2 the formation of the Galician-Volyn principality. Unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities. The formation of a single principality
The territory of the Galicia-Volyn land stretched from the Carpathians to Polissya, capturing the course of the rivers Dniester, Prut, Western and Southern Bug, Pripyat. The natural conditions of the principality favored the development of agriculture in the river valleys, in the foothills of the Carpathians - the extraction of salt and mining. An important place in the life of the region was played by trade with other countries, in which the cities of Galich, Przemysl, Vladimir-Volynsky were of great importance.
An active role in the life of the principality was played by a strong local boyars, in a constant struggle with which the princely government tried to establish control over the state of affairs in their lands. The processes taking place in the Galicia-Volyn land were constantly influenced by the policies of the neighboring states of Poland and Hungary, where both princes and representatives of boyar groups applied for help or in order to find asylum.
The rise of the Galician principality began in the second half of the 12th century. under Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152-1187). After the turmoil that began with his death, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich managed to establish himself on the Galich throne, who in 1199 united the Galich land and most of the Volyn land as part of one principality. Leading a fierce struggle with the local boyars, Roman Mstislavich tried to subdue other lands of Southern Russia.
After the death of Roman Mstislavich in 1205, his eldest son Daniel (1205-1264), who was then only four years old, became his heir. A long period of civil strife began, during which Poland and Hungary tried to divide Galicia and Volhynia among themselves. Only in 1238, shortly before the invasion of Batu, Daniil Romanovich managed to establish himself in Galich. After the conquest of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars, Daniil Romanovich became a vassal of the Golden Horde. However, the Galician prince, who possessed great diplomatic talents, skillfully used the contradictions between the Mongolian state and Western European countries.
The Golden Horde was interested in preserving the Principality of Galicia as a barrier from the West. In turn, the Vatican hoped, with the assistance of Daniel Romanovich, to subjugate the Russian Church and for this promised support in the fight against the Golden Horde and even the royal title. In 1253 (according to other sources in 1255) Daniil Romanovich was crowned, but he did not accept Catholicism and did not receive real support from Rome to fight the Tatars.
After the death of Daniel Romanovich, his successors could not resist the collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality. By the middle of the XIV century. Volhynia was captured by Lithuania, and the Galician land - by Poland.
Novgorod land
Novgorod land from the very beginning of the history of Russia played a special role in it. The most important feature of this land was that the traditional Slavic occupation of agriculture, with the exception of growing flax and hemp, did not give much income here. The main source of enrichment of the largest landowners of Novgorod - the boyars - was the profit from the sale of craft products - beekeeping, hunting for fur and sea animals.
Along with the Slavs who lived here since ancient times, the population of the Novgorod land included representatives of the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. In the XI-XII centuries. Novgorodians mastered the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland and held in their hands the exit to the Baltic Sea, from the beginning of the XIII century. Novgorod border in the West went along the line of Lake Peipus and Pskov. Of great importance for Novgorod was the annexation of the vast territory of Pomerania from the Kola Peninsula to the Urals. Novgorod sea and forest industries brought enormous wealth.
Novgorod's trade relations with its neighbors, especially with the countries of the Baltic basin, became stronger from the middle of the 12th century. Furs, walrus ivory, lard, flax, etc. were exported to the West from Novgorod. Cloth, weapons, metals, etc. were imported to Russia.
But despite the size of the territory of the Novgorod land, it was distinguished by a low level of population density, a relatively small number of cities compared to other Russian lands. All cities, except for the "younger brother" Pskov (separated from 1268), were noticeably inferior in terms of population and importance to the main city of the Russian medieval North - Lord Veliky Novgorod.
The economic growth of Novgorod prepared the necessary conditions for its political separation into an independent feudal boyar republic in 1136. The princes in Novgorod were left with exclusively official functions. The princes acted in Novgorod as military leaders, their actions were under the constant control of the Novgorod authorities. The right of the princes to court was limited, their purchase of land in Novgorod was prohibited, and the income they received from the possessions determined for the service was strictly fixed. From the middle of the XII century. the Novgorod prince was formally considered the Grand Duke of Vladimir, but until the middle of the 15th century. he did not have the opportunity to really influence the state of affairs in Novgorod.
The supreme governing body of Novgorod was veche, real power was concentrated in the hands of the Novgorod boyars. Three or four dozen Novgorod boyar families held in their hands more than half of the privately owned lands of the republic and, skillfully using the patriarchal-democratic traditions of the Novgorod antiquity to their advantage, did not let go of their control over the richest land of the Russian Middle Ages.
From the environment and under the control of the boyars, elections were carried out posadnik(heads of the city government) and thousandth(head of the militia). Under boyar influence, the post of head of the church was replaced - archbishop. The archbishop was in charge of the treasury of the republic, external relations of Novgorod, the right of court, etc. The city was divided into 3 (later 5) parts - "ends", whose trade and craft representatives, along with the boyars, took a significant part in the management of the Novgorod land.
The socio-political history of Novgorod is characterized by private urban uprisings (1136, 1207, 1228-29, 1270). However, as a rule, these movements did not lead to fundamental changes in the structure of the republic. In most cases, social tension in Novgorod was skillfully
used in their struggle for power by representatives of rival boyar groups, who dealt with their political opponents with the hands of the people.
The historical isolation of Novgorod from other Russian lands had important political consequences. Novgorod was reluctant to participate in all-Russian affairs, in particular, the payment of tribute to the Mongols. The richest and largest land of the Russian Middle Ages, Novgorod, could not become a potential center for the unification of Russian lands. The boyar nobility ruling in the republic strove to protect the "old times", to prevent any changes in the existing correlation of political forces within the New City society.
Strengthening since the beginning of the XV century. tendencies in Novgorod oligarchy, those. the usurpation of power exclusively by the boyars played a fatal role in the fate of the republic. In the context of increased from the middle of the XV century. Moscow’s offensive against Novgorod independence, a significant part of Novgorod society, including the agricultural and trading elite that did not belong to the boyars, either went over to the side of Moscow, or took a position of passive non-intervention.
The collapse of Kievan Rus led to the formation of states-principalities, one of which was Galicia-Volyn. Founded in 1199 by Roman Mstislavich, the principality survived the Mongol-Tatar raids and existed until 1349, when the Poles invaded these lands. In different periods of time, Przemysl and Lutsk, Zvenigorod and Vladimir-Volyn, Terebovlya and Belz, Lutsk, Brest and other separate principalities were included in the Galicia-Volyn principality.
The emergence of the principality
Remoteness from Kyiv significantly weakened the influence of the central government on these lands, and the location at the intersection of important trade routes gave impetus to significant economic development. Rich salt deposits also had a positive effect on the financial position of the principality. But the unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities into one contributed to the joint resistance to constant attacks from Poland and Hungary, and later the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
Stages of state development
1) 1199-1205 Formation
After the formation of the principality, the ruler had to wage a serious struggle with the Galician boyars, as it resisted the strengthening of princely power. But after Roman Mstislavich made successful campaigns against the Polovtsy, after the capture of Kyiv in 1203 and the adoption of the title of Grand Duke, the nobility obeyed. Also during the conquests, Pereyaslovshchina and Kievshchina join the possessions of Prince Roman. Now the principality occupied almost the entire south-west of Russia.
2) 1205-1233 Temporary loss of unity
After the death of Prince Roman, the Galicia-Volyn state disintegrates under the influence of the boyars and neighboring Poland and Hungary, who benefit from civil strife in these lands. For more than thirty years, wars have been going on for the principality and the right to govern.
3) 1238-1264 Unification and struggle with the Golden Horde troops
The son of Roman Mstislavich Daniel, after a long struggle, returns the integrity of the principality. He also restores his power in Kyiv, where he leaves the governor. But in 1240 the Mongol-Tatar conquest began. After Kyiv, the troops of the Golden Horde headed further west. They destroyed many cities in Volhynia and Galicia. But in 1245, Daniel Romanovich went to negotiate with the Khan. As a result, the supremacy of the Horde was recognized, but Daniel nevertheless defended the rights to his state.
And in 1253, the coronation of Daniel took place, after which the Galicia-Volyn principality, the largest of all European states at that time, was recognized by all countries as independent. And it was this state that was considered the right heir to Kievan Rus. The contribution of Daniil Romanovich to the life of the Galicia-Volyn principality is invaluable, because in addition to establishing statehood at the world level, he managed to finally destroy the opposition of the boyars, which stopped civil strife and stopped all attempts by Poland and Hungary to influence the policy of their state.
4) 1264-1323 The origin of the causes that led to the decline
After the death of Daniel in the Galicia-Volyn principality, hostility between Volhynia and Galicia began again, and some lands gradually began to separate.
5) 1323-1349 decline
During this period, the Galicia-Volyn state established relations with the Golden Horde, Lithuania and the Teutonic Order. But ties with Poland and Hungary remained tense. Discord within the principality led to the fact that the joint military campaign of the Poles and Hungarians was a success. Since the autumn of 1339, the principality ceased to be independent. Later, the lands of Galicia went to Poland, and Volhynia - to Lithuania.
The Galicia-Volyn state played an important historical role. After Kievan Rus, it became the center of political, economic and cultural development in the area. In addition, it maintained diplomatic relations with many states and acted as a full participant in international relations.
The collapse of Kievan Rus was the cause of its political and economic development. In the middle of the twelfth century, as a result of this collapse, the Galicia-Volyn principality appeared.
Now let's go back to the times when the Galician land and Volhynia were not dependent on the city of Kyiv. It should be noted that the Volyn state was older than the Kiev state, and it was from it that the rallying of the Ukrainian tribes began. This land was quite rich, as trade routes to Western Europe passed through it. In 981 and 993 as a result of campaigns, it was annexed to the Kievan state by Vladimir. At about the same time, the Galician land was annexed to it.
As authorities in the Galicia-Volyn principality were the prince, as well as the boyar council and veche. However, their role was slightly different than in Kievan Rus.
All supreme power formally belonged to the prince, who was at the head of the state. He owned the right to make laws, and also had the right to judge and exercise the central government of the entire state. But at the same time, the boyars could challenge the will of the prince. Only in the case of an agreement with them, all power was concentrated in his hands (if an agreement was not reached, then power passed to the boyar aristocracy).
Within the limits of their possessions, the vassals of the prince received (as a rule, along with the position) the right to judge. In the boyar estates, absolutely all judicial powers were in the hands of the boyars themselves. And even though princely judicial bodies were established on the ground with tiuns sent by the prince himself, they could not go against the boyar authorities.
Also, the ruling prince had to head a military organization, collect taxes through the persons appointed by him and mint coins, as well as carry out foreign policy relations with other states and countries.
The main form of government in the Galicia-Volyn land was a monarchy (early feudal), but a duumvirate also took place here. So, from 1245, Danilo Galitsky ruled the state together with his brother Vasilko, who owned most of Volhynia.
As in many other lands of Russia, there was a veche in the Galicia-Volyn principality, but here it did not have any influence on political life and did not have a clear working order. Quite often, the prince himself gathered veche, asking people's support in certain everyday and political decisions.
In 1199 Volyn prince Roman Mstislavovich, the son of Mstislav Izyaslavich united the Galician and Volyn principalities, and also took possession of Kiev and created a strong state with a center in Vladimir. This state included most of the Ukrainian lands. This state was located between the Dnieper and the Carpathians. In foreign policy, Roman Mstislavovich relied on the middle strata of the population, he fought the boyar anarchy.
In foreign policy, Roman Mstislavovich established good relations with Hungary, Byzantium, Germany (the Hohenstaffen dynasty). After his death (1205), using the infancy of his sons Danila And Vasily, the boyar oligarchy raised its head. boyar Vladislav Kormilchich even declared himself a prince for a short time (1213 - 1214). At this time, Poland and Hungary intervened, which put their henchman, the Hungarian prince, on the princely throne. Koloman(1214 - 1219). The struggle against the Hungarian-Polish aggression was carried out jointly (1219, 1221, 1227) by the Galician prince Mstislav Udatnoy (1219 - 1228), called by the boyars, and the young prince Danilo. In 1229, Danilo took possession of Volyn, in 1238 - Galicia, and in 1239 he subjugated Kyiv, where he planted his governor Dmitry (who heroically defended the city from the Tatars).
In 1238, Prince Danilo Romanovich defeated the German knights near Dorohochyn. After the invasion of the Tatars, Danilo Romanovich was forced to go to the Golden Horde and recognize his dependence on the Golden Horde. However, he prepared to fight against the Mongols - Tatars, built fortifications in Podolia, Volhynia and Kiev region, punished "Tatar people" - those who collaborated with the Tatars.
Danilo wanted to organize an anti-Tatar coalition, in which he tried to attract the Pope Innokentiya 4, the Hungarian king, Polish and Lithuanian princes. To do this, Danilo agreed to a union (religious union) and in 1253 accepted the royal crown from the pope. However, the idea of a crusade against the Tatars did not find support. In 1254, Danilo himself repulsed the raids of the Tatars, but after a new raid under the leadership of the Khan Burundaya in 1259 he was forced to recognize the power of the Horde and tear down the fortifications.
In the north, in 1250, Danilo fought against the Yotvingians and Lithuanians, having occupied Novgorodok, Slonim, and in 1254 forced the Lithuanian prince Mendovga to the union. In domestic politics, he fought against the rebellious boyars, relying on the townspeople and boyars loyal to him. He pursued a policy of economic and cultural
development of their state. He built cities like Lviv(named for his son Leo) Hill and others. During the entire period of his reign, he ruled the state together with his brother Vasily.
After the death of Daniel, his son reigned a lion(1264 - 1301), who tried to find a compromise with the Tatars and participated in their campaigns against Poland. He expanded the borders of the Galicia-Volyn state: he took part of Transcarpathia from Hungary, together with the Czech king Vaclav 2 fought against Poland and in 1292 annexed the Ljubljana region. He tried to capture Lithuania, which led to a break with the Volyn principality. In the 1270s, Leo moved the capital of the state to Lvov, where it was located until 1340.
The son of a lion is a prince Yuri 1(1301 -1315) again united the Galician and Volyn principalities. However, due to strong pressure from his neighbors, he was forced to give the Ljubljana region to Poland, and Transcarpathia to Hungary. The state of Yuri 1 had world prestige. Yuri himself was called the "King of Russia" - George Regis Russia, and the Patriarch of Constantinople Atanasius agreed (1303) to the creation of the Galician metropolis. With the death of Yuri, the heyday of the Galicia-Volyn principality ends.
His sons Leo 2 And Andrey 1(1315 - 1323) ruled jointly in Galicia and Volhynia. They helped develop foreign trade, gave trade privileges to merchants from Krakow and Torun. Both princes died defending their country from the Mongols - Tatars. With these princes, the direct dynasty in the male line of the Monomakhoviches ends: the council of boyars chose the Galician prince Boleslav- the son of the sister of Leo 2 and Andrei 1 and the prince Troiden Mazowiecki. Boleslav, having ascended the throne, took the name Yuri 2 and converted to Orthodoxy (before that he was a Catholic). Yuri 2 Boleslav (1323 - 1340), married to the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas, was in alliance with Lithuania and Germany. He helped the German colonists, granted Magdeburg rights to some cities (Syanok). Under him, the number of foreigners at court increased. This caused outrage among the boyars, who poisoned Yuri 2.
After the death of the last prince Yuri 2 (1340), a struggle began between neighboring states for Galicia and Volhynia. The Lithuanian prince Dmitry - Lubart occupied Volyn, and the Polish king Casimir 3 entered Galicia (1340), captured Lvov and took the treasury of the Galician princes. The Hungarians also intervened in the affairs of Galicia. At this time, the Galician boyars, under the leadership of the Przemysl governor Dmitry Dyadok established a boyar oligarchy, which was recognized by Poland and Hungary. Boyar power lasted until 1349, when King Casimir 3, in alliance with the Mongols - Tatars, suddenly captured Lvov and Galicia. He concluded an agreement with Lithuania and Hungary, according to which Galicia, Western Volyn and Kholmshchina remained until the end of the life of Casimir 3 as part of Poland. In 1370 - 1387. Galicia came under the control Louis- the Hungarian king, who also became the Polish king. Since 1387 the Polish queen Jadwiga annexed Galicia to Poland, trying to turn it and Kholmshchina into Polish provinces. There was an intensified colonization of Galicia by Poles and Germans. Catholic missions were organized in Galicia. With the strengthening of Polish power, Polish troops began to arrive in Galicia. gentry(nobles). Who received possession of many Galician lands. Galicia was part of Poland until 1772.
Transcarpathia was under the rule of Hungary and remained there, with the exception of some years of the reign of Leo 1 and Yuri 1, until 1918. Bukovina after the collapse of the Galicia - Volyn state was attached to the Moldavian province, in which it was until 1774.
