Ahead of time: Jul predictions are true. What predicted Jules Verne
A number of surprising prophecies of Jules Verne became the ownership of society in his unpublished essay "Paris in the 20th century", the existence of which became known in the mid-90s. The manuscript of the novel was found by a randomly great writer, and this event became a sensation.
Ahead of time
The readers of the novel found in 1863, J. Verne the power of imagination transfers to Paris in 1960 and describes in detail such things about the invention of which in the first half of the XIX century nobody guessed: cars are moving along the streets of the city (though It does not work on gasoline, but on hydrogen to preserve the purity of the environment), criminals are executed with the help of an electric chair, and the pile of documents are transmitted through the instrument, very reminiscent of modern fax.
Probably, these predictions seemed to the publisher of Etzel too fantastic, and maybe he found the novel too gloomy - a way or another, but the manuscript was returned to the author and eventually lost among his papers for one and a half century.
In 1863, the famous French writer Jules Verne published in the "journal for education and recreation" the first novel from the "Unusual Travel" cycle - "Five weeks in a balloon". The success of the novel inspired the writer; He decided to continue to work in this "key", accompanying the romantic adventures of his heroes more and more skilled descriptions of incredible, but nevertheless, well-thought-out scientific wonders born by his imagination. The cycle continued novels:
"Travel to the Center of the Earth" (1864)
"From the ground to the moon" (1865)
"20,000 led under water" (1869)
"Mysterious Island" (1874), etc.
Total Jules Verne wrote about 70 novels. In them, he predicted many scientific discoveries and inventions in a wide variety of areas, including submarines, scuba, television and space flights. Jules Verne foresaw practical application:
Electric motors
Electric heating devices
Electric lamps
Loudspeakers
Transmission of images
Electrical protection of buildings
Incredible similarity of fictional and real
Wonderful writings of the French writer had an important cognitive and educational effect for many generations. So, in one of the phrases expressed by the science in the novel "Around the Moon" regarding the fall of the projectile on the lunar surface, the idea of \u200b\u200breactive movement in emptiness was concluded, the idea, subsequently developed in theories K. E. Tsiolkovsky. It is not surprising that the founder of Cosmonautics repeated more than once:
"The desire for space journeys is laid in me with a jew. He awakened the work of the brain in this direction. "
The space flight in details, very close to the real, was first described in J. Limit in the writings "from the Earth to the Moon" (1865) and "around the Moon" (1870). This famous dylogium is an outstanding example of "vision through time." It was created 100 years before the piloted flight around the moon was implemented in practice.
But it strikes most of all, it is an amazing similarity between the flight of fictional (Zh. Verne - the flight of the "Columbiada" shell) and real (meaning the lunar Odyssey of the Apollo-8 ship, which in 1968 made the first piloted flight around the moon ).
Both spacecraft - both literary and real - had a crew consisting of three people. Both started in December from the island of Florida, both reached the parole orbit ("Apollo" really, made eight full turns around the moon, while his fantastic "predecessor" is only one).
"Apollo", swallowing the moon, with the help of rocket engines returned to the return course. The crew "Columbiada" solved this problem with a similar way, using rocket strength ... signal missiles. Thus, both ships with rocket engines moved to the return trajectory, so that again in December drives in the same area of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean, and the distance between the points of the leading is only 4 kilometers! The sizes and the mass of two spacecraft are also almost the same: the height of the projectile "Columbiada" - 3.65 m, weight - 5,547 kg; The height of the Apollo capsules is 3.60 m, weight - 5,621 kg.
Great fiction predicted everything! Even the names of the heroes of the French writer - Barbiken, Nicole and Ardan - consonant with the names of American astronauts - Borman, Lovell and Anders ...
As not fantastic it sounds all this, but this was Jul Verne, or rather his predictions.
According to the materials of the site iksinfo.ru
The 20th century through the eyes of science fiction writers.
The prospect of flights into space was worried about people long before these flights became possible. Thoughts of weightlessness, the minds of not only scientists, but also fiction writers who were boring about overcoming earthly attraction ...
The first person who experienced the state of weightlessness in the free flight was, as you know, Yuri Gagarin. April 12, 1961 - the date of its historical flight - marks the beginning of a new era - cosmic.
What is weightlessness, now everyone knows, but in the middle of the twentieth century it was a defective concept that existed only in the theory, an interesting narrow circle of specialists. For example, in the second edition of the BSE, the term "weightlessness" is absent (Volume 29, the letter "H" was published in 1954, three years before the launch of the first artificial satellite of the Earth in the USSR). Meanwhile, the effect of the disappearance of gravity science was foreseen from a long time. It was hardly for the first time he was predugified in the fantastic book "Sleep, or the Moon Astronomy", published in Latin in the city of Frankfurt am Main in 1633. The author of this essay is a German astronomer Johann Kepler (1573-1630), a convinced follower of Copernicus, who opened three fundamental laws of movement of the planets around the sun. He wrote his "sleep", even very young, continued to work on him for a long time, but never managed to print. The manuscript found in the papers of the scientist was published by His Son.
A fantastic story about flight on the Moon's student Quiet Brage, a young astronomer named Drakotus, is accompanied by extensive comments that are several times higher than the size of the travel itself and the hero's life on the moon. From this work it is clear that Kepler, albeit in naive form, managed to provide for "overload" of the human body at the start, the state of weightlessness during the flight (though, only on one small segment) and shock absorption during the descent on the moon.
Later Isaac Newton in his main work "Mathematical starts of natural philosophy" (1687), based on the laws of motion of the planets, opened by Kepler, developed the foundations of heavenly mechanics. This made it possible to determine the speeds needed to transform the projectile into an artificial satellite of the Earth, for flight within the solar system and the exit to the infinite space of the Universe (the first, second and third space speeds).
After two and a half centuries, after the appearance of the Kepler "sleep", Jules Verne presented his famous lunar dilogy to readers - "From the Earth to the Moon" (1865) and "around the Moon" (1870).
So far, we restrict ourselves to the conversation about weightlessness. In the "neutral point", according to the writer, who repeated Kepler's hypothesis, both attraction - moon and earthly - should be mutually balanced. As a result, the "car-shell" should lose all weight. It will happen due to the difference in the masses of both planets 47/52 of the entire path.
"The state of equilibrium of the lunar and earthly attraction," the writer approves, "no more than an hour continued. And here as describes the effect of weightlessness: "Various items, weapons, bottles, abandoned and granted by ourselves, as if miraculously kept in the air ... The elongated hands did not go down, the heads were swinging on the shoulders, the legs did not touch the floor of the projectila ... Michelle suddenly jumped and separated by Some distance from the projectile, hung in the air ... "(" Around the moon, ch. 8).
Overactions of the French novelist for many years did not come out of the field of view of Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy. Acquaintance began with the novel "Around the Moon". Tolstoy interested in the hypothesis of the "World without grave". A diary record - "read Verne" (November 17, 1873) - accompanied by polemical notes: "Movement without a bit unthinkable. Movement is warm. It is not unthinkable warm without seriously.
Most of all Tolstoy puzzled the humble assumption of Michel Ardan, that if they managed to get rid of the way on earthly conditions, it would be enough "only the efforts of the will, in order to take over in their whims."
Tolstoy in miracles did not believe. Under the fresh impression of the novel Jules, he turned to works in physics, but I haven't found any answer anywhere, whether arbitrary movements are possible in a state of weightlessness. Not satisfied him and letters N.N. Insurance, which explained that a cat thrown out of the window makes a parabola in the air and falls on his feet. So, "Movements are possible regardless of the strength of gravity." Tolstoy and it was not convinced, and then the fears referred to the doctrine of inertia and led an excerpt from the "mathematical start-up of Natural philosophy" Newton.
6 years later, in 1879, Lev Nikolaevich noted in one of the letters to A.A. Fetu: "The faith has a story" around the moon. " They are there at the point where there is no attraction. Is it possible to jump at this point?. Knowing physicists answered differently. "
Apparently, the great writer did not find a raidness that tormented his problem. The life experience of a man who is accustomed to concrete thinking, opposed the speculative possibility of movements in a state of weightlessness in his own will, although the weightlessness itself, as seen, did not deny.
Living at the lifetime of Jules Verne, the genius of Russian science k.e. Tsiolkovsky formulated the principles of the study of world spaces with reactive devices, outlined his thoughts on the possibility of penetrating a person into space, about the artificial satellite of the Earth, about living conditions in the absence of gravity.
"The desire for space journeys is laid in me by the famous fantasist Jullowe," wrote Tsiolkovsky, "he awakened the brain's work in this direction. There were desires. The wishes arose the activity of the mind. Of course, she would have not led to anything if he had not met the help from science. "
The "Kaluga Dreamer", torn away from the scientific centers, was developed in the provincial wilderness of the idea of \u200b\u200b"starfold", but could not betray them with a wide publicity. This mission was posted on the well-known popularizer of the exact sciences Ya.I. Delman, one of the few enthusiasts, who managed to fully evaluate the foresight of the senior contemporary. In 1915, he released the book "Interplanetary Travels", as premature, as the grand intentions of Tsiolkovsky. And a year earlier, Perelman placed in the popular magazine "Nature and People" (1914, No. 24), a scientific fiction story "Breakfast in the weightless kitchen", written as an extra chapter to the novel "Around the Moon".
The scientist corrects the writer: "Talking in detail about the life of the passengers inside the flying nucleus, Jules Verne missed that passengers, as in general, the subjects, during the journey were absolutely weightless!
The fact is - the author continues, - that, obeying the power of gravity, all the bodies fall at the same speed; The power of earthly attraction was to, therefore, to inform all subjects inside the nucleus is completely the same acceleration as the kernel itself. And if so, then neither passengers nor the rest of the bodies in the nucleus were not to put pressure on their supports; The damned subject could not approach the floor (that is, to fall), but continued to hang in the air, water should not be poured out of the overturned vessel. In a word, the inside of the nucleus was to turn into a small world for the time of flight, completely free from severity.
Thus, the Kepler's hypothesis of the "neutral point" is refuted. Geeness occurs immediately, as soon as the projecture reports cosmic speed (at least eight kilometers per second).
Many scaffolding of Tsiolkovsky's ideas have been engaged in the artistic popularization of the ideas of Tsiolkovsky, and among them - Alexander Belyaev, who in his novel "Jump in nothing" pays a lot of attention to "starflow" and, in particular, the problems of overcoming them, as he calls them, "two land shells "- atmospheric and earthly burden at the start of the spacecraft. According to the plot, the point in the equator was chosen to take off the ship, and besides some elevation. This is how one of the characters of the novel explains the reasons for this choice: "It is here that the most favorable conditions of take-off exist. Rocket at take-off from the ground it is necessary to break through the double shell: the atmosphere and earthly gravity. The greatest burden exists on the poles, the smallest - at the equator, as the earth is somewhat flattened to the equator. In addition, the smallest poles, and at the equator the largest centrifugal effect. Therefore, the racium is minimal in the equator. Although the body in the equator weighs one bike less than on the pole, it is important for a rocket. Even such a decrease in weight is important: it gives significant savings in the reserve of fuel. Now about the atmospheric shell. The air we do not notice the eye represents an almost irresistible obstacle forfast moving body. The faster the movement, the more resistance. At very high speeds, the air resistance is almost large, as well as the resistance of the solid, is a real steel shell. This is not only a figurative expression. Meteors - stones falling from the sky - move with space speed; Cropped into the atmosphere of meteors in beds, raving due to the resistance of the air, evaporate, precipitated with the finest dust. Jules-Vernovsky heroes, flying out of the gun in the projectile, should have been in the first moment of a shot to crash in a pellet about the bottom of the projectile. To avoid this sad fate, we will increase the speed of the rocket gradually. We must choose such a place on the globe, where the atmospheric shell has the smallest thickness. The higherover sea level, topics the atmosphere shelter is thinner, the easier, therefore, it is necessary to break through, less to spend fuel for it. At the height of six kilometers above the level of air density is already about twice as much as the sea level. In addition, the flight will be directed along the inclined 12 degrees to the east, that is, in the same direction,at What rotates the globe, in order to add the speed of the earth to the speed of the rocket ... "
Fantasy directed to the future. Pictures depicted by a jelly faithful and other writers - fantastic "Wonders of Technology" are always ahead of reality. However, there is nothing impossible for science. Sooner or later, the predictions of farts come true. It is difficult to talk about the forecast designed for ten, fifty or a hundred years. It may be about guesses, or rather about rare intuition.
Without exaggeration, the brilliant intuition showed Jules Verne in the lunar dilogy, depicting Peninsula Florida by the place of the start of an aluminum cylinder cylinder "Wagon-projectile" with three passengers, forcing them to experience the effects of weightlessness, see the opposite side of the Moon, returning to elliptical orbit on the ground and fall in the Pacific Ocean , in four kilometers from the shore, where the American ship is caught.
It surprisingly coincides with well-known facts. The space ships "Apollo" started from the east cosmodrome of the United States (Cape Canaveral in Florida, marked on a geographical map applied to the first edition "From the ground to the moon").
On December 21, 1968, the Spaceship "Apollo-8" with cosmonauts Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders was sent to the moon. The first of the people they saw as the Earth, gradually decreased, turned into one of the heavenly bodies. After three days after the start, at an altitude of about one hundred and thirty kilometers above the lunar surface, the ship switched to an incense orbit. Having done eight turns, astronauts included a march engine and transferred the ship to the flight route to the ground. On December 27, the crew cabin with the second space rate entered the earth's atmosphere and after aerodynamic braking fell on parachutes in a given area of \u200b\u200bthe Pacific Ocean.
All stages of flight to the Moon, except for the crew landing, were also done by Apollo-9 (March 1969) and Apollo-10 (May 1969). And finally, in July 1969, Apollo-11 spacecraft for the first time landing on the moon.
According to the strange coincidence "Apollon-8", which has approximately the same size and weight, as well as the Jul's shell, flew out the moon, too, in December and driven four kilometers from the point indicated by the novelist. (For comparison: the height of the "Columbada" projectile is 3.65 meters, weight - 5547 kilograms. Apollo capsule height 3.60 meters, weight - 5621 kilograms.)
Not only the number of flight participants, start and finish, trajectories, the size and weight of the aluminum cylindroconmic projectile, but also the resistance of the atmosphere, air regeneration and even a telescope with a five-meter diameter on top of Longspik in the Rocky Mountains, by parameters and resolution is surprisingly similar to the parameters and resolution What is now installed in the Mount Palomar Observatory (California), - all this is provided for in the novel, which beat real opportunities more than a hundred years!
Interesting and assumptions of a writer about tremendous material costs that will require a space flight, and possible international cooperation. The ingenuity and businesslikeness of the Americans is stimulated by the initiative of the Frenchman, and the project itself embodied, because the "gun club" decided to "apply to all States with a request for financial complicity."
The most lively response appeal met in Russia. "Russia made a huge amount - 368,733 rubles. This does not have to be surprised, taking into account the interest of Russian society to science and the successful development achieved by astronomy in this country thanks to numerous observatory, the main of which (meant the Pulkovsky observatory) cost a state two million rubles. " In total, the Operation of Columbiad was spent - on the calculation of the "Cannon Club" - 5,446,675 dollars! The amount is huge, taking into account the multiple dollar devaluation for expired one hundred years, but completely insignificant compared to the real cost of implementing the Apollo program: $ 25 billion.
Great insights and ingenious guesses expressed in their works not only Jules Verne, Alexander Belyaev, but also many other science science science. Some of their predictions came true, guesses were confirmed by science, others are still waiting for their time. Perhaps all these writers slightly contradict each other, and many of their judgments are erroneous, but their huge merit is that they are in detail and reliably depicted flights long before the human exit to space.
Inventions begin with fantasy. Fantasy in the oldest sources begins with an inventive dream. We do not know who invented the wheel, but undoubtedly, it was a genius inventor. We do not know who invented the myth about Ikar, but, undoubtedly, it was a great fiction.
In the myths and fairy tales, prototypes of hypotheses were embodied, after many centuries, regenerated in new capacity - as bold tasks of science and technology, and then as models of situations, drawing imaginary consequences of imaginable inventions and discoveries.
From the inventive dream of the long-lasting centuries to engineering and technological fiction of a relatively recent past, and from it - to the literature of our time, considering the activities of scientists in the morals and social and social aspects - those in the historical plan of the most important milestones in the development of an inventive theme. Without going into details, make it a transformation to be clearer to show which sharp shifts have occurred over the past decades in this area of \u200b\u200bliterary creativity, firmly related to modern scientific thinking and sensitively catching changes in the public consciousness.
"The Magic Tale," writes the Soviet researcher T. Chernyshev, - raises the same problems over the resolution of which has been fighting science fiction for many years; The problem of time and space, the life and death of a person (the transfer of the hero in an instant in the thirty kingdom, boots, boosters, allowing to overcome the space, unstasive fairy, live water, etc.). "
Fairy-tale poetics relies on a miracle, witchcraft, magic, and it distinguishes it from science fiction, seeking to explain the unprecedented, unusual, impossible on this period of time by the impact of material forces - nature, science and technology, the inventive genius of man or other reasonable creatures. With the development of knowledge, let even quite primitive, there is a need to find some justifications for fantasy, take a rapid of magic and magic from it.
One of the first to this was approached by the Greek satir Lukian (II century. N. E.), who made his menippa, not just imitate Ikaru ("Ikaromenipp, or the transient flight"), but also to tell, with the help of which fixtures he managed to climb into the air : "I diligently cut off the right wing from the eagle, and the Korshun left and tied them with strong belts to the shoulders. Having adjusted to the ends of the wings of two hinges for hands, I began to experience my strength: at first I just jumped, helping my hands, then, like a geese, flew over the earth itself, slightly touching her legs during the flight. However, noticing that the case goes to the way, I decided on a more bold step: going to the Acropolis, I rushed from the cliff and ... flew to the theater itself. "
According to a fair remark of the same T. Chernysheva, one of the most important literary techniques of science fiction was found here: the illusion of lobbies creates realistic details. In the description of the hero's flight to Olympus, and then on the moon allegedly reliable information adjacent to the fabulous fiction, but the desire to logically justify the incredible.
From the era of the initial accumulation to an industrial coup, until science revealed its power, engineering fiction coexisted with an inventive dream in its original form, clearly crystallizes within the framework of other genres - social utopia, philosophical enlightenment novel, travel novel, etc. .
Tommaso Campanella in the "City of the Sun" (1623) and Francis Bacon in "New Atlantis" (1627) put forward science and technical progress in the first place, without which the perfect public device is not thinking. For example, solariums - the inhabitants of the "City of the Sun" - use all sorts of inventions: special vessels and galleys, walking around the sea without the help of cheerful and wind, through a surprisingly arranged mechanism, self-propelled sailing wagons capable of moving against wind, devices that play any atmospheric Phenomena ... There are even more technical innovations in the residents of Bensalem in the famous book of Francis Bacon "New Atlantis", where inventors are surrounded by nationwide wore.
At the same time, the authors of the numerous "lunar" novels cannot offer anything more efficient, except the same Ikara wings, wooden flying pigeon or wild swans. And only Sirano de Bergerac in the satirical novel "Other light, or the state and the moon empire" (1657) among many funny ways to achieve nightlife invents one more, striking by a brilliant guess - no less than a cabin with several rows of consistently settled "volatile Rockets. "
The conquest of the airy ocean becomes the main years of the main topic of the originated science fiction. In the story of Edgar by "History with a balloon" (1844), the aerostat "Victoria", equipped with an archimedean screw, first carries out the transatlantic flight, and then in less than twenty years, an improved Juft, the faithful "Victoria" crosses the African continent ("Five weeks in a balloon ").
Balloons were used for cosmic travel. "Some Hans Pfal" reaches the moon in the hermetic gondola of the aerostat, covered with a triple layer of varnish and filled with an unknown gas, the density of which is 37.4 times less than the density of hydrogen (!). Edgar software in this story hesitizes with his predecessors, accusing them to "badness." Soon, the same reproaches will throw Edgar by the author "From the Earth to the Moon" (1865) and "around the Moon" (1870), who invented a qualitatively other decision, which, as it turned out later, contained a visionary forecast. Three passengers of a cylindro-conical carnone car, thrown into the space of a giant gun, experience the effects of weightlessness, envelp the moon and fall in the Pacific Ocean near the start of the start (Florida Peninsula), where they caught the watchtown Corvette. Up to a more effective way to make a project with people with the necessary speed, Jules Verne did not think, but his novels stimulated inventive thought. Recall the recognition of Tsiolkovsky: "The desire for space journeys is laid in me by the famous videos of J. Vermin. He awakened the brain's work in this direction. There were desires. The wishes arose the activity of the mind. Of course, she would not have led anything if he had not met the help from the science. "
Ingenious guesses, as well as technically sound forecasts, contrary to popular belief, very rare in fiction. Bold tasks of science and technology - hyperboles of real possibilities. For few exceptions, science fiction not so much foresee how much the ideas of inventors interpret. The imagination of the writers either goes to be closed with science and technology, or somewhat lags - even when the fantastic inventions did not diverge with Newtonian mechanics.
It is characteristic that before the appearance of the Watt car, no fictional foresaw the revolutionary action of steam energy. But as soon as she became a real force, the word "car" found a new meaning.
Jules Verne in the image of the future technique relied on the projects of inventors, glorified the energy of electricity, which gives man power over nature, and "wondered" the internal combustion engine.
Unexpected was for the fiction and the possibility of wireless communications. But since this connection appeared soon, writers, overtaking each other, showed which brilliant perspectives open here. "In fantastic novels, - Ilyonically noticed in the notebook Ilya Ilf, - the main thing was the radio. With it, the happiness of mankind was expected. Here is the radio, but there is no happiness. "
The opening of radioactivity is also not provided for by science fiction, but allowed to unmistakably extrapolate into the future use of atomic energy in peaceful and military purposes, even indicating the exact timing of the introduction of a nuclear power plant and an atomic bomb explosion. It is this giant discovery and a chain that followed by him gave rise to the world's disaster in Western fantastics.
And then we approached the main problem, the relevance of which is rooted in reality: the dual attitude of science fiction writers to scientific and technical progress, as a source of prosperity and a potential threat. Long before Pierre Curie in 1903, in the presentation of the Nobel Prize, said that the latest scientific discoveries make up the greatest danger, although ultimately bring more benefits to humanity than harm, writers talked about the demonic forces hidden in nature, which like a genie from the bottle, someday break free ...
German romantic Ernst Theodore Amadeus Hoffman, admiring the impeccable art of mechanics, endowed the crowning machines unusual on their independence, saw in them a kind of marriage of the soulless machine ("Avtomat", "Sandy man"). The topic of mechanical servants, melting unknown dangers, from Hoffmana stretches to Chapure with his "universal robots", then to Azimov, Lem and many other authors, filming modern fiction.
Frankenstein, the hero of the novel of the novel of the Cross-year-old Angels Mary Shelly (1818) - a brilliant scientist who dreams to comprehend the secrets of live matter to return to the life of the dead and defeat death. The ugly humanoid giant created by Frankenstein suffers from loneliness, from the impossibility of finding a place in human society and severely revenge on people. The name of Frankenstein becomes a nominal for a scientist who created the evil force with which he cannot cope.
The topic of an artificial person, the Trented Mary of Shelly in a philosophical-generalized plan, continue Wils de Lill-Atan ("Eve of the Future"), Bussenar ("Mystery of the Doctor Synthesis") and modern writers. From medieval golem and a little man in the flask - the homunculus - fantasy leads to the biological robot - Android. The ominous collision of Frankenstein is resurrected in many novels (for example, the "Island of Dr. Moro" Wells) and the Krefesendo is growing in fiction in the XX century, which reflects the contradiction of scientific and technological progress in the conditions of capitalist society in the hyperbulsed images. The largest scientists have repeatedly spoken about these contradictions, maybe somewhat exaggerating the threat of negative consequences. Norbert Wiener, for example, argued that self-developing cybernetic devices are theoretically able to perform unforeseen actions, and referred to the Ballad of Goethe "Student of Correce", then on Frankenstein, Mary Shelley.
The spirit of free research is peculiar to modern fiction, a free treatment of unshakable concepts - spaces, time, gravity, energy, masses, optics laws, etc. - brings it closer to the XX century physics. Wells paved here, lifting fundamentally new topics that have further developed in its numerous followers. The fantastic ideas of Wells were inspired by the premonition of gigantic social cataclysms and the upcoming breakdown of generally accepted scientific doctrines - a mechanistic vision of the world. Fantasy, which previously operated on concrete concepts, learned to implement abstract mathematical truths in visible images. But in whatever chimeric form, they cannot be considered arbitrary fabrications, the "clean" game of the mind, as, say, "Time Machine", invented by the same Wells back in 1895, ten years before the publication of Einstein's first treatise. Later, when scientists began to treat the time as some kind of varying physical reality, and not only as a mathematical abstraction, the starships created by the imagination of writers of different structures were broken into the expanses of the galaxy. The theoretically reasonable paradox of time gave rise to amazing plots. Traveling to the past and the future with "chronoclasms" arising from them forced to work fantasy in accustomed to unknown directions.
The theory of relativity and atomic physics, molecular biology and cybernetics revolutionized science, and with her and science fiction. Scientists gave her "crazy" ideas that are "crazy" inventors. They will meet and on the pages of this collection, giving a previously published true idea of \u200b\u200bmodern inventive fiction.
From the book in the book, from the story to the story passes almost unchanged the schematized image of a brilliant scientist, obsessed with the manic ideas of an eccentric, who often does not know that it creates and how unexpected consequences can lead the experiment. The main thing in such stars is the invention, and the inventor itself or the researcher is pushed back to the background, it is deliberately simplified character with barely planned individual properties. Obviously, a fantastic plot, especially if we are dealing with a story, does not withstand double loads: the rationale and the implementation of the plan push the "man scientist" beginning.
This literary convention is preserved primarily in Anglo-American fiction and remains only by tradition. If in 1901 in the United States, 82% of all patents were issued to independent inventors and 18% of firms, then in 1967, 77% of patents received firms together with government organizations and only 23% are individuals. Large inventions and discoveries are made in our time most often by scientific groups, but the sciences still remove the effects of a deliberately implausible assumption: "crazy" inventor produces paradoxical experiences on their modest means, at their own risk, in some abandoned Sarader, In the attic or in a stale cellar. Acting on a particular, as a medieval alchemist, one or together with an assistant, it reaches the amazing results - invades an unknown and disintegrates its innermost secrets that violate the world equilibrium.
In the story of Robin Scott "short circuit" the unit, designed by the Namobum from the thrust details of a promotional guy, closes neither more than anything from the whole universe, drawing energy in other space and time. There is a short circuit along the east coast of North America. Suddenly arises, embodied in metal and plastic, artificial intelligence - spiritualized something, ready to instantly fulfill any three desires. Is it worth saying that the inventor and his friend use suddenly acquired power is far from the best way, as, however, and the heroes of the "update" of John Rekham, who managed to decipher the mysterious prescription of the rejuvenating composition and successfully test his properties on a young woman.
In these stories, abounding farce situations, the problem of moral responsibility of the scientist is solved in frankly humorous plan, at the humor level of Jerome K. Jerome or William Jacobs. Other writers, such as Roald Dalya and Donald Undari - both of them are the British, are developing the richest traditions of the English literary fairy tale (Carroll, Barry, Miln, Tolkien, Dansani and others) with her obviously paradoxical vision of the world.
Violation of the environmental balance, damage to the environment, the rupture of a person with nature can cause an irreversible process if people do not even come to know. All this instills anxiety, gets a whimsical refraction in philosophical and allegorical images. The inventor of the "sound vehicle" in the story of R. Daly with horror is convinced that the cut plants are experiencing physical pain, publish cries and moans. In the "strange harvest" of D. Uondri, a mysterious apparatus of some Jones catches and concentrates universal radiation, reviving the plant world. Fruit trees, cereals and vegetables, endowed with mobility and races of mind, elude farmers, then go to the offensive, raise the riot ...
So in modern fiction the poetics of a magical fairy tale is reborn. Revive in a science-shaped guise and eternal folklore plots: live water, the source of oblivion, the elixir of longevity and youth, the magical forces giving power over nature, wand-coronary, tissue-self-banner, animals and plants with wonderful properties, etc. This branch is the inventive fiction is closed with Fantasy, fantastic unscientific, not requiring the author of plausible scientific justifications. But stories with scientific justification are often perceived by readers as "scientific fairy tales".
It is curiously motivated in the "practical invention" of Leonard Tashneta materialization of the optical illusion created by the "emitted" hologram. However, the peaceful invention can turn into a dangerous weapon. Inventors, providing unwanted consequences, hold from the temptation to take a patent on it. L. Tashnet - Doctor of Philosophy, he belongs to the group of American scientists, from time to time protruding with scientific fiction works. The topic of moral responsibility - hardly the main thing in his literary creativity. He is close to him in spirit John Robinson Pierce, a well-known specialist in the field of electronics and theory of communication, member of the National Academy of US Sciences, who was fascinated by fiction in the 1930s, when such "fun" scientists could deepen to his reputation. Therefore, most of their stories Pierz signed a pseudonym J. J. Moving. But the story "invariant", interfering with the eall theme of immortality - one of the few signed by its real name. The problem here is translated into the ethical plan. A scientist learned to delay cell metabolism becomes essentially immortal, but at the same time he loses the ability to perceive new impressions. Questions arise: Do I need to strive for the extension of life at any cost and can we be considered humane any experiments capable of suppressing the psyche?
It comes to horrified by the possible consequences of his invention and makes it destroying Professor Fairbenk, the hero of the story of the American science of Ray Russell's story (not to mix with a veteran of English fiction with Eric Frank Russell!), Who invented another version of the machine of time, it would seem that had long been exhausted hidden in it Scene opportunities. But in this case, the case is not in the invention, which is motivated more or less standard, and in moral criteria arising from the plan. The suicide of a scientist, neglected by moral norms, is psychologically justified ("the error of Professor Fairbenka").
Unlike R. Russell, the Polish writer Yanush A. Radel, whose works are well known for us, is limited to logical extrapolation, with the help of all the same time car intensely solving the traditional faasts of life extension. Incurablely sick person is sent to the future, his doctors heal it, and then due to the difficulty of adaptation, he returns at one time.
The greatest success of science fictions are achieved in cases where the technical hypothesis is not only not separated from the moral and psychological collision, but also contributes to the disclosure of characters. It is usually possible, only a little bright gifted authors. This belongs to, without a doubt, the Anglo-Irish writer Bob (Robert) of the show, who granted fame after the publication in 1966, the magnificent Novella "Light of the Former". Critics consider the main advantage of the show nominated by the idea of \u200b\u200b"slow glass" by arguing that this is almost the only fantastic hypothesis in recent years. But the idea itself in itself, in distraction from the plan, no matter how it is better, would not have made a special impression if it didn't grow up so tightly into the artistic tissue and did not contribute to the disclosure of the inner world of the hero. Penetrating lyricism, the subtlest psychological nuances make the "light of the former" remarkable phenomenon of modern Western fiction.
One of her Korifeev American Kurt Vonnegut, the author of the Rodopia 14 novels (in the original "Pianola"), "Catch number five", "Cat's cradle", rightfully considered the largest satirist, the successor in social fiction line of the Swift Wells Chapeca. In any of his works, screaming contradictions are exposed, the unpleasution and absurdity of the cold world of monetary relations depriving human human essence. In the story "How to be with Eiffe?" A dexterous dealers, not believing with the disastrous consequences, is ready in pursuit of profit to launch a device that causes euphoria into mass production. As always, Vonneguta, an artistic effect is achieved by means of grotesque, brought to the "black humor".
Isaac azimov is more optimistic and at the same time traditional. His famous stories about robots, as well as unanimously accepted fantastic writers, wonderfully formulated "Three Robotechniki Law", is a bold task of science and technology at the stage of modern thinking. The earliest of the stories about robots - "Strange Comrade for Games" (in Russian translation "Robbi") appeared in 1940, when Azimov was twenty years. This cycle is continuously replenished, including the stories about the creation and exploits of the first robots, and then the novels "Steel caves" and "Nude Sun", which, along with new stories, reveal the features of the "second stage" of the development of robots. Here, the detective ELITE Bailey and his friend become permanent heroes - the perfect biological robot - R. Daniel Olivo, who has impeccable logic, which is demonstrated, in particular, and in the story "Mirror reflection", where the dilemma arising from the inability of the robot to lie and impossible For him, harm to man, gets an interesting solution based on the knowledge of human psychology.
Three laws of robothechnics were so firmly established in science fiction literature, which, on a humorous remark of one of the fictionists, Azimov first invented these laws, and then used the power of his imagination, inventing ways to get around them. This is also engaged in the French fictionity of Claude Sheiniss, who devoted to Asimov his story "Conflict between the laws". It is curious that approximately the same psychological collision was considered by the Asimov itself in the article "Perfect Machine": "Should the robot impede the surgical operation, because the incision causes the patient's organism?" K. Sheinis offers a humorous output from the situation.
We find more familiar art solutions in stories where the traditional adventure plot is subordinated to the logical justification of a specific technical hypothesis.
The fantastic device is the levitator, interacting with the gravitational field of the Earth, initially experienced in a disabled inventor in difficult conditions to climb Everest in anticipation of the brilliant perspective "Change the fate of many worlds". For, according to the inventor, his levitator must return to humanity "Freedom, lost long ago, when the first amphibians left their weightless underwater homeland." So in the romantic key, the famous English fictory of Arthur Clark in a beautifully written story "Ruthless Sky" solves the problem.
In fact, the Bulgarian writer Tsongcho Rodov is resorted to the same traditional artististical method. In his "manuscript of the Cliterha" invention, involving the restructuring of the human body to adapt to the aquatic environment, is convincingly motivated, fitting on the moving framework of a field-moon, semi-detective plot.
So, in this short sketch, we traced the development of an inventive topic in world science fiction and on works included in the collection "Practical invention", tried to show how multifaceted foreign science fiction programs are embody today fantastic ideas and hypotheses.
E. Brandis, V. Kan
"Whatever I compose, no matter what I feels, everything
It will always be lower than valid opportunities.
man. The time will come when science will be fastened. "
Jules Verne
Jules Verne hears not only one of the founders of fiction, but also a writer who, like no one else, could predict the future and the direction of technology development. Indeed, there are a bit of authors who would have done so much to popularize science and progress, how much did the great Frenchman made. Today, in the XXI century, we can judge how often he was right.
Precuratus "Apollonov"
One of the most bold prophecies is correct - space travel. Of course, the Frenchman was not the first author who sent his heroes to heavenly spheres. But before him, literary astronauts flew only miraculously. For example, in the middle of the XVII century, English priest Francis Godwin wrote a utopia "man on the moon", the hero of which went to the satellite with the help of fantastic birds. Is that Sirano de Bergerac flew to the moon not only riding on the blackness, but also with the help of a primitive analogue of the rocket. However, writers did not think about the scientific substantiation of the Space Flight until the XIX century.
The first who seriously took to send a person to space without the help of "damn", became Jul Verne - he relied, naturally, for the strength of the human mind. However, in the sixties, the people could only dream of the development of the cosmos, and the science seriously did this issue yet. The French writer had to be fantasted exclusively at their own risk. Verne decided that the best way to send a person to space will be a giant gun, which serves as a passenger module. It is with the projectile that one of the main problems of the "Lunar Cannon" project is connected.
Verne himself perfectly understood that the astronauts at the moment of a shot await serious overload. It can be seen because the heroes of the novel "From the Earth on the Moon" tried to protect themselves with the help of a soft sheath of walls and mattresses. Needless to say that all this in reality would not save a person who decided to repeat the feat of the Members of the "Cannon Club".
However, even if travelers managed to secure, two more practically intractable problems would remain. First, the gun capable of running such a mass into space should be simply fantastic length. Secondly, even in our days it is impossible to provide a cannonry projectile starting speed, allowing to overcome the attraction of the Earth. Finally, the writer did not take into account the resistance of the air - although against the background of other problems with the idea of \u200b\u200ba space gun, it already seems trifle.
At the same time, it is impossible to overestimate the influence provided by the novels is true for the origin and development of astronautics. The French writer predicted not only the journey to the moon, but also some of its details - for example, the size of the "passenger module", the number of crew members and the approximate cost of the project. Verne became one of the main inspirations of the cosmic era. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky spoke of him: "The desire for space journeys is laid in me by the famous fantasist J. Right. He awakened the work of the brain in this direction. " Ironically, the Tsiolkovsky at the beginning of the 20th century finally substantiated incompatibility of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe idea of \u200b\u200bthe piloted cosmonautics.
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Almost a hundred years after the output of the "man on the moon", the space gun project gained a new life. In 1961, the US Department of Defense and Canada launched a HARP joint project. Its purpose was to create guns, allowing scientific and military satellites to bring to a low orbit. It was assumed that the "Super Pushushka" would significantly reduce the cost of launching satellites - just a few hundred dollars per kilogram of useful weight. By 1967, the team headed by a specialist in ballistic weapons by Gerald Bull created a dozen prototypes of a space gun and learned to launch shells at a height of 180 kilometers - this is despite the fact that the USA is considered to be a flight beyond 100 kilometers. However, political disagreements between the United States and Canada led to the closure of the project. This failure did not put the cross on the idea of \u200b\u200ba cosmic gun. Until the end of the 20th century, several more attempts were undertaken to embody her, but so far no one managed to bring a cannon shell into the Earth orbit. |
Transport of tomorrow
In fact, Jules Verne most often anticipated not the emergence of new technologies, but the direction of the development of existing ones. Most clearly this can be shown by the example of the famous Nautilus.
The first projects and even the working prototypes of the underwater ships appeared long before the birth of the most correct. Moreover, by the time, when he began working on "20,000 lebs under water", in France, the first mechanical submarine was already descended in the water, which was diverted by the "diver", and Verne collected about her, before Roman took it. But what was the "diver"? A team of 12 people was laid on board the ship, it could dive not by more than 10 meters and to develop the speed under water only 4 nodes per hour.
Against this background, the characteristics and capabilities of Nautilus looked completely incredible. Comfortable, like an ocean liner, and well adapted for long-term expeditions submarine with a depth of dive, which was calculated by kilometers and a maximum speed of 50 nodes. Fiction! And so far. As it happened more than once, he overestimated the possibilities of not only modern to him, but also future technologies. Even atomic submarines of the XXI century are not able to compete in speed with Nautilus and repeat those maneuvers that he has done playing. They cannot do without refueling and replenishing stocks as much time as "Nautilus" could. And, of course, with the current submarines, for nothing one person will manage - and the Nemo continued to swim on the "Nautilus" and after he lost the whole team. On the other hand, on the vessel there was no air regeneration system, to replenish its stock, the captain of the Nemo was required once every five days to climb the surface.
The dimensions of the gun capable of running a projectile into space should be simply fantastic.
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In the "Floating Island" novel, the French novelist made a prediction that has not yet come true, but it can very soon come to life. The action of this book was unfolded on an artificial island, on which the richest people of the earth tried to create a man-made paradise. This idea today is ready to embody the Organization of Seasteading Institute. She intends to create even one, but a few floating cities-states by 2014. They will have sovereignty and live according to their own liberal laws, which should make them extremely attractive to business. One of the project sponsors is the founder of Paypal's payment system Peter Til, famous for Libertarian glances. Even atomic submarines of the XXI century cannot compete in speed with Nautilus. Despite all this, it is impossible not to recognize that the general trends in the development of underwater ships Verne predicted with astounding accuracy. The ability of the submarine to perform long-term autonomous travels, large-scale battles between them, studies with their help of sea depths and even a hike under ice to the pole (Northern, of course, and not the southern one - here it was wrong) - all this became a reality. True, only in the second half of the 20th century with the emergence of technologies, which I didn't even dream about, in particular, atomic energy. The world's first nuclear submarine was symbolicly dubbed "Nautilus". To tell about the conquest of the air element, Verne came up with the Robur conqueror. This unrecognizable genius reminds of Nemo, but is devoid of romance and nobility. First, Rouur created the Albatross aircraft, which rose into the air with the help of propellers. Although externally, Albatross was like a regular ship rather, it can be considered a "grandfather" of helicopters with a full basis. And in the novel "The Lord of the World", Ruor developed and at all an incredible vehicle. His "Grozny" was a versatile car: with the same ease moved through the air, earth, water and even under water - and at the same time could move at a speed of about 200 miles per hour (these days it sounds funny, but Verne believed that such The car will become invisible for the human eye). This universal car remained the fiction of the writer. Science is lagging behind? The point is not only in this. Such a wagon machine is simply impractical and unprofitable. Anticipating HitlerJules Verne left life in 1905 and did not see the horror of world wars. But he, like many of his contemporaries, felt the approach of the era of large-scale conflicts and the emergence of new destructive types of weapons. And, of course, the French fictionity tried to predict what they would be.
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Jules Verne proved: Based on a scientific forecast, a bold dream - the eternal engine of mankind. Writes.
Writer and Mir
On February 8, 1828, the firstborn, whom Jul Gabriel was born, was born in the family of hereditary French lawyer Pierre Pierre. This boy who had to impeccably continue the family affair, dared to choose another way in life and became not just an outstanding professional writer, one of the founders of the genre of science fiction, and the real "godfather" for writers and scientists - real and future - from different Parts of light.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky said: "The desire for space journeys is laid in me with a jew. He awakened the work of the brain in this direction. "
Let's not forget about the generations of readers who rose on the books of the right, translated into 148 languages. They also have, for which thanks to the writer: First of all, for a grafted understanding of whether it is amazing, the light is diverse and unimpressed.
We are able to know the world, but after all, the miracle: the more we explore it, the more secrets and the riddles arise, the further the border of knowledge is moved! So, people will go further: styling, deep into the way. 20 thousand led under water, around the world for 80 days is not the limit, we are capable of much more.
Travel in dreams and reveal
Jules Verne - "Self Made Man". Man of amazing performance. Just imagine: he worked from five in the morning to eight in the evening; Daily rate - 24 book pages. But in addition to artistic creativity, there were still scientific monographs and articles, essays. For example, "underwater locomotive" (1857), "Illustrated Geography of France and its colonies" (1864), "Meridians and a calendar" (1873). In old age, already blinding, the writer continued to dictate texts. No Impregnity, Dryingness - intellect, the mind is able to dictate the will of the body, subordinate it to himself.
But the main thing, Verne did not spend the whole life at the desk - he traveled the world, including the seas and oceans on its yachts "Saint-Michel I", "Saint-Michel II" and "Saint-Michel III". The writer visited many countries, except, perhaps, the Russian Empire: a strong sea storm prevented him in St. Petersburg. But the real Creator can reach any continent or planet: the action of 9 novels of Jules Verne from 66-tie unfolds in Russia.
Hero of our time
In 1863, Verne wrote the book "Paris in the XX century", in which the car, fax and electric chair described in detail. The publisher returned to him the manuscript, finding the work too implausible. As a result, Paris in the 20th century saw the light only in 1994 - this is how the short-sighted book publisher may sometimes deprive readers of the real miracle and discoveries.
And to this day Verne remains the greatest progress in the history of mankind. But unlike the County Caliostro and Baba Wangi, he carefully followed the achievements of science and consulted with scientists; Verne did not invent anything, but anticipated the direction of the development of existing technologies.
How far behind left Verne his time, closely approaching us! Electric bullets from "20,000 Lei under water" (1869), video call from "One day of the American journalist in 2889" (1889), a superstar capable of destroying everything within a radius of thousand square meters, from the "Flag of Motherland" (1896) .. . Jules Verne described everything in the smallest details - they were true of truth.
So, the launch of the lunar expedition (Roman "from the ground on the moon is directly for 97 hours 20 minutes," the year of publication - 1865) was "carried out" by the Writer from Stones-Hill in Florida - this place is close to the location of the modern cosmodrome at Cape Canaveral. Or, here: in the "five hundred million drivers" (1879), the main villain of Verne made German Professor Schulza - an obsessed nationalist with the thirst for world domination.
Some of the theories are still waiting for their "incarnation." For example, in his novel, the "floating city" (1870) events unfolded on an artificial island, where the richest people of the Earth created for themselves a man-made paradise. This idea today is ready to embody the Organization of Seasteading Institute. The organization intends to create not even one, but several floating cities-states. They will have sovereignty and exist on their own liberal laws, which should make them extremely attractive to business. One of the project sponsors is the founder of Paypal's payment system Peter Til.
"Whatever I compose, no matter what I feels," Jul Verne wrote, "all this will always be lower than the actual possibilities of man. The time will come when science will be fastened. "
Last mountain on the way
Jules Verne wrote the continuation of the "Adventures of Arthur Gordon Pima" - the books of his beloved author Edgar PO ("Ice Sphynx", the Year of Edition - 1897). And the American writer Ray Bradbury went even further: he did the most correct, whom he deeply respected, the hero of the story "Wonders and Dicks! Tell further! " It turned out truthfully and meaning - on the shore of the Ocean Bradbury takes an interview to Verne, putting the following thought in his mouth:
"I am rebelled against the existence, deprived of meaning. The existence of humanity will not be deprived of meaning, I argue, if humanity is able to scribble on this last carp.<…> The human genus should populate all the planets of all stars. The continuous resettlement of our colonists on the farthest worlds so that people could exist forever, in the end will open our meaning of our long and often intolerance of a difficult path to the top. "
It sounds too optimistic and boldly, especially for those who live in a society today, which does not think, does not believe, does not dream and even really does not work, preferring to exist with the smartphones invented by others - in the unloved country after boring work. However, people continue to peer in the starry sky and wish that science surpassed the smallest dream. And not just desire, but act. Thus, the American Non-Profit Organization Inspiration Mars Foundation plans to send a piloted expedition in 2018 for flights of Mars. And the Mars One project, based in the Netherlands, puts its task by 2023 to carry out a piloted expedition to Mars; Several Belarusians are selected for participation in the mission.
We need to once again check the calendar with the books Jules Verne. And finally believe in yourself and others. In a meaningful life, where there is a place romance, and the discovery, and the miracle. Tell further!
