPN, CHCHCHPD YJ KHTLPCH LBNRRBOYK 1870 Z. NPTSEF VSHFSH UDEMBOU UMEDHAEIK: EUFSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH GEOPK PZTPNOSHHI RPFETSH Y RPYUFY RPMUFZPTCHOPSPPO LPOOYGSH RTY YYCHEUFOSHI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI CHSHYZTBFSH CHTENS CH LTYFYUEULHA NYOHFKH, PUFBOPCHYFSH OBUFKHRMEOYE OERTYSFEMS Y DBTSE ULMPOYFSH RPVUSCHPTHABO APREVMAH , RTYUEN PE CHUEI LFYI UMKHYUBSI RTYOEOOOSCH TSETFCHSHCHU MYICHPK PLHRBAFUS RTYPVTVETEFEOOSCHN TEKHMSHFBFPN. OP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB CH OSHCHOEYEE CHTENS ULMBDSCHBAFUS LTBKOE TEDLP FBLYN PVTBBPN, YUFPVSH SCHIMBUSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH OE L UPCHETYEOOP OBRTBUOPNH RTYOEUEOOESHOYESHPOLPYFYG, , RTYNEOOOPK UFBTSHCHN URPUVPPN RPME UTBTSEOYS HAQIDA, OE NPZMB OE RPFETREFSH OBYUYFEMSHOPZP PZTBOYUEOOYS.

FEN OE NEOEE, FBL LBL, OEUPNOOOOP, Y CH VHDHEEN VHDHF CHUFTEYUBFSHUS UMHYUBY, LPZDB LPOOGB PLBCEPHUS OEPVIPDYNPK DMS DEKUFCHYS RTPPHYCH FPZP YMY DTPPHYCH FPZP YMY DTHBCFPTSPHEBZP NYY YUBUFSH LPOOYGSH DPMTSOB VSHFSH PTZBOYPCHBOB, UOBTSSEOB, CHPPTHTSEOB Y PVKHYUEOB UPPVTTBOP U LFPC GEMSHA. fBLPK LPOOYGSH DPMTSOP VShchFSH RTYVMYYFEMSHOP YUEFCHETFSH UNING UPUFBCHB.

PUFBOPCHYNUS FERETSH UNI PTZBOYBGYYY CHPPTHTSEOYY HAQIDA.

'DEUSH RTETSDE CHUEZP SCHMSEFUS CHPRTPU: OEMSH'S MY YICHMEYUSH YICHEUFOKHA DPMA RPMSH'SH Y' OPCHEKYEZP PZOEUFTEMSHOPZP PTHTSYS? CHUBDOIL HCE PDOBTSDSCH RTYVEZBMY L LFPNH UTEDUFCHH, Y IPFS CHRPUMEDUFCHY PRSFSH CHETOHMYUSH L PVTBYKH DEKUFCHYK bMELUBODTTB nBLEDPOULZP, OP CHUE TSE BBBTSPLSHP.F GBTY, CHPURPMSH'PCHBCHYUSH REFTPOEMSNY, OE UDEMBMY.UBNPZP MHYUYEZP, YuFP FPMSHLP VSHMP CHPNPTsOP CH YI RPMPTSEOYY.

rETCHBS NSCHUMSH, LPFPTBS RTY LFPN RTYIPDIF, - LFP DBFSH LPOOYGE FE TSE CHYOFPCHLY, LPFPTSCHNY CHPPTHTSEOB REIPFB; OP FBL LBL CHYOFPHLB FTEVHEF FEBFEMSHOPK RTYGEMLY Y URPLKOPK UFTEMSHVSHCH, FP POB DMS DEKUFCHYS HAQIDA RPME UPCHETYOOP OERTYZPDOB, FEN VPMEE UFP CHUBDOIL RTEDUFPCHPESHPSHPSHP TBZB ON RPYUFY OE CHYDYF Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, OE NPTsEF CH OEZP RPRBUFSH.

RPFPNH UFTEMSHVB U LPOS Y CHYOFPCHPL OE DPMTSOB DPRKHULBFSHUS OH RTY LBLYI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI OH RTPPHYCH REIPFSCH, OH RTPPHYCH LPOOIGSHCH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, CHSHCHIPDYF, YuFP LPOOYGB RTY BFBLE OE NPTSEF YICHMEYUSH OILBLPC RPMSHYSHCH YUBNPK KHUPCHETYEOUFCHBOOPC CHYOFPCHLY.

eUFSH DTHZPE UTEDUFChP - TECHPMSHCHET; 'DEUSH RPPTSEOYE LPOOYGSH SCHMSEFUS OEULPMSHLP VPMEE CHCHZPDOSCHN, RPFPNH NSCH HAQIDA OEN Y PUFBOPCHYNUS.

y'PVTEFEOYE TECHPMSHCHETB DBMP LPOOYGE PTKhTSYE, LPFPTPPE UFPYF L RYUFPMEFH CH FPN TSE PFOPEYOYY, LBL 'BTTSSBENBS U LBOSCH CHYOFPHLB L NHYLEFKH. TECHPMSHCHET EUFSH UBNPE UNETFPOPUOPE PTHTSIE YI CHUEI LPZDB-MYVP Y'PVVTEFEOOSCHI. OH NEY, OH LPRSHE, OH LBTBVYO, OH DBTSE CHYOFPCHLB YMY RHYLB OE YNEAF FBLPZP UFTBIOPZP DEKUFCHYS. rTYUYO FPNH NOPZP. rTETSDE CHUEZP BY KHRPFTEVMSEFUS YULMAYUYFEMSHOP HAQIDA UBNPN VMYOLPN TBUUFPSOYY, LPZDB MADI CHEDHF THLPRBIOSCHK VPK, RTYUEN VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH CHSHPRBDBEMPF. 'BFEN UFTEMSHVB YY TECHPMSHCHETB OE FTEVHEF RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOPZP Y FEBFEMSHOPZP RTYGEMYCHBOYS. YuEMPCHELH DPUFBFPYUOP VTPUYFSH CHZMSD HAQIDA RTEDNEF Y EBFEN OBTSBFSH HAQIDA URHUL, Y UINRBFYUEULBS UCHSSH NETSDH THLPK Y ZMBBPN CHETEEEE RTYCHEDEF RHMA UPCHEMSHNEYBOYY UEULPK Y NBFENBFYUEULPK FPUOPUFY RTYGEMYCHBOYS PE CHTENS UFTEMSHVSHCH, LPZDB MADI OE YNEAF OEPVIPDYNPZP URPLPKUFCHYS Y CHTENEOY, YUFPVSH FPYuOP UICHBFYFSH RTYGEMSHOHA MYOYA. y DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, RHMS OE NPTsEF VShchFSH PFVYFB RPDPVOP HDBTH YMY KHLPMKH IMPPDOPZP PTKHTSYS, Y TB POB RPRBDBEF, FP OBOPUYF FSSEMCHA TBOH. TECHPMSHCHET OE FTEVHEF VSHUFTPFSH YMY UYMSCH, TBVEZB MPYBDY, RPDPVOP RYLE, OH FPOLPK CHSHCHEDLY MPYBDY, LPFPTBS UPCHETYEOOP OEPVIPDYNB DMS HDBYUOPZB DEVEKUFCHYS. chNEUFE U FEN RHMS RPTBTSBEF HAQIDA VPMEE DBMELPN TBUUFPSOYY, YUFPVSHCHPURPMSH'PCHBFSHUS UCHPYN IPMPDOSHCHN PTHTSYEN.

PRSCHF RTTPYEDYYI MEF RPLBJBM, YuFP LPOOYGB, CHPPTHTSEOOBS RYUFPMEFPN, VKhDEF OENYOKHENB PRTPPLYOKHFB BFBLPK LPOOYGSH IMPDOSHCHN PTHTSYEN, YuFP Y CHFMORPOPEP. lTENOYECHCHK RYUFPMEF VYM OEDBMELP Y VSHM PYUEOSH OUEUPCHETYEOOSCHN PTHTSYEN; PO, NPTsOP ULBBFSH, OE YNEM OYLBLPZP OBYUEOYS, FBL LBL RTY DCHYTSEOY MPYBDY RPTPI neftni qayta ishlash zavodi PYUEOSH MEZLP UUSCHRBFSHUS U RPMLY, YMY LTENEOSH OE DBCHBM YULTSHBOSDHV RHMS CHSHCHRBDBMB Y' UFChPMB TBOSHYE CHSHCHUFTEMB. oBLPOEG, OYLPZDB OEMSH'S VShchMP VShchFSH KHCHETEOOSCHN CH OBRTBCHMEOYY, RP LPFPTPNH RHMS CHSHCHMEFYF YJ UFChPMB. CHRPMOE RPOSFOP, YuFP FPZDB RPMBZBCHYYEUS YULMAYUYFEMSHOP HAQIDA FBLPE PTHTSIE VSHCHMY RPUFPSOOP TBVYCHBENSCH.

OP FERETSH, U CHCHEDEOYEN TECHPMSHCHETB, CHUE YENEOYMPUSH. dBMSHOPUFSH OBYUYFEMSHOP KHCHEMYYUMBUSH Y DPIMB DP 250-300 YBZPCH; HAQIDA 100-124 YBZB NPTsOP DBFSH PUEOSH CHETOSCHK CHSHCHUFTEM; B CH THLPRBIOPN VPA DEKUFCHYE EZP RTPUFP HTSBUOPE. PYUECHYDOP, YuFP CHUE, YuFP VSHMP URTBCHEDMYCHP PFOPUYFEMSHOP ZMBDLPZP LTENOYECHPZP RYUFPMEFB, UPCHETYEOOP OECHETOP DMS TECHPMSHCHETB.

u DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, IMPPDOPE PTKHTSIE UB 20 UFPMEFYK OYULPMSHLP OE KHMHYUYMPUSH, Y RPFPNH RPOSPHOP, YuFP PFOPEYOE NETSDH OIN Y RYUFPMEFPN, RTY UPDOPEFPNYP HEEUFCHEOOP YYNEOYMPUSH CH EZP RPMSH'KH. h BNETYLBOULPK NETSDPHUPVOK ChPKOE TECHPMSHCHET YUBUFP DEKUFCHPCHBM RTPFYCH UBVMY, LBTBVYOB Y THTSHS; OEULPMSHLP RTYNETPCH PFFHDB NPZHF RPDFCHETDYFSH, YuFP CH VKHDHEEN TECHPMSHCHET VHDEF UMHTSYFSH LPOOYGE UIMSHOSCHN CHURPNPZBFEMSHOSHCHN UTEDUFCHPN.

h OPSVTE 1864 Z. RTPY'PYMYY ChYTDTSYOYY UFSHYULY NETSDH ULBDTPOPN NBKPTB TYYUBTDB Y'RBTFY'BOULZP PFTSDB nPUVY Y ULBDTPOPN UECHETSO LBRYFJETB vMBB. rPUME ZPTSYUEZP THLPRBIOPZP VPS, CH LPFPTPN ATSBOE DEKUFCHPCHBMY YULMAYUYFEMSHOP TECHPMSHCHETPN, UECHTSOE DPFETREMY RPMOPPE RPTBTSEOYE; RPFETY VSHMY: RETCHSHCHI -1 KHVYFSHCHK Y OEULPMSHLP TBOEOSCHI; CHFPTSCHI - 24 KHVYFSCHI, 12 TBOEOSCHI Y 62 RMEOOSCHI. fBLYN PVTBBPN, KHVYFSHIY TBOEOSCHI CHNEUFE VSHMP 36 100 ga yaqin, F.E. OEULPMSHLP VPMEE PDOPC FTEFY, B CHUS RPFETS RPYUFY TBCHOSMBUSH YUYUMEOOPUFY CHUEZP ULBDTPOB.

OEMSH'S OE PVTBFYFSH CHAINBOYS RTY LFPN HAQIDA VPMSHYPE YUYUMP KHVYFSHI UTBCHOYFEMSHOP U TBOEOSCHNYY, UFP RTSNP KHLBSCCHBEF HAQIDA UNETFPOPUOP DEKUFCHYE TECHPM.

lBL RTPFYCHPRMPTSOSCHK RTYNET RTYCHEDEN DEMP RTY lZNPO-P-eE 2 PLFSVTs 1799 Z. NETSDKH BOZMYKULNIY DTBZHOBNYY ZHTBOGKHYULPK LPOOYGEK. dChB RPMKHULBDTPOB DTBZKHO BFBLLPCHBMY PLPMP 500 RPVEDPOPUOSCHI ZHTBOGKHULYI CHUBDOYLPCH Y RPUME ZPTSYUEK UICHBFLY PRTPPLYOHMY YI. 'BFEN ZHTBOGHYUSH UPVTBMYUSH, Y HCE UBNY RETEYMY CH OBUFHRMEOYE RTPFPYCH BOZMYUBO, LPFPTSHCHE NETSDKH FEN VSHCHMY RPDLTERMEOSCH EEE RPMHULBDTPOPN. rTPYPYMB CHFPTBS UICHBFLB IPMPDOSHCHN PTHTSYEN, Y CHUE-FBLY PVEBS RPFETS BOZMYUBO CH PVEYI UICHBFLBI RTPUFYTBMBUSH FPMSHLP DP 3 KHVYFSHCHI Y 9 TBOEOSCHI; TEJHMSHFBF VSHM VSH UPCHUEN DTHZPK, EUMY VSC PVE UFPTPOSCH DEKUFCHPCHBMY YI TECHPMSHCHETPCH.

h DEME RTY ZEKMSHUVETZE 18 YAOS 1806 Z. NETSDH ZHTBOGKH'ULPK LITBUITULPK DYCHYYEK Y RTHUULPK LPOOPK VTYZBDPK PJO ZHTBOGKHULYK PZHYGET RPMKTHYUMCHU2 - RPMKHYUM 52 KHLPMB Y KHDBTB RYLPK Y UBVMEK Y OE FPMSHLP PUFBMUS TSYCH, OP DBCE OE RPFETSM OH PDOPZP YUMEOB. b NOPZP MY OHTSOP PZOEUFTEMSHOSCHI TBO, YUFPVSH CHSHCHCHEUFY YUEMPCHELB YY UFTPS?

pVTBFYNUS PRSFSH L BNETYLBOULPK CHPKO. ZEOETBM DAL ZPCHPTYF UMEDHAEE PV BFBLE LPOOIGSH nPTZBOB HAQIDA REIPFOSHCHK RPML UECHETSO CH UTBTSEOY RTY yBKMP CH 1862 Z.: “nShch RPDULPYUMY LHEDETTSUPNBYOLPYUF EMY CHSHCHUFTEMYFSH. DBMY RPUREYOSCHK 'BMR kuylash; DSHN PLKhFBM OBU UPCHETYEOOP, Y 'ChXL PZMKHYYM OBU, RPDPVOP ZTPNH. h UMEDHAEHA UELKHODH NSCH HCE OBUEMY HAQIDA OYI, RTYUEN OELPFPTSCHE Y OBUYI MADEK THVYMY YI UBVMSNY, OP Y' LFZP OYUEZP OE CHCHIPDYMP, DTHZIE CE CHIPDYMP, DTHZIE CE CHIPDYMPCHEPSCHYB NY". 'FP - 'BBNEUBFEMSHOP RPLBBOPÜP OBYUEOYY TECHPMSHCHETB, LPFPTPPE FBLCE KHLBSHCHBEF HAQIDA FH PUPVEOOPUFSH BNETYLBOULPK LPOOIGSHCH, YuFP POB UPYUEFBMBBSHEVPZO P PTHTSYS, FBL LBL, RP-CHYDYNPNH, MADI nPTZBOB DEKUFCHPCHBMY TECHPMSHCHETPN, OE KHVBCHMSS DMS LFPZP BMMATB.

ZEOETBM UFEZHBO D. MY, PRSCHFOSHCHK PZHYGET, CHSTBTSBEFUS PUEOSH PRTEDEMOOOP: « UBVMS RPFETSMB VPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH UCPEZP OBYUEOYS U Y'PVTEFEOYEN BUPVTEFEOYEN TECHPMSHCHFCHETBHBM PDYFSH MYIYE BFBLY U VPMSHYEK XCHETOOPUFSH. bilan KHVEDYMUS, YuFP CHUBDOIL, CHPPTHTSEOOSCHK UBVMEK, OE NPTSEF DPMZP DETSBFSHUS RTPFYCH CHPPTHCEOOOPZP TECHPMSHCHETPN Y RTY RETCHPN KHDPVOPN UMKHYUBE RETCHPN KHDPVOPN 'KHYUBE RFBTNEFUSCHOCHFUESHNB... EBNEYUBM, YuFP TECHPMSHCHET CH RTPFYCHPRPMTSOPUFSH UBVME RPDOINBEF DHI YUEMPCHELB, CHPPTHTSEOOPZP YN. h THLPRBIOPN VPA, LPFPTSCHK, CHRTPUEN, VKhDEF CHUFTEYUBFSHUS TEDLP VMBZPDBTS KHMHYUYEOOOPNH PZOEUFTEMSHOPNH PTKhTSYA, DEMP VKhDEF TEYEOP VKhDEF YMPKSHMHDYTSBH, MHBTSEF 18 CHCHUFTEMPCH; B UYMB KHDBTB VHDEF X IPTPYEK LPOOYGSH UPCHETYEOOOP PDYOBLPCHB, CHPPTHCEOB MY POB TECHPMSHCHETPN YMY UBVMEC. rP NPYN OBVMADEOYSN, UBVMS CHUEZDB FETSEF RTPFYCH TECHPMSHCHETB. TECHPMSHCHET EUFSH UBNPE MKHYUYEE PTHTSYE DMS CHUBDOILB RTY DCHYTSEOY Y UPUFBCHMSEF OEPVIPDYNHA RTYOBDMETSOPUFSH EZP CHPPTHTSEOYS”.

fP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHP CHSHUPLPPRSHFOPZP PZHYGETB BUUMKHTSYCHBEF RPMOPZP CHAINBOYS, NETSDH RTPYYN, FBLCE Y RPFPNKH, YuFP ON CHRPMOE TELPNEODHEF UYUEFBBFSHYBG SHCH. lPOOYGB DPMTSOB VSHFSH Y FERTSH KHRPFTEVMSENB UPCHETYEOOP FBL, LBL LFP DEMBMY bMELUBODT Y ZBOOYVBM, U FPK FPMSHLP TBYOGEK, YuFP CH TECHPMSHCHETE POB RPCHMOPEDEOYPEH .

rPMLPCHOIL ZYMNPT, PDYO YITBVTEKYI PZHYGETPCH-ATSBO, UPCHETYEOOP FPZP TSE NOEOYS. rTY PRYUBOY CH UCHPEN UPYUYOOY "YUEFSHTE ZPDB CH UEDME" PDOPZP VPS, CH LPFPTPN ON U KHUREIPN DEKUFCHPCHBM UBVMEK, ON EBNEYUBEF: "eUMY VSHCH WITH VSHMCHMCHPSCHP CHMP VSCH NOPZP RPUFTBDBCHIYI, FBL LBL VPK VSCHM THLPRBIOSCHK.”

h DTHZPN NEUFE ON RTYCHPDYF EEE UMEDHAEIK RTYNET: “nsch RPYUFY CHUE RTPYMY HCE YUETE YIZPTPDSH, LPZDB S KHCHYDEM, YuFP LENR DETEFUS UP 'DPTPCHRP, NBMFZKP DOSFPK UBVMEC. x LENRB VSHMP CHUEZDB RTY UEVE DCHB TECHPMSHCHETB; CH PDOPN Y' OYI PUFBCHBMUS PJO 'BTSD, LPFPTSCHK PO Y CHSHCHRKHUFYM RP RTPFYCHOILKH, OP RTPNBIOKHMUS; FPZDB ON VTPUYM CH OEZP TECHPMSHCHET Y RPRBM ENKH CH ZTHDSH. OP FPF OBULPYUM HAQIDA LENRB TBOSHYE, YUEN PO KHUREM CHSHCHICHBFYFSH DTHZPK TECHPMSHCHET, UICHBFYM EZP `B CHPMPUSH, UFBTBSUSH UFBEIFSH U MPYBDY, YHDUBEKHRMEY. LENR FPMSHLP OBLMPOYM ZPMPCHH Y CHUE RSHCHFBMUS CHSHCHFBEIFSH TECHPMSHCHET. ch LFP CHTENS S KHUREM RTPVYFSHUS DP OEZP Y HCE RPDOSM UBVMA, LBL LENRKH HDBMPUSH CHSHCHFBEIFSH TECHPMSHCHET Y PDOYN CHSHCHUFTEMPN ON PFDEMBMUS PF CHTBZB ".

PRYUSCHCHBS DTHZPK THLPRBYOSCHK VPK, ZPCHPTYF tomonidan: "TECHPMSHCHETBNY DEKUFCHPCHBMY NBMP, YOBYUE OBUY RPFETY VSCHMY VSHCH, OBCHETOPE, CHDCHPE VPMSHYE."

fBLCE Y CH LOYSE NBKPTB ULPFFB "rBTFYBOWLS TSYOSH U nPUVY" NSCH OBIPYN NOPZP FBLPZP TSE TPDB RTYNETPCH. fBL ON PRYUSCHCHBEF UFSHYULH NETSDH UPFOEK ACBO, DEKUFCHPCHBCHYI TECHPMSHCHETBNY, Y RPYUFY FBLYN TSE YUYUMPN UECHETSO, CH LPFPTPK CHFPTSHCHE RPFETSMFNYELPY5 MEOOSCHNYY 80 MPYBDEK, NETSDH FEN LBL RETCHSHE OE YNEMY OILBLPK RPFETY. BOBMPZYUOSCHK RTYNET RTEDUFBCHMSEF UMHYUBK U PDOYN RPTHYUYLPN-ZHEDETBMYUFPN. BY EIBM FPMSHLP U PDOYN PTDYOBTGEN Y VSHM BFBLPCHBO OUEULPMSHLYNY CHUBDOILBNY nPUVY. CHSHCHUFTEMBNYY YI TECHPMSHCHETB PF KHMPTSIM YUEFCHETSCHY RTPZOBM PUFBMSHOSHI. uLPFF ZPCHPTYF RP LFPNH RPCHPDH: «h ULPTPN READING LFPF ITBVTSHCHK PZHYGET PUFBMUS RPVEDIFEMEN; CHETOBS UNETFSH KHZTPTSBMB FPNKH, LFP RPRBDBMUS RPD EZP OE DBCHBCHYYK RTPPNBIB TECHPMSHCHET.”

nsch OEULPMSHLP RPDTPVOP PUFBOPCHYMYUSH HAQIDA BNETYLBOULPK CHPKOE, FBL LBL LFP EDYOUFCHEOOSCHK RTYNET, ZDE TECHPMSHCHET RPMKHYUM PVIYTOPE RTYNEOOYE X PVEEYI CHTFSDPOX PVEII CHBTFSD. rTYFPN NSCH IPFEMY UPVTBFSH CHPNPTSOP RPMOSHCHK NBFETYBM DMS DPLBBFEMSHUFCHB OEPVIPDYNPUFY CHPPTHTSEOYS LPOOGSHCH LFYN UNETFPOPUOSCHN PTHTSYEN.

ZhTBOLP-ZETNBOULBS CHPKOB, U DTHZPK UFPTPOSCH, RTEDUFBCHMSEF TBYFEMSHOSCHK RTYNET NBMPK DEKUFCHOOPUFY IMPPDOPZP PTHTSYS. ZETNBOULPE NEDYGYOULPE HRTBCHMEOYE PRHVMYLPCHBMP OEDBCHOP PFUEF, CH LPFTPPN CHUE RPFETY ZETNBOGBNY PRTEDEMEOSH UPPVTTBOP U PTHTSYEN, OBOEUYN TBOH. pVEBS RPFETS HVYFSHCHNYY TBOEOSCHNY DPIPDIF DP 65 160 YUEMPCHEL. y' CHUEZP bFPZP YUYUMB FPMSHLP 218 YUEMPCHEL VSHMP HVYFP YMY TBOEOP KHDBTBNY UBVMY YMY RTYLMBDB; L UPTSBMEOYA, LFY DCH LBFEZPTYY OE TBDEMEOSCH, FBL YuFP OEMSH'S FPYuOP PRTEDEMYFSH, ULPMSHLP YNEOOP RPFETSH VSHMP PF UBVEMSHOSHI HDBTPCH; CHRTPYUEN, DBTSE Y CHUE YUYUMP CH UCHPEN TPDE UBNEUBFEMSHOP. h LPOOYGE RTYIPDIFUS 138 YUEMPCHEL, KHVYFSCHI YMY TBOEOOSCHI UBVMEK, PVEHA RPFETA CH 2236 YUEMPCHEL HAQIDA. CHUEZP CE MAVPRSCHFOEE OOBYUYFEMSHOPE YUYUMP KHVYFSHI UBVEMSHOSHCHNY KHDBTBNY - CHUEZP-OBCHUEZP 6 YUEMPCHEL HAQIDA 212 TBEOOSCH. fBLYN PVTBBPN, PE CHUEI LBCHBMETYKULYI VPSI RTY CHETFE, CHYPOCHYME, UDBOYE, HAQIDA MKHBTE Y CH UECHETOSHI RTPCHYOGYSI, PE CHUEI BCHBORPUFOSHHI UFSHYULBI0DOYULBI0YUCHUBNE60 K LBNRBBOY RPFETSMY PF UBVMY CHUEZP 6 YUEMPCHEL HVYFSHCHNY, NETSDH FEN LBL CH CHCHYERTYCHEDEOOSCHI RTYNETBI Y' BNETYLBOULPK CHPKOSHCH PDOPN VPA Y' 100 YUEMPCHEL VSHMP KHVYFP 12 Y TBOEOP 24, B Ch DTHZPN Y' FBLPZP TSE YYUMB - 26.

bChFPTKH RTYIPDYMPUSH UMSHCHYBFSH YTPOYUOPE UBNEYUBOYE, YuFP BNETYLBOULBS LPOOGB OE VSHMB CH UPUFPSOY RTPYCHEUFY BFBLKH IPMPDOSHCHN PTHTSYEN Y UFP RTYBFSYPTCHYUBOYH, YBMB IMPDOBS UFBMSH. chNEUFP PFCHEFB NSCH RTPUFP URTPPUYN YUFBFEMS, LBLPK PVTB DEKUFCHYK VPMEE PRBUEO Y FTEVHEF VPMEE NHTSEUFCHB: FPF MY, RTY LPFPTPN CH OBYUYFPTPN FEMSHOPYYFEMSHOPYSHOPY CHVSCCHBEF 24 YUEMPCHELB Y' 100, YMY FPF, RTY LPFPTPN 60-FSCHUSYUOBS LPOOGB FETSEF PF UBVEMSHOSCHI HDBTPCH CH FEYUEOYE YEUFYNEUSYUOPK LBNRBOY RP PDOPNH YUEMPCHELH CH NEUSG?

UPPVTBOP UP CHUEN CHCHYEYYMPTSEOOSCHN NSCH UYUYFBEN EUVS CHRTBCHE KHFCHETTSDBFSH, YuFP LPOOYGB DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH CHPPTHTSEOB UBVMEK Y TECHPMSHCHETPN. h OBUFPSEEE CHTENS LPOOYGB VKhDEF BFBLLPCHBFSH REIPFKH, Y FPMSHLP LPZDB LFB RPUMEDOSS TBUUFTPEOB, RTYCHEDEOB CH VEURPTSDPL. rTY LFPN, EUMY UKhDYFSH RP PRSHCHFBN ZHTBOLP-ZETNBOULPK CHPKOSHCH, REIPFB CHUFTEFYF BFBLH YMY CH TBCHETOHFPN UFTPA, YMY CH TBUUSCHROPN, DTYYUENSHVESHVE, DYYUENSHVESH FUS CH LHYULY; PE CHUSLPN UMHYUBE POB PFLTPEF TSYCHPK PZPOSH Y VHDEF RPDDETSYCHBFSH EZP DP RPUMEDOEK NYOHFSHCH. pZPOSH LFPF OBOEUEF FBLYE RPFETY LPOOIG Y RTYCHEDEF EE TSDSCH CH FBLPK VEURPTSDPL, YuFP MPYBDY VHDHF PVIPDYFSH LHYULY Y VHDHF UFBTBFSHUS RTPULPYUFETCHOBSHINS YYUFETCHOBSHINS RPD PZOEN RTY OBUFHRMEOY Y PFUFHRMEOY. rPFPNX NPTsOP, LBCEFUS, U KHCHETEOPUFSH ULBBFSH, YuFP VPMSHYBS YUBUFSH LHYUEL PUFBOEFUS GEMK Y OECHTEDYNPK, B EUMY OELPFPTSHCH Y VHDHF RPTCHBOSHOBCHOOHCH YUYFEMSHOSCH. uMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, CHUE YBOUSCH VHDHF UFPTPOE REIPFSCH HAQIDA. LBBBBMPUT VSH, YUFPPNLOKHBS BFBBBB, RPY'CHEDOOBS C RPMPHN RPTSTLE, YNTHPBYF Ynefsh Xursi, Op Pvufppspfemshuf bw umshppfemosh 'B YULMAYUEOYEN OELPFPTSHI UPCHETYOOOP YULMAYUYFEMSHOSHHI UMKHYUBECH LPOOYGB, CHCHOEUYBS PE CHTENS RTPVEZB CH OEULPMSHLP UPF YBZPCH UYMSHOEKYK YUBPOSHIPHBOSHK, RPMOPN VEURPTSDDL Y UPCHETYEOOP TBUUFTPEOOOPK. YuFP TSE NPZHF UDEMBFS CHUBDOIL U YI UBVMSNY RTPFYCH REIPFOSCHI LHYUEL? xDBTSCH Y KHLPMSH NPZHF VSHFSH PYUEOSH MEZLP PFVYFSH THTSSHEN; EDYOUFCHEOOBS CHPNPTSOPUFSH HUREYB 'BLMAYUBEFUS CH UYME OBMEFB, OP UYMB LFB OYULPMSHLP OE 'BCHYUYF PF UBVMY; POB VSHMB VSH UPCHETYEOOP FB CE Y X VE'PTHTSOPZP YUEMPCHELB. bFB YUFYOB, NETSDH RTPYYN, RPDFCHETDYMBUSH BFBLPK RPMLPCHOILB yEHMS RTY vBMBLMBCHE: PO, OE CHSCHOINBS UBVMY, TBBPVTBM RPCHPDSHS CH PVE THLY Y RPCHEMPISHBOUCHBUCHP UBDOYLPCH, YUETE LPFPTSCHI RTPTCCHBMUS Y CHCHYEM CHRPMOYE VMBZPRPMHYuOP YJ VPS, IPFS, CH UKHEOPUFY, PO VSHM UPCHETYOOOP VE'PTTHTSEO. fBL CE FPYuOP BDYAAFBOF nHT RTY VHYYTE CH RETUYY RPCHUEYM UBVMA HAQIDA FENMSL, CHSM RPCHPDSHS CH PVE THLY Y RTPTCCHBM OERTYSFEMSHULPE LBTE, OE RPMHYUCH TBOSCHDH.

FERETSH RPRTPVKHEN CHSHCHSUOYFSH UEVE, LBLYN PVTBJPN DPMTSOB CH VKHDHEEN LPOOYGB, CHPPTHTSEOOBS TECHPMSHCHETPN, BFBLPCHBFSH REIPFKH. LBTSDSCHK YUEMPCHEL DPMTSEO VSCHFSH PVHYUEO UFTEMSFSH HAQIDA ZBMPR Y UEKYUBU TSE VTPUBFSHUS CH PFCHETUFYE, LPFPTPPE BY UEVE CHCHUFTEMPN RTPVSHEF CH OERTYSFEMSHULY. rPYUENH LFP OE NPTSEF VSHFSH VPMEE DEKUFCHYFEMSHOSCHN PVTBBPN DEKUFCHYS, OETSEMY RTPUFPK OBMEF U IPMPDOSHCHN PTKHTSYEN CH THLBI? dChB-FTY CHSHCHUFTEMB, UDEMBOSHI LBTSDSCHN CHUBDOILPN, OBUYOBS U 75 YBZPCH PF REIPFSCH, DPMTSOSCH TSE RTYYUYOYFSH OELPFPTSHCHE RPFETY YMY TSE RP LTBKOEKFYPNYPNSF URL-RTBKOEKFYPNYSPG , RTPY'CHEUFY Y'CHEUFOSHCHK VEURPTSDPL, B VShchFSH NPTsEF, Y RPVKhDYFSH OELPFPTSCHI L PFUFHRMEOYA. eUMY 'BFEN LPOOYGE DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP HDBUFUS CHPTCHBFSHUS CH TSDSCH, FP TBCHE TECHPMSHCHET OE PLBTSEFUS DEKUFCHEOOSCHN Y UNETFPOPUOSCHN PTHTSYEN?

'BVPFMYCHSHN PVHYUEOYEN NPTsOP VE PUPVEOOPZP FTHDB DPCHEUFY MADEK DP FPZP, YuFP POY VHDHF U DPUFBFPYUOPK NEFLPUFSHA UFTEMSFSH HAQIDA LBTSHET: YFYUEOYEN, Y FHEENBLOPCHOB FPVSH YNEFSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH, DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH PFMYYUOP PVHYUEOB, FP RPYENKH VSH UFTEMSHVB YY TECHPMSHCHETB OE NPZMB VSHFSH CHLMAYUEOB CH YYUMP RTEDNEFPCH PVHYUEOOYS? eUMY 'BFEN UPEDYOYFSH UYMKH KHDBTB LPOS U DEKUFCHYEN YY TECHPMSHCHETB, FP TBCHE OE RPMKHYUIFUS ZPTBJDP VPMEE CHETPSFOPUFY DMS RTPTSCHB RTPSHULPKSCHPTYFY YS CHUBDOYLPCH FPMSHLP UBVMEK?

rTYDBAF VPMSHYPE OBYUEOYE NPTBMSHOPNH CHREYUBFMEOYA, RTPYCHPDYNPNH VMEULPN UFBMY HAQIDA REIPFH; OP EUMY CHOYLOKHFSH CH DEMP RPVMYTSE, FP OEMSH'S VHDEF OE RTYKFY L BLMAYUEOYA, YuFP UBVMS 'DEUSH UPCHETYOOOP OH RTY YUEN. rTEDUFBCHSHFE UEVE FPMSHLP, YuFP LPOOYGB U PVOBTSEOOSCHN PTKHTSYEN YDEF NEDMEOOSHCHN BMMATPN HAQIDA RTPFPYCHOILB YMY CHSHCHTSIDBEF EZP RTYVMYTSEOYS, UFPFNEUPSMECHYP REIPFKH HAQIDA BMY LBLPE-OYVHDSH CHREYUBFMEOYE? CHETPSFOP, TPCHOP OILBLLPZP. eUMY, OBRTPFYCH, RTEDUFBCHYFSH UEVE OEUHEYEUS RPMOSHN IPDPN UPNLOHFSCHE MYOY CHUBDOYLPCH U PTHTSYEN CH OPTSOBY, FP TBCHE CHYD YI OE RTPY'CHEDEF RTY CHEDEF CHUSBCHUPSCHUPSFEM OPZP CHREYUBFMEOYSmi? th TBCHE HDBT YI OE VHDEF VPMEE YUKHCHUFCHYFEMEO DMS REIPFSCH, YUEN HDBT NEDMEOOOP RPDIPDSEEK LPOOYGSCH U PVOBTSEOOOSCHN PTHTSYEN?

NSCH CHRPMOYE KHVETSDEOSCH, YuFP ZMBCHOPE OBYUEOYE, LBL ZHJYYUEULPE, FBL Y NPTBMSHOPE, YNEEF UYMB KHDBTTB; EUMY TSE L OEK RTYUPEDYOYFSH EEE UNETFPOPUOPE DEKUFCHYE TECHPMSHCHETB, FP TBCHE LFP OE VHDEF URPUPVUFCHPCHBFSH RPDYAENH OTBCHUFCHOOOPK UYMSCH CHUBDOILB, YNSEPOPPTHP? UBNPE DPCHETYE REIPFSCH L PZOEUFTEMSHOPNH PTKhTSYA RPNPTSEF DEMH Y VKhDEF URPUPVUFChPChBFSH FPNKH, YuFP POB UFBOEF PRBUBFSHUS VSHUFTP UMEDKHAEYI DTKHZCHTCHTKH CHPMSHCHETB VPMEE, YUEN VMEULB UBVEMSHOPZP LMYOLB.

rPFPNX, BBBBMPUS VShCh, YuFP EUMY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP TSEMBAF YNEFSH LPOOYGKH, LPFPTBS VSHMB VSHCH UPUFPSOY BFBLPCBFSH U KHUREYPN HAQIDA RPME UTBTSEOYS OIPTFYEPDYOPP YNP CHPPTHTSYFSH TECHPMSHCHETPN Y PVKHYUIFSH YULKHUOPNH DEKUFCHYA YI OZP HAQIDA RPMOPN IPDH. UBVMA UMEDHEF PUFBCHYFSH DMS RTEUMEDPCHBOYS Y VPTSHVSH U OERTYSFEMSHULPK LPOOYGEK, LPZDB RPTSDPL NPTsEF VSHFSH MHYUYE UPITBOEO, FBL LBL EUMY OEF RTEUMYShPTYFETYPs, SH KHRPFTEVMEOB U XUREYPN. lBL LBCEPHUS, CH BTNYY ACBO LBTSDPNKH CHUBDOILH VSHMP RTEDPUFBCCHMEOP DEKUFCHPCHBFSH FEN PTHTSYEN, LPFPTSCHN BY CEMBM: RPFPNH NSCH CHIDYN, YuFP PDOPCHTHUBPOOVYF DTHZIE - UFTEMSAF J TECHPMSHCHETB.

fB BTNYS, LPFPTBBS PTZBOYKHEF RPDPVOKHA LPOOKHA YUBUFSH (RTYUEN MADSN DPMTSOP VSHFSH UFTPZP CHOKHYEOP, YuFP UFTEMSHVB OILBL OE DPMTsOB KHNEOSHIBFSH VSHUFDESHBOHFY XUREY HAQIDA CH. PRBUEOYE CHSHCHUFTEMPCH YI TECHPMSHCHETB RPNEYBEF OERTYSFEMSHULPK REIPFE URPLPCOP RTYGEMYCHBFSHUS Y, FBLYN PVTBBPN, KHNEOSHYYF RPFETY LPOOGSHCH, B FB RPUMKSSPROPCHPAHME , VKhDEF KHUIMEOOOP L OENKH UFTENIFSHUS. oEULPMSHLYI BFBL DPUFBFPYuOP, YUFPVSH UYMSHOP RPDOSFSH DHI LPOYGSH Y PUMBVYFSH XCHETOOPUFSH REIPFSH CH UEVS, Y FPZDB RPUMEDHEF RPVEDB JB RPVEDPK.

chNEUFE U FEN DMYOOSHCHK TECHPMSHCHET CHRPMOE RTYZPDEO Y DMS PFVYFYS HDBTTB UBVMY. h BNETYLBOULPK ChPKOE ON OEPDOPLTBFOP RTYNEOSMUS RPDPVOSHN PVTBBPN VE CHUSLPZP DMS OEZP CHTEDB.

Yuen VPMSHYE CHOILBEYSH CH DEMP, FEN VPMEE RTPOILBEYSHUS XVETSDEOYEN CH OEPVIPDINPUFY UOBVDYFSH LPOOIGKH LFYN RTECHPUIPDOSHCHN PTHTSYEN. NOPZIE UFBTSHCH LBCHBMETYUFSH UPYUFHF RPDPVOPE NOOYE 'B ETEUSH Y, RPMPTSBUSH HAQIDA PRSHCHF RTPYEDYYI CHELPCH, VHDHF DETSBFSHUS UBVMY. lFP NPTsOP PVASUOYFSH FPMSHLP PDOYN UMERSHN RPDTBTSBOYEN UFBTPNH.

TBKHNOPE PFOPEYOYE L YUFPTYY LPOOIGSH OE NPTSEF OE RTYCHEUFY L KHVETSDEOYA, YFP YOPZDB YJCHEUFOSCH YYNEOOYS UPCHETYOOOP OEPVIPDYNSCH UPPVTBOP U YYNEOYCHPVCHUPSFYB , YUFP FERETSH OBUFBMP CHTENS FBLPZP Y'NEOOYS, LPFPTPPE CHSTBYFUS CH CHPPTHTSEOYY MYOEKOPK LPOOYGSH TECHPMSHCHETPN.

2. MEZLBS LPOOYGB, LPOOSCHE UFTEMLY

nsch ULBUBMY, YuFP MYOEKOBS LPOOYGB DPMTSOB UPUFBCHMSFSH FPMSHLP YUEFCHETFHA YUBUFSH CHUEZP TPDB PTKhTSYS CH UPUFBCHE BTNYY. DESFEMSHOPUFSH LPOOYGSH HAQIDA RPME VYFCHSH OBUFPMSHLP UHYMBUSH, YuFP VHDEF VPMSHYPK PYYVLPK PFDEMSFSH UMYYLPN NOPZP CH FH YUBUFSH, LPFPTBS OBKDETYNETYPETYPE. oBRTPFYCH FPZP, DPMA MEZLPK HAQIDA LPOOYGSHCHSHCHRBDBEF UBNBS DESFEMSHOBS UMHTSVB, LBL-FP: UFPPTSECHBS Y TBCHEDCHBFEMSHOBS, RPYULY, LPOCHPYTPCHBOYE, RTYBTYSHBOYE, RTYBTYSHEKF; RPFPNH YUYUMEOOPUFSH UNING DPMTSOB VSCHFSH VPMEE OBYUYFEMSHOB.

chUSLPZP, LFP 'BOINBMUS YHYUEOYEN CHPEOOOPK YUFPTYY, OE NPZMP OE RPTBYFSH, LBLPE PZTPNOPE CHMYSOYE CH IPTPYKHA YMY DHTOHA UFPPOH YNEMB DESFEMSHOPULIFTSBLFCHP, CHSHRPMOSMBUSH. NPTsEF VShchFSH, OYuFP FBL UIMSHOP OE PFTBYMPUSH HAQIDA YUIPDE LBNRBOY 1870 Z., LBL UMBVSCHE DEKUFCHYS ZHTBOGKHULPK LPOOIGSHCH UFPPTSECHPK Y TBCHEDSHOPSHPUPSFY HUOSCHN DEKUFCHYSN ZETNBOULPK LBCHBMETYY.

oBDP EEE 'BNEFYFSH, YuFP ULPTPUFSH DCHYTSEOYS YZTBMB CHUEZDB VPMSHYKHA TPMSH CH CHPEOOSCHI PRETBGYSI. OBRPMEPO VSCHM FPZP NOEOYS, YuFP 10-FSCHUSYUOBS BTNYS, DEMBAEBS CH DEOSH 20 CHETUF, NPTsEF UDEMBFSH FP TSE, YuFP Y 20-FSCHUSYUOBS BTHEBSENYS, DFLFLYUOBS CHEBSENYS, DEMBAEBS CH DEOSH 20 CHETUF. eUMY LFP CHETOP, B CHTSD MY LFP-OYVHDSH U LFYN OE UPZMBUYFUS, FP, RPUBDYCH 10,000 YUEMPCHEL HAQIDA MPYBDEC, NSCH LBL VSC KHDCHBYCHBEN YI UYMKH Y OBUEOMY. NSHCH HTSE CHYDEMY, PDOBLP, YuFP LPOOYGB OE NPTsEF PVPTPOSFSH RPYGYA, DEKUFChPCHBFSH HAQIDA CHUSLPK NEUFOPUFY, BFBLPCHBFSH KHLTERMEOYS; CHUMEDUFCHYE LFPPZP PE CHUEI UMKHYUBSI OBYOOYE CHCHYEKHRPNSOKHFSCHI 10,000 CHUBDOYLPCH UYMSHOP KHNEOSHYYFUS Y VSHUFTPFB YI DCHYTSEOYK OE RTEEFSCYPSHYOE, YYCHMEYUSH. EUMY CE CHUBDOIL YFY RP RTYVSHCHFYY O NEUFP OBYUEOYS NPZHF UREYYFSHUS Y UTBTSBFSHUS, LBL REIPFYOGSHCH, FP POY NPZHF VSHFSH KHRPFTEVMOSCH DBPUSHPROSU FE U FEN CH UMHUBE OEKHDBYU VSHCHFSH PFTEBOOSCHNY. bFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP CHSHCHCHBMP CH TBOPE CHTENS UKHEEUFCHPCHBOIE DTBZKHO.

nsch RPNOYN, YuFP bMELUBODT RTY RTEUMEDPCHBOY dBTYS RPUBDYM 500 PFVPTOSCHI REIPFYOGECH HAQIDA LPOEK, YUEN RTYPVTEM CHPNPTSOPUFSH DCHYZBFSHUS U VPMSHYEK VSHUFTPFKK. TBOSHIE FPZP DMS FPK CE GEMY KHRPFTEVMSMYUSH LPMEUOYGSHCH. rPTSE NSCH OEPDOPLTBFOP CHUFTEYUBEN RTYNEOOYE FPK TSE YDEY CHYDE DTBZXO, UPUFBCHMSCHYI OBYUYFEMSHOKHA YUBUFSH BTNYK. OBRPMEPO VSHM CHSHUPLPZP NOEOYS PV LFPN TPDE LPOYGSHCH. rP EZP NOEOYA, CHUE CHUBDOILY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHFSH CHPPTHTSEOSH PZOEUFTEMSHOSHCHN PTHTSYEN Y PVHYUEOSCH REYENKH VPA.

uMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, CHBTsOPE OBYUEOYE DTBZKHO UPOBCHBMPUSH PE CHUE CHTENEOB; FEN OE NEOEE VSHCHBMY PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB, RTY LPFPTSCHI DTBZHOSH PFIPDYMY HAQIDA CHFPTPK RMBO, Y OBYUEOYE YI 'BVShChChBMPUS; FBL, OBRTYNET, OEPVSHHLOPCHOOOP KHDBYUOSCH BFBLY LPOOOGSH ZHTDTYIB CHEMYLPZP RTYCHEMY L KHVETSDEOOSN, YUFP YDES DTBZKHO - MPTSOBS Y PYYVPYUOBS. chNEUFE U FEN NOPZIE DTKHZIE PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB RTERSFUFCHPCHBMY CH RTETSOIE CHTENEOB DPCHEUFY IDEA BFKH DP RPMOPZP TBCHYFYS. pDOP FP, YuFP UTBTSEOYS TBSHCHZTSCHCHBMYUSH HAQIDA UPCHETYEOOPK PFLTSCHFPK NEUFOPUFY, OBYUIFEMSHOP KHNEOSHIBMP YYUMP UMKHYUBECH DMS RTYNEOOYS REYEZP VPS DTBZK; VSHMP ZPTBJDP TBHNOEE CH FBLYI UMHYUBSI RKHULBFSH YI CH BFBLKH CH LPOOPN UFTPA. CHUMEDUFCHYE LFPPZP CH VPMSHYEK YUBUFY BTNYK DTBZHOULYE RPMLY YNEMY UPCHETYEOOOP FPF CE IBTBLFET, LBL Y CHUE RTPYUYE LPOOSCH RPMLY, Y KHRPFTEVMSMYUSH, LBLBLPCCHE. UBNPE YI UOBTSSEOYE UPCHUEN OE VSHMP RTYURPUPVMEOP L KHDPVOPNH DEKUFCHYA REYLPN, Y YDES OBUFPSEYI DTBZXHO RPYUFY PLPOYUBFEMSHOP 'BZMPIMB.

h OBUFPSEEE CHTENS NOPZIE Y' BFTKhDOEOYK XUFTBOOEOSCH. dTBZHOSH VSHCHMY RTETSDE CHPPTHTSEOSH ZMBDLYNY LBTBVIOBNYY, J LPFPTSCHI NPTsOP VSHMP UFTEMSFSH FPMSHLP HAQIDA VMYOLYE DIUFBOGYY Y CHEUSHNB NBMPK CHETPSFOPUBOFSHA RPRPRPR. fBLYE TSE THTSSHS YNEMB Y REIPFB, CHUMEDUFCHYE YUESP UBN VPK CHEMUS UPCHETYEOOP YOBYUE, YUEN FERETSH. RTY ZHTDTYIE Y OBRPMEPOE BTNYY CHSHCHUFTBYCHBMY VPECHPK RPTSDPL HAQIDA PUEOSH OEOBYUYFEMSHOPN KHDBMEOYY DTHZ PF DTHZB. vPK REIPFSCH OBUYOBMUS U 300-400 YBZPCH Y RTPDPMTSBMUS DP UVMYTSEOYS HAQIDA 50-60 YBZPCH Y DBTSE DP ULTEECHBOYS YFSHLPCH VEYYFEMSHOPZP TEXMSHFBBEBE. FERETSH LFP RETENEOMPUSH. Xususiy korxona ZhTBOLP-ZETNBOULPK ChPKO PZPOSH PFLTSCHCHBMUS U 1500 YBZPCH, Y UFPTPOSCH TEDLP UVMYTSBMYUSH 200 ga yaqin YBZPCH VEJ FPZP, YUFPVSH PDOB Y ODBCHBI OBE. chPPVEE TSE REIPFOSH VPY CHEMYUSH 600-150 YBZPCH, RTYUEN RTY UVMYTSEOYY 400 YBZPCH HCE OBUFHRBM LTYYU VPS. uMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, RTY OBUFPSEEN CHPPTHTSEOY PVPPTPOSAEIKUS NPTSEF RTYUYOYFSH OBUFHRBAEENKH RPFETY HCE U 1000 YBZPCH, 'BFEN PZPOSH CHUE HUYMYCHBEFUSCHYBU KOP DEKUFCHEOOSCHN, Y DCHYTSEOYE CH LFPC allaqachon UPRTTSCEOP U PZTPNOSCHN HTPOPN.

eUMY 'BFEN L VPMSHYEK DBMSHOPVPKOPUFY OSCHOEYOEZP PTHTSYS RTYVBCHYFSH EEE EZP VPMSHYKHA NEFLPUFSH Y ULPTPUFSH UFTEMSHVSH, FP CHSHKDEF, YuFP OE FPMYCHOBPUBPUBBOHB UNSHUME UYMSHOSHI RPFETSH) 'POB, OP Y UBNP YUYUMP CHSHCHRKHULBENSHI HAQIDA LBTSDHA UPFOA YBZPCH LFPC'POSH CHSHCHUFTEMPCH, Y RTYFPN CHRPMOE NEFLYI, HCHEMYYUMPUSH RP LTBKOEK NETE CHUEFCHETP.

y' CHCHYEYIMPTSEOOPZP UFBOPCHYFUS RPOSFOSCHN, YuFP RTETSDE DTBZKHOSH, UREYYCHYYEUS DMS UBOSFYS LBLPK-MYVP RPIYGYY PUFBCHYCH MPYBDEK ULTSHCHFSHNYBCHB0'H2- DBFSH CHUEZP OEULPMSHLP CHSHCHUFTEMPCH, LBL OERTYSFEMSHULBS REIPFB HCE OBUEDBMB HAQIDA OYI. 'BFEN CHUSLYK VPK TEYBMUS RP VPMSHYEK YUBUFY IMPPDOSCHN PTHTSYEN - DTHZPZP OE VSHMP; EUMY FERETSH RTEDRPMPTSYFSH, YuFP DTBZXHOSH CHUFKHRYMY CH THLPRBIOSCHK VPK U OBUECHYEK O YI REIPFPK Y UBFEN VSHCHOKHTSDEOSCH L PFUFKHRMEOYA, FP POYTBOSCHUESCHUPYB FSHUS DP UCHPYI MPYBDEK Y UEUFSH OYI HAQIDA. PRBUEOYE PUKhFYFSHUS CH FBLPN 'BFTKHDOYFEMSHOPN RPPTSEOY CHEMPION, CHETPSFOP, YUBUFP L TBOOENH PFUFKHRMEOYA, CHUMEDUFCHYE YUESP NOPZYE RPIYGYFSHMASTYU LBL KHRPTOBS PVPTPOB YI NPZMB UFPYFSH OERTYSFEMA PYUEOSH DPTPPZP, B YOPZDB DBTCE RTYCHEUFY EZP BFBLY L OEKHDBYUE.

lBL CHUE YYNEOMPUSH FERETSH! dTBZHOSH YMY LPOOSCH UFTEMLY NPZHF, UREYYCHYYUSH, CHRPMOYE URPLLPKOP TBURPMPTSYFSHUS HAQIDA RPIYGYY; PFLTSCHFSH PZPOSH HCE RP RTYVMYTSEOY OERTYSFEMS HAQIDA 1000 YBZPCH, U 600 YBZPCH OBOEUFY ENKH UYMSHOSH RPFETY Y UBFEN PZOEN TEYYFSH DEMP TBOSHYE, YUENFUTZCHBO5 YUENFYCHOY R. CHNEUFE U FEN OYUFP OE NEYBEF DTBZHOBN RTDDPMTsBFSH PZPOSH DP RTYVMYTSEOYS RTPFPYCHOILB TAQMINCHI 200 YBZPCH Y EBFEN CH IKHYUBE DPVETSBFSH DP UCHPYYUBE DPVETSBFSH DP UCHPYEPCHIYFY ECHOY, UEUFSH OYI Y HKFY HAQIDA.

CHETPSFOP, CHUE UPZMBUSFUS, YuFP OPChPE PTKhTSYE PFLTPEF YYTPLPE RPME DEKUFCHYK DMS DTBZKHO. hCHEMYUYCHYCHYBSUS DBMSHOPUFSH PVUFTEMB CHPPVEEE Y KHCHEMYUYCHYEEUS TBUUFPSOYE, U LPFTPZP VPK NPTsEF VSCHFSH TEYEO PZOEN, CHUE RETECHETOHMY. chTENS, RPFTEVOPE CHUBDOILBN, YuFPVSH UEUFSH CH UMHYUBE OEKHDBYU HAQIDA LPOEK, OE YNEOYMPUSH; CHTENS TSE, LPFPTSCHN POY DMS bFPZP TBURPMBZBAF, CHPTPUMP CH OBYUYFEMSHOPK UFEREOY. chNEUFE U FEN DBMSHOPVPKOPUFSH, ULPTPUFTEMSHOPUFSH Y NEFLPUFSH YI PTHTSYS FBLCE KHCHEMYUYMYUSH CH OEPVSHLOPCHEOOOPK UFEREOY. VSHMP VSH UPCHETYOOOP VEKHNOP RTY UPCHETYOOOP Y'NEOYCHYIUS PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI RTDPDPMTSBFSH RTDETTSYCHBFSHUS RTETSOYI CHZMSDPCH.

CHUE OBNY ULBUBOOPE - OE EUFSH PDOB FEPTYS. lFP, RTPYUYFBCH P DESFEMSHOPUFY LPOOSCHI UFTEMLPCH CH BNETYLBOULKHA NETSDPHUPVOKHA CHPKOKH, NPTsEF EEE XUPNOIFSHUS CH PZTPNOPK RPMSHYE, LPFPTHA POY NPYOFFYF? fY CHUBDOILY YURPMOSMY OEPVSHHLOPCHOOOP KHNEMP UMHTSVKH UFPTPTSECHHA Y TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOHA; SING UTBTSBMYUSH REYLPN RTPFYCH REIPFSCH, LPOOGSHCH Y BTFYMMETYY; SING YFKHTNPCHBMY KHLTERMEOYS, BFBLPCCHCHBMY LBOPOETULYE MPDLY - PDOYN UMPCHPN, DEMBMY CHUE, YuFP FPMSHLP NPTSEF CHSHCHRBUFSH HAQIDA DPMA UPMDBFB. sochlarini fen mashinasi VPMEE KhDYCHYFEMSHOP, YUFP OH OENGSCH, OH ZHTBOGKHSCH UPCHUEN OE CHPURPMSHYPCHBMYUSH PRSCHFPN LFPK CHEMYLPK CHPKOSHCH.

DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OEKHTSEMY NPTsOP DPRKHUFYFSH, YuFP RTHUUBLY OE YICHMELHF OYLBLPK DMS UEVS RPMSHJSH YHTPLPCH CHFPTPC RPMPCHYOSCH LBNRBOYY, LPZCHHEFTSHOBIY, LPZCHESCHOSB CHPMHO HMBO YULBFSH 'BEIFSH YMY, RP LTBKOEK NETE, RPDDETSLY H REIPFSCH? hTSD MY SING YI RP'BVHDHF. NETSDH FEN DEMP UFPYF FBL, YuFP FP ZPUKhDBTUFCHP, LPFPTPPE L VKHDHEEK CHPKOE UKHNEEF RTYNEOIFSH CH VPMSHYI UIMBI LPOOSCHU FTEMLPC, VKhDEF YNEFSH FTEMLPC, UCHPEPPPESHINF HAQIDA UCHPEPPPESHINF. NSHCH Y CHYDYN, YuFP OENGSCH CHPPTHTSBAF OBYUYFEMSHOKHA YUBUFSH UCHPEK LPOOIGSH DBMSHOPVPKOSCHNY LBTBVIOBNY, CHETPSFOP, YuFPVSH RTYNEOSFSH UCHPYI CHUBDOYLPBOLPIGHY BUBDOYLPHELPIGCHFML.

dTKHZPE VPMSHYPE DPUFPYOUFCHP LPOOSCHI UFTEMLPCH UPUFPYF EEE CH FPN, YuFP, VKHYUY UCHEDEOSHCH PFDEMSHOSCH PFTSDSDCH Y UOBVTSEOSH LPOOPK BTFYMMETYEK, POYMBFSHPUPSHUBFHN , UPEDYOOOPK U VSHUFTTPFPK DCHYTSEOYS LPOOYGSCH Y URPUPVOPUFSH DEKUFChPCHBFSH HAQIDA CHUSLPZP TPDB NEUFOPUFY OBUFHRBFEMSHOP Y PVPTPPOYFEMSHOP. fBLPK PFTSD VHDEF PUPVEOOOP RTYZPDEO DMS TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOPK UMKHTSVSHCH VPMSHYI TBNETBI, RPYUENH EZP Y UMEDHEF UREGYBMSHOP PVKHYUBFSH LFPNH DEMH. rTY UREYYCHBOYY UMEDPCHBMP VSH TBY OCHUEZDB KHUFBOPCHYFSH, YuFP LPOPCHPDBNY PUFBAFUS FTEFSHY OPNETB LBTSDPZP YuEFSHTEITSDOPZP PFDEMEEOYS CH PVEYI YHDOPCHPHETBYF CHB, PDOX UMECHB. lPOPCHPDPCH UMEDHEF UFBTBFEMSHOP PVHYUYFSH DCHYTSEOYSN CHREDEDY OBBD Y RPCHPTPFBN, YUFPVSH POY NPZMY UMEDPCHBFSH 'B DCHYTSEOYSNY VREYOOOSCHI YÜSHLTSHFYB TP RPDBCHBFSH MPYBDEC.

rPDPVOPZP TPDB PFTSD RTYOEUEF CHUEZDB VPMSHYKHA RPMSH'KH, PUPVEOOP TSE CH RBTFIYBOULPK CHPKOE. ZEOETBM UFEZHEO MY ZPCHPTYF: “chPPTHTSEOYE CHUBDOYLPCH NBZBYOOOSCHN THTSSHEN Y TECHPMSHCHETPN OPCHEKYEK UYUFENSCH, RP NPENKH KHVETSDEOYA, KHCHEMYUYCHPOPVCHPSHPMY LHCHEMYUYCHPOPVCHFSHUR UFEREOY, YUEN FP UDEMBMP OPCHPE PTHTSIE DMS REIPFSCH Y BTFYMMETYY. ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK RPMKHYUBEF CHPNPTSOPUFSH RETEOUFY UIMSHOSCHK PFTSD REIPFSCH U VSHUFTPPFPK DCHYTSEOYS LPOOGSH HAQIDA LBLPC-MYVP CHUSFSHCHK RHOLFECHPEBSEBTSSYB. UYMSHOSHCHK LPOOSCHK PFTSD RTEDUFBCHMSEF FERTSH GEMPE CHPKULP Y NPTSEF CHSHRPMOYFSH CHUSLHA 'BDBUH LBL HAQIDA RPME UTBTSEOYS, FBL Y CHOE EZP.”

zMBChB III.

chPPTHTSEOYE Y UOBTSCEOYE

1.fSCEMBS YMY MYOEKOBS LPOOGB

POB DPMTSOB LPNRMELFPCHBFSHUS Y UIMSHOSHI MADEK, VSHFSH RPUBTSEO O NBUUYCHOSHI MPYBDEC Y DPCHEDEOB DP CHCHUYEK UFEREOY UPNLOKHFPUFY RTY DCHYTSEOYSI. chPPTHTSEOYE EE - UBVMS Y DCHB TECHPMSHCHETB, PDYO HAQIDA UEVE, DTHZPK - UEDME HAQIDA.

nHODYT DPMTSEO PVMEZBFSH RMPFOP FEMP, OP OILBL OE VSHFSH KHLYN, B PUFBCHMSFSH RPMOHA UCHPVPDH DCHYTSEOYSN. mHYUYK ZPMPCHOPK KhVPT -MEZLBS NEFBMMYYUEULBS LBULB, 'BEIEBAEBS PF UBVEMSHOSCHI HDBTPCH. LYTBUSCH, YUFPVSH POY DPUFBCHMSMY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOHA 'BEYFH RTPFYCH PZOEUFTEMSHOPZP PTKhTSYS, DPMTSOSCH VSHCHFSH UMYILPN FSTSEMSCH; EUMY TSE POY LFPC 'BEIFSHCH OE DPUFBCHMSAF, FP POY VPMEE CHTEDOSCH, YUEN RPME'OSCH. fBL LBL, LTPNE FPZP, PF LPOOYGSH FTEVHEFUS RPMOPPE TBCHYFYE VSHUFTPFSH, YuFPVSH LBL NPTsOP ULPTEE DPULBLBFSH DP OERTYSFEMSHULPK REIPFSCH, FP NSCH FPZPHEBUSPHEPOFTYNO PFNEOYFSH, B PZTBOYUYFSHUS DMS 'BEIFSH PF UBVEMSHOSCHI HDBTPCH RPZPOBNY Y NEFBMMYUEULYI GERPYUEL Y RTYLTERYFSH L RETYUBFLBN MEZLYE UFBMSHOSHE LTBZY, DPIPDSEYE DP MPLFS.

CHSHUPLYE, DP LPMEO, UBRPZY PYUEOSH RPMEOSCH, FBL LBL 'BEEBAF PF USHTPUFY, RTEDPITBOSAF OUEULPMSHLP OPZH PF RPCHTETSDEOYS RTY UTSBFYY UPUEDSNY PE CHTENSSECHPMSFYRPFYRPMSCHYK Y YI MPTSYFSHUS URBFSH CH UHIYI TEKFKHBI; CH LFPN PFOPYEOYY CHSHCHUPLYE UBRPZY ZPTBJDP MHYUYE PVYYFSHCHI LPTSEK TEKFKH, LPFPTSCHE RTYOSFSHCH CH OELPFPTSHCHI BTNYSI.

rPDPVOSCHN PVTBBPN UOBTSSEOOBS LPOOGB, BFBLHAEBS U TECHPMSHCHETPN CH THLBI LPOOIGH, CHPPTHTSEOOHA UBVMSNY, VKhDEF RPYUFY OERPVEDINB Y NPTSEF RTYYUYOYCHMPOSHILFSH RTPMOSYFYRPOSFYFSH. ymen 'BEYEBEF ZPMPCHH, RPZPOSH - RMEYUY, UBRPZY - OPZY Y RETYUBFLY - THLY, Y' LPFPTSCHI PDOB DETSYF TECHPMSHCHET; CHUE YBOUSCH THLPRBIOPN VPA VHDHF UFPTPOE FBLLPZP CHUBDOILB HAQIDA.

TBOSHCH, RTYYUYOOOSCHE UBVMEK, XDYCHMSAF OBU LBL UCHPYN OJOBYUYFEMSHOSHCHN YUYUMPN, FBL Y MEZLINE IBTBLFETPN. rPMLPCHOIL ZHPO vPTL, OBRTYNET, TBUULBSHCHBEF UMEDHAEE P OEYUBSOOPN OPYUOPN OBRBDEOYY, CH LPFPTPN DCHB LPOOSHI RPMLB ACBO RP PYYVLE BFBLPCBMY DTHZ DTHZKYOZBYE1K: “ USH DTKHZ YUETE DTHZB CH VMEUFSEEK BFBLE, LPFPTBS, L UYUBUFSHA, OE YNEMB OILBLYI UETSHESHI RPUMEDUFCHYK, LTPNE OUEULPMSHLYI UBVEMSHOSCHI HDBTPCH.”

oKHTsOP PVTBFYFSH PUPVEOOPE CHOYNBOYE XNEOSHYOYE FSTSEUFY CHSHALB HAQIDA. 'BRBUOPK PDETSDSCH UMEDHEF VTBFSH LBL NPTsOP NEOSHYE; MHYUYE HER CHPYFSH HAQIDA RPCHPLBI CH FSHMKH BTNYY. uMEDPCHBMP VSC 'BRTEFIFSH MADSN CHPYFSH YuENPDBOS HAQIDA MPIBDSI, FBL LBL, VKHDHYU RPUFPSOOP OBRPMOEOSCH, SING RTEDUFBCHMSAF OBYUYFEMSHOHA FSCEUFSH.

RMBE DPMTSEO VSHFSH U TBTE'PN UBDY DMS CHETIPCHPK EDSHCH, OERTENEOOOP U THLBCHBNY, FBL LBL YOBYUE ON PYUEOSH OEKHDPVEO, Y KHUFTPEO FBL, YuFPVSH NPTsOP VSCHMP OPTBLFSHRECHBZH P.

zP'ShE X UCHPEK YUFPTYY LBNRBOYE 1866 Z. DEMBEF 'BNEYUBOYE, LPFPTPPE NPTsEF UMKHTSYFSH RPDFCHETTSDEOYEN NOEOYS, YFP OE UMEDHEF TBTEYBFSHJMADHEF YUFPTYY MADDHEF YUFPSHBOYB. ZPCHPTYF ko'ra, YuFP RTHUULBS REIPFB VSHMB KhDTHYUEOB FSCEUFSHHA UCHPYI TBOGECH, LPFPTSCHE, IPFS Y MKHYUYEK LPOUFTHLGYY, YUEN CH DTHZYI BTNYSI, OBLPCHEBNYSILY, CHUEPCHEBTYYB LBL YI PE CHTENS CHUEK LBNRBBOY PUEOSH TEDLP PFLTSCHBMY. tsemeosche DPTPZY Y KHMHYUYEOYS DTKHZPZP TPDB CH RHFSI UPPVEEOYS UPLTBFYMY RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOPUFSH CHPKO Y PVMEZYUMY DPUFBCHLH CHUEZP OEPVIPDYNPZP. uPMDBFSH RPFPNKH OE DPMTSOSCH VSCH VPMEE OPUIFSH HAQIDA URYOE FSCEUFSH, LPFPTBS PVTBEBEF YI CHSHAYUSHI TSYCHPFOSHI Y NEYBEF YUFYOOPNH OBYUEOYA - DCHYZBFSHUS Y.

lFP 'BBNEUPOVI NPTsEF VShChFSh RTYNEOOEP EEE CH VPMSHYEK UFEREOY L LPOOYGE, RPME'OPUFSH LPFPTPK OBIPDIFUS CH RTSNPK 'BCHYUYNPUFY PF VSHUFTPFSECHOYCHYYCHYYCHK D.

2. MEZLIYE DTBZHOSH YMY LPOOSHE UFTEMLY

uOBTSEOYE YI DPMTSOP VSHFSH MEZUE, YUEN FSTSEMPK LPOOYGSHCH; CHUE, YuFP NPTSEF RPNEYBFSH DEKUFCHYA CH REYEN UFTPA, DPMTSOP VSHFSH PFVTPEOP, OBRTYNET LBULB Y RETYUBFLY. CHNEUFP LBULY DPMTSEO VSHFSH RTYOSF DTHZPK, VPMEE MEZLYK, ZPMPCHOPK KHVPT, CHPNPTsOP, VPMEE RMPFOP RTYMEZBAEIK L ZPMPCHE, FBL LBL LPOOSCHN UFTEMLBN RTYUEPDIFMEFMEF YP EEOOOPK NEUFOPUFY. UBRPZY DPMTSOSCH VSHFSH FBLCE CHSHCHUPLYE, OP OE FBLYE FSTSEMSHCHE, LBL CH MYOEKOPK LPOOYGE. lBTBVIOSCH DPMTSOSCH OPUIFSHUS UEDME CH PUPVPN ZHFMSTE RPBDY RTBCHPK OPZY CHUBDOILB HAQIDA. lBTBVYOSCH, RP OBYENKH NOEOYA, MHYUYE DEMBFSH OUEULPMSHLP DMYOOEE, YUEN RTYOSFP FERETSH; OP REIPFOBS CHYOFPHLB HCE UMYYLPN DMYOOB Y OEKHDPVOB DMS DEKUFCHYS EA U MPYBDI. ohTsOP ChSFSh OYuFP UTEDOEEE NETSDH OYNY; FBLPK LBTBVYO DPMTSEO, LPOYUOP, VShchFSH OBTSTSBENSCHN U LBOSHCHN, OP NPTSEF Y OE VShchFSH NBZBYOOOSCHN. TECHPMSHCHET CHYDE 'BRBUOPZP PTHTSYS DMS THLPRBIOPZP VPS CHETIPN Y REYLPN DPMTSEO OPUIFSHUS HAQIDA RPSUE, B UBVMS - RTYLTERMEOB L UEDMH, FBL LBL EA RTYIPDIFUS FBL LBL EA RTYIPDIFUS UTBTSHNFTYFY OSHI UMKHYUBSI, OBRTYNET RTY OEDPUFBFLE RBFTOPCH, RTY RTEUMEDPCHBOY Y F.D.

x ATsBO NOPZIE LPOOSCH UFTEMLY UPCHUEN OE YNEMY IMPPDOPZP PTHTSYS. OPEYOE UBVMY UBNYN YUEMPCHELPN OBN LBTSEFUS OETSEMBFEMSHOSHCHN, FBL LBL POB RTEDUFBCHMSEF VPMSHYPE OEKHDPVUFCHP CH REYEN UFTPA . UBVMS CHNEUFE U CHSHCHUPLYN LYCHETPN, XLYNY TEKFKHYBNYY YYRPTBNY UDEMBMB CHUE, YUFPVSH MYYYFSH RTETSOYI DTBZXO CHPNPTSOPUFY XHDPVOP DEKUFCHPCHBFSH REYLPN. lFP UOBTSSEOYE RTYCHAMP YI L KHVETSDEOYA, YFP CH RTYOGYRE DTBZXOSH VEURPMEOSCH. UFTBOOP, YuFP OILPNKH OE RTYYMB CH ZPMPCHH NSCHUMSH P UOSFYY UP CHUBDOILB UBVMY: CHEDSH CH REYEN UFTPA POB UPCHETYOOOP VEURPMEB. lBTBVYO DPMTSEO KHRPFTEVMSFSHUS CH LPOOPN UFTPA PYUEOSH TEDLP, YUFPVSHCHOE ULBBBFSH OILZDB; CHUSLBS LPOOBS BFBLB DPMTSOB RTPYCHPDYFSHUS U TECHPMSHCHETPN YMY IPMPDOSCHN PTHTSYEN CH THLBI.

FSTSEUFSH CHSHALB DPMTSOB VSHFSH FBL TSE, EUMY EEE OE VPMSHYE, KHNEOSHYEOB X LPOOSHI UFTEMLPCH, FBL LBL HAQIDA OYI METSYF CHUS UFPPTSECHBS Y TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOBS Y TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOBS Y RHTSBYCHUBYFYB.

y'CHEUFOPE YUYUMP MADEK DPMTSOP YNEFSH FPRPTSCH CH LPTSBOSCHI ZHFMSTBI, LPFPTSHCHE RTYLTERMSAFUS L UEDMH. sing DPMTSOSCH VSHCHFSH TBURTEDEMEOSH RPCHCHPDOP Y UMKHTSYFSH DMS TBBTHOYEOS 'BVPTPCH, CHPCHEDEOYS VTHUFCHETPCH, THVLY DTPC, RPUFTPKLY YBMBIEK, THVLY FMEZFTDTBZH. TBURTEDEMEOYE FPRPTPCH RP THLBN KHDPVOEE RETECHPLY YI CH RPCHPLBI.

lPOOSCHE UFTEMLY CHCHYDH TPDB YI UMHTSVSH DPMTSOSCH LPNRMELFPCHBFSHUS YI MADEK UNEFMYCHSHCHI; YI UMEDHEF UOBVTSBFSH CH CHPNPTSOP VPMSHYEN LPMYUEUFCHE LBTFBNY FEBFTB CHPKOSHCH, LPFPTSHCHE DPMTSOSCH KHNEFSH YUFBFSH, RP LTBKOEK NETE, CHUE HOFET-PJYGETSH.

yuFP LBUBEFUS MPYBDEK, FP OBYVPMEE CHSHCHUPLYE, FSTSEMSHCHE, NBUUYCHOSHE OBYUBAFUS H MYOEKOHA LPOOYGH; RTPYUYE RTEDPUFBCHMSAFUS MEZLPK. URPUPVOPUFSH LBTSDPK LPOOPC YUBUFY L DEKUFCHYA 'BCHYUYF RTETSDE CHUEZP PF UPUFPSOYS ITS MPYBDEK, Y RPFPNH UMEDHEF PVTBEBFSH PUPVEOOPE CHOYNBOYE, UMPCHHLBCH HAQIDA. CHUS DESFEMSHOPUFSH LPOOYGSH PVXUMPCHMEOB UYMBNY MPYBDEK, Y RPFPNKH OE UMEDHEF OBZTHTSBFSH YI UMYILPN VPMSHYYNY FSCEUFSNY. CHUSLYK LBCHBMETYKULYK PZHYGET DPMTSEO RPUFPSOOP LFP RPNOIFSH.

zMBChB IV.

CHPKOYE HAQIDA hRPFTEVMEOYE LPOOYGSHCH

eUMY DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP DESFEMSHOPUFSH LPOOYGSH HAQIDA RPME UTBTSEOYS UKHYMBUSH, FP RPSCHMSEFUS CHPRTPU: OE CHPOBZTBDYMBUSH MY POB CHRPMOE TBUYYTEOYEN DESSHOPUFYSEFYSHOYBUSH? oChPE PZOEUFTEMSHOPE PTHTSYE RTYDBMP LPOOSCHN UFTEMLBN FBLPE OBYEOYE, LBLLPZP POY OYLPZDB OE NPZMY RPMKHYYFSH RTETSDE, Y KHCHEMYUYMP UMHYUBYYSY RTYNEOOYSI.

tsemeosche DPTPZY, FEMEZTBZHSH Y DTHZYE RKhFY UPPVEEOYS - CHEUSHNB ChBTsosche PVYAELFSCH DMS DEKUFCHYK, YI UPITBOOYE FBL UKHEEUFCHEOOP, YuFP OBYUYUFCHEOOP, OYFP OBYUYUFCHEOOP PITBOEOYS, FBL Y DMS TBTHYEOYS YI. UYMSHOSHCHK PFTSD LPOOSCHI UFTEMLPCH U LPOOSCHNY PTKHDYSNY VKhDEF CHUEZDB YNEFSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH TSYFSH UB UUEF UFTBOSHCHY, U PDOPK UFPTPOSCH, VMBZPDBTS VSHUFTPFESHKFTHYP SHHI OERTYSFEMSHULYI YUBUFEK, B U DTHZPK - VMBZPDBTS CHPPTHTSEOYA Y RPMOPK UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPUFY -TBVYCHBFSH NEMLYE.

h ubnpn obyubme cfkoshch lfyofmchmsf retedpchsheck rpufshmshew, lpfptshchhebfemsheShosh RPRFFshshp Pfdemskahpp Obthtmshohopk XrthtmShohopk Xrththpshpk Myoji; SING OE DPMTSOSCH RPJCHPMYFSH PUFBOPCHYFSH UEVS NEMLYN REIPFOSHCHN YUBUFSN, OP DPMTSOSCH YI TBVYCHBFSH Y RTDPDPMTSBFSH DCHYTSEOYE, PUNBFTYCHBS CHUA NEUFOSHBOSHBOSHBOYF YE RETEDPCHSHCHE RPUFSHCH. TB DPUFYZOKHFP UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYE U OERTYSFEMEN, POP OH RPD LBLYN CHYDPN OE DPMTSOP VSHFSH VPMSHYE RPFETSOP. oBRYTBS HAQIDA OERTYSFEMS CH UMBVSCHI RHOLFBI, 'BDETTSYCHBS EZP CH UIMSHOSCHI, RPOENOPZKH PRTEDEMSAF EZP UYMKH Y TBURPMPTSEOYE.

rPDPVOSHK PFTSD YDEF HAQIDA 2-3 RETEIPDB CHRETEDY BTNYY, LPFPTBS RPD EZP RTYLTSHFYEN DCHYZBEFUS U VPMSHYYNYY KHDPVUFCHBNYY CH RPMOPK VE'PRBUOPUFY. lPOOYGB HCE RP PDOPNKH FPNKH, YuFP POB DCHYZBEFUS VSCHUFTEE REIPFSCH, DPMTSOB VSHFSH RPUFPSOOP CHREDEDI ZHTPOFB BTNYY; FPZDB DPUFYZBEFUS, LTPNE FPZP, EEE Y CHPNPTsOPUFSH VPMEE MEZLPZP EE RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHPCBOYS. PRSCHF RPLB'BM, YuFP RPDPVOSHCHK PVTB DEKUFCHYK, VEKHUMPCHOP, UBNSCHK MKHYUYK. bCHUFTYKULYE CHUBDOYLY CHTENEO ZHTYDTYIB, TB CHUFKHRYCH CH UPRTYLPUOPCHEOYE U OERTYSFEMEN, OYLPZDB VPMSHYE EZP OE FETSMY, RTYNETBNY YUEZP NPZHF UPTILY ZHTYPYPOYE. fBL CE DEKUFCHPCHBMY LBBBLY RTPPHYCH obrpmepob. h ChPKOKH 1870 Z. ZETNBOULYE BTNYY URPLPKOP DCHYZBMYUSH RPD RTYLTSCHFYEN CHSHCHDCHYOHFPK DBMELP CHREDED LPOYGSH, RPLB DESFEMSHOPUFSH RPUMEDOEK, OMBZBSETBTSBSSB KUFCHYK, OE VSHMB CH CHCHUYEK UFEREOY 'BFTKHDOOEOB ZHTBOFYTSHETBNY.

oEVPMSHYYE TBYAEDSH DPMTSOSCH YOSCHTSFSH LBL ZHTPOF HAQIDA, FBL Y HAQIDA ZHMBOZBI BTNYY; LFP - EE EHRBMSHGB, EE ZMB'B Y HYY, B YUBUFP Y EE ​​LPTNYMSHGSHCH. zMBCHOPLPNBODHAEIK VE LPOOOYGSH VMKHTsDBEF CH UPCHETYOOOSCHI RPFENLBI; NPTSEF DCHYZBFSHUS FPMSHLP NEDMEOOOP Y OETEYYFEMSHOP tomonidan; OE OBEF, LKhDB OBRTBCHYFSH UCHPY KhDBTSCH, PFLKhDB PCYDBFSH OERTYSFEMS.

ZHTYDTYI CHEMYLK PVSBO KHDBUOPNH YUIPDKH UCHPYI RPIPDPCH, OUNPFTS HAQIDA PLTHTSBCHYI EZP UP CHUEI UPPTPO MEZLYI OERTYSFEMSHULYI CHUBDOYLPCH, FPMSHULYI CHUBDOYLPCH, FPMSHLPYOPPUCHPPO ETBMPCH Y OEPVSHLOPCHEOOPNH YULHUUFCHH Y UFPKLPUFY UCHPEK BTNYY. oBRPMEPO TSE, RPLPTYCHYIK RPYUFY CHEUSH UCHEF, RBM TSETFCHPK RBTFIYBOULYI DEKUFCHYK OERTYSFEMS. lBChBMETYKULYE PZHYGETSH DPMTSOSCH RPUFPSOOP RPNOYFSH FH PVSBOOPUFSH, LPFPTBS HAQIDA OYI METSYF, Y PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFSH, LPFPTHA POY OEUHF RETED CHUEN YYGETSH DPMTSOSCH: OYK Y DBTSE UNETFY DPVSHCHBFSH UCHEDEOYS P RTPPHYCHOILBI, RTYLTSHCHBFSH UCPA BTNYA Y RTEDPITBOSFSH UNING PF OYUBSOOPZP OBRBDEOYS. pVSBOOPUFSH LFKH LPOOYGB NPTSEF FERETSCH CHSHRPMOSFSH MEZUE, YUEN LPZDB VSH FP OH VSHMP, VKHDHYU CHPPTHTSEOB Y UOBTSSEOB RP PVTBIGKH LPOOSCHI UFTEMLPC. ek VPMSHYE OE RTYIPDIFUS DPTsYDBFSHUS REIPFSCH, YUFPVSHCHSHCHVYFSH RTPFPYCHOILB Y'-'B LBLPZP-OYVKhDSH 'BLTSCHFYS; EK VPMSHYE OE OHTSOP REIPFSCH, LTERLPK RP'YGYY 'BDETSBFSH OERTYSFEMS HAQIDA YUFPVSH. rPFPNX LPOOIGE CH VHDHEYI CHPKOBI RTEDUFPYF, RP-CHYDYNPNH, VPMEE OBYUYFEMSHOBS TPMSH, YUEN LPZDB VSHCH FP OH VSHMP.

'BFEN OBN PUFBEFUS EEE ULBUBFSH P DTHZPK, OE NEOEE CHBTsOPK, 'BBUE LPOOIGShCh, YNEOOP P DEKUFCHYSI HAQIDA UPPVEEOYS RTPFPYCHOILB. OE CHIPDS CH RPDTPVOPUFY, CHURPNOYN FPMSHLP TEKDSCH UFABTFB, zhPTTEUFB, nPTZBOB, CHIMSHUPOB Y ZTYTUPOB, LPFPTSCHE OBYMKHYUYN PVTBBPN RPLBSCCHPMBOSCHTPY RPLBSCCHPMBAFTP TEDRTYSFYS Y YuEZP NPTsOP YNY DPUFYZOKHFSH.

HAQIDA RPME UTBTSEOYS LPOOSCHN UFTEMLBN NPTSEF VSHFSH RPTHYUEO PVIPD ZHMBOZB RTPFYCHOILB, FEN VPMEE YuFP CHUE ZhTPOFBMSHOSHE BFBLY VHDHF UFPYFSH ZTPNBDOSHCHCHCH.

Pvptpofemshchchi VPSI ulya tez-tez Untemli, RPUFBCHCHICH MPII MPIBDEK Kommersant-ohvchdsh Kubshdshfye, NPZHF decuphpchbfsh on PDOPK Myoyi at reripfk, y. fBL UTBTSBMYUSH RTY yuYLBNBHZE MADI ZHTTEUFB, B 'BFEN, RP PDETSBOY RPVEDSCH, UEMY HAQIDA LPOEK Y VTPUYMYUSH RTEUMEDPCHBFSH PFUFHRBAEEZP RTPFYCHOILHYBSYUBS, L.

chNEUFE U FEN LPOOSCH UFTEMLY RTY RPNPEY UCHPYI TECHPMSHCHETPCH VHDHF CH UPUFPSOY RTPYCHPDYFSH LPOOSCH BFBLY U FBLYN TSE HUREYPN, LBL Y MYOEKOBS LPOOGB. bNETYLBOULYE CHUBDOYLY KHNEMY PFMYUOP CHEUFY REYYK VPK Y OE NEO PFMYYUOP RTPYYCHPDYFSH MYIYE LPOOSCH BFBLY, Y OEF PUOPCHBOYS DKHNBFSH, YFPPCHVETCHPPEFP.

rTY RTEUMEDPCHBOY LPOOSHE UFTEMLY NPZHF FBLCE PLBBBFSH CHEUSHNB UKHEEUFCHEOOSCH HUMKHZY OE FPMSHLP RTPUFSHCHN OBUEDBOYEN U FSHMB, OP Y PVIPDOSCHNY RCHYTSEONCHNYFREYFYFYB YS. CHURPNOYN FPMSHLP yETYDBOB RTY PFUFHRMEOYY BTNYY MY CH 1865 Vt.; DEKUFCHYS EZP RPHYUFEMSHOEE CHUSLIYI FEPTEFYUEULYI HLBBOYK.

zMBChB V.

OTBCHUFCHOOOSCHK (NPTBMSHOSHCHK) BMENEOF

eUFSH PDYO BMENEOF CHEMYUBKYEK CHBTSOPUFY, OBYUEOYE CHMYSOYE LPFPTPZP LBCHBMETYKULIK PZHYGET DPMTSEO ZMHVPLP RPOINBFSH Y OILZDB OE KHRHULBFSH NJY -. OBRPMEPO CHRPMOYE RPOINBM CHUE EZP CHBTsOPE OBYUEOYE CHSTBYMUS FBL: NPTBMSHOSHE ZBLFPTSCH PFOPUSFUS L ZHYYUUEULYN, LBL 3 L 1. chTSD MY NPTsOP HUPNOIFHEDMUSY HUPNOIFSHUSY HUPNOIFSHUSY HUPNOIFSHUSY B; DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP NPTBMSHOP OBUFTPEOYE YNEMP RPUFPSOOP ZPTBJDP VPMSHYEE CHMYSOYE HAQIDA YUIPD VPS, YUEN ZHYYUUEULBS UYMB. FERETSH TSE, LPZDB DEMP DPIPDF LTBKOYE TEDLP DP THLPRBIOPZP VPS, B TEYBEFUS PZOEN U DBMSHOYI DIUFBOGYK, FP ZHYUUEULBS UYMB VKDEF YZTBFSH TPMSH EEE TECE FEDBILFYP UEOSH TEDLP CH LPOOYGE. FERETSH, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, DEMP TEYBEFUS UYMPK NPTBMSHOPK, Y PDOPK Y' ZMBCHOSHI 'BDBU ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP VHDEF DPCHEUFY LFH UYMKH DP CHCHUYEK UFEREOY SCHPCHPYSOY XPNCHPYF PUMBVYFSH EE X RTPFPYCHOILB.

rTEDUFBCHYN UEVE, OBRTYNET, 2 REIPFOSHCHE MYOYY, OBUFHRBAEYE PDOB HAQIDA DTHZHA, YI LPFPTSCHI PDOB ZHYYUEULY UIMSHEEEE DTHZPK; PYUECHYDOP, VPMEE UIMSHOBS PRTPPLYOEF RTY RTPYYI PDOBLPCHI HUMPCHYSI NEOEE UIMSHOHA. DEME CE OILZDB OE DPKDEF DP FPZP, YUFPVSHCH HAQIDA. SING DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP UFPMLOHMYUSH; PDOB Y' OYI 'BLPMEVMEFUS DP UFPMLOPCHEOYS, PUFBOPCHYFUS Y RPCHETOEF, PFIDDS CH VPMSHYEN YMY NEOSHYEN RPTSDLE, UNPFTS RP NHTSEUFCHH Y DYUGYRMYOE CHPKUL. fPYuOP FBL TSE Y LPOOYGB RTY BFBLE HAQIDA REIPFKH RPCHETOEF YBUFP RPUME RETCHPZP CE UBMRB; LFP PFOADSH OE VKhDEF TEKHMSHFBFPN ZHYYUUEULPK UYMSCH UBMRB, FBL LBL FE, LPFPTSHCHE RPCHETOHMY OBBD, RP VPMSHYEK YUBUFY DBCE OE VSHMY FTPOHFSCH RKHPTCHMEOPPK FMEOYS, RTPY'CHEDEOOPZP 'BMRPN MADEK HAQIDA. rPFPNX OEMSh'S I RTDUFBCHIFSh UEVE, LBLYI TE'KHMSHFBFPCH NPZHF DPUFYZOKHFSH CHPKULB CHSHCHUPLPZP OTBCHUFCHEOOPZP DPUFPYOUFCHB RTPFYCH CHPPMYOPYOPYUZ, CHBOOSCHI.

yuYUFP NPTBMSHOSHE ZBLFPTSCH DBMY ZPTUFY MADEK lPTFEUB Y RYUBTTP RPVEDH OBD ZPTBJDP RTECHPUIPDOEKYNYY UYMBNY. dTHZPK RTYNET, NPTSEF VSHFSH EEE VPMEE 'BNEYUBFEMSHOSCHK, RTEDUFBCHMSEF CHPUUFBOYE UIRBECH CH 1857 Z., LPZDB LFY FKHENOSCH UPMDBFSCH, CHPPTHTSEOOSCHOOCHOOYHE TSE, LBL Y BOZMYKULYE TEZKHMSTOSCHE YUBUFY, CHUEZDB Y CHEDE, OEUNPFTS O UCHPA UTBCHOYFEMSHOKHA NOPZPYUYUMEOOPUFSH, VSHMY RPVETSDBENSH BOZMYYUBOBNY. .

oEChPNPTSOP RETEYUYUMYFSH CHUEI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH, LPFPTSCHE YNEAF CHMYSOIE HAQIDA OTBCHUFCHEOOHA UFPTPOKH CHPKUL CH VPA; LBTSDSCHK PZHYGET DPMTSEO PVTBFYFSH OYI PUPVEOOPE CHOINBOYE HAQIDA. pDOP YJ CHBTSOEKYI -LFP DPCHETYE L CHPTSDA. Stonewall SH RPMPTSYFEMSHOP OERPVEDIYNSCHNY; CHNEUFE U FEN EZP RPSCHMEOYE DEKUFCHPCHBMP HAQIDA RTPFPYCHOILB LTBKOE DENPTBMYKHAEIN PVTBBPN: VEZMEGSHCH, CHPTBEBCHYEUS YI RETEDPCHPK MYOY U LTYLPYPYOPTPOFTHOFT: YTSELPYOPTHOFTBOOK, BOILH UTEDY TEETCHB, UPCHUEN EEE OE VSHCHYEZP H PZOE.

'BFEN RPVEDB CH RETCHPN UTBTSEOY LBNRBOY YNEEF PUEOSH CHBTsOPE OBYOOYE, TEKHMSHFBFSCH LPFPTPZP VSHCHBAF YOPZDB 'BNEFOSCH CH FEYOOYE CHUEK CHPKOSHCHE. rTYNETSH LFPNKH OBIPDSFUS CH YUFPTYY U DTECHOEKYI O'QIB YUHFSH MY OE HAQIDA LBCDDPK UFTBOIG. 'BICHBF YOYGYBFYCHSHCH UCHPY THLY FBLCE URPUPVUFCHHEF RPDYAENH OTBCHUFCHOOOPK UYMSCH MADEK; LFP PUPVEOOOP DPMTSOB RPNOYFSH LPOOYGB: DMS OEE UBNSCHK UNEMSCHK Y TEYFEMSHOSCHK PVTB DEKUFCHYK EUFSH RPYUFY RTY CHUEI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI Y OBIMHYUYK.

oBRPMEPO ZPCHPTYF: “iKhDYYK PVTB DEKUFCHYK HAQIDA ChPKOE EUFSH NBMPDKHOOSCHK YMY, LBL EZP RTYOSFP OBSHCHBFSH, VMBZPTBKHNOSHCHK; YUFYOOBS NHDTPUFSH 'BLMAYUBEFUS CH UNEMPUFY Y THEYFEMSHOPUFY.” lFP PDOP YUBNSHCHI CHBTSOSCHI RPPTSEOYK obrpmepob. Yuen VPMEE 'BOYNBEYSHUS CHPEOOOPK YUFPTYEK, FEN KHUIMEOOEE RTPOILBEYSHUS KHVETSDEOYEN, YuFP EUMY RETCHPE DPUFPYOUFCHP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP - RTBCHYMSHOPE FUTSBOPTE O'YUFPTYEK, FEN KHUIMEOOEE RTPOILBEYSHUS KHVETSDEOYEN OOETZYS Y CEMEOBS CHPMS, VE' LPFPTSCHI UPPVTBTSEOYE OYUEZP OE UFPYF. lBChBMETYKULPNKH TSE ZEOETBMKH BOETZYS OHTSOEEE, YUEN LPNKH VSHCH FP OH VSHMP.

Tosh devori UCHPA UFTENYFEMSHOPUFSH BY DPCHEM UCHPY CHPKULB, UPUFPSCHIYE RTEINHEEUFCHEOOP YI REIPFSCH, DP FBLPK VSHUFTPFSH DCHYTSEOYK, YuFP POY BUUMKHTSYMY RPEYSHEKCHOOYFOY. h PDYO J LTYFYUEULYI NPNEOPCH, LPFPTSCHI NOPP CHSHCHRBMP HAQIDA DPMA chYTDTSYOULPK BTNYY, LFP-FP YFBVB dTSELUPOB CHSTBYM ZTPNLP CH EZP RTYUHFUFSHBTUSKY, PDYUHFUFCHYYFYK, FKHRYFSH. OENEDMEOOOP TEILINE ZPMPUPN CHPTBYMga ko'ra: “LFP LFP ZPCHPTYF? oEF, NYMPUFYCHSHCHK ZPUKHDBTSH, NSCH OE VKhDEN PFUFKHRBFSH, NSCH UEKYUBU TSE OBYOEN OBUFHRMEOYE”. DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OBUFHRMEOYE VSHMP RTPY'CHEDEOP, Y EZP TEKHMSHFBFPN VSHMB RPMOBS RPVEDB, PDETSBOOBS 2 YMY 3 DOS URKHUFS OBD UECHETSOBNY RTY yuEOUMPTUCHY. EZP EDYOUFCHEOOSCHN RTYLBBOYEN MADSN, RPUFTPEOOOSCHN CH VPECHPK RPTSDPL, VSHMP: “fPMSHLP CHREDED!” bFP VSHMP EZP PFCHEFPN CHUE CHPRPTUSCH HAQIDA, EZP RPTKHYUEOYE CHUEN ZEOETBMBN. rP RPMKHYUEOYYN RPJDOP CHEYUETPN UNETFEMSHOPK TBOSCH BY PFRTBCHYM ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEENH UMDHAEE DPOUEEOYE: “oERTYSFEMSH DPMTSEO VSCHFSH ĐBCHFTOPChB KhFBLPCB”. lFP OEPVSHLOPCHEOOBS CEMEOBBS CHPMS Y PZOOOBS OOETZYS UIMSHOP RPDOINBMY DHI EZP MADEK Y UPCHETYEOOP DENPTBMYYTPCHBMY RTPPHYCHOILB.

bTTYBO ZPCHPTYF, YuFP OPYUSHA RETED VYFCHPK RTY bTVEMBI, CHUMEDUFCHYE DPMZPZP PTSYDBOYS Y PRBUEOYK UB YUIPD EE, DENPTBMYBGYS CHLTBMBUSH CH BTYSYYA; POB "CHOEDTYMBUSH CH UETDGBI NOPZYI Y PVTBFYMB YI CH FTHUPCH". RTYVBCHMSEF tomonidan, YuFP PVUFPSFEMSHUFChP LFP OENBMP URPUPVUFCHPCHBMP UNING RPTBTSEOYA.

yjChEUFOSCHK ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPT nPULCHSHCH CH 1812 Z. tPUFPRYUYO KHRPFTEVIM PTYZYOBMSHOPE UTEDUFCHP, YuFPVSH RPDOSFSH DHI UCHPYI MADEK. BY RTYLBYBM CHSHCHVTBFSH UBNSHCH NBMEOSHLYY UMBVSHCHYY ZHTBOGHYULYYY RMEOOSCHY Y RPLBYBM YI OBTPDKH, YuFPVSH OYUYUBUFOSHCHN CHYDPN RPUMEDOYI RPDOSFSH. lFP VShchM HDBYUOSCHK URPUPV, LPFPTSCHK OE NPZ OE DPUFYZOKHFSH GEMY.

pVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB, PF LPFPTSHI 'BCHYUYF OTBCHUFCHOOPE UPUFPSOYE BTNYY, FBL NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH Y TBOPPVTBOSCH, YuFP CHUEI YI RETEYUYUMYFSH OECHPNPTSOP; NSCH UFBTBMYUSH PVTBFYFSH OYI CHOYNBOYE YUFBFEMEK Y LFYN PZTBOYUYNUS HAQIDA. OE RPDMETSYF, PDOBLP, OILBLLPNH UPNOEOYA, YuFP CHOINBFEMSHOPE Y RPDTPVOPE YHYUEOYE CHUEI YI YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP CHBTsOP; DPMTSOSCH VSHFSH RTYMPTSEOSH CHUE KHUIMS, YUFPVSH YICHMEYUSH YOYI CHUA CHPNPTSOKHA RPMSH'KH.

zMBChB VI.

BYUBMSHOIL LPOOYGSHCH haqida

YYHYUBS YUFPTYA CHPEOOPZP YULHUUFCHB, NSCH RTYIPDYN L UBBLMAYUEOYA, YuFP PE CHTENEOB VSHCHBMY IPTPYE REIPFOSHCHY BTFYMMETYKULYE OBYUBMSHOYIL, OP LBCHMETYPESHOYIL, OP LBCHMETYCHPETYBMNEB Y X CHUEI OBTPDPC CHEMYUBKYKHA TEDLPUFSH. TBMYUOSHE TPDSCH PTHTSYS FBL OE UIPTSY NETSDH UPVPK RP UCHPYN UCHPKUFCHBN, CHPPTHTSEOYA Y PVTBH DEKUFCHYK, YuFP OBYUBMSHUFCHBOYE OBD LBTSDSCHFT Y''OPFCHEVCHEVP UFEK.

lBChBMETYKULYK ZEOETBM DPMTSEO PVMBDBFSH FBLYNY URPUPVOPUFSNY, UPUEFBOYE LPFPTSCHI CH PDOPN MIGE CHUFTEYUBEFUS PYUEOSH TEDLP. DPMTSEO YNEFSH CHSHCHUPLYK KHN, OEPVIPDYNSCHK CHUSLPNH PZHYGETH, 'BOINBAEENH PFCHEFUFCHOOPE RPPTSEOYE, UPEDYOOOSCHK U NZOPCHOOOPK UPPVTBYFEMSHOPUHSPUFCHUBYK; RPMOSHN IMBDOPLTPCHYEN CH UCHSY U CHEMYUBKYEK UFTENYFEMSHOPUFSH. DMS UPUFBCHMEOYS RMBOB DEKUFCHYK OEPVIPDYN KHN, DMS EZP CHSHRPMOEEOYS - UFTENYFEMSHOPUFSH; RTY PFUFHRMEOYY CH UMHUBE OEKHDBYUY - PUFPPTTSOPUFSH.

o BYUBMSHOIL LPOOYGSH DPMTSEO OBOPUYFSH KHDBTSH U VSHUFTPFPK NPMOYY; UMPCHB "LPMEVBOYE", "OETEYYFEMSHOPUFSH" DPMTSOSCH VSHFSH TBY OCHUEZDB CHCHUETLOKHFSCH YEZP MELUILPOB. OP UTEDY VHTOSHCH RPTSHCHCH LPOOPC BFBLY, UTEDY CHEMYUBKYEZP CHPVHTSDEOOYS VSHUFTPZP RTEUMEDPCHBOYS, UTEDY THLPRBIOPZP VPS, UTEDY RCHETLBAEYI LMYOMTCHMHOLPSHYPO OSFSH RPMOEKIEEE IMBDOPLTPCHYE. EZP UPPVTBTTSEOYS DPMTSOSCH VSCHFSH VSCHUFTSHY OENEDMEOOOP RTYCHEDEOSHCH YURPMOOYE. BY DPMTSEO PVMBDBFSH CH RPMOPK NETE URPUPVOPUFSHHA OE CHSHCHRKHULBFSH YI THL UCHPYI MADEK CH UBNSCHE ZPTSYUYE NYOHFSHCH. VE' LFPPZP OILFP OE NPTSEF VSHFSH YUFYOOSHCHN, CHEMILINE LBCHBMETYKULIN ZEOETBMPN. OE NHDTEOP RPUME LFPPZP, YuFP YUFPTYS 'BOEUMB HAQIDA UCHPY UFTBOYGSCH UFPMSH NBMPE YUYUMP YI.

CHUE OBNEOYFSH LBCHBMETYKULYE ZEOETBMSH CHSHCHDBCHBMYUSH UCHPEK UFTENYFEMSHOPUFSH, BOETZYEK, PZOEN; TBIOYGB NETSDKH OYNY 'BLMAYUBMBUSH FPMSHLP CH VPMSHYEK YMY NEOSHYEK TBUUKHDIFEMSHOPUFY YMY PUFPPTTSOPUFY, LPFPTPK SING PVMBDBMY. VSHCHBMY YJCHUFOSH LBCHBMETYUFSHCH, CHCHUE LFYNY RPUMEDOYNY LBUEUFCHBNY OE PVMBDBCHIYE, OP OYLPZDB OE 'BUMHTSYCHBM OBCHBOYS IPTPYEZP LBCHBMETYUFB FPFEMSFB, IBCHBMETYUFB FPFEMSFB YY.

rTY OBYUBMSHUFChPCHBOY OBD RETEDPCHSHNY YUBUFSNY BTNYY LBCHBMETYKULYK ZEOETBM DPMTSEO VSHFSH PUEOSH PUFPPTTSEO Y CHCHUYEK UFEREOY DESFEMEO. CHUSLBS ULPMSHLP-OYVKhDSH RTPIPDNBS DPTPZB DPMTsOB VShchFSH OBVMADBENB, CHUSLYK NEUFOSCHK RTEDNEF PUNPFTEO, RTYOSFSH UBNSHCHE UFTPZYE ORTEDPUFPPTTUBSPPY OPTPUFPPTTUBSPPY OPTPUFPPRTUBSPPY. oBRTPFYCH FPZP, TELPZOPUGYTPCHLE DPMTSOB RTEPVMBDBFSH UNEMPUFSH HAQIDA; RTY LFPN YUEN UNEMEE - FEN MHYUYE. bTIYDYBLPO DEOYUPO YFBHOFPOB, DPCHPMSHOP YJCHEUFOSCHK RYUBFEMSH, ZPCHPTYF: "s OE CHSCHOPYKH LFPC NEMLPK, RPYMPK, RTPFPYCHOPK DPVTPDEFEMY, OBSCHTBFESHUBENP" fY UMPCHB RPLBYSCCHBAF, YuFP KH OEZP, RPTsBMKHK, OE VSHMP OEDPUFBFLB CH LBCHBMETYKULYI URPUPVOPUFSI.

YuFP EEE UPCHETYOOP OEPVIPDYNP DMS LBCHBMETYKULPZP ZEOETBMB, LFP - KHNEOYE RP UBNSHCHN NEMLYN RTYOBBLBN KHZBDSHCHBFSH OBNETEOYS RTPFPYCHOILB. ZEOETBM yEMVY, OBYUBMSHOIL LPOOIGSH ATsBO CH NYUUKHTY, PVMBDBM, RP-CHYDYNPNKH, CHRPMOYE LFPC URPUPVOPUFSH. EZP PUFPPTTSOPUFSH RTY CHSHCHUFBCHMEOYY RPUFPCH Y RYLEFPCH Y RTY RPUSHMLE TBYAEDPCH DMS PITBOEOYS PF OYUBSOOPZP OBRBDEOYS PVTBFYMBUSH RPYUFY YUFPCH.

at DTHZPK UFPTPPOSH, BY VSHM YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP UNEM, OYLPZDB OE YVEZBS UFPMLOPCHEOYS U OERTYSFEMEN. lPZDB ENKH UPPVEBMPUSH P RTYVMYTSEOY OERTYSFEMS, BY URTBYCHBM: “CHCH EZP CHYDEMY?” - Y RPUME KHFCHETDYFEMSHOPZP PFCHEFB RTDPDPMTSBM: “th UPUYYFBMY?” - "OEF, OE UYFBM." - “Oh, FBL NSCH EZP CHUFTEFYN LBL UMEDHEF! vTYZBDE TBCHETOHFSHUS, BTFYMMETYY CHCHEIBFSH CHREDED Y RTYZPFPCHYFSHUS L PFLTSCHFYA PZOS.” ON OILLPZDB OE PFUFKHRBM RETED RTPFPYCHOILPN, OE PRTEDEMYCH EZP YUYUMEOOPUFSH OE OBOEUS ENKH IPFSH OELPFPTSCHI RPFETSH.

lFP - OBUFPSEIK PVTB DEKUFCHYK LPOOYGSHCH; FPF DHI, CH LPFPTPN EE OBDP CHEUFY. h RTYOSFYY NO RTEDPUFPPTTSOPUFY RTPFYCH OYUBSOOPZP OBRBDEOYS, h RPDZPFPCHMEOYY CHUEZP OEPVIPDYNPZP DMS PDETSBOYS XUREIB OHTsOP VSHFSH VSHFSH VPPTTSOPUFY RTPFSHCHNY, TBUMSPUSHCHYHD; CH UBNYI DEKUFCHYSI, TB OBUFBMB NYOHFB DMS OYI, - UNEMSHCHN Y TEYYFEMSHOSCHN.

lBChBMETYKULYK ZEOETBM DPMTSEO KHNEFSH CHSHCHRKHFBFSHUS Y' UBNPZP 'BFTKHDOYFEMSHOPZP RPPTSEOYS; BY DPMTSEO CHUENY UYMBNY YVEZBFSH THFYOOSHCHI RHFEK, YBVMPOOPZP PVTBB DEKUFCHYK; CHUS EZP DESFEMSHOPUFSH DPMTSOB VSCHFSH UFTPZP UPPVTBTSEOB U UCHTENOOSCHNY FTEVPCBOYSNY.

rTPDPMTSYFEMSHOSHCHK NYT PLBYSTCHBEF DHTOP CHMYSOYE CH UNSHUME PZTBOYUEOYS, UHTSEOYS LTHZPJPTB Y RTYTPDOSCHI URPUPVOPUFEK PJYGETPCH. MADI PVKHYUBAFUS RP RTBCHYMBN, KHUFBOPCHMEOOOSCHN TBY OBCHUEZDB U NBFENBFYUEULPK FPYUOPUFSHA. CHUE LFP PYUEOSH IPTPYP, OP OEMSH'S LFYN PZTBOYUYCHBFSHUS; RTY RPDPVOPN URPUPVE DEKUFCHYK TBUUHDPL OE KHRTBTSOSEFUS, UNEFMYCHPUFSH OE FTEVHEFUS. UMERPE YURPMOOYE RTYLBBOYK Y RTYDETSYCHBOYE THFYOSCH UYFBEFUS CH OELPFPTSCHI BTNYSI CHCHUYEK GEMSHA CHPYOULPK DYUGYRMYOSCH Y DPLBBFEMSHUFCHPN URPUPVOPUFCHY SNUBOPUFCHY.

chMYSOYE, PLBSHCHBENPE LFYN HAQIDA URPUPVOPUFSH DKHNBFSH, OYLPZDB OE RTOYNBMPUSH DPUFBFPYUOP CH TBUYUEF. pZHYGETSCH, LPFPTSCHE RTPCHEMY CHUA TSYOSH CH NEIBOYUEULPN RPCHFPTEOY CHUE FAIRY TSE NEMPUEK, CH PVUFBOPPCHLE, ZDE RTBCHYMB CHREDED HUFBOBCHMYCHBAF, YUENSHYBTHBFYBH OE VKHDHF YNEFSH FPK NZOPCHOOOPK UPPVTBIYFEMSHOPUFY, FPK VSHUFTPFSH UKHTSDEOOK, LPFPTBBS FBL OEPVIPDYNB CH RPUFPSOOP NEOSAEEKUS PVUFBOPCCHLE CHPKOSHCH. dBTSE UBNSCH VPZBFP PDBTEOOOSCH PF RTYTPDSCH OBFHTSCH OE YVEZOKHF RPDBCHMSAEEZP CHMYSOYS FBLPK TsYYOY.

oEF UYUFENSH IHTSE LFPC. lBL OEMSH'S FTEVPCHBFSH PF TEVEOLB, LPFPTPZP DETSBMY GEMSHCHE ZPDSH HAQIDA BVHLE, VSHUFTPZP YUFEOYS VE RTEDCHBTYFEMSHOPZP POBLPPNMEOYS VMPZBSHPSHYS, POBLPPNMEOYS UPBLFTSHPSHYS, TPDEMSHCHBCHYK YI ZPDB CH ZPD CHUE FE TSE RTYFHRMSAEYE NEMPYUY, RPFPN CHDTHZ, LBL VSHCH RPD OBYFYEN UCHCHYE, UKHNEM RTBCHYMSHOP RTYNEOSFSHUS L FTEVPCHBOYSN CHPEOOZP O'QISh.

rPUMEDUFCHYS RPDPVOPZP TPDB UYUFENSCH CHSHBLBBMYUSH PYUEOSH TEILLP CH BOZMYKULPK BTNYY PE CHTENS LTSCHNULPK LBNRBBOY. mPTD lBTDYZBO Y MPTD mHLBO - PVTB'GSH PZHYGETPCH, RPDPVOSHN PVTBBPN CHPURYFBOOSCHI. nsch CHYDEMY, LBL RTY RPDPVOSCHI OBYUBMSHOILBI BOZMYKULBS LPOOGB RPUME UTBTSEOYS RTY bMSHNE DCHYZBMBUSH CH PDOPK LPMPOOE RP ZHBMSHYCHPK DPTPZE Y , RTYOPUYMB FBLHA CE RPMSH'KH, LBL EUMY VSC OBIPYMBUSH CH LYFBE. rTY vBMBLMBCHE LBTDYZBO PUFBEFUS RTBDOSHCHN 'TYFEMEN VPS, CH LPFPTPN RTPFYCHOIL RPDUFBCHMSEF UCHPK ZHMBOZ; lYOZMEL DEMBEF RP LFPNH RPCHPDH URTBCHEDMYCHPE UBNEYUBOYE: “chuslyk IPTPYIK NYUYPOET, CHUSLYK DEMSHOSCHK YIVYTBFEMSH, CHUSLYK YICHEUFOSCHK PIPFOIL UCHNEPHDEFYP Y BM, IPFS Y CHEFETBO CH CHPEOOOPK UMKHTSVE, OP UPCHETYOOSCHK OPCHYYUPL HAQIDA CHPKOE”.

rTKHUUBLY, DBCHOP PUUBOBCHYE UCHPY PYYVLY CH LFPN UNSHUME, OEUNPFTS HAQIDA UFTPTSBKYKHA DYUGYRMYOH, RTYKHYUMY HAQIDA PUEOYI NBOECHTBI UCHPYI PZHYBFETPSHPYF CHMB DTHZBS LBNRBOYS, CH LPFPTPK LPTRKHUOSCH LPNBODYTSCHY OBYUBMSHOILY DYCHYIK FBL YUBUFP TEYBMYUSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH RPD UCHPEK MYUOPK PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFSH1, LPNBODYTSCHY .

dPUFPKOP UBNEYUBOYS, YuFP OEDPUFBFLY, RPDPVOSCHYEPRYUBOOSHN, CHUFTEYUBMYUSH CHPEOOSCHI MADEK EEE CH DTECHOE O'QISh: LUEOZhPOF PRYUSCHCHBEF ATBZPCHPTFBEECHNYH YN MELGYY CHPEOOZP YULHUUFCHB. UPLTBF URTBYCHBEF EZP, U YUEZP OBYUBM RTPZHEUUPT MELGYA P LBUEUFCHBI ZEOETBMB: “PO OBYUBM, - PFCHEYUBM AOPYB, - U FPZP CE, YUEN Y FPOYUM, FBL LBLSHUEPMYFYYFYY NKH.” - “oP, - CHPTBYM uPLTBF, - CHEDSH LFP FPMSHLP UBNBS OOBYUYFEMSHOBS YBUFSH UCHEDEOYK, OEPVIPDYNSHI ZEOETBMH.”

'BFEN, RETEYUYUMYCH OEULPMSHLP FBLPCHSHCHI, BY URTPUM: “OEHTSEMY BY CHBU CH UBNPN DEME KHYUM FPMSHLP FPNKH, LBL TBURPMBZBEFUS BTNYS, YMY CE ON LEPVCHPHAPTY, CHSH DPMTSOSCH RPMSH'PCHBFSHUS LBTsDPK PFDEMSHOPK YUBUFSHA CHBYI CHPKUL? " - " oYUENH RPDPVOPNH ON OE XYUM ". - “pVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB VSCHCHBAF, PDOBLP, PYUEOSH TBMYUOSCH, FBL YuFP OEMSH'S TBURPMBZBFSH BTNYA RPUFPSOOP PDOYN Y FEN TSE PVTBBPN.” - “lMSOKHUSH YECHUPN, OYUEZP FBLPZP OE ZPCHPTYM tomonidan.” - “oh, FBL UFKHRBKFE L OENKH Y URTPUYFE EZP; EUMY PO LFP OBEF Y CHBN OE UPPVEIM, FP, EUMY FPMSHLP PO OE RPFETSM CHUEZP UFSHCHDB, OCHETOPE, RPLTBUOEEF, YuFP CHSM CHBY DEOSHZY EYUENKH OE CHSHCHYUM”.

'BFEN LBCHBMETYKULIK ZEOETBM DPMTSEO YNEFSH Y'PVTEFBFEMSHOSHCHK KHN Y VShchFSH OBUFPMSHLP UBNPUFPSFEMSHOSCHN, YUFPVSH YDFY UCHPEK DPTPZPK Y ChChPDHYFSHYFSHY LYE RTYOBEF OEPVIPDYNSCHNY. nsch CHYDEMY, LBL RP CHTENEOBN RPUFKHRBMY UTEDY LPOOYGSH RTEPVTBBPCHBFEMY, KHUREY LPFPTSCHI DPMTSOSCH VSHFSH YNEOOP RTYRYUBOSCH YI DBTH Y'PVTEFBFEMSHOPUFY.

bMELUBODT nBLEDPOULYK CHCHEM UFTENYFEMSHOKHA BFBLH HAQIDA LPOSI, YUFP Y DBMP ENKH NOPZIE RPvedsch. yULHUUFChP zBOOYVBMB CH HRPFTEVMEOYY LPOOYGSH RTPYCHPDYMP HAQIDA TINMSO PYEMPNMSAEE CHREYUBFMEOYE Y DPUFBCHMSMP ENKH YUBUFP KHUREY. UGYRYPO bZHTILBOULYK 'BINUFChPChBM PVTB DEKUFCHYK UCHPEZP CHEMYLPZP RTPFPYCHOILB Y CHCHEM OELPFPTSCHE KHMHYUYEOYS, YuFP Y DBMP ENKH CHPNPSHPOGEPUFP PVUFCHEOOSCHN PTHTSYEN. ZEOTYI rFYGEMPCH YUETOSHCHK rTYOG PFMYUBMYUSH FBLCE Y'PVTEFBFEMSHOSHCHN ZEOYEN Y NPZHF UMHTSYFSH RTYNETBNY LBCHBMETYKULYI TEZHPTNBFPTPCH. FATEOO PFMYUOP KHNEM RTYNEOSFSH UCHPY RMBOSH DEKUFCHYK L NEUFOPUFY RPMS UTBTSEOYS, YuFP VSHMP UPCHETYOOPK OPCHPUFSH. ZHUFBCH-BDPMSHZH Y CHEMYLYK YUBUFSHA VSHMY UBNPUFPSFEMSHOSCHNY Y'PVTEFBFEMSNY, YUBUFSHA PFMYUBMYUSH URPUPVOPUFSHA FBL YULKHUOP RPMSH'PCHBFSHUS RTETSOYFYFYP OPCHYMYUSH YUEN-FP OPCHSHCHN. OBRPMEPO RPCHETZ CH YYKHNMEOYE CHUSH UCHEF UCHPEK UFTBFEZIEK Y FBLFYUEULYN KHRPFTEVMEOYEN CHUEI FTEI TPDPCH PTHTSYS, LPFPTPPE RTY FPZDBYOEN YPUFPSOYPSOYBBMPOPUSHPCHB CHETYOUFCHB.

oBRTPFYCH FPZP, OEMSH'S KHLBBFSH OH HAQIDA PDOPZP CHEMYLPZP RPMLPCHPDGB, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM VSHCHN UMERSHN RPDTBTSBFEMEN RTPYMPNH. Chue CHEMYLYE MADI CHCHPDYMY VPMSHYYE YMY NEOSHIYE YYNEOOYS, YUFPVSH VSHFSH HAQIDA CHCHUPFE UPCHENEOOSCHI YN FTEVPCHBOYK CHPEOOZP YULHUUFCHB. lFP LBUBEFUS OE FPMSHLP KHMHYUYEOYK YUYUFP CHPEOOSCHI: OBRTYNET, CH CHPPTHTSEOY Y F.R., OP Y NOPZYE JPVTEFEOYS DTHZPZP TPDB: OBRTYNET, FMEZDTBZH. NPZHF PLBUBFSH VPMSHYPE CHMYSOYE HAQIDA CHPEOOPE DEM. fBLYN PVTBBPN, MKHYUYN ZEOETBMPN VKhDEF FPF, LPFPTSCHK UCHPYN ZEOYEN UCHNEEF DPUFYZOHFSH YNEAEYNYUS X OEZP UTEDUFCHBNY OBYVPMSHYI TEKHMSHFYBOZCHPUSPEHPE 'X ' PVUFPSFEMSHUFCh, X LPFPTSHCHI OBIPDFUS. lBChBMETYKULYK ZEOETBM DPMTSEO VSHFSH VPMSHYE CHUEI RTPOILOKHF LFPC NSCHUMSHA Y OE TSBMEFSH OILBLYI XUIMYK, YUFPVSH RTYOUFY LBLHA FPMSHLP NPTSEF RPMCHPECHPEKHKH.

1242 yil 5 aprelda Peipsi ko'li muzida bo'lib o'tgan jang Rossiya tarixining shonli epizodlaridan biridir. Tabiiyki, u doimo tadqiqotchilar va fan ommaboplarining e'tiborini tortdi. Ammo bu voqeani baholashda ko'pincha mafkuraviy tendentsiyalar ta'sir ko'rsatdi. Jangning tavsifi mish-mishlar va afsonalar bilan to'lib-toshgan. Bu jangda har tomondan 10 dan 17 minggacha odam qatnashgani aytiladi. Rasmiy harbiy tarixchilarning fikriga ko'ra, Muz jangi harbiy san'at tarixidagi birinchi yirik voqea bo'lib, og'ir ritsar otliqlari dalada asosan piyoda askarlardan iborat armiya tomonidan mag'lubiyatga uchragan, 1 va Rossiya harbiy ishlarining so'zsiz ustunligidan dalolat beradi. G'arbga nisbatan. Jangning rolini bo'rttirish endi yana bir ekstremal holatni boshdan kechirmoqda: unga epizodik va ahamiyatsiz deb qarashga moyil. 2

Ob'ektivlik uchun shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, Muz jangini o'rganishda ijobiy natijalarga erishildi. Ular jangning o'rnini aniqlashtirish, omon qolgan barcha rus va xorijiy manbalarni tizimga kiritish bilan bog'liq 3.

1242 yilgi jang haqidagi asosiy ishonchli ma'lumotlar Novgorod birinchi yilnomasida mavjud. Uning yozuvi voqea bilan zamonaviy. Solnomachi 1242 yilda Novgorod va Livon ordeni o'rtasidagi urush haqida umumiy ma'lumot berdi. Shuningdek, u jangning o'zi haqida bir nechta qisqacha sharhlar berdi. Keyingi rus manbasi - 1280-yillarda yaratilgan "Aleksandr Nevskiyning hayoti". asosan knyaz Aleksandr Yaroslavichni qo'mondon sifatida bilgan va kuzatgan guvohlarning hikoyalariga asoslanib, u yilnomani biroz to'ldiradi. Faqat osmonda qulay belgini - "Xudoning polkini" ko'rgan "o'z-o'zidan guvoh" ning guvohligi beriladi.

Livonia xaritasi. Unda turli hukmdorlar tomonidan nazorat qilinadigan hududlar ko'rsatilgan. Buyurtma yerlari Dorpatdan ancha uzoqda joylashgan. Xarita Teutonik ritsarlarning Turbull S.Crusader qal'alarida nashr etilgan. Latviya va Estoniyaning tosh qal'alari 1185-1560. Qal'a 19. Osprey Publiching, 2004 P. 6. O'z navbatida, u sovet tarixiy asarlari ma'lumotlariga asoslanadi.

Ikki nomli manbalardan olingan ma'lumotlar ko'plab keyingi yilnomalarda o'z aksini topgan. Ikkinchisi kamdan-kam hollarda yangi faktik qo'shimchalarni o'z ichiga oladi, 5 lekin bir qator dekorativ tafsilotlarni qo'shadi. Xronika va hagiografik xabarlarni umumlashtirib, shuni aytishimiz mumkinki, ular juda ixchamdir. Biz 1242 yilgi yurish, razvedka otryadining muvaffaqiyatsizligi, rus qo'shinlarining Peypus ko'li muziga olib chiqilishi, nemis otryadining tuzilishi, uning mag'lubiyati va qochishi haqida bilib olamiz. Jang tafsilotlari keltirilmagan. Ularning polklarining joylashuvi, jangchilarning ekspluatatsiyasi yoki qo'mondonning xatti-harakatlari haqida odatiy ma'lumotlar yo'q. Nemis armiyasining rahbarlari ham tilga olinmaydi. O'lgan Novgorodiyaliklarning ismlari yo'q, bu odatda ularning soni sezilarli bo'lsa, qayd etilgan. Ko'rinishidan, bunga yilnomachining ma'lum bir odob-axloq qoidalari ta'sir ko'rsatgan, u ko'pincha harbiy to'qnashuvlarning ko'plab tafsilotlaridan qochib, ularni ob-havo ma'lumotlari uchun o'z-o'zidan ravshan va keraksiz deb hisoblaydi.

Rus manbalarining lakonizmi qisman 13-asrning so'nggi o'n yilligida yozilgan "Oqsoqol Livoniya qofiyali yilnomasi" taqdimoti bilan qoplanadi. 6 Xronika Livoniyalik birodarlar ritsarlari orasida o'qish uchun mo'ljallangan edi, shuning uchun undagi ko'plab she'riy hikoyalar, taniqli stereotiplarga qaramay, hujjatli va masalaning harbiy tomonini tushunish uchun juda qimmatlidir.

1240 yildagi Neva jangi Novgorodiyaliklarning shimoli-g'arbiy chegaralarini himoya qilish uchun muvaffaqiyatli kurashining boshlanishi edi. 1241 yilda Novgorod knyazi Aleksandr Yaroslavich Vodskaya erini tozalashga va Livoniya ordeni tomonidan bosib olingan Koporyeni ozod qilishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Ushbu operatsiya novgorodiyaliklar va ba'zi fin qabilalarining birlashgan kuchlari bilan muvaffaqiyatga erishish mumkinligini ko'rsatdi. 1242 yilda knyaz Aleksandr bilan janjallashgan Novgorodiyaliklar uni yana Livoniya ordeni bilan urushni davom ettirishga taklif qilishdi. Yangi kampaniya vaqti yaxshi tanlangan. Pskov va uning viloyatlarini egallab olgan nemislar u yerda mustahkamlanishga ulgurmadi. Ularning kuchlarining bir qismi kuronlar va litvaliklarga qarshi kurashdi. Rus qo'shinlarining yurishi orden uchun kutilmagan bo'ldi. Natijada, ritsarlar Pskovdan jangsiz haydab chiqarildi va Iskandar armiyasi ushbu muhim maqsadga erishgandan so'ng, Livoniya chegaralariga bostirib kirdi. Bu vaqtga kelib, armiya tarkibiga Novgorodiyaliklar (qora tanlilar - badavlat shaharliklar, shuningdek, boyarlar va shahar oqsoqollari), Aleksandrning o'zi knyazlik otryadi va nihoyat Vladimir-Suzdal erlaridan "Nizovtsy" - Buyuk Gertsogning otryadi kiradi. Yaroslav Vsevolodich, Aleksandrning ukasi Andrey Yaroslavich boshchiligida ajralgan (Ushbu otryadda, Qofiyalangan xronikaga ko'ra, Suzdal aholisi bor edi). Bundan tashqari, Pskov Birinchi yilnomasiga ko'ra, armiyada Pskovliklar 7 bo'lgan, ular shahar ozod qilingandan keyin qo'shilgan. Rossiya qo'shinlarining umumiy soni noma'lum, ammo o'z vaqtida bu muhim ko'rinardi. Life gazetasiga ko'ra, polklar "katta kuch bilan" yurishgan. Nemis manbasi, umuman olganda, Rossiya kuchlarining 60 baravar ustunligidan dalolat beradi, bu aniq bo'rttirilgan.

Livoniya erlariga bostirib kirish cheklangan, "izlanuvchi" maqsadlarni ko'zlagan. Biroq, Novgorodiyaliklar dala jangini qabul qilishga tayyor edilar. Dushmanni kutib, razvedka ishlari olib borildi, oziq-ovqat zaxiralari to'ldirildi va dushman qo'lga olindi. Polklar Dorpat yepiskopligiga yetib borishdi, ammo qal'alar va shaharlarni qamal qilishmadi, balki Peipsi ko'lining qirg'oq qismida qolishdi. Livoniya ordeni va Dorpatitlarning birodar ritsarlari (xronikada ularni Chud deb atashadi), ehtimol Shimoliy Estoniyaga egalik qilgan daniyaliklarning ko'magi bilan shoshilinch ravishda rus armiyasi bilan uchrashish uchun yo'lga chiqishdi.

Novgorodiyaliklar g'ayrioddiy manevr qilishdi: ular "Voronei Kameni yaqinidagi Uzmenda" Peipsi ko'li muziga chekinishdi. 9 Orden armiyasi ham jangovar tarkibda u yerga yaqinlashdi. Shunday qilib, jang maydoni Rossiya tomoni tomonidan "cho'chqa" deb nomlangan nemis tarkibiga qarshi bir nechta otryadlar tomonidan bir vaqtning o'zida manevr qilish mumkin bo'lgan jangni o'tkazishni aniq kutish bilan taklif qilindi. Rossiya jangovar tartibi manbalarda tasvirlanmagan, ammo bilvosita ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, uni talqin qilish mumkin. Markazda bosh qo'mondonning knyazlik polki joylashgan bo'lib, uning yonida o'ng va chap qo'l polklari turardi. Qofiyalangan xronikaga ko'ra, asosiy polkning oldida kamonchilar bor edi. Bizning oldimizda o'z davriga xos bo'lgan asosiy armiyaning uch qismli bo'linmasi bor, ammo bu murakkabroq bo'lishi mumkin edi.

Peypus ko'li muzida jangovar shaklda tuzilgan rus armiyasi o'zining harakatchanligi, Estoniya erlari bo'ylab sezilarli yurish harakatlari, otli ritsarlar bilan kuchni o'lchash istagi va nihoyat, jangovar ko'prikni tanlashga ko'ra erkinlikni yaratdi. muhim ochiq maydonda manevr, asosan o'rnatilgan edi.

Muz jangining xronika tavsifi Livoniya armiyasining asosiy xususiyatini qayd etadi. U "cho'chqa" shaklida qurilgan jangga kirdi. Tarixchilar "cho'chqa" ni armiyaning xanjar shaklidagi tuzilishi - o'tkir ustun deb hisoblashgan. Bu boradagi ruscha atama nemis tilining aniq tarjimasi edi Shvaynkopfn lotin caput porci. O'z navbatida, zikr qilingan atama xanjar, uch, cuneus, asies tushunchalari bilan bog'liq. So‘nggi ikki atama manbalarda Rim davridan beri qo‘llanilgan. 11 Lekin ularni har doim ham majoziy ma'noda talqin qilib bo'lmaydi. Alohida harbiy qismlar, ularning tashkil topish usulidan qat'i nazar, ko'pincha shunday deb nomlangan. Bularning barchasi uchun bunday birliklarning nomi ularning noyob konfiguratsiyasiga ishora qiladi. Darhaqiqat, xanjar shaklidagi struktura qadimgi yozuvchilarning nazariy tasavvurining mevasi emas. Ushbu shakllanish aslida 13-15 asrlarda jangovar amaliyotda qo'llanilgan. Markaziy Evropada va faqat 16-asr oxirida foydalanishdan chiqib ketdi.

Omon qolgan yozma manbalarga asoslanib, hali mahalliy tarixchilarning e'tiborini jalb qilmagan, xanjarli qurilish (xronika matnida - "cho'chqa") uchburchak toj bilan chuqur ustun shaklida qayta qurishga yordam beradi. Ushbu qurilish noyob hujjat - harbiy qo'llanma - 1477 yilda Brandenburg harbiy rahbarlaridan biri 12 uchun yozilgan "Korilishga tayyorgarlik" bilan tasdiqlangan. Unda uchta bo'lim - bannerlar ro'yxati keltirilgan. Ularning ismlari odatiy - "Hound", "Sent Jorj" va "Buyuk". Bannerlar mos ravishda 400, 500 va 700 otliq jangchilardan iborat edi. Har bir otryadning boshida standart ko'taruvchi va 5 safda joylashgan tanlangan ritsarlar to'plangan. Birinchi o'rinda bayroqning o'lchamiga qarab 3 dan 7-9 gacha otliq ritsarlar, so'nggida - 11 dan 17 gacha saf tortdilar. Takoz jangchilarining umumiy soni 35 dan 65 kishigacha bo'lgan. Saflar shunday tuzilganki, ularning har bir keyingi qanotlari ikkita ritsarga ko'paygan. Shunday qilib, bir-biriga nisbatan eng chetdagi jangchilar go'yo tokchaga joylashtirildi va old tomondan otlanganni bir tomondan qo'riqlashdi. Bu takozning taktik xususiyati edi - u konsentrlangan frontal hujumga moslashtirilgan va shu bilan birga qanotlardan himoyasiz bo'lish qiyin edi.

Bannerning ikkinchi, ustun shaklidagi qismi, "Kampaniyaga tayyorgarlik" ga ko'ra, to'rtburchakli tuzilishdan iborat bo'lib, ularda ustunlar bor edi. Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan uchta otryadning har biridagi ustunlar soni mos ravishda 365, 442 va 629 (yoki 645) edi. Ular 33 dan 43 gacha chuqurlikda joylashgan bo'lib, ularning har birida 11 dan 17 gacha otliqlar bor edi. Bollardlar orasida ritsarning jangovar qismining bir qismi bo'lgan xizmatkorlar bor edi: odatda kamonchi yoki kamonchi va skvayder. Ular birgalikda 35 kishidan iborat bo'lgan quyi harbiy qismni - "nayza" ni tashkil qilishdi, kamdan-kam hollarda. Jang paytida ritsardan kam bo'lmagan qurollangan bu jangchilar xo'jayiniga yordamga kelishdi va uning otini almashtirdilar. 13 Ustunli xanjar bannerining afzalliklari uning birlashishi, xanjarning yon tomoni bilan qoplanishi, birinchi zarbaning zarba kuchi va aniq nazorat qilinishini o'z ichiga oladi. Bunday bayroqning shakllanishi harakat uchun ham, jangni boshlash uchun ham qulay edi. Otryadning etakchi qismining mahkam yopiq saflari dushman bilan to'qnashganda qanotlarini himoya qilish uchun burilishlari shart emas edi. Yaqinlashib kelayotgan qo'shinning xanjarlari dahshatli taassurot qoldirdi va birinchi hujumda dushman saflarida tartibsizlikni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin edi. Takoz otryadi raqibning tarkibini buzish va tezkor g'alabaga erishish uchun mo'ljallangan edi.

Ta'riflangan tizimning kamchiliklari ham bor edi. Jang paytida, agar u uzoqqa cho'zilsa, eng yaxshi kuchlar - ritsarlar birinchi bo'lib ishdan bo'shatilishi mumkin edi. Bollardlarga kelsak, ritsarlar o'rtasidagi jang paytida ular kutish va ko'rish holatida bo'lib, jang natijasiga unchalik ta'sir qilmadi. 15-asrdagi janglardan biriga ko'ra, takoz shaklidagi ustun. (1450 yil Pillenreith ostida), ritsarlar unvoni orqada tarbiyalangan, 14 chunki bollards, aftidan, unchalik ishonchli emas edi. Biroq, materialning etishmasligidan kelib chiqqan holda, uchli ustunning kuchli va zaif tomonlarini hukm qilish qiyin. Evropaning turli mintaqalarida u o'zining xususiyatlari va qurollari bilan ajralib turardi.

Keling, takoz shaklidagi ustunlar soni haqidagi savolga ham to'xtalib o'tamiz. 1477 yilgi "Kompaniyaga tayyorgarlik" ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, bunday ustun 400 dan 700 otliqgacha bo'lgan. Ammo o'sha paytdagi taktik birliklarning soni, ma'lumki, doimiy emas edi va jangovar amaliyotda hatto 1-qavat ham edi. XV asr juda xilma-xil edi. Misol uchun, J. Dlugoszning ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 1410 yilda Grunvaldda jang qilgan etti teutonik bannerda 570 ta nayza, 15 ta, ya'ni har bir bayroqda 82 ta nayza bo'lib, ritsar va uning mulozimlarini hisobga olgan holda, 246 jangchiga to'g'ri keladi. Boshqa ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, 1410 yilda ish haqi to'langan beshta bannerda 157 dan 359 nusxagacha va 4 dan 30 tagacha kamonchi bo'lgan. 16 Keyinchalik, 1433 yildagi bitta to'qnashuvda Bavariya "cho'chqa" otryadi 200 nafar jangchidan iborat edi: uning bosh bo'linmasida uchta safda 3, 5 va 7 ritsar bor edi. Pillenreit (1450) davrida xanjar ustuni 400 ta ritsarlar va bolardlardan iborat edi. 17 Taqdim etilgan barcha ma'lumotlar XV asrning ritsarlik otryadi ekanligini ko'rsatadi. ming otliqlarga yetishi mumkin edi, lekin ko'pincha bir necha yuz jangchilarni o'z ichiga oladi. 14-asrning harbiy epizodlarida. otryaddagi ritsarlar soni keyingi davrlarga qaraganda kamroq edi - 20 dan 80 tagacha (bollardlar bundan mustasno). Misol uchun, 1331 yilda beshta Prussiya bayrog'ida 350 ta otliq jangchi bor edi, ya'ni har bir bayroqda 70 tadan (yoki taxminan 20 nusxada).

Shuningdek, bizda 13-asrdagi Livoniya jangovar otryadining hajmini aniqroq aniqlash imkoniyati mavjud. 1268 yilda Rakovor jangida, yilnomada aytilganidek, nemis "katta cho'chqaning temir polki" harakat qildi. Rhymed Chronicle ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, jangda 34 ritsarlar va militsiya qatnashgan. 19 Ritsarlarning bu soni, agar qo'mondon tomonidan to'ldirilsa, 35 kishi bo'ladi, bu 1477 yildagi yuqorida aytib o'tilgan "Jamiyatga tayyorgarlik" da qayd etilgan otryadlardan birining ritsarlik xanjarining tarkibiga to'liq mos keladi. "Buyuk" emas, "Hound" banneri). Xuddi shu "Aksiyaga tayyorgarlik" da bunday bannerning ustunlari soni berilgan - 365 kishi. 1477 va 1268-sonli ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, otryadlarning bosh bo'linmalarining raqamlari hisobga olingan holda. amaliy jihatdan bir-biriga to'g'ri kelgan bo'lsa, biz katta xatoga yo'l qo'ymasdan taxmin qilishimiz mumkin, ularning umumiy miqdoriy tarkibida bu birliklar ham bir-biriga yaqin edi. Bunday holda, biz 13-asrdagi Livoniya-Rossiya urushlarida qatnashgan nemis xanjar shaklidagi bannerlarning odatiy hajmini ma'lum darajada baholashimiz mumkin.

1242 yilgi jangda nemis otryadiga kelsak, uning tarkibi Rakovor "buyuk cho'chqa" dan deyarli ustun emas edi. Ko'rib chiqilayotgan davrda Kurlanddagi kurashdan chalg'igan Livoniya ordeni katta qo'shin to'play olmadi. 20

Muz jangining sxemasi kompleks ekspeditsiya rahbari G.N.Qoraev tomonidan tasavvur qilingan.

1242 yil 5 aprel kuni ertalab rus va Livoniya qo'shinlari jangda to'qnashdilar. Nemis tarkibidagi birinchi zarbani kamonchilar olishdi: "Va ular polk orqali cho'chqaga urishdi." 21 Ma'lumki, kamonchilar jang boshida ishlatilgan: ular uzoqdan dushmanga do'l yog'dirgan, ammo qo'l jangida qatnashmagan. Bu holatda, "Rhymed Chronicle" ga ko'ra, "ruslar shahzoda otryadi oldida jasorat bilan birinchi hujumni amalga oshirgan ko'plab miltiqchilarga ega edi. Birodar ritsarlarning otryadi (banneri) otishmachilarni qanday mag'lub etgani ko'rindi. 22 Qarama-qarshilikning bu bosqichida tashabbus nemislar qo'lida edi. Jangning yaqinlashishi va boshlanishidan so'ng asosiy kuchlar jangga jalb qilindi va qo'l jangi boshlandi. Bu erda ikkala tomondan otliq nayzalar birlashdilar, ular to'qnashuvdan so'ng pichoqli qurollardan foydalanishga o'tdilar. “Hayot” muallifi kurashning shiddatliligini juda aniq, ammo tanish iboralar bilan ifodalaydi: “Yovuzlik zarrasi, nusxalarning sinishidan yorilish va qilichning ovozi, go'yo. muzlagan ko'l harakatlanar edi. Va siz muzni ko'rmaysiz: siz qonga belangansiz. 23

Jangning qanday kechganligi har kimning taxmini. Biroq, uning burilish nuqtasi ma'lum. Rhymed Chronicle'ga ko'ra, "birodar ritsarlar qo'shinida bo'lganlar qurshab olingan ... Birodar ritsarlar juda o'jarlik bilan qarshilik ko'rsatdilar, lekin ular u erda mag'lubiyatga uchradilar". 24 Bundan xulosa qilishimiz mumkinki, nemis tarkibi markaziy qarama-qarshi polk bilan jangga kirishgan, yon polklar esa nemis armiyasining qanotlarini qamrab olishga muvaffaq bo'lgan. "Rhymed Chronicle" nashrida yozilishicha, "Derpt aholisining bir qismi (rus yilnomasida Chudi) jangni tark etishdi, bu ularning najoti edi, ular chekinishga majbur bo'lishdi". 25 Biz ritsarlarni orqa tomondan qoplagan bollardlar haqida gapiramiz. Shunday qilib, nemis armiyasining zarba beruvchi kuchi - ritsarlar himoyasiz qoldi. Ular qurshab olinganda, aftidan, yangi hujumlar uchun tuzilmani saqlab qola olmadilar yoki qayta tashkil eta olmadilar va bundan tashqari, qo'shimcha kuchsiz qoldilar. Bu nemis armiyasining to'liq mag'lubiyatini oldindan belgilab qo'ydi, birinchi navbatda uning eng uyushgan va jangovar tayyor kuchi.

Jang vahima ichida qochgan dushmanni ta’qib qilish bilan tugadi. Shu bilan birga, dushmanlarning ba'zilari jangda halok bo'ldi, ba'zilari asirga olindi, ba'zilari esa yupqa muz joyida - "sigovitsa" ni topib, muzdan yiqildi. Ruslar ham yo'qotishlarga duchor bo'lishdi: "Bu g'alaba unga (knyaz Aleksandr-A.K.) ko'plab jasur odamlarni yo'qotdi" 26 Novgorod Birinchi yilnomasi jang natijasida 400 nemis halok bo'ldi, 90 kishi asirga tushdi va "xalq halok bo'ldi." sharmanda bo'ladi." 27 Bu yo'qotishlar bo'rttirilgan ko'rinadi. Rhymed Chronicle ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 20 ritsar o'ldirilgan va 6 tasi asirga olingan. Oddiy ritsarning nayzasining (3 jangchi) tarkibini hisobga olgan holda, o'ldirilgan va qo'lga olingan ritsarlar va bollardlar soni 78 kishiga yetishi mumkin edi. Kutilmagan darajada yaqin raqam - ordenning 70 o'lik ritsarlari - XV-XVI asrlarning ikkinchi yarmidagi nemis manbalari tomonidan berilgan. 28 Bunday aniq "zarar" ko'rsatkichi qayerdan kelgani noma'lum. "Kechikkan" nemis yilnomachisi "Qofiyali xronika" da (20 + 6 x 3 = 78) ko'rsatilgan yo'qotishlarni uch baravar oshirmadimi?

Rhymed Chronicle tomonidan berilgan qobiliyatsiz jangchilar soni haqiqiylarga yaqin bo'lishi mumkin. O'ldirilgan va asirga olingan ritsarlarning soni, aytib o'tilganidek, 26 tani tashkil etdi. Ehtimol, ularning deyarli barchasi xanjarning bir qismi bo'lgan: bu odamlar jangga birinchi bo'lib kirishgan va eng katta xavfga duch kelishgan. Besh darajali shakllanishni hisobga olgan holda, takoz soni 30-35 ritsardan oshmagan deb taxmin qilish mumkin. Ularning aksariyati jang maydonida jonini fido qilgan bo‘lsa ajab emas. Takozning ushbu tarkibi o'zining maksimal kengligini 11 ta jangchi qatori shaklida qabul qiladi. Bunday ustunlardagi ustunlar soni 300 kishidan bir oz ko'proq edi. Natijada, barcha hisob-kitoblar va taxminlarga ko'ra, 1242 yilgi jangda qatnashgan nemis-chud qo'shinlarining umumiy soni uch-to'rt yuz kishidan deyarli oshmadi va ehtimol undan ham kichikroq edi.

Livoniyaliklarga, ehtimol, biroz kattaroq rus kuchlari qarshilik ko'rsatdi. Umuman olganda, Muz jangini olomon deb hisoblash uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q, ammo bu uning tarixiy ahamiyatini kamaytirmaydi. O'rta asrlarda bu erda ham, G'arbiy Evropada ham harbiy operatsiyalarning katta qismi Peipsi ko'li jangi miqyosidan unchalik katta bo'lmagan kichik kuchlar tomonidan amalga oshirildi.

Kirpichnikov A.N. Zeighaus jurnali 1997 yil 6-son

ehtiyot bo'ling, Igor Dzysning rasmlari

1 Strokov A.A. Harbiy san'at tarixi. T. I. M., 1955. B. 267; Razin E.A. Harbiy san'at tarixi. T. II. M., 1957. B. 163.

2 Fennell J. O'rta asr rusining inqirozi. 1200-1304 M., 1989. S. 142, 145-146.

3 Muz jangi 1242 Muz jangi joyini aniqlashtirish uchun murakkab ekspeditsiya materiallari. M.-L., 1966; Tixomirov M.N. Qadimgi rus. M., 1975. B.3648-374.

4 Novgorod Katta va kichik nashrlarning birinchi yilnomasi. M.-L., 1950. B.78-79, 295-297.

5 Bu, xususan, "Birinchi Sofiya yilnomasi" xabari, "suv jang maydonidan qochgan raqiblarni g'arq qiladi va boshqa yovuzlik qochib ketadi" (Muz jangi ... P. 189). Biz "sigovitsa" joylashgan Teploe ko'li muziga tushib ketgan livoniyaliklarning bir qismining jang maydonidan qochib ketayotgani haqida gapiramiz.

Pashuto V.T. Qofiyali xronika rus tarixiga oid manba sifatida.//Rossiya va slavyan mamlakatlari ijtimoiy-siyosiy tarixi muammolari. M., 1964. B. 106.

7 Pskov yilnomalari. jild. 1. M.-L., 1941. B. 13.

8 Sofiya birinchi xronikasi, Ts.K.Begunovning kuzatishlariga ko'ra, kelib chiqishi noma'lum bo'lgan bir qator tafsilotlarni o'z ichiga oladi, "janob" ning o'zi (Livoniya ordeni grossmeysteri) "barchasi" bilan Aleksandrga qarshi chiqdi. uning biskups" va "qirollik yordami" bilan (t . e. Daniya qiroli). Aslida, nemislar keng koalitsiyani amalga oshirishga vaqtlari yo'q edi va bundan tashqari, Landmaster Ditrix fon Grüningen kuronlar va litvaliklarga qarshi kampaniyada edi. Nemis armiyasiga vitse-master Andreas fon Velven boshchilik qilgan, deb ishoniladi (Muz ustidagi jang... 9 P. 188, 224,225).

9 Jang joyi Fr yaqinida bo'lgan deb ishoniladi. Teploe ko'lidagi shahar (Muz jangi... 108-bet. 5-rasm; 160,161-bet. 4,5-rasm).

10 Sreznevskiy I.M. Qadimgi rus tili lug'ati uchun materiallar.T. III. Sankt-Peterburg, 1903. 272,273-betlar

11 Piderle L. Slavyan antikvarlari. M., 1956. B. 370. Eslatma. 3;Latishev V.V. Qadimgi yozuvchilarning Skifiya va Kavkaz haqidagi xabarlari.//VDI, 1949. No 3. P. 299,302.

12 "Saylovchi Albertning Sagan gertsogi Xansga qarshi kampaniyasiga tayyorgarlik." Albrecht Axilles tomonidan uning o'g'li, Brandenburglik Margrave Jon uchun yozilgan. // Jahns M. Handbuch einer Geschichte des Kriegswesens von Urzeit bis zur Renais-sace. Lei pzig, 1880. S. 979-985

13 Verbruggen J.F. M1i4ddeleeuwendagi G'arbiy Evropadagi De Krijgskunst. Bryussel, 1954. S. 558.

14 Delbryuk G. Siyosiy tarix doirasidagi harbiy san'at tarixi. M., 1933. S. 156. 12-sxema.

15 Dlugosh J. Grunvald jangi. M.-L., 1962. B. 721.

16 Nadolski A. Grunvald. Muammoli wybrane. Olshtin. 1990. B.115; Kuchicski S.M. Wielka wojna z za-konem krzyzackim w latach 1409-1411.Warazawa, 1955. P.182-183.

17 Delbryuk G. Tarix... B. 158,159.

18 Ekdahl S. “Die Banderia Prutenorum” des Jan Dlugosz eine Quelle zur Schlacht bei Tannenberg 1410. Gottingen, 1976. S. 12,22,141.

19 Pashuto V.T. Qofiyali yilnoma... B. 106. Solnomachi o‘ziga qarama-qarshi bo‘lib, 160 ritsar haqida ham yozadi.

20 I.E.Kleinenbergning asosli fikriga ko'ra, Novgorod va Pskovga ordenning tajovuzkorligi boshlanishidan bir necha yil oldin Livoniyada faoliyat yuritgan ritsarlarning soni 30 dan 100 gacha bo'lishi kerak (Muz jangi). S. 227).

21 Novgorod Birinchi yilnomasi... 78-bet.

22 Muz ustidagi jang... 21-bet

23. O'sha yerda. 183-bet.

24 O'sha yerdan. 213-bet.

25 Shu yerda. Shu yerda. 213-215-betlar.

26 Novgorod Birinchi yilnomasi... S. 78. 28 Muz ustidagi jang... S. 226, 236,239.

Livoniya qofiyali yilnomasidan parcha

Ko'pchilik iqtibos keltiradigan narsalarni, lekin hamma ham o'qimaydi. Matn nashrga muvofiq chop etilgan: Muz jangi 1242. Muz jangi o'rnini aniqlash uchun murakkab ekspeditsiya materiallari. M-L., 1966. B. 202-215.

(02065) Nu lege wir die rede nider

(02066) va sprechen abir kengroq.

(02067) wic iB dem dutschen hus in hant

(02068) Nieflantda zu dem ersten gienc.

(02069) von Darbet bischof Herman

(02070) bie den ziten boshlandi

(02071) zeiscn mit den Ruben.

(02072) die wolden sich uf struben

(02073) kegen dem cristentume als e.

(02074) in tet ir unsaldc vil we.

(02075) sie taten leides im genuc.

(02076) do er daB lange vcrtrue

(02077) die brudere er zfi hulfe bat.

(02078) der meister quam im uf der stat

(02079) va bracht im manchen rischen helt

(02080) beide kune und ub irwelt.

(02081) des kuniges man quamen dar

(02082) mit einer hovelichen schar;

(02083) des edi bischof Herman vro.

(02084) mit deme here sie karten do

(02085) vrolichen in der Ruben lant.

(02086) eb gienc in da vil wol in hant.

(02087) vor eine burg sie quamen do.

(02088) o'lim almashtirib bo'lmas kumft unvro edi.

(02089) sturmes man mit in boshlandi.

(02090) dab hus gewunnen sic in an.

(02091) Isburc die burc hieb.

(02092) der Ruben man keinen lieb.

(02093) man brechte in not.

(02094) welcher sich zu bot edi.

(02095) der wart gevangen yoki geslagen.

(02096) man horte rufen und clagen:

(02097) in deme lande ubir al

(02098) erhub sich ein michel schal.

(02099) Die von Plezcowe do

(02100) waren diser mere unvro.

(02101) eine stat ist juda jannat,

(02102) Die liet in Ruben Lant,

(02103) ha sint lute harte sur,

(02104) die waren diser nakebur.

(02105) von Den Wart Nicht Gespart,

(02106) sie huben sich uf die vart

(02107) va jagetcn grimmelichen dar

(02108) mit mancher brunjen lichtvar;

(02109) ir helme luchten als ein glas.

(02110) vil manich schutze da mite edi.

(02 111) sie quamen uf der bruder her;

(02112) die satzten sich kein in zu wer.

(02113) die brudere und des kuniges man

(02114) die Ruben vrilichen riten an.

(02115) bischof Herman der edi dar

(02116) als ein helt mil siner schar.

(02117) sich hub ein ungevuger strit:

(02118) die dutschen hiwen wunden wit,

(02119) Ruben liden grobe emas:

(02120) man sluc ir achte hundert tot,

(02121) die bliben uf deme wal.

(02122) bie Isburc namen sie den val.

(02123) die anderen namen da die vlucht,

(02124) man jagete sie ane zucht

(02125) vaste hin zu lande wert.

(02126) die Ruben manten sere ir pfert

(02127) beide mit geiseln und mit sporn;

(02128) sie wanten alle sin verlorn:

(02129) der wec duchte sic gar lane.

(02130) der walt von Jamerschalle klani.

(02131) zu lande begona gachda edi;

(02132) der brudere her zogete hin nach.

(02133) Mode ein wabber ist genant:

(02134) na in uber uf daB lant

(02135) die brudere vuren mit gewalt;

(02136) sie brachten manchen degen bait.

(02137) Die von Plezcowe do

(02138) waren der geste unvro.

(02139) die brudere slugen ir gezelt

(02140) vor Plezcowe uf ein schone velt.

(02141) der bischof und des koniges man

(02142) ir legirstat vil wol gewan.

(02143) manich ritter va knecht

(02144) vordienten wol ir legenrecht.

(02145) man lieb gebieten in dem her,

(02146) man solde bcreiten sich zur wer,

(02147) va lieb sie da bie verstan,

(02148) man solde ouch zu sturme gan.

(02149) die Ruben wurden des gewar,

(02150) dab sturmen wolde manich schar

(02151) beide burc unde stat.

(02152) die Ruben waren ko'chalari bo'yra

(02153) yes vor bie Isburc worden:

(02154) sie boten sich dem order,

(02155) wan sic vorchten ungemach.

(02156) um einen vride man do sprach.

(02157) der vride wart gemachet do

(02158) mit den Ruben ham.

(02159) dab Gerpolt, der ir kunic hieb,

(02160) mit sime guten willen lieb

(02161) burge und gute lant

(02162) in der dutschen brudere hant,

(02163) dab ir der meister solde pflegen.

(02164) wegen ostida bleib dab sturmen qiling.

(02165) Da die sune geschach,

(02166) nicht lange sumete man dar nach.

(02167) dab uni brach uf gemeine do.

(02168) sie waren alle in gote vro

(02169) va gaben gote die ere:

(02170) sie dankten im vil sere.

(02171) do dab her was bereit

(02172) vrolich ib von dannen reit.

(02173.) zwene brudere man dar lieb

(02174) o'lim odam dab lant ehtiyot bo'l,

(02175) von dutschen eine eleine macht.

(02176) sint zu schaden bracht dab siğil:

(02177) ir herschaft werte unlange vrist.

(02178) eine stat in Ruben Lande ist.

(02179) Nogarden ist sie genant.

(02180) dem kunige wart dab mere bekant,

(02181) er hub sich uf mit mancher schar

(02182) kegen Plezcowen, dab ist war.

(02183) dar quam er mit grober macht;

(02184) er xette manchen Ruben bracht

(02185) zu lostne die von Plezco.

(02186) des waren die von herzen vro.

(02187) do er die dutschen irsach,

(02188) nicht lange sumete er dar nach,

(02189) die zwene brudere er verstieb

(02190) der vogetie er sie erlieb

(02191) und alle ir knechte man vertreib.

(02192) der dutschen keiner da bleib:

(02193) den Ruben lieben sie dab lant.

(02194) den bruderen gienc ib sus in hant:

(02195) Plezcowe da behut edi

(02196) dab were nu dem cristentume gut

(02197) bib an der werlde end.

(02198) eb ist ein missewende,

(02199) der gute lant betwungen shapka

(02200) und der nicht wol besetzet shapka:

(02201) der claget wen er den schaden shapka.

(02202) wan ib im vil lichte missegat.

(02203) der kunic von Nogarden karte kengroq.

(02204) Eb stunt dar nach nicht lange sider.

(02205) ein stat ist grob unde wiet

(02206) Ruben Lande Lietda o'lim:

(02207) Susdal ist sie genant.

(02208) Aleksandr genant edi

(02209) der bie der zit ir kunic hieb:

(02210) sin vole er sich bereitcn lieb.

(02211) den Ruben ir schade leit edi;

(02212) snelle wurden sie bereit.

(02213) do vur kunic Aleksandr,

(02214) mit im vil manich ander

(02215) Rube uni von Susdal.

(02216) sie vurten bogen ane zal.

(02217) vil manche brunje wunneclich.

(02218) ir banier die waren boy,

(02219) ir helme die waren liecht bckant.

(02220) sus zogeten sic in der bruder lant

(02221) da gewaldeclich mit uni.

(02222) o'lim brudere da mit sneller wer

(02223) dab kegenzilda brachten.

(02224) ir edi aber maben vil.

(02225) Zu Darbete siğil vernomen

(02226) kunic Aleksandr edi komen

(02227) mit her in der bruder lant

(02228) und stifte roub und brant.

(02229) der bischof des nicht enlieb,

(02230) des stiftes man er snelle hieb

(02231) ilen zu der brudere her

(02232) Kegen den Ruben zu wer.

(02233) wab er gebot dab geschach.

(02234) nicht lange sumeten sie dar nach.

(02235) sie quamen zu der brudere macht.

(02236) sie hatten zu cleine volkes bracht:

(02237) der brudere uni ouch zu toza edi.

(02238) idoch sie quamen uber ein.

(02239) dab sie die Ruben ritten an.

(02240) ko'chalar odam mit in boshlandi.

(02241) die Ruben hatten schutzen vil,

(02242) o'lik huben do dab erste spil

(02243) menlich vor des kuniges schar.

(02244) man sach der bruder banier dar

(02245) o'lim schutzcn underdringen.

(02246) man horte swert da clingen

(02247) va sach helme schroten.

(02248) an beider sit die toten

(02249) vielen nider uf dab gras.

(02250) wer in der brudere u edi

(02251) die wurden ummeringet gar.

(02252) die Ruben hatten sulche schar.

(02253) dab ie wol sechzic man

(02254) einen dutschen ritten an.

(02255) die brudere taten wer gnuc.

(02256) idoch man sie dar nider sluc.

(02257) der von Darbete quam ein teil

(02258) von deme strite, dab was ir teil:

(02259) sie musten wichen durch o'lmaydi.

(02260) dar bliben zwenzic bruder tot

(02261) va sechse wurden gevangen.

(02262) sus was der strit ergagengen.

(02263) Kunic Aleksandr vro edi,

(02264) daB er den sig bchielt ham.

(02265) er karte kengroq zu lande.

(02266) er lieb doch dar zu pfande

(02267) sumelichen rischen odam.

(02268) der reisen nimmer mer boshlandi.

(02269) wab bruder in dem strite edi

(02270) geslagen, da ich nu von las.

(02271) die wurden sider wol verclait

(02272) mit manchem holde unverzait.

(02273) die sich durch got ban gegeben

(02274) in der dutschen brudere leben,

(02275) der ist bib her von jenen tagen

(02276) vil mancher in getes dienste geslagen.

(02277) sie haben ouch mit werenden hant

(02278) betwungen sider gute lant.

(02279) als uch her na wol wirt bekant.

(02280) nu dise rede ist volant.

(02281) Meister Herman Balke

(02282) deme walke-da edi

(02283) mit Ruben und mit heiden.

(02284) der muste er sich beiden

(02285) mit grobeme urlouge emas edi

(02286) und helfen getes viende heren.

(02287) der bischof und des kuniges man,

(02288) biz er mit den boshladik.

(02289) dab troc alleb uber ein

(02290) als eb an den werken wol schein.

(02291) dab buch saget uns vor war,

(02292) dab ib werte sechstehalb jar

(02293) dab meister Herman Balke riet.

(02294) dar nach er von der werlde schiet

Keling, endi bu hikoyani to'xtatamiz

va yana gaplashamiz [bu haqda]

Tevton ordeni bilan ishlar qanday ketmoqda?

dastlab Livoniyaga ketgan.

Dorpat spnskop Herman

shu vaqtda boshlangan

ruslar bilan janjallashish.

Ular ko'tarilishni xohlashdi

avvalgidek nasroniylikka qarshi.

Ularning kufrlari ularga ko'p qayg'u keltirdi.

Ular unga etarlicha zarar etkazishdi.

U bunga uzoq vaqt chidadi,

u akalaridan yordam so'raguncha.

Usta darhol uning oldiga yetib keldi

va unga ko'plab jasur qahramonlarni olib keldi,

jasur va ajoyib.

U yerga podshohning odamlari yetib kelishdi

sezilarli ajralish bilan;

Yepiskop Herman bundan xursand bo'ldi.

Bu qo'shin bilan ular keyin harakat qilishdi

Rusga xursandchilik bilan.

Ular u erda juda yaxshi ish qilishdi.

U erda ular qal'aga yaqinlashdilar,

qal'a ularning kelishidan xursand bo'lmadi.

Biz ularga [ruslarga] hujum qildik.

qasrni ulardan tortib oldi.

Bu qal'a Izborsk deb nomlangan.

Birorta ham rus tili berilmadi

[qoldirish] zararsiz.

Kim o'zini himoya qildi?

u qo'lga olingan yoki o'ldirilgan.

Qichqiriq va nolalar eshitildi:

bu yurtning hamma joyida

katta qichqiriq boshlandi.

O'sha paytda Pskov aholisi

bu yangilikdan xursand bo'lmadilar.

Bu shaharning nomi

Rossiyada joylashgan.

U erda juda zo'r odamlar bor,

ular buning (Izborsk) qo'shnilari edi.

Ular ikkilanmadilar

ular sayrga chiqayotgan edilar

va qichishish qo'rqinchli tarzda yugurdi,

ko'plari yorqin zirhlarda edi;

dubulg'alari shishadek porlab turardi.

Ular bilan birga ko'plab otishmalar ham bor edi.

Ular birodarlar lashkariga duch kelishdi;

transport vositalari ularga qarshilik ko'rsatdi,

shohning akalari va erlari

ruslarga otda dadil hujum qildi.

Yepiskop Herman deputat edi

o'z otryadi bilan qahramon kabi.

Shiddatli jang boshlandi:

nemislar chuqur jarohatlar etkazdilar,

Ruslar katta yo'qotishlarga duch kelishdi:

sakkiz yuz [odam] halok bo'ldi

jang maydoniga tushib qolishdi.

Ular Izborskda mag'lub bo'lishdi.

Keyin qolganlari qochib ketishdi

ular tasodifiy ta'qib qilindi

ularning uyi tomon tovonda.

Ruslar otlarini qattiq itarib yuborishdi

qamchi va shnurlar;

ular hamma o'lgan deb o'ylashdi:

sayohat ularga juda uzoq tuyuldi.

O'rmon qayg'uli faryodlar bilan jiringladi.

Ularning hammasi uyga ketishga shoshilishardi;

birodar ritsarlar qo'shini ularga ergashdi.

Buyuk (Mode) daryosi deyiladi:

ularni boshqa tarafga kuzatib boring

birodarlar katta kuch bilan kesib o'tishdi;

ular ko'plab jasur jangchilarga boshchilik qildilar.

Keyin Pskov

mehmonlar qabul qilinmadi.

Birodar ritsarlar chodirlarini tikdilar

Pskov oldida go'zal maydonda.

Episkop va qirolning odamlari ham

Biz juda qulay lager qurdik.

Ko'p ritsarlar va bollardlar

ular bu yerda zig'irbozlik qilish huquqini qo'lga kiritdilar.

Armiyaga buyruq berildi

jangga tayyorlanish,

bir vaqtning o'zida ular [kampaniya ishtirokchilariga] aniqlik kiritishdi.

ular ham hujum qiladi.

Ruslar buni payqashdi

ko'p qo'shinlar bostirib kirish niyatida

qal'a kabi, posad kabi.

Ruslar jangdan charchagan edilar

Izborsk yaqinida:

ular buyruqqa taslim bo'lishdi,

Chunki ular [kattaroq] baxtsizlikdan qo'rqishdi.

Keyin tinchlik muzokaralari boshlandi.

O'shanda tinchlik o'rnatildi

ruslar bilan shunday shartlarda,

ularning shahzodasi bo'lgan Gerpolt,

mehribonligiga ko'ra maydonni tark etdi

qal'alar va yaxshi erlar

Teutonik birodarlar qo'lida,

usta tomonidan boshqarilishi kerak.

Keyin [Pskovga] hujum sodir bo'lmadi.

Bu yarashuvdan keyin,

uzoq kutmadi

keyin qo'shin qaytish uchun yig'ildi.

Ularning barchasi Xudoning inoyatiga to'lgan edi

va Xudoni ulug'ladilar;

ular undan ko'p minnatdor edilar.

Qo'shin qaytish yurishiga tayyor bo'lganda.

u erda xursand bo'lib ketdi.

U erda ikkita aka-uka qoldi,

erni himoya qilish uchun tayinlanganlar,

va nemislarning kichik otryadi.

Bu keyinchalik ular uchun zararli bo'lib chiqdi:

ularning hukmronligi uzoq davom etmadi.

Rossiyada shahar bor

u Novgorod deb ataladi.

Bu xabar [Novgorod] knyaziga yetib keldi,

ko‘p qo‘shin bilan to‘plandi

Pskovga qarshi, bu haqiqat.

U yerga katta kuch bilan yetib keldi;

u ko'plab ruslarni olib keldi

Pskov aholisini ozod qilish.

Ular bundan butun qalblari bilan quvondilar.

Nemislarni ko'rib,

shundan keyin u uzoq vaqt ikkilanmadi,

u ikkala birodarni ham haydab chiqardi,

ularning butparastligiga chek qo'yish,

va ularning barcha ustunlari haydab yuborildi.

U erda nemislar qolmadi:

Ular yerni ruslarga qoldirgan.

Birodarlar uchun voqealar shunday kechdi:

Agar o'sha paytda Pskov qutqarilgan bo'lsa,

keyin bu endi nasroniylikka foyda keltiradi

dunyoning oxirigacha.

Bu omadsizlik.

Kim yaxshi yerlarni zabt etdi

va ular harbiy kuch bilan yomon ishg'ol qilingan,

yo'qotganda yig'laydi,

u muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchraganida.

Novgorod knyazi yana o'z yurtiga ketdi.

Oradan ko‘p o‘tmay, tinchlandi.

Katta va keng shahar bor,

u ham Rossiyada joylashgan:

u Suzdal deb ataladi.

Iskandarning ismi edi

o'sha paytda uning shahzodasi kim edi:

lashkariga yurishga tayyorlanishni buyurdi.

Ruslar muvaffaqiyatsizliklaridan xafa bo'lishdi;

Ular tezda tayyorlanishdi.

Keyin knyaz Aleksandr gapirdi

va u bilan ko'plab boshqalar

Suzdaldan kelgan ruslar.

Ularning son-sanoqsiz kamonlari bor edi.

juda ko'p chiroyli zirhlar.

Ularning bayroqlari boy edi,

ularning dubulg'alari yorug'lik chiqaradi.

Shunday qilib, ular birodarlar yurtiga yo'l olishdi,

armiyada kuchli.

Keyin birodarlar tezda qurollanib,

ularga qarshilik ko'rsatdi;

lekin ularning [ritsarlar] ozligi bor.

Dorpatda ular buni bilib olishdi

knyaz Aleksandr keldi

qo'shin bilan birodarlar yurtiga.

talonchilik va yong‘inlarga sabab bo‘ladi.

Episkop buni e'tiborsiz qoldirmadi

tezda episkopning odamlariga buyruq berdi

birodarlar armiyasiga shoshiling

ruslarga qarshi kurashish uchun.

U buyurgan narsa amalga oshdi.

Ular bundan keyin ham ikkilanmadilar.

ular aka-uka kuchlariga qo‘shilishdi.

Ular juda kam odam olib kelishdi

aka-uka qo'shini ham juda oz edi.

Biroq, ular bir fikrga kelishdi

ruslarga hujum.

Nemislar ular bilan jang qila boshladilar.

Ruslarning ko'plab miltiqlari bor edi,

birinchi hujumni jasorat bilan qabul qilgan,

shahzoda otryadi oldida [bo'lish].

Aka-ukalarning otryadi qanday ekanligi aniq edi

otuvchilarni mag'lub etdi;

qilichlar to'qnashuvi eshitildi,

va dubulg'alarning qanday bo'linganini ko'rish mumkin edi.

Ikki tomondan o'ldirilgan

o'tga yiqildi.

Birodarlar armiyasida bo'lganlar.

qurshab olindi.

Ruslarning shunday armiyasi bor edi,

har bir nemis hujumga uchraganligi,

ehtimol oltmish kishi.

Birodarlar juda o'jarlik bilan qarshilik ko'rsatishdi,

lekin ular u erda mag'lubiyatga uchradilar.

Derpt aholisining bir qismi chiqdi

jangdan. bu ularning najoti edi

chekinishga majbur bo'ldilar.

U erda yigirma aka-uka o'ldirilgan,

va olti nafari asirga olingan.

Bu jangning borishi edi.

Shahzoda Aleksandr xursand edi

u g'alaba qozondi

U o'z yurtlariga qaytdi.

Biroq, bu g'alaba unga qimmatga tushdi

Ko'p jasur erkaklar,

kim yana lagerga bormaydi.

Bu jangda qatnashgan birodarlar haqida

o'ldirilgan, men hozir o'qiganman.

keyin ular keyinchalik to'g'ri motam tutdilar

ko'p qo'rqmas qahramonlar bilan.

kim Xudoning chaqirig'i bilan

tevtonik birodarlar orasida hayotga o'zlarini bag'ishlagan;

ularning ko'pchiligi shundan beri bor

Xudoga xizmat qilishda o'ldirilgan.

Ularning qurolli qo'li ham bor

O'shandan beri ular yaxshi erlarni zabt etishdi,

Bu hikoya shu erda tugaydi.

Usta Herman Balk

urush olib bordi

ruslar va butparastlar bilan.

U ikkalasidan ham kerak edi

buyuk urushda himoya

va Xudoning dushmanlarini yo'q qilishga yordam berdilar.

Episkop va qirolning odamlari [uni qo'llab-quvvatladilar],

u ular bilan qilgan hamma narsani

bir ovozdan amalga oshirildi

ishlarning o'zidan ham ko'rinib turibdi.

Bu kitob biz haqimizda gapiradi.

bu besh yarim yil davom etdi

usta Herman Balk hukmronligi.

shundan keyin u vafot etdi.

Yo'qotishlarni baholash muammosi birinchi navbatda manbalarni baholash muammosidir, ayniqsa 14-asrgacha deyarli yagona manbalar yilnomalar edi. Faqat oxirgi o'rta asrlar uchun ko'proq ob'ektiv ruhoniy hisobotlar va vaqti-vaqti bilan arxeologik ma'lumotlar paydo bo'ladi (masalan, Visbida 1361 yildagi Daniya-Shved jangi haqidagi ma'lumot 5 ariqdan 3 tasini qazish paytida 1185 skeletning topilishi bilan tasdiqlangan. o'liklar dafn qilingan).

Xronikalarni esa o‘sha davr psixologiyasini tushunmay turib, to‘g‘ri talqin qilib bo‘lmaydi.

Evropa o'rta asrlarida urushning ikkita tushunchasi e'tirof etilgan. "Rivojlangan feodalizm" davrida (XI-XIII asrlar) ular amalda mavjud bo'lgan, o'rta asrlarning oxirlarida, ularni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri va aniq taqdim etgan va o'rgangan harbiy risolalar paydo bo'ldi (masalan, Filipp de Mezyer, 1395).

Birinchisi, "mortelle", "o'lik", "olov va qon" urushi bo'lib, unda barcha "shafqatsizlik, qotillik, g'ayriinsoniylik" toqat qilingan va hatto muntazam ravishda buyurilgan. Bunday urushda dushmanga qarshi barcha kuch va texnikani ishga solish, jangda asirlarni olmaslik, yaradorlarni tugatish, qochib ketayotganlarni quvib yetib olish, kaltaklash zarur edi; Ma'lumot olish uchun yuqori martabali mahbuslarni qiynoqqa solish, dushman xabarchilari va jarchilarini o'ldirish, foydali bo'lganda shartnomalarni buzish va hokazolar mumkin edi. Tinch aholiga nisbatan xuddi shunday xatti-harakatlarga ruxsat berildi. Boshqacha qilib aytganda, "axlat" ni eng katta yo'q qilish asosiy jasorat deb e'lon qilindi. Tabiiyki, bular birinchi navbatda “kofirlar”, butparastlar va bid’atchilarga qarshi, balki “Xudo tomonidan o‘rnatilgan” ijtimoiy tuzumni buzuvchilarga qarshi urushlardir. Amalda, rasmiy xristianlarga qarshi urushlar, lekin milliy-madaniy yoki ijtimoiy asosda keskin farq qiladigan urushlar ham bu turga yaqinlashdi.

Ikkinchi kontseptsiya "guerroyable" urush edi, ya'ni. "Chivalrous", "guerre loyale" ("halol urush"), "yaxshi jangchilar" o'rtasida olib boriladigan "droituriere justice d"armes" ("to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qurol huquqi") va "intizomga" muvofiq olib borilishi kerak. chevalerie", ("ritsarlik ilmi").Bunday urushda ritsarlar "yordamchi xodimlar"ning aralashuvisiz, barcha qoidalar va konventsiyalarga rioya qilgan holda o'zaro kuchlarini o'lchadilar.Jangning maqsadi jismoniy emas edi. dushmanni yo'q qilish, ammo ritsarni qo'lga olish yoki uni o'ldirishdan ko'ra ko'proq sharafli va "olijanob" deb hisoblangan.

Qo'shimcha qilaylik, ritsarni qo'lga olish uni o'ldirishdan ko'ra iqtisodiy jihatdan ancha foydali edi - katta to'lov olish mumkin edi.

Aslini olganda, "ritsarlik urushi" qadimgi nemis urush tushunchasining "Xudoning hukmi" sifatida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri avlodi bo'lgan, ammo xristian cherkovi ta'sirida va tsivilizatsiyaning umumiy o'sishi ostida insoniylashtirilgan va marosimlashtirilgan.

Bu erda biroz chetga chiqish maqsadga muvofiqdir. Ma'lumki, nemislar jangga har bir tomonning "haqiqat" va "to'g'ri" ni ochib beradigan o'ziga xos sinov (judicium belli) sifatida qarashgan. Gregori Tursning ma'lum bir Frenk Gondovaldning og'ziga aytgan nutqi odatiy holdir: "Jang maydonida uchrashganimizda, men Klotarning o'g'limanmi yoki yo'qmi, Xudo hukm qiladi". Bugungi nuqtai nazardan, "otalikni o'rnatish" ning bunday usuli anekdotga o'xshaydi, ammo nemislar uchun bu mutlaqo oqilona edi. Darhaqiqat, Gondowald otalikning "biologik haqiqati" ni (o'sha paytda imkonsiz bo'lgan) o'rnatishni emas, balki ushbu faktdan kelib chiqadigan moddiy va huquqiy huquqlarni da'vo qilgan. Va jang uning bu huquqlarni saqlab qolish va amalga oshirish uchun zarur kuch va qobiliyatga ega ekanligini aniqlash edi.

Ko'proq xususiy darajada, xuddi shunday yondashuv "sud kurashi" odatlarida namoyon bo'ldi va sog'lom erkak o'zini himoya qilishga majbur edi, ayol yoki keksa odam deputatlikka nomzod bo'lishi mumkin edi. Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, duelning vegeld bilan almashtirilishi erta o'rta asrlardagi jamoatchilik fikri tomonidan jamiyatning "insoniylashuvi" belgisi sifatida emas, balki har qanday qoralashga loyiq "axloqning buzilishi" belgisi sifatida qabul qilingan. Darhaqiqat, sud duelida kuchliroq va mahoratliroq jangchi, demak, qabilaning qimmatroq a'zosi ustunlikka ega bo'ldi va shu sababli, jamoat manfaati nuqtai nazaridan, bahsli mulk yoki mulkka ko'proq loyiq edi. huquqlar. Bahsning "pul" yechimi, qabiladan unchalik qadrli bo'lmagan va zarur bo'lgan odamga ustunlik berishi mumkin, hatto u ba'zi bir baxtsiz hodisalar yoki fe'l-atvorining pastligi tufayli katta boylikka ega bo'lgan taqdirda ham (to'planishga moyillik, ayyorlik, savdolashish va boshqalar). .), ya'ni "jasorat" va "o'rinbosar" ni rag'batlantirmadi. Bunday qarashlar bilan turli shakllardagi (jumladan, jangovar san'at) sud kurashlari german xalqlari orasida o'rta asrlarning oxirigacha saqlanib qolgan va hatto duelga aylanib, ulardan omon qolganligi ajablanarli emas.

Nihoyat, "ritsarlik" urushi tushunchasining nemis kelib chiqishi til darajasida ham ko'rinadi. O'rta asrlarda lotincha urush, bellum va nemischa werra (frantsuzcha guerre so'ziga aylandi) so'zlari sinonim emas, balki ikki xil urush turlarining belgilari edi. Bellum qirol tomonidan e'lon qilingan rasmiy, "umumiy" davlatlararo urushga murojaat qildi. Verra dastlab urushni odat huquqi bo'yicha "fayda", oilaviy qon nizosi va "ilohiy hukm" ni amalga oshirish deb belgilagan.

Keling, o'rta asr janglarida yo'qotishlar haqida asosiy ma'lumot manbai bo'lgan yilnomalarga qaytaylik. Ko'p hollarda xronika ob'ektiv "ofis" hujjati emas, balki yarim badiiy "panegirik-didaktik" asar ekanligini isbotlashning hojati yo'q. Ammo ulug'lash va o'rgatish turli xil, hatto qarama-qarshi fikrlar asosida amalga oshirilishi mumkin: bir holatda, bu maqsadlarga "imon va tartib dushmanlari" ga nisbatan shafqatsizlikni ta'kidlash orqali xizmat qiladi, ikkinchisida "javohirlik" bilan munosabatlarda. olijanob" raqiblar.

Birinchi holda, “qahramon” “kofirlar” va “yomonlar”ni qo'lidan kelganicha kaltaklaganini va bu borada sezilarli muvaffaqiyatlarga erishganini ta'kidlash kerak; shuning uchun "o'lik" urushlar yilnomalarida o'ldirilgan o'n minglab Saracens yoki oddiy odamlar. Bu borada rekordchi 1341-yilda Salado daryosidagi jangning tavsifi hisoblanadi (Afrikalik Mavrlarning Ispaniyaga bostirib kirishga boʻlgan soʻnggi yirik urinishi): nasroniylar orasida 20 ritsarlar va musulmonlar orasida 400 ming oʻldirilgan.

Zamonaviy tadqiqotchilarning ta'kidlashicha, "salibchilar" yilnomalarida bo'rttirilgan "20 000", "100 000", "400 000" raqamlarini tom ma'noda qabul qilib bo'lmasa ham (o'ldirilgan "butparastlar" kamdan-kam hollarda hisoblangan), ular ma'lum bir ma'noga ega, chunki ular. yilnomachini tushunishda jangning ko'lami va ahamiyatini etkazish va eng muhimi, biz "halokatli" jang haqida gapirayotganimizga psixologik jihatdan aniq dalil bo'lib xizmat qiladi.

Aksincha, "ritsarlar" urushiga, ya'ni ritsarlar sinfidagi marosimdagi "Xudoning sudiga" nisbatan, g'olibning ko'p sonli o'ldirilgan "aka-ukalari" uni hech qanday tarzda qulay nurga aylantira olmaydi, guvohlik beradi. uning saxiyligi va "to'g'riligi" uchun. O'sha davr tushunchalariga ko'ra, olijanob raqiblarini yo'q qilish o'rniga ularni qo'zg'atgan yoki qo'lga olgan lashkarboshi ko'proq "ritsar" ko'rinardi. Bundan tashqari, o'sha davrning taktikasini hisobga olgan holda, dushmanning katta yo'qotishlari ritsarlar egardan yiqilib yoki yarador bo'lib, asirga tushish o'rniga, orqada yurgan oddiy bollardlar tomonidan erishilganligini anglatardi - o'sha davr tushunchalariga ko'ra uyatli xatti-harakatlar. . Ya'ni, bu erda yaxshi yilnomachi ritsarlar, shu jumladan dushmanlar orasidagi yo'qotishlarni kamsitishga intilishi kerak edi.

Afsuski, "minimalist" tarixchilar aniq oshirilgan raqamlarni haqli ravishda tanqid qilib, tanganing boshqa tomonini hisobga olishmadi - boshqa psixologik vaziyatda "shoirlar" yilnomachilari ham yo'qotishlarni kamaytirishga moyil bo'lishlari mumkin edi (chunki "ob'ektivlik" zamonaviy ma'noda baribir ularga begona edi). Oxir oqibat, o'ylab ko'rsangiz, Bouvinesda (1214) uch soatlik yaqin qo'l jangidan so'ng bir yarim ming frantsuz ritsarlaridan 3 nafari o'ldirilgani Las-Navas-de-da 100 ming musulmon o'ldirilganidan ko'ra aqlga sig'maydi. Tolosa.

12-13-asrlardagi "qonsiz janglar" me'yori sifatida ular Tanchebrada (1106), frantsuz tomonida go'yo faqat bitta ritsar o'ldirilgan Bremuhlda (1119) 900 ritsarlar ishtirok etganini keltiradilar. Jangda atigi 3 kishi 140 asir bilan yoki Linkoln davrida (1217) halok bo'lgan, g'oliblar atigi 1 ritsarni (400 dan), mag'lub bo'lganlar - 400 asir bilan (611 kishidan) 2 nafarini yo'qotgan. Solnomachi Ordic Vitalisning Bremuhl jangi haqidagi bayonoti xarakterlidir: "Men u erda faqat uchtasi halok bo'lganini aniqladim, chunki ular temir bilan qoplangan va bir-birlarini Xudodan qo'rqib, birodarlik tufayli o'zaro ayamaganlar (). notitia contubernii); ular qochqinlarni o'ldirishga emas, balki ularni asirga olishga harakat qilishdi, haqiqatan ham, bu ritsarlar, xuddi nasroniylar kabi, birodarlarining qoniga tashna emas edilar va Xudoning o'zi tomonidan taqdim etilgan adolatli g'alabadan xursand bo'lishdi ... " Bu holatlarda yo'qotishlar kichik bo'lganiga ishonish mumkin. Ammo bunday janglar O'rta asrlarga xosmi? Aslida, bu ularning toifalaridan biri, muhim, ammo ustun emas. Ularda bir xil sinfga, dinga va millatga mansub ritsarlar ishtirok etishdi, ular uchun, umuman olganda, kim ularning oliy hukmdori bo'lishi unchalik muhim emas edi - u yoki bu raqib, kapetian yoki Plantagenet.

Biroq, bunday turdagi janglarda, agar raqiblar ataylab bir-birlarini ayasa, halokatli zarbalar va yakuniy harakatlardan qochib, qiyin vaziyatda (yarador yoki egardan yiqilib) jang qilish o'rniga osongina taslim bo'lishsa, bunday kam yo'qotishlar mumkin. oxirigacha. Yakkama-yakka yaqin bo'lgan qo'l jangining ritsarlik usuli "o'limga olib keladigan dozani" to'liq ta'minlaydi. Biroq, xuddi shu usul ham o'ta qonli bo'lishi mumkin - agar raqiblar nafaqat to'liq kuch bilan, balki bir-biriga nisbatan shafqatsizlarcha harakat qilish niyatida bo'lsa. Agressiv dushmandan ajralib chiqish va yaqin jangovar vaziyatda qochish juda qiyin.

Ikkinchisini Yaqin Sharq va Ispaniyadagi o'zaro halokatli salibchi-musulmon janglari tasdiqlaydi - ular bir vaqtning o'zida va Bremuhl va Linkolnda jang qilgan o'sha ritsarlar ishtirokida bo'lib o'tgan, ammo bu erda yilnomachilar minglab yo'qotishlarni hisoblashadi. , o'nlab va hatto yuz minglab (masalan, 1097 yilda Dorileyda 4 ming salibchilar va aniq bo'rttirilgan 30 ming turklar, 1191 yilda Arzufda 700 salibchilar va 7 ming Sarasenlar va boshqalar). Ko'pincha ular sinf darajasidan qat'i nazar, mag'lubiyatga uchragan armiyani butunlay yo'q qilish bilan yakunlanadi.

Nihoyat, 12-13-asrlardagi ko'plab Evropa janglari "ritsarlik" va "o'lik" o'rtasidagi oraliq xarakterga ega bo'lib, ba'zida birinchi yoki ikkinchi turga qo'shni bo'lgan. Shubhasiz, bu kuchli milliy tuyg'u aralashgan va oddiy aholining (odatda shahar aholisi) piyoda qo'shinlari faol ishtirok etgan janglar edi. Bunday janglar kam, lekin ular odatda eng katta janglardir.

Yuqorida aytib o'tilgan Buvindagi 1214 yilgi jang "ritsar" turiga qo'shni. Bu uchta manbadan ma'lum - Guillaume le Bretonning batafsil qofiyalangan "Filippida" yilnomasi, Filipp Musketning shunga o'xshash she'riy yilnomasi, shuningdek Bethunning anonim yilnomasi. Shunisi e'tiborga loyiqki, uchta manba ham frantsuzcha bo'lib, ularning afzalliklari yalang'och ko'z bilan ko'rinadi. Bu, ayniqsa, Le Breton va Musketning batafsil yilnomalariga taalluqlidir - aftidan, mualliflar o'zlarining qirollari Filipp Avgustga maqtovli she'rlar yozishda raqobatlashgan (ulardan birinchisi Filippning shaxsiy ruhoniysi edi).

Le Breton va Musquet she'rlaridan bilib olamizki, Buvinda 3 frantsuz va 70 nemis ritsarlari (kamida 131 mahbus bilan) har tomondan 1200-1500 ishtirokchi uchun halok bo'lgan. Delbryuk va uning izdoshlari bu yo'qotish ko'rsatkichlarini aksioma sifatida qabul qilishadi. Keyinchalik Verbruggen ittifoqchilarning 170 ga yaqin ritsarlarini o'ldirganligini ko'rsatadi (chunki Arrasdagi Aziz Nikolay cherkovidagi yodgorlik yozuvida 300 ta dushman ritsarlari o'ldirilgan yoki asirga olingan, 300-131 = 169). Biroq, ularning barchasi o'ldirilgan 3 ritsarning frantsuz yo'qotishlarini muhokamasiz qoldiradilar, garchi xuddi shu yilnomalarning matnlari bunday kulgili past ko'rsatkichga hech qanday mos kelmaydi:

1) Janub qanotida frantsuz va flamand ritsarlari o'rtasida ikki soatlik qo'l jangi - bu an'anaviy raqiblarning barchasi bir-birini ayamaslikka moyilmidi? Aytgancha, Buvindan keyin Flandriya frantsuz qiroliga bo'ysundi va uning saroyi yilnomachilari yangi mavzularni xafa qilmaslik va bo'lib o'tgan sinovning "ritsarlik" xususiyatini ta'kidlash uchun barcha siyosiy sabablarga ega edi.

2) Flandriya gertsogi Ferdinand qo'lga olinishidan oldin uning barcha 100 nafar serjant tansoqchilari shiddatli jangdan so'ng o'ldirilgan. Ehtimol, bu yaxshi jangchilar frantsuzlarga hech qanday yo'qotishlarsiz qo'y kabi so'yishga ruxsat berganmi?

3) Frantsiya qirolining o'zi o'limdan zo'rg'a qutuldi (e'tiborga loyiqki, uni otdan tushirgan nemis yoki flamand piyoda askarlari uni asirga olish uchun emas, balki o'ldirishga harakat qilishgan). Haqiqatan ham uning atrofiga hech qanday zarar yetkazilmagani rostmi?

4) Solnomalarda uzoq vaqt bolta bilan kurashgan nemis imperatori Otto va uning atrofidagi saksonlarning mardonavor xatti-harakatlari haqida ham so‘z boradi. Otto yaqinida ot o'ldirilganida, u qo'lga tushishdan zo'rg'a qutulib qoldi va uning qo'riqchilari tomonidan zo'rg'a qaytarildi. Jang allaqachon ittifoqchilar tomonidan yo'qolgan edi va nemislar mahbuslarni qutqarishga umid qilish uchun hech qanday sabab yo'q edi, ya'ni. o'zlarini qutqarish uchun o'limgacha kurashishlari kerak edi. Va bu barcha ekspluatatsiyalar natijasida 1-2 frantsuz halok bo'ldi?

5) Shimoliy qanotda aylana shaklida tuzilgan 700 nafar Brabanson nayzasi uzoq vaqt davomida fransuz ritsarlarining hujumlarini qaytardi. Bu doiradan Bulon grafi Renaud Dammartin va uning vassallari bosqinchilik qildilar. Graf tajribali jangchi edi va xoin sifatida uning yo'qotadigan hech narsasi yo'q edi. U va uning odamlari eng yaxshi holatda 1-2 frantsuz ritsarini o'ldirishga qodirmidi?

6) Nihoyat, bu uzoq va muhim jangda frantsuzlarning deyarli butun yuki ritsarlar zimmasiga tushdi, chunki frantsuz piyoda kommunal militsiyasi deyarli darhol qochib ketdi. Bu bir yarim ming frantsuz ritsarlari nemis-flamand ritsarlari bilan ham, bir necha baravar ko'p, tajovuzkor, ammo yomon tashkil etilgan nemis-golland piyoda askarlari bilan kurashdilar. Faqat 3 o'lik evaziga?

Umuman olganda, Le Breton va Musketning bayonotlariga, agar ular Germaniya va Flamand tomonidan bir xil ma'lumotlar bilan tasdiqlangan bo'lsa, ishonish mumkin edi. Ammo o'sha davrdagi ushbu yirik jangning nemis va flamand ta'riflari saqlanib qolmagan - ko'rinishidan, bu mamlakatlarning yilnomachi shoirlari undan ilhomlanmagan. Ayni paytda, tan olishimiz kerakki, Le Breton va Musquet yilnomalari tendentsiyali targ'ibot panegirikasi va ulardagi yo'qotish raqamlari ishonchli emas.

Bunday turdagi yana bir misol 1213 yil 12 sentyabrda Muret jangi bo'lib, Albigens urushlarining yagona yirik jangidir. Unda Simon de Montfort qo'mondonligi ostida noma'lum sonli piyoda serjantlar bilan 900 shimoliy frantsuz otliqlari 2000 aragon va janubiy frantsuz ("Oksitan") otliqlari va 40 ming piyoda askarlarini (Tuluza militsiyalari va marshrutlari) mag'lub etishdi. Aragon qiroli Pedro II (1212 yildagi Rekonkista va Las Navas de Tolosa jangining faol ishtirokchisi) avangard safida bo'lib, frantsuz avangardlari bilan to'qnashib, o'ldirilgan, shiddatli jangdan so'ng uning butun maynadi, ya'ni o'ldirilgan. . yaqin davradan bir necha o'nlab ritsarlar va serjantlar. Keyin frantsuzlar qanotga zarba berib, qirolning o'limidan tushkunlikka tushgan Aragon ritsarlarini ag'darishdi, ular Okitan ritsarlarini uchib ketishdi, keyin frantsuzlar parchalanib, Tuluza piyoda militsiyasini Garonnaga haydab yuborishdi va go'yo. 15 yoki 20 ming kishi hujumga uchragan yoki cho'kib ketgan (900 otliq jangchilar uchun juda ajoyib yutuq).

Bundan tashqari, agar siz rohib Per de Vo-de-Sernining "Albigens salib yurishi tarixi" ga ishonsangiz (aka Pyotr Cerney, Simon de Montfortning qizg'in panegiristi), frantsuzlar atigi 1 ritsar va bir nechta serjantlarni o'ldirishdi.

Frantsuz otliqlari Tuluza piyoda militsiyasini qo'y podasi kabi kesib o'tganiga hali ham ishonish mumkin. 15-20 ming o'lganlar soni aniq bo'rttirilgan, ammo boshqa tomondan, Muret jangida Tuluza erkak aholisining muhim qismining o'limi keyinchalik ko'p marta namoyon bo'lgan ob'ektiv haqiqatdir. Biroq, qirol Pedro II va uning saroy ritsarlari o'zlarini shunchalik arzonga o'ldirishga yo'l qo'yganiga ishonish mumkin emas.

Xulosa qilib aytganda, xuddi shu davrning yana bir yaxshi o'rganilgan jangi haqida bir oz - Warringen (1288). Agar Yan van Xelning qofiyalangan yilnomasiga ishonsangiz, g‘alaba qozongan brabaniyaliklar bor-yo‘g‘i 40 kishini, mag‘lub bo‘lgan nemis-gollandiya koalitsiyasi esa 1100 kishini yo‘qotdi. Shunga qaramay, bu raqamlar o‘sha yilnomada tasvirlangan jangning borishiga hech qanday mos kelmaydi. Bu uzoq va o'jar edi, hatto "minimalist" Verbruggen Brabant yo'qotishlar ko'rsatkichini nomutanosib ravishda kam baholangan deb hisoblaydi. Sababi aniq - van Heel Brabant gertsogining panegiristi bo'lgan, Pyotr Serney Monfortlik bo'lgan, Le Breton va Musket esa Filipp Avgustdan edi. Ko'rinishidan, g'alaba qozongan homiylarining yo'qotishlarini juda kam baholaganliklari ular uchun yaxshi shakl edi.

Yuqoridagi barcha janglar bir xil xususiyatlar bilan tavsiflanadi: ularning batafsil tavsiflari faqat g'oliblar tomonidan saqlanib qolgan va har safar g'oliblar va mag'lublar o'rtasida jangovar yo'qotishlarda katta tafovut mavjud bo'lib, ular hech qanday tarzda birlashtirilmaydi. uzoq va o'jar kurashning batafsil tavsifi bilan. Bu yanada g'alati, chunki bu janglarning barchasi o'zlarining doimiy xronika an'analariga ega bo'lgan mag'lubiyatga uchraganlar uchun ahamiyatli emas edi. Ochig'i, mag'lub tomon hech qanday she'riy zavqni boshdan kechirmay, umumiy yilnomalarda bir necha satr bilan cheklanishni afzal ko'rdi. Yana shuni qo'shimcha qilaylikki, yilnomachilarning o'zini tutishi oddiy askarlar haqida gap ketganda darhol yo'qoladi - bu erda minglab raqamlar odatiy holdir.

Bu 12-13-asrlardagi janglarga tegishli. Ularning achinarli xususiyati shundaki, aksariyat hollarda ular qanchalik aql bovar qilmaydigan bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, ularni tavsiflovchi yilnomalardagi raqamlarni tekshirishning mumkin emasligi.

XIII-XIV asrlar bo‘yida, 1298-yildagi Falkirk va 1302-yildagi Kurtrey janglaridan so‘ng surat keskin o‘zgaradi. O‘rta asrlarning oxirlarida qanday janglar ketma-ketligini olgan bo‘lsangiz ham, “anemiya” janglari deyarli yo‘qoladi – faqat qonli qirg‘inlar. faol ishtirokchilarning 20 dan 50% gacha o'limi bilan yutqazgan tomon. Haqiqatdan ham:

A) Yuz yillik urush - Kresi jangida (1346) o'ldirilgan frantsuzlarning "afsus" 15 foizini faqat inglizlarning passiv mudofaa taktikasi va ko'pchilik urushga imkon bergan tunning boshlanishi bilan izohlash mumkin. qochish uchun yaralangan; ammo kunduzi boʻlib oʻtgan va inglizlarning muvaffaqiyatli qarshi hujumi bilan yakunlangan Puatye (1356) va Aginkur (1415) janglarida frantsuz ritsarlarining 40% gacha halok boʻlgan; ikkinchi tomondan, urush oxirida taktik ustunlikka erishgan frantsuzlar Pat (1429), Forminy (1450) va Kastilyon (1453) janglarida ingliz askarlarining yarmigacha halok bo‘ldilar;

B) Pireney yarim orolida - Najera (1367) va Aljubarrota (1385)dagi eng yirik janglarda ingliz kamonchilari Puatye va Aginkurdagi kabi Kastiliya va frantsuz ritsarlarining jasadlari to'plamini yaratdilar;

C) Angliya-Shotlandiya urushlari - Falkirk jangida (1298 yil) 5 mingdan ortiq shotlandlar o'ldirilgan (ehtimol, taxminan 40%), Xalidon tepaligida Shotlandiya otliqlarining 55 foizi o'ldirilgan (1333), yarmidan ko'pi halok bo'lgan (ehtimol 2). /3, shu jumladan mahbuslar) Nevill xochi jangida qatnashgan shotlandlar (1346); boshqa tomondan, Bannockburn jangida (1314) o'ldirilgan ingliz armiyasining kamida 25% (shotlandlar uchun taxminan 10%), Otterburn jangida 2 mingdan ortiq inglizlar (20-25%) o'ldirilgan. 1388);

D) Franko-Flamand urushlari - Kurtrey jangida frantsuz ritsarlari va otliq serjantlarining 40% halok bo'lgan (1302), 6 ming fleming o'ldirilgan (ya'ni, 40%, frantsuz ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, ehtimol oshirilgan) va jangda 1500 fransuz halok bo'lgan. Mont-en-Pevele (1304), Flamand armiyasining yarmidan ko'pi Kassel (1328) va Rouzbek (1382) janglarida yo'q qilindi;

D) shveytsariyaliklar ishtirokidagi urushlar - avstriyalik ritsarlarning yarmidan ko'pi Morgarten (1315) va Sempach (1386) janglarida, Bern-Bazel otryadining Sen-Yakob-an-Birs jangida halok bo'lgan. 1500 kishi oxirgi odamgacha yo'q qilindi., uni qutqarishga harakat qilgan noma'lum sonli Bazeliyaliklar ham halok bo'ldi, 4 ming kishi fransuz yollanma askarlari tomonidan o'ldirilgan, Murten jangida (1476) Burgundiya armiyasining yarmidan ko'pi. , 12 ming kishi halok bo'ldi;

E) Shimoldagi urushlar - Visbida (1361) 1500 dan ortiq odam halok bo'ldi, daniyaliklar shaharni himoya qilgan shved otryadini butunlay yo'q qildilar, Xemmingstedtda (1500) Dithmarshen dehqonlari 300 kishini yo'qotib, 3600 askarni yo'q qildilar. Daniya qiroli Iogan I (butun armiyaning 30%);

G) 1419-1434 yillardagi gussitlar urushi janglari. Teuton ordenining polyaklar va litvaliklar bilan urushlari, shu jumladan Grunvald (1410) ham mag'lub tomonni shafqatsiz yo'q qilish bilan mashhur.

Ilgari, faqat Italiyadagi kondottieri urushlari o'ziga xos "ritsarlik" urush oroli bo'lib tuyulardi (buzilgan shaklda bo'lsa ham). Kondottieri rahbarlarining o'zaro til biriktirish va janglarning deyarli qonsiz taqlidlarini uyushtirish va shu bilan o'z ish beruvchilarini aldash odati haqidagi fikr asosan italiyalik siyosatchi va yozuvchi Nikolo Makiavelli (1469-1527) asarlariga asoslanadi. Uning qadimiy modellarning yaqqol ta'siri ostida yozilgan "Florensiya tarixi" (1520) asari o'rta asr yilnomalari bilan yaxshi taqqoslanadi, yaqin vaqtgacha so'zsiz Italiyaning so'nggi o'rta asrlar tarixidagi eng muhim manba sifatida e'tiqod qilingan. Masalan, Angiaridagi Florentsiya-Papalik va Milan qo'shinlari o'rtasidagi jang (1440) haqida u shunday yozadi: "Xorijiy hududdagi boshqa urush hech qachon hujumchilar uchun unchalik xavfli bo'lmagan: bunchalik to'liq mag'lubiyatga uchraganiga qaramay. jang to'rt soat davom etdi ", faqat bir kishi halok bo'ldi, hatto jarohat yoki qandaydir mohir zarbadan emas, balki otdan yiqilib, jangchilarning oyog'i ostida arvohni topshirganidan". Ammo Florentsiyaliklar va Venetsiyaliklar o'rtasidagi Molinelladagi jang haqida (1467): "Ammo bu jangda birorta ham odam halok bo'lmadi - faqat bir nechta otlar yaralandi va bundan tashqari, har ikki tomondan bir nechta asirlar olindi." Biroq, so'nggi o'n yilliklarda Italiya shaharlarining arxivlari sinchkovlik bilan o'rganilganda, birinchi jangda 900 kishi halok bo'lganligi ma'lum bo'ldi, ikkinchisida bu minglab 5 kishilik armiyalar uchun unchalik ko'p emas Makiavelli bayonotlari bilan ziddiyat ajoyib.

Shunday qilib, ma'lum bo'ldiki, "Florensiya tarixi" tashqi taassurotlardan farqli o'laroq, o'sha davr voqealarining to'g'ri bayoni emas, balki muallifning ma'lum g'oyalarini himoya qilgan holda (o'z fikrini bildirish zarurati) tendentsiyali siyosiy risoladir. yollanma kondottierlarni muntazam milliy armiyalar bilan almashtiring), faktlar bilan juda erkin shug'ullanadi.

"Florensiya tarixi" ishi shundan dalolat beradiki, hatto eng ishonchli va ishonarli, birinchi qarashda, o'rta asr tavsiflari ham haqiqiy vaziyatdan juda uzoqda bo'lishi mumkin. Zamonaviy tadqiqotchilar 12-asr yilnomalari uchun "Florensiya tarixini toza suvga olib chiqishga" muvaffaq bo'lishdi, afsuski, bu mumkin emas.

Biroq, ma'lum naqshlarni aniqlash mumkin. Maqolaning boshida ikki turdagi urushlar aytib o'tilgan. Bundan ham ahamiyatlisi shundaki, o'rta asr urushlarining "qonliligi" darajasi o'rta asrlar jamiyatining umumiy ijtimoiy va madaniy rivojlanishidan ajralmasdir. Ilk davr (11-asrgacha) “feodal anarxiyasi” va ijtimoiy institutlar va axloqning beqarorligi bilan ajralib turadi. O'sha paytdagi axloq vahshiylik edi, janglar kichik miqyosda bo'lsa-da, qonli edi. Keyin ritsarlikning "oltin davri" keldi, uning ierarxiyasi va axloqi allaqachon shakllangan va tovar-pul munosabatlari hali buzilmagan edi. Bu vaqtda ritsarlarning hukmron harbiy-siyosiy roli hech kim tomonidan shubha ostiga olinmadi, bu ularga hokimiyat va mulkni o'zlarining yumshoq qoidalariga ko'ra o'ynashga imkon berdi. G'arbiy Evropaning aksariyat "jang turnirlari" bu unchalik uzoq bo'lmagan davrga (XII-XIII asrlarga) to'g'ri keladi. Biroq, katolik dunyosining chekkasida, hatto o'sha paytda ham xuddi shunday qoidalar amalda edi - kofirlar va bid'atchilar bilan hayot-mamot kurashi bor edi.

Biroq, agar siz diqqat bilan qarasangiz, "oltin asr" ichki jihatdan heterojen edi. Eng "feodal" 12-asr, Evropada papa hokimiyatining eng yuqori dindorligi va kuchi davri edi. Cherkovning bu etakchi roli harbiy ruhiyatga chuqur ta'sir ko'rsatdi va ritsarlikning asl nemis-butparast mentalitetini asta-sekin o'zgartirdi. Aynan 12-asrda Evropa ichidagi (ya'ni ritsarlararo) urushlar eng kamqonlik va tashqi "salibchilar" tajovuzlari eng qonli bo'lgan. 13-asrda cherkov qirollik hokimiyati tomonidan fonga tashlana boshlaydi va "davlat manfaatlari" tomonidan dindorlik yana millatchilikka o'z o'rnini bosa boshlaydi; Asta-sekin Yevropa ichidagi urushlar kuchayib bordi, bunga qirollarning oddiy shahar aholisidan keng foydalanishi yordam berdi. Haqiqiy burilish nuqtasi taxminan 1300 yilga to'g'ri keladi, Evropadagi "ritsarlik urushi" nihoyat "o'lim urushi" ga o'rnini bosadi. 14-15-asrlardagi janglarning qonliligini bir necha omillar bilan izohlash mumkin:

1) Jangovar harakatlar shakllari tobora murakkablashib bormoqda va jangovar harakatlar usullari (ritsar otliqlarining ochiq maydonda to'qnashuvi) bir necha turdagi qo'shinlar va ko'plab taktik texnikalar bilan almashtiriladi; keskin farqli afzalliklar va kamchiliklar to'plami. Ularni turli xil, hali to'liq o'rganilmagan sharoitlarda qo'llash to'liq g'alabaga yoki halokatli mag'lubiyatga olib kelishi mumkin. Bunga yaqqol misol - ingliz kamonchilari: ba'zi janglarda ular frantsuz og'ir otliqlarini deyarli yo'qotishlarsiz yo'q qilishdi, boshqalarida esa xuddi shu otliqlar ularni deyarli yo'qotishlarsiz yo'q qilishdi.

2) Jangovar harakatlar shakllarining bir xil murakkabligi oddiy piyoda askarlarning yollanma qo'shinlarining janglarida muntazam ishtirok etishiga olib keladi, ularning nazoratsizligi oldingi ritsar xizmatkorlaridan keskin farq qiladi. Ular bilan birga sinflararo nafrat muntazam janglar maydonlariga qaytadi.

3) Kvadratchalar bo'ylab kamonchilarni ommaviy otish kabi yangi texnik vositalar va taktikalar jangovar harakatlarni o'tkazishning "ongli ravishda yumshoq" usuli bilan mutlaqo mos kelmaydi.

4) Agressiv "davlat manfaati" va tobora muntazam va tartibli qo'shinlarning o'ziga xosligi xalqaro ritsarlarning "qurol birodarligi" bilan mos kelmaydi. Eduard III ning 1346 yilgi Kreysi jangi paytida jang oxirigacha asirlarni olmaslik haqidagi buyrug'i bunga yaqqol misoldir.

5) Jangovarlik axloqining o'zi ham parchalanib bormoqda, endi janglar jarayonini yagona nazorat qila olmaydi. "Xristian saxiyligi" va "ritsarlik birdamligi" oqilona manfaatlardan tobora pastroq bo'lib bormoqda - agar ma'lum sharoitlarda qo'lga olingan "olijanob" dushmandan shaxsan to'lov olish imkoni bo'lmasa, uni o'ldirish tabiiy bo'lib chiqadi.

Biroq, hatto 12-asrdagi "anemiya" janglari ham yutqazganlar uchun zararsiz emas edi - halokatli to'lovda yaxshi narsa yo'q. Eslatib o'tamiz, Bremuhl (1119) davrida mag'lubiyatga uchragan tomon ritsarlarining uchdan bir qismi, Linkoln (1217) davrida esa hatto uchdan ikki qismi qo'lga olingan.

Boshqacha qilib aytganda, butun O'rta asrlarda ochiq maydondagi umumiy jang tuzatib bo'lmaydigan yo'qotishlarga tahdid soladigan juda xavfli ish edi.

Demak, ko'rib chiqilayotgan davrda (1100 yildan 1500 yilgacha) o'rta asrlar urushining o'ziga xos xususiyati ochiq maydonda katta janglardan qochib, qal'alarni himoya qilish / qamal qilish va "kichik urush" (pisttirma va reydlar) ga e'tibor berish edi. Bundan tashqari, umumiy janglar ko'pincha blokirovka qilish harakatlari bilan bog'liq edi, ya'ni ular majburiy xarakterga ega edi. Oddiy misol Albigens urushlari (1209-1255): 46 yil davomida o'nlab qamallar va minglab kichik to'qnashuvlarda har tomondan o'n minglab jangchilar halok bo'ldi va ritsarlar oddiy serjantlar bilan bir xil darajada o'ldirildi. Ammo faqat bitta katta jang bo'ldi - 1213 yilda Mur ostida. Shunday qilib, o'rta asr ritsarlari juda katta, muntazam ravishda to'ldiriladigan jangovar tajribaga ega bo'lishi va shu bilan birga butun hayoti davomida faqat 1-2 ta yirik jangda qatnashishi mumkin edi.

Nashr:
XLegio © 2002

Hisobot.

O‘tgan yilning 30 sentabr kuni men Kavkaz korpusi qo‘mondoni Janobi general-leytenant va turli ordenli ritsar Anton Bogdanovich de Balmenga Xudoning yordami va imperator janobi qo‘shinlarining jasorati bilan turklar tomonidan ziyorat qilinganligi haqida xabar berdim. Batal posho butunlay mag'lub bo'ldi, uning butun qarorgohi, o'ttizta quroli va o'zi bizning qo'limizda. Men mahalliy chegara uchun bunday kuchli va muhim dushmanning g'alabasini va yo'q qilinishini o'z zimmasiga olmayman: mening ko'plab yordamchilarim va g'ayratli xizmatkorlarim bor edi, chunki Janobi Oliylari mening harakatlarim va dushman bilan keyingi jangimning quyidagi tavsifidan aniqroq ko'rishadi. 30 sentyabrda. 20-sentyabrda dushmanning Labadan Kubangacha tog'larda yurishining aniq yaqinlashayotgani haqida xabar olib, menga ishonib topshirilgan qo'shinlar bilan men Kubandagi Peschany Forddan, Kumaga majburan yurish qildim; 23-kuni uzoqdan tog'li xalqlar uchun va eslatmaga ko'ra, yirik qurollardan dushman signal o'qlari eshitildi; 25-kuni, Batal posho o'qlarini tugatgandan so'ng, o'z qarorgohimdan o'ttiz verst narida joylashgan Maly Zelenchug daryosiga keldi va aniq bilish uchun men uchta tanlangan kazakni yubordim, ular o'z qarorgohiga va ular orqali o'tishdi. Men bildimki, u Maly Zelenchug chorrahasida, qo'lida defelees va tosh tog'lar bor, Kubanga boradigan yo'li esa bepul; 26-chi tekshirish uchun bir-birining har ikki tomoniga o'tdi; 27-kuni uning qo'shinlari mening qarorgohimdan 27 verst uzoqlikdagi Tosh Ford deb ataladigan joy yaqinidagi Kubanda paydo bo'ldi; Kubanning eng qirg'og'ida, Vagenburgda qoplagan holda, u Taxtamis tog'larini ushlab turish va uning istagi bo'lgan Kabardaga yo'lini to'sish uchun Podpakle daryosi bo'ylab uni kutib olishga bordi; 28-kuni Batal posho, shekilli, butun qo‘shinlari bilan bu tarafga o‘tdi va men unga yaqinlashdim; 29-kuni biz o‘sha daryodan o‘tib, dushman qarorgohidan o‘n besh verstcha narida turdik; 30-kuni men o'zimga ishonib topshirilgan qo'shinlar bilan Xudoning yordamiga umid qilib, uning mustahkam qarorgohiga hujum qildim; Men beshta ustunda yurdim va o'z joyimdan yo'lga chiqishim bilanoq, har tomondan qanotlar menga daralar va o'rmonlardan cherkes va tog'li otliqlarning katta va tez-tez to'dasi uchrashish uchun kelayotganini xabar qilishdi va faqat vaqt keldi. Ikkinchi mayor knyaz Arbelianovning Astraxan dragun polki qo'mondonligini birlashtirish uchun barcha qanot va kazaklar birlashsin, men shoshilinch ravishda To'xtamis tepasidagi balandliklarni egallab olishni buyurdim, chunki jang allaqachon boshlangan edi. Janob polkovnik Butkevich boshchiligidagi o'ng otliq kolonna va polkovnik Muxanov qo'mondonligi ostidagi chap kolonna tez orada tog'ga shoshildi va shu bilan piyoda va artilleriyaga yaqinlashish uchun vaqt berdi; Janob brigadir va kavaler Matzen katta tezlikda toqqa chiqishdi va tez orada janob brigadir baron Beervits boshchiligidagi Jaeger kolonnasi yetib keldi; bu vaqtda Aji Mustafo posho boshchiligidagi tog'li xalqlarni birlashtirish uchun o'z qarorgohidan juda shoshqaloqlik bilan yurgan turk piyoda askarlari biz bilan jang maydoniga deyarli yetib kelishdi va ustunlar saf tortilishi bilanoq kuchli to'pdan o'q uzilgan edi. har ikki tomondan ochilgan; artilleriya, janob mayor Afrosimov darhol batareyalarini o'rnatdi va bu mohir va qo'rqmas ofitser o'zini shunday muvaffaqiyatli otdiki, yarim soatdan keyin u o'ng qanotidagi dushman batareyalarini otib tashladi. Ayni paytda, bu sodir bo'layotgan paytda, cherkeslar va tog'li xalqlar mening orqamni olishga harakat qilishdi, lekin janob polkovnik Butkevich o'z brigadasi bilan ularga kuchli va jasur qarshilik ko'rsatdi va ularni, janob brigadir va kavaler Matzen esa buning uchun qochib ketdi. polk, shuningdek, o'zining zaxiradagi ikkinchi mayor Shtayngel va artilleriya ikkinchi leytenantlari Uvarov va Maurinovlar bilan katta hissa qo'shgan, qurollarni zarur bo'lgan joyda ajoyib tezlikda tashish; Don polkovnik Lukovkin va kazaklarning ham bunga ko'p aloqasi bor edi. Bu vaqtda men janob brigadir Baron Beervits qo‘mondonligi ostida o‘ng qanotdan Jaeger kolonnasini dushmanning chap qanotiga jo‘natdim, men shu qadar shafqatsizlarcha hujum qildim, garchi dushman o‘zining to‘p va miltiq o‘qlari bilan kuchli qarshilik ko‘rsatgan va o‘sha paytda. vaqt janob polkovnik Muxanov jaegerlar bilan birga shoshilib Astraxan polki turklar va cherkeslar bilan qattiq jang olib bordi, turk piyoda askarlariga bo'lindi va Jaeger kolonnasi bilan birga harakat qildi; qurollar olindi va dushmanning chap qanoti otib tashlandi. Bizning chap qanotimizdan janob polkovnik Chemodanovning haydaladigan kolonnasi dushmanning o'ng tomoniga yaqinlashdi va Iriya bo'lmagan qurollar tashlab ketildi. O'rtasi tog'dan tushdi; — deb baqirdi qo‘shinlar juda xursand bo‘lib "xayr" ! va barcha dushman kuchlari tarqalib ketdi; dushman to'g'ridan-to'g'ri qarorgohigacha ta'qib qilindi va ko'pchilikni tiriklayin olish mumkin bo'lsa-da, bir nechtasi qochib qutuldi va qochgan dushmanni yo'q qilmasdan qo'shinni ushlab turishning iloji yo'q edi. Tog'dan tushib, dushmanni ta'qib qilayotgan turli joylarda qo'shin to'pladim va uning o'ng qanotidan kirib, qarorgohi tomon yurdim; Lagerdan ikki verst qolganda bir olomon cherkeslarni kutib olish uchun chiqdi, lekin ularni tez orada qanotchilar haydab yuborishdi, bu vaqtda Rostov Karabineri polkining kapitan Shrader ajralib chiqdi va yarador bo'ldi va turk lageridagi hayajonni payqab qoldi. Turklar daryoning narigi tomoniga o'tayotganda, men janob polkovnik Butkevich qo'mondonligi ostida jo'natdim, uning barcha otliq qo'shinlari piyoda qo'shinlari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri lagerga yo'l oldilar va turk boshlig'i Batal Posho uning to'liq o'limini ko'rib, mulozimlari bilan uchrashish uchun otlandilar. uni va butun lagerini har xil harbiy va boshqa materiallar bilan qoniqtirgan holda asirga oldi va bizning qo'limizda kichik o'lja bo'lmadi. Biz tomondan juda kam zarar ko'rgan holda to'liq qo'lga kiritilgan g'alaba bir bosh ofitser, bir brigadir va yigirma olti nafar quyi bo'g'indan halok bo'lgan va yaralangan: bir bosh ofitser va bir yuz o'n to'rt kishidan iborat. Men balandlikni egallashga muvaffaq bo'ldim va dushman pastdan pastdan o'qqa tutishga majbur bo'ldi va uning o'qlari yo yetib bormadi yoki bizdan o'tib ketdi, lekin dushman batareyalari artilleriya mayorining o'ti bilan urib tushirilganda, ustunlar to'satdan unga keldi va hamma qo'rquvdan yugurdi. Dushmanning zarari juda katta edi: Aji Mustafo bizniki o'ldirilgan jang joyida va uning qarorgohigacha bo'lgan dalalar bo'ylab mingdan ortiq o'lik yotibdi, ko'plari Kuban yaqinida topildi va ko'plari o'sha daryoda cho'kib ketdi. Agar tun bo'lmasa, darhol dushmanni ta'qib qilish mumkin edi, kamdan-kam odam qochib qutula olmadi. Ertasi kuni ertalab Astraxan polkining to'rtta eskadroni va ikki yuz kazak bosh kvartalmaster Steder bilan birga Kubanga yuborildi; u Bolshoy Zelenchugga yetib keldi va tashlab ketilgan zaiflar va yo'lda o'layotgan uch yuzgacha turklardan tashqari, u hech kimni ko'rmadi; boshqalar, umid qilamanki, tog'li xalqlarning o'zlari tomonidan tor-mor qilindi va barchasi talon-taroj qilindi va qo'lga olingan turklarning o'zlari qolganlarning bir qismi Anapaga etib borishiga ishontirishdi. Turk korpusi quyidagilardan iborat edi: sakkiz mingga yaqin piyoda va oʻn minggacha otliq turk; Trans-Kuban va mahalliy cherkeslar va boshqa turli tog'li xalqlar, Batal Poshaning o'zi bilganidek, o'n minggacha otliq askarlar edi. U o'zi bilan ikki funtli minomyot, ikkita kartaul bir shoxli, ko'p miqdorda bomba va ta'mirlangan to'plari bo'lgan yarimkartaul va kichik bir shoxli shoxchani olib yurgan va uning birortasi ham kichik kalibrli emas edi; Bundan tashqari, men yuzdan ortiq bochka porox, qo'rg'oshin va turli o't ochish asboblarini oldim. Rus korpusi uch mingdan sal ko'proq odamdan iborat edi va o'n sakkizta qurolga ega edi.

Men Janobi Oliylariga kolonna komandirlari va barcha shaxsiy qo‘mondonlarning shu kuni ko‘rsatgan hasad va g‘ayratini yetarlicha ta’riflab bera olmayman va Janobi Oliylari orqali ularni oliy hokimiyat organlariga tasdiqlashni o‘zimning burchim deb bilaman: Ikkinchi mayor knyaz Arbelianov. Mening avangard, Don polkovnik Lukovkinga, kapitanlarga buyruq bergan: Dekonskey, Treyden, leytenant Pishchevich, balandlikka ko'tarilayotganda, dushman allaqachon shoshilinch ravishda uchrashuvga yaqinlashayotganini hisobga olib, hasad va g'ayratni juda yaxshi ko'rsatdi va avangard bilan jangda ulardan foydalanildi. kerak bo'lganda katta foyda bilan; Barcha janoblar, kolonna komandirlari, batalyon komandirlari - podpolkovniklar: Mansurov va Seninberx, artilleriya mayori Afrosimov va bosh kvartirmaster Steder tomonidan ajoyib maqtovga sazovor bo'lishdi - ikkinchisi, jangdan oldin hali ham mayor Arbelianov, polkovnik Lukov va kapitanlar bilan umumiy edi. : Dekonskiy, Treiden dushmanni ochish uchun juda xavfli missiyalarda ishlatilgan; men bilan navbatchi mayor, Vladimir piyodalar polkining revizori Kazarinov, har doim jangda tinimsiz mehnati va qo'rqmasligi bilan ajralib turadigan va mening qo'l ostida ad'yutant lavozimini egallagan, xuddi shu polkning leytenantlari Engelman va Shelevskiy; janoblar shaxsiy komandirlar o'zlariga bo'ysunuvchi xodimlar va bosh ofitserlarning jasorati va xatti-harakatlarini juda ma'qullaydilar: janob brigadir Baron Beervits uchinchi Jaeger bataloni, komandir janob podpolkovnik Mansurov, kapitanlar: Poskochin, Leblening jasoratli xatti-harakati va ajoyib g'ayratini yuqori baholaydi. , Telepov, leytenantlar: Klyuvin, Taganov, ikkinchi leytenant Lutovinov, ad'yutant Neymann, 2-Yeger podpolkovnik Seninberx, kapitanlar: Vyalkov, Kononov, Aseev, podpolkovnik Axlebinin, u bilan birga bo'lgan leytenant Axlebinin, leytenant Karachiy va u bilan birga edi. Kargopol karabiner polkida navbatchilik; Janob polkovnik Chemodanov: Vladimir polki, bosh mayor Stelix, kapitanlar: Chichagov, Shkapskiy, ikkinchi leytenantlar: Grigoriy va Nikonor Strukov, ad'yutant Kozlov va u bilan birga qanotchilar bilan birga bo'lgan 3-Yeger ikkinchi leytenant Sozonovlar to'pni qaytargan; Janob polkovnik Butkevich: Rostov Karabineri sardorlari: Boris Shrader, Zevalin, Muravyov, leytenantlar: Karaulov, Uilkins, Surin, kornetlar: Kozma va Ivan Filatov, Paxomov, Sashrevo va Mixachov, Kargapol kapitani Lievenants: Korobinov, O. , kornets: Novikova, Chernopyatova; Janob polkovnik Muxanov: Astraxan Dragun podpolkovnik Razumovskiy, kapitanlar: Egor va Evtifey Arsenyev, Treyden, leytenantlar: Kuroyedov, Kulikovskiy, jangda o'zini yaxshi ko'rsatgan va jarohat olgan, Bashkatov, ad'yutant Nazarov, ikkinchisi Taralie Nazarov. artilleriya ustasi, mayor Afrosimov: ikkinchi leytenantlar: Uvarov va Maurinova; avangard qo'mondoni, ikkinchi mayor knyaz Arbelianov: Astraxan polki kapitani Palexin, leytenant Bashkatov, praporshchik Atamanov va u bilan birga bo'lgan 2-jaeger ikkinchi leytenantlari: Agarkov va Grigoryev; Don polkovnik Lukovkin o'z polkidan Esaul Ponasov, yuzboshi Kalmikov, kornet Klimenov; Pozdeev polki: yuzboshi Nebikov, Xanjenkov; Volga polki, ikkinchi leytenant Strashnov va praporşist Timofeev. Astraxan polkining karnaychisi Fyodor Ponomarev o'zi ochgan yashirin dushman batareyasini ko'rsatdi va polk kazaklari: Lukovkina-Barikin, Pozdeeva-Strezhemenkov bayroq va to'qmoqni qaytarib oldilar va umuman, barcha quyi darajalar ajoyib jasorat va g'ayrat ko'rsatdilar. , Shuningdek, men bosh kvartalmaster Tyurevnikovning buyrug'ini tasdiqlashni o'z burchim deb bilaman, men dushmanni hisobga olib, mening aloqa liniyasi va boshqa qo'shinlar bilan aloqada bo'lish uchun Vagenburg bilan ketdim.

General-mayor Ivan German.

(Bosh shtab Bosh arxivining Moskva filiali).


Shunga o'xshash maqolalar

Skaut Richard Sorj Mavzuni o'rganishda yordam kerak

Skaut Richard Sorj Mavzuni o'rganishda yordam kerak

Savol bor: telekinez haqiqatan ham mavjudmi?

Savol bor: telekinez haqiqatan ham mavjudmi?

Kitoblarda "Vizantiya imperatori Jon VI Kantakuzen"

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