Ferric chloride do it yourself. How to prepare an aqueous solution of ferric chloride How to dilute ferric chloride
For the manufacture of a printed circuit board, a copper-dissolving reagent is required. The most common, and relatively harmless, is ferric chloride. It can be purchased at a radio parts store. The bank looks like this:
Instructions for cooking are written on the label, pickling time of 40-50 minutes attracts attention. Perhaps for some it will seem normal.
About 15 years ago, such cans simply were not sold. Therefore, radio amateurs themselves prepared a solution of hydrochloric acid and rust. The resulting solution of ferric chloride etched copper in 5-15 minutes at room temperature. Of course, this is true for a fresh solution. After a year of its use (about 10 times a month), the solution was poisoning for an hour or two.
It is very strange then to wait an hour to make a board, if it can be done in 5 minutes. The etching rate depends on the concentration of the solution. This is true for the first use. Therefore, if we dilute 250 grams per liter of water, we get an hour of pickling, and if it’s half a liter, it’s apparently much less. True, it’s not known for what size of the board the pickling time is indicated on the bank.
I am not satisfied with the manufacturer's advice, I consider it stupid to wait so long. I will show you how I usually prepare the solution
Open the jar and see what's inside.
I have this. It looks like the powder (if you can call it that) is fresh. If there is “syrup” in the jar, then it pulled dampness, or maybe it was like that from the factory. Usually I do it by eye, but this time I decided to document it. It is advisable to use a plastic spoon, as aluminum dissolves. I didn't have it.
You will need a half-liter glass jar, a nylon lid (it is advisable to check it fits the jar in advance), water, a spoon. In this case, the solution is prepared in a ratio of 1:2. 1 part ferric chloride, 2 parts water. Stir the solution well, let it stand for half an hour.
Let's start etching. Heating significantly speeds up the process. It is desirable to heat no higher than 60-70 degrees. By the eye, this is when steam comes out of the liquid. For these purposes, I use an enameled iron bowl. The service life of the dishes is two years, with active use. Then holes form in it.
Before putting the board into the solution, it is advisable to moisten it with water. This will save you from a very big annoyance in the form of small bubbles, which in the end can create a circuit between the tracks or spoil the aesthetic appearance. I didn't do it in the photo.
I pour the solution, and start the stopwatch. You need to heat on a very slow fire. The solution heats up quickly.
Voila! The payment is ready.
For such an area of the printed circuit board, the process took no more than 5 minutes.
Attention!
Splashes of the solution that have fallen on objects must be removed immediately with a damp cloth or sponge, rinse the place of contact well. Avoid getting the solution on the plate. Wear "work" clothes. Droplets on clothes will lead to the formation of non-removable rust stains. Work with the hood turned on.
Ferric chloride- the average salt of ferric iron and hydrochloric acid. In appearance, this chemical raw material is a soft crystalline mass of a rusty-brownish-black color. Its boiling point is 319°C, melting point is 309°C. Ferric chloride is formed by heating iron with chlorine. It can also be obtained as a by-product in the production of titanium chloride TiCl4 and aluminum chloride AlCl3. Another way to obtain ferric chloride is hot chlorination or oxidation of the FeCl2 solution, followed by evaporation of the FeCl3 solution.
The scope of ferric chloride is quite wide. It is used as coagulant for water purification, as a catalyst in organic synthesis, as a mordant in the process of dyeing fabrics, as well as for the preparation of iron pigments and other iron salts. Another solution of ferric chloride is used for etching printed circuit boards.
Ferric chloride is widely used as a coagulant in the process of industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. Compared with other coagulants, in particular with aluminum sulfate, this chemical product has an important advantage - ferric chloride endowed with a high rate of deposition of various impurities. As a result of hydrolysis, ferric chloride forms a sparingly soluble iron hydroxide. In the process of its formation, various organic and inorganic impurities are captured, forming loose flakes, which are easily removed from the treated effluents. Such flakes, with a density of 1001–1100 g/l and a size of 0.5–3.0 mm, have a rather large surface with excellent sorption activity. In the process of their formation, the structure includes suspended substances (large microorganisms, plankton cells, silt, plant remains), colloidal particles, as well as part of the pollution ions associated on the surface of these particles. With the help of this product, the process of sedimentation of sludge proceeds much faster and deeper. Another advantage of ferric chloride is its beneficial effect on the biochemical decomposition of sludge. For high-quality wastewater treatment, 30 g of ferric chloride is required per cubic meter. Water purification with ferric chloride reduces the content of soluble impurities up to 25 percent, and insoluble impurities up to 95 percent. During the treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater, toxic compounds and microorganisms are destroyed by sodium hypochlorite.
Due to its pronounced acidic properties, iron chloride is used as a catalyst in organic synthesis processes, in the production of heat-resistant resins and in the oxidation of petroleum bitumen. Ferric chloride is an energetic chlorinating agent, so it is used for the selective extraction of certain components of ores. In particular, this chemical feedstock is required in aromatic hydrocarbons for the electrophilic substitution reaction. The use of aqueous solutions of ferric chloride is also well known. Possessing fairly mild etching properties, they are used in the electronics and instrumentation industries for etching printed circuit boards, metal parts, and copper foil. Applies ferric chloride and in construction. It is used as an additive to Portland cement to speed up the setting process. The addition of ferric chloride significantly increases the strength of concrete. This product is also used in other areas of human life, in particular:
with its help, natural waters in water treatment systems are clarified;
oil is removed from the effluents of fat-and-oil plants;
it is used in the treatment of wastewater from leather and fur enterprises from chromium compounds;
to soften domestic and drinking water;
as well as in organochlorine synthesis
Synonyms: Ferric chloride (iron chloride solution), ferric chloride.
Description: A solution of ferric chloride is a caustic, non-volatile brown-brown liquid. The product complies with the requirements of STO 00203275-228-2009
Chemical characteristics of ferric chloride
Depending on the time of year, air temperature, ferric chloride is produced in 1 or 2 grades.
Physical characteristics of ferric chloride
Molecular weight: 162.21 g/mol
The boiling point ranges from 100-106°C.
The pH value is approximately equal to from 1 to 2.
When etching copper in a solution of ferric chloride, the maximum dissolution capacity is 100 g / 1 l. The etching rate at 50–55°C is 4.3–5 µm/min.
The densities of aqueous solutions of iron chloride are shown in Fig. 1:
Scope of ferric chloride
Ferric chloride is used in industries such as: sewage treatment plants, water utilities, metalworking, chemical, food, brewing, leather, oil, etc.
The main use of ferric chloride solution is in the treatment of industrial and waste water, as a primary coagulant. Under the action of ferric chloride, a physicochemical process of enlargement, adhesion of small particles (coagulation) occurs, which contributes to the precipitation of a flocculent precipitate from the colloidal solution, or the formation of a gel, which, later, is easily removed from the treated wastewater. When cleaning with ferric chloride, the amount of insoluble impurities in wastewater is reduced to 95%, soluble to 25%.
Compared with some coagulants, ferric chloride has a number of advantages, these are:
- a sufficiently high rate of deposition of impurities.
- positive effect on the biochemical decomposition of precipitated impurities, activated sludge.
- lower cost compared to other common coagulants.
Ferric chloride is also used:
- as a catalyst in organic synthesis processes.
- for etching metals (printed circuit boards, printed forms)
- as a mordant when dyeing fabric.
- as an additive to increase the strength of concrete.
Ferric chloride hazard class
Ferric chloride solution is a caustic, non-volatile, corrosive liquid.
Fire and explosion proof.
Upon contact with the skin, ferric chloride causes irritation, itching, dry skin, dermatitis. If it gets into the eyes, it causes irritation of the mucous membrane. Rinse skin or eyes immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention if necessary. When working, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment.
UN number 2582
Packing, transportation and storage of ferric chloride
Transported by any mode of transport in accordance with the rules for the transport of dangerous goods in force for this mode of transport.
The solution is transported in rubber-lined steel railway or truck tanks, as well as in special containers with a capacity of up to 1000 dm3.
Ferric chloride should be stored in rubber, titanium or polyethylene containers.
In the cold season, the product is stored in closed warehouses in compliance with the temperature regime.
Guaranteed shelf life - one year from the date of manufacture.
It is not subject to mandatory certification.
Attention! I myself have not tried that method, I just read about it in some book!
For the manufacture of ferric chloride, you need to take iron sawdust or thin plates and fill them with a solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Sawdust is left for several days in an open container. After a few days, the solution will turn green.
After that, the resulting solution is drained and after a while it is ready for "work"!
P.S. On July 13, 2007, we received a letter from the respected Vladimir Syrov, in which he wrote the following:
For decades, a story about the possibility of making ferric chloride at home has been wandering around amateur radio literature. Here and on this site there is such (see above).
An unknown author honestly says "I myself have not tried this method." But, apparently, NONE of those who have ever written about it have tried this method !!! And your obedient servant tried it in the 90s, and the results are such that it is better not to even try to do it.
Iron can be either trivalent or divalent. When combined with chlorine, two formulas are obtained - "ferrum chlorine two" and "ferrum chlorine three". The first is green crystals, the second is yellow-brown. Only ferric chloride is suitable for etching copper printed circuit boards, "ferrum chlorine two" does not work - it has been established by experience. Or at least not working well. And with the described artisanal method (pouring iron filings with hydrochloric acid), according to some laws of chemistry, it is precisely "ferrum chlorine two" that is obtained. In some more detailed publications on this topic, this fact seems to be taken into account - they write something like "if you get a greenish
solution - let it stand in the open air so that it becomes yellowish-brown. "It has been verified by experience - it does not work! It stood for weeks and months ... Some insignificant part of ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric, but no more.
I tried to heat the solution, evaporate it, dry it and leave greenish crystals in the air .... To further oxidize by passing oxygen first through the solution, and then chlorine .... Everything is useless! I almost got poisoned myself and did not poison those around me, but I never got a practically significant result, a noticeable yield of "ferrum chlorine three"!
Please pay attention to the fact that we are dealing with poisons here! Hydrochloric acid is a solution of ash-chlorine gas in water. It "gases", that is, "ash-chlorine" evaporates from it. This gas, combining with water on the mucous membranes of the respiratory organs (nose, mouth, trachea and bronchi, lungs) - turns into the same hydrochloric acid! Chlorine, which I managed to get in sufficient quantities, is generally a specific poison. It is worth thinking about the fact that health is more expensive! At present, in any large city there is no problem to buy ferric chloride somewhere on the radio market and not suffer from its manufacture. As it turned out, in industry, chlorine (not chloride!) iron is obtained in a completely different way - by burning iron in an atmosphere of chlorine. It goes without saying that this method is hardly feasible at home.
Even in the presence of ready-made ferric chloride, I would advise you to be careful - to poison somewhere under air draft, on a balcony, somewhere in a garage .... To protect the health of not only your own, but also those of your immediate family. Not to mention lead, which is part of the tin-lead solder. Very small amounts of vapor
lead, getting into the body, causes chronic poisoning, various diseases, including tooth decay .... It is not for nothing that there are very strict instructions for the installation of exhaust ventilation in production. But at home, in everyday life, radio amateurs very often neglect this, but in vain. In fact, this lead is quite enough
a little. Only the consequences do not come immediately ... And there is little good in chlorides either ...
So the author of the publication (quoting someone) writes: "after a while the solution will turn green." It will be ferrous chloride, and not what should have been obtained. And about the fact that "after some time" it will still be ready for work .... Alas. If you don't believe me, try it yourself! And only then can you write a recipe when it
personally verified by experience. It is not worth writing from other people's words.
Faced with the process of creating printed circuit boards at home, beginners often ask a simple question on various forums about how to dilute ferric chloride. It seems that this topic is not so extensive as to dedicate an entire extensive article to it, but after thinking a little, we nevertheless decided on a small note.
On sale you can find two types of ferric chloride:
- Hexahydrate ferric chloride. It resembles wet sand of yellow-orange color.
- Anhydrous ferric chloride. Powder or lumps of black color.
Both that and another perfectly poison textolite. The etching time with a freshly prepared solution is about 5 minutes, and with an old solution, the etching time can increase to 20 minutes or more. For clarity, we will prepare quite a bit of solution and show how to dilute ferric chloride to etch boards.
First of all, we open our container with ferric chloride. We try not to get their hands, clothes and table dirty, because. it is almost impossible to wash or wash off the fabric.
We are preparing dishes with water in which we will make a solution of ferric chloride. Dishes should be plastic or ceramic, the use of metal containers and tools is strictly unacceptable. Ideally, it is better to take distilled water, but in practice everyone manages with warm boiled water.
Pour ferric chloride into a container with water with a plastic spoon and mix constantly.
It is better to add ferric chloride half a teaspoon at a time, the solution will gradually heat up, and gases will also be released. Approximate solution ratio 1:3(i.e. one part ferric chloride to three parts water) by weight.
The concentration can also be determined by eye, a good solution should be the color of strong tea. In fact, you can dilute ferric chloride as you like, but the rate of etching of the board will directly depend on this.
The etching process itself is best done in a slightly heated solution. After etching the boards, the spent ferric chloride solution must be stored in a dark place in a sealed container until the next use.
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In contact with
Ferric chloride is one of the most common reagents for etching printed circuit boards. The solution is not aggressive, such as nitric acid, but has sufficient strength to become an order of magnitude higher than the solution of copper sulfate and other hydrogen peroxides with citric acid. Therefore, when it became necessary to make a small printed circuit board, my choice was obvious. But then a surprise awaited me - there was no ferric chloride in our city. "It's been gone for a long time," said the saleswoman of one of the radio shops. I had to take it on the Internet, I still ordered radio components. The price came out 40 UAH. (≈$1.7) for 250 grams. Taking into account the fact that I do something infrequently, due to lack of time, this amount of ferric chloride will last me for a long time.
Well, the courier services are on schedule, we didn't have to wait long. Packing is made in PET soda bottle. The bottle was opaque and it was impossible to see the volume. Everything looked like this:
For storage, I find it very convenient. Having crumpled the bottle in my hands, I realized that I had a pasty substance inside and it would not let me leave the bottle so easily. I unscrewed the lid, made sure that it was exactly ferric chloride inside (you will never forget its smell again) and set about searching for the necessary container.
The choice of container for the storage and use of ferric chloride must be approached responsibly. For work, it should be comfortable, for storage - safe.
You need to know that as a result of chemical reactions, chlorine and hydrochloric acid will constantly volatilize from the solution. All these substances are poisons. It is necessary to work with ferric chloride in well-ventilated areas (preferably in the open air), it is also forbidden to lean directly over the vessel with the solution in order to avoid inhaling toxic substances. I advise you to store it in a hard-to-reach (well, well-ventilated) place so that neither a child nor a kitten can turn over, break, spill the working solution. (I will talk about the consequences later in the text).
Having compared all the facts, I chose a plastic food tray as a vessel.
Now one of the most important questions - what proportions to choose? I didn't bother with that! The etching rate depends on the concentration of pure ferric chloride and the temperature of the solution. Add more - it will be faster to pickle and vice versa (you can add it at any time, but over time it is easier to replace the solution with a completely new one). Ferric chloride is highly soluble in water, so you can achieve such a concentration that etching will take up to five minutes.
I poured 0.5 liters into the tray. warm water and squeezed into it about half a bottle of ferric chloride (≈125g. ), stirring constantly. It wasn't easy to squeeze out. The result is a solution as in the photo below.
I decided to work in a bathroom with forced ventilation. I don’t have a photo, but I strongly advise you to put the solution on cellophane or disposable bags and throw them away when you are done. This also applies to storage! Having spilled the solution on a tile, table, linoleum, you will have to make a lot of effort to clean them. The greater the production of the solution, the more difficult it will be to clean.After contact with the tissue, in most cases, it will have to say goodbye. Based on this, it is impossible to pour mining into the sewer. Firstly, it is poison, and secondly, the snow-white toilet bowl will turn brown-rusty. This must be kept in mind!
The solution I got etched a small fee in 15-20 minutes. During this time, I mixed it a couple of times, especially at the end, when the copper from the board began to disappear before my eyes, until it completely disappeared.
I store such things on the balcony, in the far corner of the rack. Nitric acid lives in the neighborhood, but I use it when, for example, I need to make a small board with wide tracks. In some places, it corrodes the toner, does not see the permanent marker - you have to draw with bituminous varnish, which is not very convenient. But as they say, everything has a purpose!
All chrome on our parts appears as a result of galvanic chromium plating.
Chrome plating- is an electrochemical method of applying metal coatings to plastic. The bottom line is that three layers of metal are applied: copper + nickel + chromium. Chromium reacts and evenly settles on the surface of the product. This type of chrome plating is used for car emblems, radiator grilles, souvenirs, etc. etc.
How do you get rid of this chrome?
There is an option to actively work with sandpaper, but very often the details are never even, with many small elements. To skin such - hands will wither. That is why chemistry, which we love to play truant at school, will help us!
The easiest way is to put our plastic part in a solution of ferric chloride for a while and pickle it like a printed circuit board.
Ferric chloride
What is ferric chloride?
Ferric chloride FeCl3 is an average salt of ferric iron and hydrochloric acid. In appearance, this chemical raw material is a soft crystalline mass of a rusty-brownish-black color. It is used for etching printed circuit boards in the electronics and instrumentation industries.
Cooking.
It is customary to prepare a solution of ferric chloride based on a ratio of 1 to 3 (1 part of iron to 3 parts of water) by weight.
The solution should be prepared in a heat-resistant non-metallic container, into which water is poured with a temperature of about 60-80 degrees. Of course, it is advisable to use boiled water, but ordinary tap water does an excellent job with this task. According to science, you need to use distilled water, but in practice, no one bothers with this - we do not have a chemical laboratory!
Ferric chloride must be poured into water (! in no case not vice versa!) In small portions, continuously stirring the solution. When dissolved, the water will heat up and a rather violent reaction will be visible (seething, hissing, release of steam, which is highly discouraged from inhalation). It will take about 20 minutes to dissolve (it all depends on the volumes), but the iron will dissolve completely and will not settle to the bottom of the container, nor will the solution boil or melt the container. One piece of advice - don't rush!
After dissolution, it is necessary to allow the solution to settle. After 20 minutes it will be possible to observe the settling of iron hydroxide (rust) on the bottom, which is always contained in ferric chloride powder and which prevents etching. It is better to give a solution
stand for 10-12 hours, so that any debris, which is often present in ferric chloride, settles to the bottom of the tank. After the solution has settled, it must be filtered into a clean container, in which it will actually be stored. The solution can
easy to use repeatedly, and it is stored for an arbitrarily long time.
As a result, we got a clean, transparent, brown solution of ferric chloride.
Etching result:
Etching result
Solution recovery
Each time after use, the solution will lose its strength and subsequent etching will last longer. Again, heating and stirring the solution will help speed up the etching process.
The solution can be restored by adding hydrochloric acid to it - part of the hydroxide again
reduced to ferric chloride. But the easiest way is terribly banal - we throw a few ordinary nails into the solution, copper will settle on them from the solution and the solution will gain strength again. But you should not abuse this, especially when the solution is new - the solution can degrade and gradually change color from brown to green.
There are several more recovery methods, but provided that we do not need the solution on an industrial scale, I will not describe them.
Conclusion
In closing, I would like to warn you: be very careful with ferric chloride!
I recommend carrying out all work with gloves - ferric chloride eats well into hands and is poorly washed off with soap, if it gets on the skin it can cause itching and irritation, up to burns in people with sensitive skin. In case of contact with eyes, rinse them with plenty of running water and, of course, consult a doctor.
Peace for everyone!
PS Photos found on the internet (Belarusian BMW club, google, yandex)
Synonyms: Ferric chloride (iron chloride solution), ferric chloride.
Description: Ferric chloride solution is a caustic non-volatile brown-brown liquid. The product complies with the requirements of STO 00203275-228-2009
Chemical characteristics of ferric chloride
Depending on the time of year, air temperature, ferric chloride is produced in 1 or 2 grades.
Physical characteristics of ferric chloride
Molecular mass: 162.21 g/mol
Boiling temperature fluctuates in the range: 100-106°С.
The pH value is approximately equal to from 1 to 2.
When etching copper in a solution of ferric chloride, the maximum dissolution capacity is 100 g / 1 l. The etching rate at 50–55°C is 4.3–5 µm/min.
Densities of aqueous solutions of ferric chloride are presented in Fig.1:
Scope of ferric chloride
Ferric chloride is used in industries such as: sewage treatment plants, water utilities, metalworking, chemical, food, brewing, leather, oil, etc.
Main Application of Ferric Chloride Solution accounts for the treatment of industrial and waste water, as a primary coagulant. Under the action of ferric chloride, a physicochemical process of enlargement, adhesion of small particles (coagulation) occurs, which contributes to the precipitation of a flocculent precipitate from the colloidal solution, or the formation of a gel, which, later, is easily removed from the treated wastewater. When cleaning with ferric chloride, the amount of insoluble impurities in wastewater is reduced to 95%, soluble to 25%.
Compared with some coagulants, ferric chloride has a number of advantages, these are:
- a sufficiently high rate of deposition of impurities.
- positive effect on the biochemical decomposition of precipitated impurities, activated sludge.
- lower cost compared to other common coagulants.
Ferric chloride is also used:
- as a catalyst in organic synthesis processes.
- for etching metals (printed circuit boards, printed forms)
- as a mordant when dyeing fabric.
- as an additive to increase the strength of concrete.
Ferric chloride hazard class
Ferric chloride solution is a caustic, non-volatile, corrosive liquid.
Fire and explosion proof.
Upon contact with the skin, ferric chloride causes irritation, itching, dry skin, dermatitis. If it gets into the eyes, it causes irritation of the mucous membrane. Rinse skin or eyes immediately with plenty of water and seek medical attention if necessary. When working, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment.
UN number 2582
Packing, transportation and storage of ferric chloride
Transported by any mode of transport in accordance with the rules for the transport of dangerous goods in force for this mode of transport.
The solution is transported in rubber-lined steel railway or truck tanks, as well as in special containers with a capacity of up to 1000 dm3.
Ferric chloride should be stored in rubber, titanium or polyethylene containers.
In the cold season, the product is stored in closed warehouses in compliance with the temperature regime.
Guaranteed shelf life - one year from the date of manufacture.
It is not subject to mandatory certification.
Ferric chloride
| Iron(III) chloride | |
 |
|
| General | |
|---|---|
| Systematic name | Iron(III) chloride |
| Chemical formula | FeCl3 |
| Rel. molek. weight | 162 a. eat. |
| Molar mass | 162.2 g/mol |
| Physical properties | |
| Matter density | 2.8 g/cm³ |
| Condition (st. conv.) | solid |
| Thermal properties | |
| Melting temperature | 306°C |
| Boiling temperature | 315°C |
| Chemical properties | |
| Solubility in water | 92 g/100 ml |
| Classification | |
| CAS number | 7705-08-0 |
Iron(III) chloride, ferric chloride FeCl 3 - the average salt of ferric iron and hydrochloric acid.
Physical properties
Shimmering, slightly greenish leaves with a metallic sheen. It is highly hygroscopic, in air it turns into FeCl 3 6H 2 O hydrate - hygroscopic yellow crystals, readily soluble in water (at 20 ° C, 91.9 g of anhydrous salt dissolves in 100 g of water). T pl 309 °C.
Acquisition Methods
- The simplest method for obtaining iron trichloride is the action of chlorine gas on iron filings. In this case, in contrast to the action of hydrochloric acid, a ferric salt is formed:
- Also, trichloride is obtained by oxidizing iron (II) chloride with chlorine:
- There is also a rather interesting method of oxidation with sulfur oxide (IV):
Chemical properties
- When heated at atmospheric pressure to the melting point, the slow decomposition of iron trichloride begins with the formation of dichloride and molecular chlorine:
- Due to the fact that iron trichloride is a strong Lewis acid, it interacts with some other chlorides, while complex salts of tetrachloroiron acid are formed:
- When heated to 350°C with iron(III) oxide, iron oxochloride is formed:
- Ferric salts are weak oxidizing agents, in particular, iron trichloride will well oxidize metallic copper, converting it into soluble chlorides:
Application
- Iron(III) chloride is used for etching printed circuit boards.
- It is used as a mordant when dyeing fabrics.
- On an industrial scale, it is used as a coagulant for water purification.
- Due to its pronounced acidic properties, it is widely used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. For example, for the reaction of electrophilic substitution in aromatic hydrocarbons.
see also
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
- Chloropyramine hydrochloride
- Chloroplasts
See what "ferric chloride" is in other dictionaries:
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