Cultural entertainment activities. Leisure and entertainment activities. Sports and recreation activities

Steel Vitalina Alekseevna Researcher at the Kama State Academy of Engineering and Economics

The spectrum of entertainment of modern man is wide and varied and is a kind of "mirror" of modern culture, fashion and technological progress. With the development of the need for entertainment, a significant sector of the economy was formed, including entertainment-oriented enterprises and generating billions of dollars of turnover. However, despite the importance and scale of the modern entertainment industry, neither in modern statistical practice nor in the scientific research of Russian specialists so far there are any criteria for identifying the sphere of activity engaged in entertainment of people, there is no serious classification of its main types and forms. The purpose of this article is to determine possible ways of classifying entertainment methods and typology of entertainment infrastructure objects.

In a broad sense, entertainment is pleasure caused by a complex of positive emotions, impressions that accompany the process of entertainment or are its result. Sources of entertainment can be various activities of the subject that bring pleasure and form a positive emotional background. To date, many of these areas have become objects of commercialization and have formed the modern entertainment industry. Table 1 presents a classification series of the main types of entertainment, which, with a certain degree of conventionality, can be attributed to one or another group, in accordance with the selected classification criterion.

Table 1. Classification of the main types of entertainment

The first group of entertainment is formed on the basis of the type of source of positive emotions and impressions, which can be various types of vigorous activity (including non-professional sports), informal communication, contemplation of public entertainment events. A peculiar source of pleasure is the physical effect on the body, as well as the chemical effect on the brain pleasure centers.
In accordance with the method of organization, it is possible to single out entertainment that is provided by service enterprises, as well as those that do not require the participation of anyone in the role of organizer - that is, amateur entertainment.
With the development of information technology, a significant part of entertainment has moved from the real sector to the virtual one, forming a group of virtual entertainment methods.
Depending on the number of entertainers, one can single out individual entertainment, group entertainment and mass entertainment, which, as a rule, involve the creation of specialized entertainment infrastructure facilities.
The classifier singles out a special group of entertainment - "legal and prohibited". Today, the social orientation of the entertainment industry is becoming essential. It is well known, for example, that entertainment aimed at satisfying human vices ultimately leads to the degradation of society. Thus, the rejection of punishment for drug use and the transition to the legal sale of drugs turned the Netherlands into a kind of Mecca for drug addicts, into a specific “Dreamland”, with a special “entertainment industry”. In some countries, the category of prohibited entertainment includes the "sex industry", and the corresponding "sex tours".
According to the degree of intensity of activity in the process of entertainment, one can distinguish between active types of entertainment that involve the physical activity of the subject, and passive ones that do not involve it.
Depending on age, there is a group of entertainment for children, for people of middle and older age.

Currently, there are many enterprises engaged in organizing and conducting entertainment events.

The totality of enterprises engaged in entertaining people is classified as a socio-cultural service, along with education, health care, physical education, sports, regardless of the form of ownership, and forms a modern entertainment infrastructure.

Creating systems for classifying entertainment infrastructure objects for different market segments has recently become a popular activity. But many experts believe that it is somewhat premature to talk about the classification of entertainment infrastructure facilities. “This market is developing recently (since the early 1990s) and is largely chaotic. Existing objects are few and scattered.

Attempts to classify entertainment infrastructure objects can be found in various research papers. Thus, the paper presents a classification of entertainment centers according to the type of recreation they are focused on: passive recreation (cinemas, gambling); active recreation (billiards, bowling); sports recreation areas (karting, ice rinks); sports and recreation areas (fitness, swimming pool, tennis, golf). However, such a division is rather arbitrary, since the boundaries between the last three groups are not clear: all sports entertainment can be included in the types of active recreation, and billiards and bowling in some cases can be attributed to sports.

In general, the specifics of the activity of entertainment facilities is determined by their specialization, profile and accessibility for visiting (Table 2). The selected criteria are decisive in matters of management and marketing of these objects.

Table 2. Types of entertainment infrastructure facilities

If we approach the issue of classifying entertainment infrastructure objects from the standpoint of the main specialization, then five relatively stable groups can be distinguished. The first group, in accordance with the presented classification, included facilities that organize film screenings, live performances by pop artists, various shows, sports and other entertainment events. The activity of such objects is focused on aesthetic perception, and is mostly not associated with amateur performances of people who are content with their position as spectators. These can be all kinds of concert halls and venues, cinemas, stadiums, arenas, etc. The second group includes institutions for active non-professional sports and fitness: swimming pools, ice rinks, gyms, sports clubs, etc. The third group is represented by institutions culture: museums, libraries, theaters, exhibition galleries. The fourth group includes enterprises that organize recreation and leisure: cinemas, water parks, clubs, discos, disco bars. The last group is represented by gambling establishments: casinos, slot machine halls, bookmakers.
In accordance with the profile, entertainment centers of the format “family”, “Children's” and “Adults” can be distinguished. The first type of entertainment center is aimed at families who come here to spend their leisure time. Usually in such centers much attention is paid to cafes and restaurants, game attractions and arcades. Almost any type of theme parks, indoor family recreation and leisure centers are suitable for family recreation centers. For the construction of such facilities, rather large areas are selected in places where there is no dense development, and the cost of land is rather low. Of course, the family center must fully justify and fulfill its name. Therefore, operators make sure that all family members can have fun there. In particular, bars are usually arranged for parents and "adult" games are organized - bowling, billiards and so on. The loading of such centers, as a rule, is subject to significant seasonal fluctuations, which affects their profitability in a bad way. Among the first family centers that appeared in Russia, one can note Fantasy Park, Entertainment Planet, Cinema and Domino, Ogo-Gorod (Moscow), Igromax (Kazan), Salen (Anapa).
- The concept of "Children's Center" involves an entertainment complex exclusively for children. Typically, these objects are located in shopping centers and malls. Even when designing, special areas are allocated there, thus trying to accustom children to spend their free time in shopping centers. Children's centers occupy a smaller area, since there is no need to arrange bars, restaurants, bowling alleys, billiards. As a result, renting premises for children's entertainment is much cheaper than for family recreation centers in the same mall. The first children's play centers (game libraries) "Kosmik" appeared in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ufa and Kostroma. In Russia, this concept is being actively developed and implemented by Game Zona, Crazy Park, Star Galaxy, Igromax, Dinoplanet, Play Day trademarks.
- Entertainment centers of an adult format are built taking into account the peculiarities of the psychology of mature people. The essential difference between this concept and those described above is that the arrangement of entertainment centers of this format is more profitable and does not involve serious restrictions. Family centers require land that satisfies a range of requirements and large investments to build a large scale building outside the city. To create children's centers, a shopping complex or a separate room near residential areas is needed. At the same time, none of the first three formats of entertainment centers satisfies the leisure needs of a large category of citizens who spend most of their time in the epicenter of the metropolis. In order to create conditions for communication and recreation for serious and successful citizens, a fundamentally new structure of entertainment centers was needed. This niche was occupied by the concept of entertainment centers for adults, focused on the atmosphere of the city center, offices, corporate parties, business lunches, etc.
It should be noted that this concept in its pure form has not yet been presented in Russia. Partially, it is represented in bowling centers and nightclubs. But it can be fully implemented within the framework of four gambling zones, the opening of which is planned for 2010-12. It seems that operators of gambling establishments who know how to work with an adult clientele, this format is the closest. Among the objects focused on this concept are the Nevada entertainment center (St. Petersburg), the Astoria entertainment center and poker club (Moscow), the Atlantida entertainment center (Omsk), the Batyr cultural and entertainment complex with a casino ( Naberezhnye Chelny).
Over the past few years, there has been an active process of the formation of new forms of realization of free time, the essence of which is in the transition from mass to chamber forms. And this is primarily manifested in a certain elitism of a number of entertainment institutions, their inaccessibility to the general population. It is this factor that mainly determines the growth in the volume of sales of entertainment services for the highly profitable part of the population, which are closed to the mass public. The so-called chamber exclusive needs of the closed club elite are served by vip-halls in casinos, elite clubs and restaurants, specialized closed vip-zones of entertainment centers.
Another distinguishing feature of entertainment facilities is the way they are located. The difference is in functionality. Outdoor entertainment represents the outdoor class. These are all kinds of amusement parks, culture and recreation parks, zoos, playgrounds, dance and stage venues. Outdoor is a seasonal and mostly dependent form of indoor entertainment. These are all kinds of entertainment centers: cinemas, water parks, shopping and entertainment centers.

Another important aspect in describing the objects of the entertainment industry is the size and scope of their operation. The global processes of globalization and consolidation of business have also affected the entertainment industry. The last time has been marked by the emergence of large-scale entertainment projects that combine several areas of entertainment.

The classification of entertainment industry facilities by the range of services offered is presented in Table 3.

Table 3 Classification of objects of the entertainment industry according to the range of services offered

Specialized entertainment infrastructure enterprises are entertainment centers with a pronounced target orientation with little participation of related services. As additional services, there are usually food courts, retailers of goods related to the specialization of the center. It can be stand-alone cinemas, bowling centers, casinos, water parks.
In terms of payback, the most profitable are mixed forms of entertainment facilities. There are two principles of formation of mixed objects of entertainment infrastructure. Firstly, this is a combination of 2-3 areas of entertainment. According to this principle, objects with related areas of entertainment were built - billiards and bowling, cinemas and arcades, rollerdromes and skating rinks. Secondly, this is the use of the entertainment component as an addition to the main specialization of the object. The most typical case is the location of entertainment zones within shopping centers (shopping and entertainment centers). IKEA and McDonald's can be called successful pioneers in the field of "retail + entertainment". The range of entertainment services that can be provided in such a center is quite wide. Among the popular entertainments are billiards, bowling, vending machines with video games and sports simulators, go-karts, a rollerdrome, a shooting range, and children's attractions.
The main difference between a shopping and entertainment center and a specialized one is that a stand-alone entertainment center is an enterprise of a narrow focus. Such entertainment centers can provide services at a very high level due to their specialization. The task of entertainment in a shopping center is to make the visitor spend the maximum time in it. Developers view entertainment as a "bait", thereby seeking to increase profitability and reduce the payback period of the entire facility. Often, an entertainment zone in a shopping center is used as an anti-crisis tool. In addition, some entertainment in shopping centers is provided free of charge. Examples of shopping and entertainment centers are festival centers (Festival Center), cultural and entertainment complexes, shopping and public centers.
Diversified entertainment centers, geographic entertainment zones are represented by large-scale entertainment projects, including objects of various entertainment specializations and a full range of related and support services. As a rule, such centers are objects of tourist interest and have the appropriate infrastructure. For example, the entertainment city of Las Vegas, famous for the world's largest casinos and the most luxurious hotels, unique shows, a variety of restaurants and nightlife, attracts 25 million tourists annually. Theme parks are also independent entertainment facilities with a complex entertainment infrastructure - these are huge complexes that combine the most incredible attractions, hotels, restaurants and shops in one area. Another example of a large-scale entertainment area is Sentosa Island (Singapore). Its entire territory is reserved for an entertainment center, including museums, an aqua park, a fashionable amusement park and attractions for all ages. Creation of diversified entertainment centers is also planned on the territory of Russia within the framework of the project of construction of four gambling and entertainment zones.

In addition to those presented above, there are several other stable parameters for classifying entertainment infrastructure objects. These are parameters such as: type of entertainment services (targeting a specific group of consumers: youth, children, families, etc.); the size of the entertainment center (the number of visitors for which it is designed); pricing policy (for which segment of consumers, depending on the level of income, it is designed), etc.

The completeness of understanding the main types and forms of modern entertainment allows us to talk about instrumental approaches to managing these enterprises.

Orlov, I.B. / I.B. Orlov. Sociocultural service at the present stage // Bulletin of MGUS. Series. Humanitarian sciences. 2007. No. 2 (2). pp. 16-19.

Nikitina Elena. Profitable place: By income and entertainment // Vedomosti. November 22, 2004, No. 214.

Entertainment services market and investment attractiveness of opening an entertainment facility in Moscow. June, 2006.

Extracurricular activities of students combines all types of schoolchildren's activities (except for educational activities and in the classroom), in which it is possible and expedient to solve the problems of their education and socialization.

According to the Federal Basic Curriculum for General Educational Institutions of the Russian Federation, the organization of classes in the areas of extracurricular activities is an integral part of the educational process at school.

Types and directions of extracurricular activities.

The following types of extracurricular activities are available for implementation at the school:

gaming activity;
cognitive activity;
problem-value communication;
leisure and entertainment activities (leisure communication);
artistic creativity;
social creativity (socially transformative volunteering);
labor (production) activity;
sports and recreation activities;
tourist and local history activities;

1. Extracurricular cognitive activity schoolchildren can be organized in the form of electives, cognitive circles, a scientific society of students, intellectual clubs (like "What? Where? When?"), library evenings, didactic theaters, educational excursions, olympiads, quizzes.

At first glance, it may seem that all these forms in themselves make it possible to achieve first level results(acquisition of social knowledge by schoolchildren, understanding of social reality and everyday life).

However, this is not entirely true. This level of results can be achieved only if the object of children's cognitive activity is the actual social world, i.e. knowledge of the life of people and society: its structure and principles of existence, norms of ethics and morality, basic social values of monuments of world and national culture, features interethnic and interfaith relations.

Moreover, not only and not so much fundamental knowledge will be important, but those that a person needs for a full-fledged living of everyday life, successful socialization in society: how to behave with a person in a wheelchair, what can and cannot be done in the temple, how to search and find the necessary information, what rights a person has in a hospital, how to dispose of household waste safely for nature, how to properly pay utility bills. The lack of elementary social knowledge can make the life of a person and his immediate environment very difficult.

Within the framework of extracurricular cognitive activity of schoolchildren, it is also possible to achieve results of the second level (the formation of a positive attitude of children to the basic values of society). To do this, the value component must be introduced into the content of cognitive activity.

In this regard, teachers are recommended to initiate and organize the work of schoolchildren with educational information, inviting them to discuss it, express their opinion, and develop their position in relation to it. This may be information about health and bad habits, moral and immoral deeds of people, heroism and cowardice, war and ecology.

As an example, let's name several potentially controversial topics from different fields of knowledge:

For elementary school

Pollution of nature: can life in a city be like this

as pleasant as in the country or in the village?

Is it difficult to live in our society for a person in a wheelchair?

My appearance: a private matter or respect for other people?

2. Problem-value communication.

problematic- value communication, unlike leisure communication, affects not only the emotional world of the child, but also his perception of life, its values, meaning. Problem-value communication of schoolchildren can be organized in the form of ethical conversations, debates, thematic disputes, problem-value discussions.

For achievement first level results- the acquisition by schoolchildren of social knowledge, understanding of the social reality of everyday life - the optimal form of ethical conversation.

An ethical conversation is not a teacher's lecture on moral issues. This is a detailed personal statement of the initiator of the conversation addressed to the listeners, imbued with genuine emotions and experiences and necessarily aimed at obtaining feedback from the listeners (in the form of questions, answers, remarks).

A well-organized conversation is always a flexible combination of programming and improvisation.

As part of an ethical conversation, the main channel of communication is the Teacher - Children. This form does not imply active communication between schoolchildren (the maximum allowable is the exchange of children with short remarks). And without defending one's opinion in the face of another, especially a peer (he is equal to me, therefore, in case of failure, it is difficult to attribute everything to superiority in age, experience, knowledge), it is not easy to understand whether the child is ready to seriously answer for his words. In other words, whether he appreciates what he claims or not.

You can understand this by participating in debates.

This educational form is able, if used correctly, to achieve second level results- the formation of positive attitudes of the student to the basic values of our society and to social reality in general.

Debates are arranged according to the role principle: the participant can defend before the judges the point of view that he does not share in reality.

The task of transition to practical action initially faces the participants in the problem-value discussion. The discussion is structured in such a way that a person faces a choice: to act or not? It is this educational form that is designed to contribute to the achievement third level results- obtaining by schoolchildren the experience of independent social action.

3.Leisure - entertainment activities

(leisure communication).

It is possible to achieve educational results of the first level in the leisure and entertainment activities of schoolchildren (the acquisition of social knowledge by schoolchildren, a primary understanding of social reality and everyday life) within the framework of such a well-known form as a cultural trip to the theater, museum, concert hall, gallery.

However, the cultural campaign of the cultural campaign is different.

For example, it is common for a school class to visit a museum

goes according to the following scheme:

the distributor of museum tickets comes to the school;

the class teacher at his own discretion chooses

topic and inform students about it;

schoolchildren voluntarily-compulsorily pass

teacher or responsible classmate money for

the class goes to the museum;

discussion, if it occurs, is

spontaneous nature.

Turning a cultural trip to a museum from a formal action into an educational event, the teacher will have to organize it in a fundamentally different way, in particular:

meet with the students with the distributor

museum tickets;

organize the preparation of a welcome message for schoolchildren

visits to the museum;

agree with the museum staff that one of them

meet the guys, introduce them to

museum space;

arrange after viewing the exhibits, a meeting with

museum staff;

invite students who wish to perform creative

works and donate them to the museum.

To achieve educational results of the second level in the leisure and entertainment activities of children (the formation of a positive attitude of the student to the basic values of our society and to social reality as a whole), such forms as a concert, dramatization, a festive "light" are aimed, of course, provided that the organization is organized by the forces themselves schoolchildren.

In order for the leisure and entertainment activities of schoolchildren to begin to ensure the achievement of educational results of the third level (children gaining experience in independent social action), it must be transferred to the public space. In other words, start building the leisure of other people who do not fall into the category of relatives. For example, you can organize a fair in the school area.

The algorithm of the fair includes:

total collection, which may be accompanied by a ruler,

carnival procession;

free movement of participants in space;

free choice of attraction and participation in it;

final collection, with or without auction.

4.Game activity.

In the variety of definitions of the game, we will cite the following as a reference: the game is an action that takes place within certain limits of place, time, meaning in a foreseeable manner and according to voluntarily adopted rules, outside the sphere of material benefit and necessity; accompanied by mood and feelings of uplift and tension of detachment and delight (J. Huizinga)

Firstly, the game expands the scope of pedagogical activity, enriches the professional position of the teacher with the so-called game position.

The game position of the teacher, according to S.D. Polyakov, follows from two main features of the game - duality and role.

Two-dimensionality is the deployment of play behavior in two spaces at once: in real circumstances and in a conditional space, where the owners are not the tasks of real communication activity, but imaginary conditions abstracted from reality.

Participants in gaming communication, gaming activities, to one degree or another, are aware of the role-based nature of their behavior.

Game communication turns out to be a powerful educational tool, because it helps the teacher to perform various maneuvers in the field of business and personal communication.

5. Social creativity (socially transformative volunteering).

Today it is no longer necessary to prove that there is a special type of educational outcomes associated with the socialization of students. However, the task of socialization can be interpreted in different ways. The most fundamental difference has to do with the understanding of socialization. The most fundamental difference is connected with the understanding of socialization either as adaptation to existing social conditions, or as adaptation to existing social conditions, or as providing the possibility of effective transformative activity in a changing society.

The main content of the second understanding of socialization is the transfer of a child, a teenager into the position of an active member of civil society, capable of self-determination on the basis of values, developing their own understanding and goals, developing projects for the transformation of society and its individual institutions, and implementing these projects. In other words, we are talking about the formation of a young subject of social creativity.

Social creativity is the highest form of social activity: the creative process; aimed at transforming and creating qualitatively new forms of social relations and social life.

The social creativity of schoolchildren is the voluntary, feasible participation of children in the improvement, improvement of social relations, the transformation of the situation that is developing in the society around them.

Such activity is always associated with the student's personal initiative, his search for non-standard solutions, the risk of choice, personal responsibility to a group of peers, a teacher, and the public.

6. Artistic creativity.

The relevance and pedagogical expediency of the program of extracurricular activities in the field of artistic creativity of adolescents is due to the need to resolve real

contradictions that have developed in the theory and practice of education in the new socio-cultural conditions, in particular, the limited strategy of "introduction to culture" in the context of the expansion of mass culture.

7. Labor (industrial) activity.

Under the traditional definition of labor as a conscious, energy-consuming, generally recognized expedient activity that requires a person to make efforts and carry out work, educational activities also fall.

However, the principle “good study is real work”, which rightly elevates the teaching, has recently been used unfortunately, and as a cover for the disappearance of other, non-educational forms of labor activity of children from school life. That is why, speaking about the labor activity of schoolchildren, we introduce a clarification - “production”. We are talking about labor in which boys and girls at least produce a product (thing, service, information, etc.), which is significant not only for them, but also for other people.

Achieving educational results of the first level in the work of schoolchildren (acquisition of social knowledge by schoolchildren, a primary understanding of social reality and everyday life) is possible within the framework of such well-known educational forms as circle classes in technical creativity (aeromodelling, ship modeling, etc.), home crafts , folk crafts. It is here that the child’s understanding of the culture of work, the ethics of labor relations, the contribution of labor to the meaningfulness of everyday life is laid, the sense of productive independence, the feeling and awareness of involvement in the world of working adults grows.

For modern junior schoolchildren, it turns out to be surprisingly interesting and useful to engage in technical creativity with Lego constructors.

For achievement in work educational results of the second level(the formation of positive attitudes of a schoolchild to the basic values of our society and to social reality in general) such forms as a collective labor game, a children's production team under the guidance of an adult are aimed. Here, in addition to productivity, a special production communication becomes an educating factor.

The wonderful collective labor games “Mail” and “Factory” are described by I. P. Ivanov in his book “Encyclopedia of Collective Creative Affairs”.

Children's and adult educational production necessarily enters the economic market, begins to produce socially useful products.

And precisely because of this, it is that educational

a form that ensures achievement in labor activity

educational results of the third level- receiving by children

experience of independent social action.

8. Sports and recreation activities.

On the topic of educational opportunities for extracurricular sports and recreational activities, a special educational program has been prepared, which presents educational results and effects, cultural forms and content of activities.

In our school, 2 hours of extracurricular activities are conducted: "The ABC of keeping animals", "Rhetoric".

The ABCs of Animal Care course is designed for 33 hours.

The purpose of the course is to form in children a culture of communication with animals as part of an ecological culture, a humane attitude

to animals, mastering science-based ways of interacting with animals, as well as the need for active personal support for events and actions aimed at caring for animals. Communication with animals contains a unique developmental potential, and the course program makes it possible to use it.

In the classroom, children are happy to talk about their favorite pets, draw, sculpt animal figures.

Also obtain information from additional literature.

We take a lot of information from the periodical magazine "Moy zoomir".

The work program on "Rhetoric" was compiled in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education and the author's program of T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, N.V. Ladyzhenskaya.

The relevance of the choice is determined by the following factors:

Based on diagnostic indicators, students have poor communication skills;

33 hours per year (1 hour per week) are allotted for study. The topics of the classes are formulated according to the author's methodological recommendations.

The goals and objectives of rhetoric as a subject of the philological cycle are to teach speech, develop communication skills, teach younger students to communicate effectively in different situations, solve various communication tasks that life itself sets for students.

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic. In the modern economy of Russia, the existence and development of the entertainment industry has always been given insufficient attention, while in other countries this issue has been given a lot of attention. Therefore, against the background of increasing competition, a fall in the effective demand of the population, and the instability of the external environment characteristic of modern Russia, the conditions for the existence and development of cultural and entertainment complexes, like many other enterprises, are unstable, the frequency of sudden changes increases, and the general unpredictability of the market development of the complex increases. .

In this situation, it is necessary to develop new forms and ways of stimulating innovation activities that contribute to the formation of the development of cultural and entertainment services.

Modern science offers a narrow set of methods that allow assessing the strategic capabilities of a Russian enterprise in the entertainment industry, as well as predicting the impact of possible upcoming events on its activities.

Most of the scientific work in this area is based on technologies developed for large foreign entertainment enterprises, where all information for decision-making is clearly structured, there is enough data for making strategic decisions. The leaders of the majority of Russian cultural and entertainment enterprises are forced to work with unstructured arrays of data on the state of the market, strategic decisions are made in the absence of reliable information about the state of the external environment, the capabilities of their own enterprise are sometimes overestimated, which often leads to sad consequences.

In the context of a growing competitive environment, Russian managers more than ever feel the need for innovative management technologies. The leaders of most cultural and entertainment complexes today make strategic decisions based only on their own experience and common sense.

It is becoming more and more difficult to make decisions that are adequate to the changing conditions of functioning due to growing competition, the emergence of new technologies in the entertainment industry, constantly increasing requirements from regulatory and regulatory authorities, etc. The subject of the study is the totality of the entertainment and recreation industry, based on the formation of effective mechanisms for the development of cultural and entertainment services.

The object of the study is modern types and forms of cultural and entertainment activities.

The purpose of this work is to consider cultural and entertainment complexes in the modern economy, as well as to determine ways to implement innovative projects of cultural and entertainment activities.

Achievement of the set goal was carried out by considering interrelated tasks:

consideration of the main types and forms of cultural and entertainment activities;

study of the theoretical foundations of the organization of cultural and entertainment complexes;

study of modern trends and features of cultural and entertainment activities.

The practical significance of the work lies in the expediency of applying its provisions and conclusions in the management of modern enterprises of cultural and entertainment activities.

Chapter 1. Main types and forms of cultural and entertainment activities

.1 Club establishments

The club remains the most widespread type of cultural institutions, which is a multifunctional combine capable of creating a variety of conditions for development and recreation for a person, having a complex intellectual and emotional impact on him.

Clubs have firmly entered the life of people, especially in the countryside, and have become a necessary part of public life. They act as the most important centers of human communication.

Club institutions - a generalized concept. These include small clubs, and large houses and palaces of culture. There is no fundamental difference between the club, the House and the Palace of Culture. Their difference is in the opportunities they have, in the volume and scale of work.

Despite the fact that the process of decollectivization, privatization, denationalization is underway in the countryside, mainly club institutions have been preserved here. These are the regional House of Culture, the rural House of Culture, the village club.

The District House of Culture, located in the district administrative center, along with conducting a wide range of cultural and leisure activities among the population, is doing a lot of work to provide methodological assistance to all cultural institutions located in the district.

The regional House of Culture has its own independent budget, current and current bank accounts. It has two sources of funding: from the local budget and from earned funds through a special account.

There are also clubs of educational institutions, houses of officers, clubs of military units, houses of actors, writers, architects, teachers, medical workers, etc.

At enterprises in industry, construction, transport, state farms, institutions, educational institutions, trade union clubs, houses and palaces of culture are still predominantly operating. According to their subordination, they are divided into three groups: clubs, houses and palaces of culture, serving employees of one enterprise, institution or educational institution and directly subordinate to the FZMK.

The unity of goals and objectives facing club institutions, regardless of their affiliation, makes them universal institutions in the organization of people's leisure, significantly distinguishes them from other types of cultural institutions.

1.2 Parks of culture and recreation

Parks of culture and recreation were created and are being created for the optimal use of natural conditions in the interests of strengthening the health, cultural development of workers and organizing their leisure time in the open air.

The first parks were conceived as universal combines of culture and recreation for workers, combining cultural and educational and sports and recreational activities.

The very name "parks of culture and recreation" reflects the main idea of this institution. Part of the name "park" means that it is primarily a natural object. The word "culture" indicates the educational, educational nature of the activities of the park, and finally, the word "recreation" indicates that the park provides opportunities for entertainment on attractions for emotional relaxation and fatigue.

Many new things have appeared in the activities of parks of culture and recreation, both in content and in form.

At the present stage in the activities of parks of culture and recreation, the importance of the ecological function, its role in the formation of the ecological consciousness of the population, especially increases. This phenomenon is associated with the already mentioned trend of the well-known separation of city dwellers from nature, the weakening of contacts between modern city dwellers and the natural world.

Another feature of the activities of modern parks of culture and recreation is that there are changes in the content of visitors' recreation, therefore, the importance of the recreational function increases. The recreational function is associated today with the inherent value of recreation in the natural environment, with the fact that in the conditions of nature it is easier for a person to change the familiar environment of the environment, the pace and rhythms of behavior, the norms of his activity in the sphere of production, life, education.

Their activities are based on a paid basis, which makes it possible for independent economic development.

1.3 Libraries

This is a widespread type of cultural institutions that collect books and other printed publications, their special processing, propaganda and organize mass work with readers.

According to the composition of book funds, methods of their processing, storage and use, libraries are divided into two main groups: mass libraries with universal book funds and special libraries with books on certain types of scientific, educational, and industrial activities.

The most common types of state mass libraries are rural, district, city, regional, regional, republican.

Rural libraries, in addition to lending books, organize mobile libraries, lending points for books at production facilities, and home-to-door book shopping.

The regional library is under the jurisdiction of the department of culture. It has a department for issuing books at home (subscription), a reading room with an auxiliary book fund, a mobile fund and a children's department (in the absence of an independent children's library). Along with serving literature to the population, local institutions and organizations, conducting extensive mass work, the district library helps the culture department in managing library institutions, coordinating their activities, drawing up unified interdepartmental plans for library services for the population in order to bring books to each family. It organizes reference, bibliographic and consulting work, classes for employees and public activists of the district libraries.

The regional (territorial) library is a repository of printed works, a scientific, methodological and bibliographic center. Its typical structure is made up of departments: services (with sectors of the subscription, reading rooms, interlibrary loan), scientific-methodical and bibliographic departments, funds and catalogs (with sectors of acquisition and book storage), special storage, administrative and economic departments.

The most important task of the regional (regional) library is the development of theoretical and methodological issues of library science and bibliography, the implementation of scientific and methodological management of all public libraries and control over their work.

Self-supporting libraries, which have been widely developed in recent years, constitute a new type. They are created in places where there are no public libraries nearby. Such libraries are opened in the presence of a small number of books. The opening of a paid library is formalized by the relevant documents.

Special libraries include: libraries of branch academies, republican academies, libraries of scientific institutions, research institutes, theatrical, museum, musical and musical, military technical, educational institutions, scientific and technical (technical), libraries of industrial enterprises. They are completed with special literature according to the profile of the enterprise, institution.

1.4 Museums

Museums occupy an important place in the cultural life of societies. Museums are not limited to collecting and exhibiting material and spiritual values. They also do a lot of cultural and educational work. They organize lectures, conduct excursions, arrange exhibitions, distribute specialized literature not only within their own walls, but also at enterprises. Many museums are engaged in research work.

All museums are divided into several types depending on their profile: historical, local history, material, natural science, art history, branch and others.

Museums are the subject of national pride of our people. The exhibits collected in them are sometimes world famous.

So far, folk museums are in a difficult situation. The exhibits collected in them tell about the glorious history of enterprises, the labor and military glory of production teams, many generations of wonderful workers. Popular art galleries are also very popular.

We should also mention the existing planetariums, which are scientific and educational institutions that do a lot of work to spread the foundations of astronomy, physics, and geography.

1.5 Cinemas

The most popular type of cultural institution is the cinema. Cinema - an institution designed to show movies to the public. Cinemas are stationary and mobile. The main room - the auditorium, is equipped with film projection equipment, a reflective sound-transparent screen, a loudspeaker. The set of technical means used in the cinema distinguishes them from each other. Cinemas are distinguished by the size of the screen: widescreen and regular format.

Cinemas have a portable projection system primarily for displaying narrow-film (16 mm) films.

Cinemas carry out a wide range of cultural and leisure activities: meetings with deputies, concerts of professional and amateur groups, lectures, conversations, etc. are organized before the start of the movie.

Recently, film and video centers and cinema salons have been organized on the basis of cinemas. The ticket price at the video centers includes a set of soft drinks, ice cream and sweets.

1.6 Leisure centers

The term "leisure center" is understood ambiguously. Official documents do not give a sufficiently complete picture of the leisure center. The order of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation refers to slot machine halls and entertainment complexes on an electronic basis, which are supposed to be located in parks of culture and recreation, and other places of mass recreation. Such halls should become an organic element of the cultural environment serving the population, fit into its structure.

The leisure center at the present stage is presented as a qualitatively new level in the development of the socio-cultural activities of the population, while remaining close to such a type of institution as a club.

The main task of leisure centers is to create optimal conditions for the mass, group, family and individual development of creative abilities, communication, recreation, entertainment, restoration of spiritual and physical strength based on the study of cultural needs and interests of various categories of the population.

Leisure centers are faced with the task of providing the population with paid cultural and recreational services, which are in the greatest demand, as widely as possible. It is assumed that these types of cultural institutions will be able to concentrate in one building a full range of services, including the organization of mass active recreation, entertainment, contributing to the restoration of physical and spiritual strength of a person.

Theoretical education and practical activities in the creation of leisure centers are a reflection of the modern concept of leisure, the principles of organization of which are increasingly focused on meeting the diverse needs of various segments of the population on a paid basis. Unlike other cultural institutions that perform narrower tasks of organizing leisure, the centers are intended for multidisciplinary services to the population.

Leisure organizers constantly use in their work a variety of ways to influence the content and form of entertainment by restructuring the human environment. Psychologically, these methods are based on a simple and certainly true premise: a person's behavior at leisure is very often determined by the nature of the material objects around us.

Leisure centers began to provide the population with high-quality paid services, including cultural and recreational services, which are in greatest demand and popular among various segments of the population.

According to the temporary situation, leisure centers perform the following functions: entertainment, stimulation of creative activity, leisure communication, training in leisure skills, sports and recreation, information and methodological and others.

To perform these functions, the leisure center must be located in a building or complex of buildings and structures equipped with the necessary equipment.

The organization of leisure centers is based on three principles: collective self-government, full self-sufficiency and individual membership. The population participates in the creation of a leisure center, and then takes part in its work on the basis of broad autonomy and individual membership.

Now there is an intensive search for the creation of architectural projects for leisure centers. The leisure center operates on the basis of a charter approved by a higher authority, and management is carried out by the director on the basis of unity of command. The director is appointed and dismissed by a higher body, he organizes all the work of the center and is responsible for its activities. The duties of the artistic director, chief engineer, chief artist, chief mechanic are established by the director. The Artistic and Technical Council acts as an advisory body.

1.7 Cultural complexes

Searches for improving the organization of the activities of cultural institutions led to the idea of creating cultural complexes, providing for the intensification of the activities of the system of cultural services for the population. In the countryside, this is facilitated by the consolidation of cultural institutions, bringing them together within a given region into a complex. For the countryside, this is especially important, because taken separately, in isolation from each other, the cultural institutions operating there, in terms of their capabilities, look very limited so far. But united in a certain system built on the basis of constant and comprehensive interaction, they can acquire a new quality and considerable opportunities for improving their work.

Cultural complexes are created on the principles of voluntary merging of cultural institutions, regardless of their departmental affiliation, within one or more farms and pooling the material resources of local authorities, their own income and appropriations of farms from the fund for socio-cultural needs and sponsorship. With such an organization of affairs, coordination of the management of cultural institutions, a significant strengthening of the material base of cultural services for the population is achieved and the qualitative and quantitative indicators of all cultural and leisure activities are noticeably increased.

With all the variety of socio-economic conditions and the state of the network, cultural bodies invariably recorded that in all cases when peripheral cultural institutions were united, there was a significant improvement in public services both in the centers of the economy and at production sites, the quantitative and qualitative indicators of cultural and leisure activities increased. activities, the material base was strengthened, the prestige of personnel was raised, and social assets were expanded.

1.8 Cultural and sports complexes

The formation of a harmonious personality largely depends on the interaction of all social institutions involved in this process: families, schools, labor collectives, public organizations, the media, cultural institutions, sports, recreation, creative unions.

Such interaction can be carried out only with the skillful integration of all state and public organizations involved in cultural and leisure activities.

Improving management in the field of leisure should go, as we see it, along the line of improving the organizational structure of cultural institutions, the mechanism of economic incentives.

The creation of cultural and sports complexes had several parallel developing and operating directions: culture, which included a network of theaters, concert halls, cinemas, parks, clubs, museums, etc.; physical culture and sports - a network of stadiums, gyms, football fields, sports grounds, swimming pools, etc.; recreation - a network of recreation and tourism institutions, playgrounds, children's clubs and circles at the place of residence, various voluntary societies such as hunters and fishermen, book lovers, etc.

Each direction is implemented according to its inherent types of cultural services for the population.

The creation of a cultural and sports complex is a new approach to cultural services for the population, which allows, on the one hand, to ensure the unity of the structures of its cultural and sports institutions, and on the other hand, the integration of all types of leisure management.

Consumer services enterprises organize various circles on the basis of KSK: needlework, cooking, modeling and tailoring, repair of household appliances, etc., expand the forms of joint work with cultural institutions in servicing small settlements, field camps, remote areas and farms, together with the employees of CSCs, the demand of the population for various types of goods and services and have a feasible influence on the formation of reasonable needs.

The purposeful activity of cultural institutions, sports and other organizations organized in this way, united in a cultural and sports complex, makes it possible to avoid one-sided enthusiasm for individual cultural and leisure programs, to ensure the interconnected development of all areas of leisure activities for the implementation of an integrated, systematic approach to the process of leisure organization.

The optimal combination of sectoral and territorial principles can be achieved when the institutions included in the KSK report to a single director and report to their parent organizations for all substantive, financial and economic activities, when the KSK has the status of a legal entity.

1.9 Youth leisure centers and cafes

The modern organization of the rational use of leisure has led to the creation of youth leisure centers and cafes.

The emergence of new types of cultural institutions is inextricably linked with new real methods of management, new forms of labor organization, such as brigade and family contracts, individual labor and cooperative activities. This is how youth leisure centers and cafes appeared, which conduct a wide range of cultural and leisure activities in specific conditions.

Youth leisure centers operate on the principle of leisure centers.

The mechanism for the formation of funds of the youth leisure center spent on the remuneration of its employees is identical to the formation of a single wage fund for enterprises, associations and organizations transferred to full self-financing and self-financing.

The income of the youth leisure center is generated from the proceeds from the sale of products, works, services at current prices, calculated in accordance with the methodological recommendations for calculating prices for paid services and other relevant prices. The income of the youth leisure center is a source of production and social development, wages, it is at the disposal of the center and is used by it independently.

It should be noted that there are several options for income distribution standards that take into account almost all aspects of the financial and economic activities of youth income centers.

The lack of own working capital can be compensated by self-supporting income, and their replenishment is carried out at the expense of own resources.

Now in the Russian Federation the legal framework for the activities of enterprises and institutions is changing. The Youth Leisure Center has the right to sell, transfer, exchange technical means, equipment, various material assets, tools, write them off the balance if they are morally obsolete, rent or use for mutually beneficial exchange, as well as transfer for free use facilities, equipment, rooms, workshops, etc.

Income from the sale of property is directed to the development fund, and losses that may occur during the transfer, sale or write-off of property are covered by appropriate deductions from the funds of the youth leisure center.

Cultural and leisure activities can be carried out in the youth cafe.

The administration of the youth cafe provides the most favorable conditions for the organization of youth recreation. First of all, we are talking about equipping cafes with comfortable furniture, necessary equipment, decorating interiors, providing cultural equipment, sound and video equipment, and other means of cultural and educational work.

All cultural and leisure activities in the youth cafe are carried out on the principle of self-sufficiency.

The cost estimate for conducting cultural and leisure programs in a youth cafe is considered and approved in accordance with the Regulations on an amateur association, an interest club.

Chapter 2. Modern direction of cultural and entertainment activities

.1 Features of the formation and development problems of the entertainment industry

Entertainment is one of the most important areas of a person's daily life, which, along with education, can significantly influence the state of society. The need for entertainment appears immediately after the satisfaction of primary needs. Satisfaction with the quality and accessibility of entertainment is for a person an indicator of his social position, and for society - an indicator of the development of the country's economy as a whole and its social sphere. The practice of creating special conditions for organizing entertainment processes led to the emergence of a fairly powerful industry, which in its modern form took shape by the end of the 20th century.

The beginning of the third millennium is characterized by the intensive development of the world entertainment industry market. The business based on the organization and holding of entertainment brings huge profits and accumulates billions of dollars. Income of the world entertainment industry in 2007, the experts of the analytical company PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) estimated at 1.3 trillion. dollars In 2010, according to their forecast, consumers will spend on entertainment for 1.8 trillion. Doll. (annual increase of 7.3%).

The tendentious nature of the development processes of the world entertainment market is also inherent in the domestic entertainment sector. However, the development of the entertainment market in Russia is associated with certain problems, both economic and social. This work is aimed at identifying the main development trends and problems of the formation of the domestic entertainment industry.

Entertainment is a relatively new area of cultural activity for Russia. In the Soviet period of history, leisure activities were a component of the cultural and educational activities. Club and park activities were the main form. The rise of the Russian economy, which began in the late 1990s, led to an increase in incomes and the emergence of free funds among the population and, as a result, to an increase in the need for a kind of entertainment. As a result, a new industry emerged and began to develop intensively - the entertainment industry.

To date, the main segments of the domestic entertainment industry have been formed and the market is gaining momentum. According to the ninth annual PricewaterhouseCoopers Global Entertainment and Media Outlook, the Russian entertainment industry market is considered the most dynamic among the regions of Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa. In 2007, the entertainment and media market, as in previous years, showed the highest growth rates in Europe - 12.2%. At the same time, the projected average annual growth rate for 2008-2012 is 11.4%.

Experts from IC FINAM estimated the Russian entertainment market in 2007 at $20 billion. In 2012, this figure could reach $45.2 billion.

According to available estimates, there are almost 37 million potential consumers of entertainment products in Russia. Although not much money is spent on leisure in Russia, the growth in spending by the population on attending entertainment events is comparable to the costs of Russians on some consumer goods.

However, the potential for consumption of entertainment services is far from exhausted. For many Russians, entertainment continues to be a "luxury". So, for example, in Western countries, a visit to an entertainment complex with a standard set of services or a cinema costs from $100, which a representative of the middle class and above can afford. In Russia, where the so-called middle class is only a small upper stratum of society, concentrated in large metropolitan areas, and the subsistence minimum for the whole country in the II quarter of 2008 amounted to 4005 rubles, not everyone can afford to visit modern entertainment complexes.

The obvious imbalance in the development of the entertainment sector is also confirmed by relevant statistics. According to the Institute for Comprehensive Social Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, only 50.9% of Russians use the services of the modern entertainment industry. Of these, 7.9% visit gambling establishments and spend 0.5% of all their expenses there; 9.7% - prefer home leisure; 39.4% devote their free time to various hobbies or meetings with friends. And as many as 32.3% consider their opportunities for a good rest to be insufficient.

However, the Russian entertainment market remains one of the fastest growing markets in the world. Even now, the volume of investments in the entertainment industry is progressing even more confidently than in the sphere of trade, which was the leader in terms of growth until recently. So, for example, in Moscow, the share of investments in this industry is already 7% of all investments in the city per year. For comparison: the share of investments in the banking sector is 9%, in industry - 8%.

The high dynamics of market growth is associated, on the one hand, with the rapid development of large shopping centers, and on the other hand, with the needs of the population in a civilized modern leisure. According to experts' forecasts, the entertainment market will grow most rapidly in the regions.

The entertainment industry is a multidisciplinary phenomenon and covers many areas of activity - the partial presence of the entertainment component is observed in many areas, which makes it difficult to single out the subject area of research into a clear group. Thus, when analyzing the US entertainment industry, researchers do not draw boundaries between enterprises engaged in the direct entertainment of people and the media market due to the deep integration of these areas.

Among the largest and most clearly defined segments of the domestic entertainment industry, the following can be distinguished:

Film segment. Key market players: KARO-Film, Kinomax, Formula Kino, Cinema-Park, Kronverk Cinema.

A segment of gaming entertainment based on the use of slot machines and simulators. Main enterprises: Star Galaxy, Game Zone, Crazy Park, Igromax.

Gambling business: Ritzio Entertainment Group, Jackpot, Storm International, Rio.

Bowling: "Planet Bowling", "Cosmic", "Bowling City".

Theme parks: Divo-Ostrov, Atriland, Admiral Vrungel park.

Entertainment on the Internet.

Video games. Almost half of the market is occupied by four Russian manufacturers - Nival Online, IT Territory, TimeZero and Nikita Online, which in 2007 announced their merger into the Astrum Online Entertainment holding.

According to PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), the Internet will remain the fastest growing segment of the Russian entertainment industry over the next 5 years (until 2011), adding an average of 20% annually. The gambling and sound recording segments will fall by an average of 22.2% and 7.7% per year, respectively. However, in general, there are positive trends in the entertainment market.

2.2 New forms of entertainment

cafe library entertainment industry

On the market of Russian enterprises engaged in the direct entertainment of people, there are both establishments with a very wide range of services for different groups of visitors, as well as highly specialized centers offering a single service or a small number of services aimed at a specific audience, these are specialized entertainment centers, multifunctional entertainment complexes, as well as entertainment venues in shopping centers. The market for entertainment industry participants is clearly segmented: there are companies that occupy significant shares in their segments, but there is no player who would occupy more than 1% of the market as a whole.

There are practically no network operators in the entertainment market, including foreign ones, except, perhaps, the gambling business and the Star Galaxy entertainment complex network as part of shopping and entertainment centers (for example, Crocus City, Tvoi Dom, XL).

Among the significant global trends that have transformed the domestic entertainment industry, the following can be distinguished: Globalization and consolidation of objects of the entertainment industry. Globalization trends have led to the fact that at present the entertainment industry is represented not just by individual establishments for several types of entertainment, but by entire mega-complexes providing a wide range of various recreation and entertainment services - from all kinds of shows, fashion shows, exhibitions, movies, sports to a variety of sports and recreational activities. Integration of entertainment and other activities. The domestic entertainment market continues to grow not only through the development of new purely entertainment forms, but also through the penetration of the entertainment component into other areas of activity that were not previously related to entertainment. Among these "symbiotic" areas, the following can be distinguished:

Integration of entertainment and trade, characterized by the widespread opening of shopping and entertainment centers and malls. Entertainment here plays an auxiliary function and aims to make shopping as pleasant and impressive as possible. According to experts, with the opening of the entertainment zone, the attendance of the entire shopping center increases by at least 20%. Therefore, the profitability of a professionally planned shopping and entertainment center is 30-35% higher than that of a conventional one. 2. Combining entertainment and learning, or rather, learning through entertainment. This direction is considered one of the most profitable. Such a union indicates that people prefer not only to have fun, but also to receive new cognitive information.

Combination of sports and entertainment. In the past few years, a wide variety of sports have been used as entertainment. This trend is especially evident in shopping and entertainment centers.

Combining the health and beauty industry with entertainment. In recent years, some destinations that were previously used exclusively for recreational purposes began to position themselves as entertainment.

This “repositioning” was experienced by massage services, saunas and baths. In addition, if we consider some areas of the modern health and beauty industry (spas, beauty parlors, solariums), then their perception, especially among the high-income segment, is more of an entertainment nature. Virtualization of the entertainment industry. The advent of digital media marks a new era in the entertainment industry. The rapid development of high-speed connectivity technologies and the increase in PC performance have acted as a kind of signal for service providers to create new opportunities for entertainment. This includes a new generation of entertainment desktop and mobile computers with built-in high-quality audio and video capabilities that provide users with a new entertainment experience that has never been possible before.

It can be argued that the domestic entertainment market is practically formed. However, almost all segments have not yet reached the peak of their development, or are mastering niches that have not yet been occupied. Approximate comparisons of the network of entertainment enterprises in Russia, European countries and the United States show that even in terms of quantitative indicators, Russia lags behind quite significantly - entertainment centers, motels, campsites, hotels, museum rental centers, parks, etc. in Russia ten times less. At the initial stage, there are such recreational and entertainment facilities as health clubs, golf clubs, theme parks, automatic cinemas and cinemas for motorists, club-type cafes, trailer parks. The number of water parks, swimming pools, courts and skiing centers is many times less. The market of services for high-grade family leisure is poorly developed. Today, other, simplified forms of entertainment centers are offered for family holidays. In addition, in terms of turnover, the Russian entertainment market corresponds to the level of a small European country. However, the entertainment industry is beginning to gain momentum due to the growth in the purchasing power of the population and the experience gained by managers in managing entertainment infrastructure facilities.

Conclusion

Satisfaction with the quality and accessibility of entertainment is for a person an indicator of his social position, and for society - an indicator of the development of the country's economy as a whole and its social sphere. The tendentious nature of the development processes of the world entertainment market is also inherent in the domestic entertainment sector. However, the development of the entertainment market in Russia is associated with certain problems, both economic and social.

Globalization trends have led to the fact that at present cultural and entertainment activities are represented not just by individual establishments for several types of entertainment, but by entire mega-complexes providing a wide range of various recreation and entertainment services - from all kinds of shows, fashion shows, exhibitions, watching movies, sports competitions to a variety of sports and recreational activities.

In general, it can be argued that the domestic entertainment market is practically formed. However, almost all segments have not yet reached the peak of their development, or are mastering niches that have not yet been occupied. Approximate comparisons of the network of cultural and entertainment complexes in Russia, European countries and the United States show that even in terms of quantitative indicators, the backlog of Russia is very significant.

Bibliography

1. Belykh A. Cinema, wine and dominoes // Business magazine. - 2007. - No. 3.

Zharkova L.S. Activities of cultural institutions: Textbook. - 3rd ed. correct and additional - M.: MGUKI, 2003.

Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. Fundamentals of socio-cultural activities. Uch. allowance. Lecture course. - M., 2005.

Mambekov E.B. "Organization of leisure" Dis. Ph.D. - St. Petersburg: SPbTIK, 2001.

Milashevskaya E.K., Pryanishnikov M.E., Savchenko M.R. Clubs / Under the total. ed. M.R. Savchenko.- M.: Stroyizdat, 2000.

Nabuhotny A. Retailtainment - the key to the success of the shopping center. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Associations of cultural and educational and cultural and creative orientation: Reference book - M. -Culture, 2001.

Scenarios and forecasts. The Internet is the leader of the world entertainment industry [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:://www.finam.ru/analysis/forecasts0082E/default.asp.

Yaroshenko N.N. Socio-cultural activity: methodology, theory. - M., 2006.

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The dynamic nature and free type of behavior of visitors to the cultural institution. A cultural and entertainment program requires a high level of audience involvement and democratic communication, which contributes to the creation of a relaxed atmosphere.

Cultural and entertainment activities are able to satisfy the various spiritual needs of visitors to cultural institutions on the basis of enjoyment. Therefore, it allows you to relieve psychological stress, overload, overwork.

Private methods of cultural and leisure activities include the methods of mass, group forms and individual impact.

Methodology for preparing and conducting mass forms In each mass form of cultural and leisure activities, there are four main components of the methodology: content; composition, a set of means of artistic influence, the audience and its location in space. Among the mass forms, the most popular are holidays, spectacles, performances, rituals, theme evenings, fairs, show programs, etc.

To group forms cultural and leisure programs include amateur associations, interest clubs, teams of artistic and technical creativity. In addition, this also includes the activities of a cultural institution, which are of a chamber nature: a club lounge, a music salon, a literary salon, business games, auctions, etc., which creates its own special trusting and comfortable environment for interpersonal communication. Consequently, the methodology for preparing group forms of cultural and leisure activities is characterized primarily by the special ease of the atmosphere of communication with each other, and this is the key to the effectiveness of the cultural and leisure program.

Methodology of individual influence in cultural institutions involves a conscious and purposeful impact on each individual in order to reveal his inner world, identify his spiritual needs and interests. Hence, when influencing the consciousness of the individual, it is necessary to take into account social and national characteristics, psychological and emotional traits, age and demographic data, educational and professional qualities of the individual. personality types. The initial stage of this work is to get to know a person more deeply and, without hurting his human dignity, taking into account personal characteristics, to exert an indirect influence on him.

The professional skills of a specialist - manager - supplier of cultural and leisure programs are determined by the level mastering it generic methods, born by the nature of the club, the park of culture and recreation, the House or the Palace of Culture. In order to create a cultural and leisure program, it is not enough just to be well versed in the laws of its dramatic structure. It is necessary to understand, to know exactly the potential possibilities of the methods of illustration, theatricalization and play. With the help of these methods and various expressive means, a program is created.

illustration method

The essence of the method of illustration is a special organization of the content of information material by displaying it in any form. Speaking about the illustration method, it should be borne in mind that, due to the synthesis of various emotionally expressive means, it supplements the information, making it visible. In all cases, within the framework of a homogeneous information-developing material, its illustration (display) by means of art creates an art form that has a great power of emotional impact. At the same time, illustration not only introduces an element of artistry into the content of the cultural and leisure program, but reveals, develops, deepens, and concretizes the topic. The same theme can be illustrated in different ways, taking into account a variety of artistic means of expression.

The director-producer gives preference to the method of illustration depending on the type of program, its form, and the nature of the audience.

By its nature, the illustration method corresponds to the type of information and educational programs, and in artistic, journalistic and cultural entertainment programs, it can be used as an additional method. In practice, two types of illustration have developed: artistic and visual. For example, in a lecture, which is both a method of disseminating knowledge and a form of cultural and leisure activity, the method of illustration is used in the form of book exhibitions, photo stands or expositions of reproductions, art reading, music, showing fragments from popular science and documentary films.

The introduction of an element of artistry into the information and educational program using the method of illustration allows you to create such a stage composition in which documents, documentary frames, photographs in combination with artistic images - poetic, choreographic, musical - achieve an emotional effect of great power.

Theatrical method

The method of theatricalization in modern leisure programs consists in combining sounds, colors, melody in space and time, revealing the image in different variations, asking them through a single “through action”, which combines and subjugates all the components used according to the laws of the scenario.

The method of theatricalization is an artistic and pedagogical method, which, on the one hand, is a way of uniting the dramatic processing of material according to the laws of the theater, where there is an action plot, its development, climax and denouement, and on the other hand, an artistically designed action of a group, collective or masses of participants, which is a stimulus for the gaming action of the mass of participants.

Consequently, the theatricalization method appears not as one of the methods in cultural and leisure programs, used in all its variants, but as a complex creative method that is closest to the theater and has a deep socio-psychological justification.

The theatrical method, due to the duality of its function, contributes to the transformation of a cultural and leisure program into a bifunctional form, in which “the first and main function (that is, the force that calls them to life) is a didactic, pedagogical, informational, propagandistic, agitational function.

The method of theatricalization is the most organic for the artistic and journalistic type of programs, since it is intended, first of all, to create a spectacularly active situation in which everyone present will no longer be just a passive contemplator, but actively responding to the audience. In such a situation, a person, together with other people, is imbued with a common mood, he is carried away by a single impulse, collective aspiration and action.

Game Method

The next generic method of cultural and leisure activities is the game. The game also has its own theory, it is both a method and a form. It is generally accepted that the initial, defining in the game is that the participant in the game creates an imaginary situation for himself instead of a real one and acts in it, performing a certain role, in accordance with his own knowledge, skills and abilities, which he gives to surrounding objects.

The transition of action into an imaginary situation is especially characteristic of the development of play in specific cultural and leisure activities. The game is considered here as a product of development, moreover, ahead of the needs of practical life, as an action from within the maturing functions, giving birth to functions that are born in relationships with the outside world.

The method of playing in the cultural and leisure program most successfully combines information-logical and information-figurative principles, synthesizing education, pedagogy, art and creativity, which have an extraordinary power of influencing a person’s thoughts and feelings.

Management of a structural subdivision of an institution of the socio-cultural sphere .

Structural subdivision
A structural unit is an officially allocated management body for a certain area of the organization's activities (production, service, etc.) with independent tasks, functions and responsibility for their implementation. A subdivision can be either isolated (branch, representative office) or not possessing the full characteristics of an organization (internal).
The justification for the creation of one or another independent structural unit, as a rule, is linked to the traditions of the organization (recognized or informal), methods and goals of management. Indirectly, the choice of the type of unit is affected by the number of personnel.
A service is most often a group of functionally united structural units that have related goals, tasks and functions. At the same time, the management or leadership of this group is carried out centrally by one official. It is headed by a Deputy Director. The service can also be created as a separate structural unit, formed on a functional basis and designed to ensure the activities of all structural units of the organization within the framework of the implementation of one direction.
Departments are understood as functional structural units responsible for a specific area of the organization's activities or for the organizational and technical support for the implementation of one or more areas of the organization's activities.
The specific name of the subdivision indicates the main activity of the selected structural unit.

There are several approaches to establishing unit names. First of all, these are the names, which in their composition contain an indication of the type of unit and its main functional specialization. The name may be derived from the titles of the positions of the chief specialists who head these divisions or supervise the activities of these divisions, for example, "chief engineer service", "chief mechanic department".
The development of provisions is carried out by the heads of the relevant structural units. Responsibility for the existence of provisions on the structural divisions of the enterprise rests with its head.

The development of regulations on the relevant structural divisions should be carried out on the basis of standard industry regulations, taking into account the specific features of organization, labor and management. The provisions should also take into account the requirements of guiding and regulatory documents, existing standard projects for the organization of labor in departments, etc.
Requirementsto the composition and content of the Regulations on structural divisions

The regulation on the structural unit may consist of the following sections:

1. General Provisions

This section should state:

Full name of the structural unit;

The place of the unit in the enterprise management system, its subordination;

The purpose of the unit; a typical or individual project of labor organization, which guides the unit in its activities (if any);

Service area, list of assigned equipment and devices (for operational and maintenance units);

List of guiding, regulatory, technical, planning and other documents that guide the unit.
2. Main tasks

The main tasks of the unit are established based on the purpose and directions of its activities.
3. Functions

In this section, the functions of the unit necessary for the implementation of the tasks assigned to it should be clearly formulated. At the same time, functions should be carefully delineated between different departments in order to avoid duplication of work, and also to prevent the non-inclusion of any functions in the regulations on departments.

When listing functions, it should be indicated which issues the unit decides on its own, and in which issues it only takes part.
4. Rights

This section defines the terms of reference and rights of the subdivision necessary for the implementation of the tasks assigned to it (without repeating the functions of the subdivision).

The rights of the unit are used by its head, as well as other officials in accordance with the established distribution of responsibilities. These are, in particular, such rights as the right to make decisions and give instructions on issues within the competence of the unit, sign or endorse documents, the right to receive the necessary information, carry out verification and control, etc.
5. Management organization

The section indicates who heads this unit, the procedure for appointing and dismissing its head, qualification requirements for him in accordance with the Qualification Directory of Employee Positions.

It should also indicate the internal structure of the unit, the number and specialization of deputy heads, their subordinate structural parts, and their interaction. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the specialization of the structural parts corresponds with the main tasks and functions of the unit.
6. Relationships

This section should regulate the relationship and information communications of the unit in the process of exercising its functions. Here, the procedure and terms for obtaining and issuing documents and information should be determined, the structural units (officials) from which information is received or to whom it is transmitted should be indicated. When compiling this section, it is necessary to take into account the existing provisions on related subdivisions in order to ensure the identity of the procedure and terms for the exchange of documents and information in them.

The same section defines the procedure for resolving disagreements that arise in the process of the relationship of the unit with other units and officials.
7. Responsibility

This section establishes the responsibility of the manager and staff for the timely and high-quality performance of all functions assigned to the unit, the rational organization of work and lists specific violations and deviations from the performance of duties and the use of rights for which the manager is responsible in a disciplinary or other manner.

Differentiated cultural services for the population in accordance with age categories
Differentiated Technologies are methods aimed at working with certain categories and different age groups of the population.

To the number differentiated technologies can be attributed:

1) methodology for organizing leisure activities for children and adolescents;

2) methodology of youth leisure;

3) methods of family leisure;

4) methodology for organizing leisure activities for middle-aged and elderly people

5) methodology for organizing SKD with women;

6) methodology of work with migrants, refugees

7) SKD with military personnel, socially unprotected categories of the population, etc.

Therefore, preliminary preparation and study of their leisure interests and expectations in the socio-cultural sphere is assumed before talking about serious work with each of the above categories.

In differentiated technologies, the main attention is paid to taking into account age characteristics, the psychology of this age category, the specifics of their interests and hobbies.

The type of activity, profession of a person, gender, nationality, religion, political beliefs are also taken into account.

Considering the fact that there is a differentiation of the population in terms of standard of living, social status, level of education, it can be assumed that the process of formation of new types of cultural institutions will gain momentum and accelerate the formation of new approaches to the improvement of this type of technology.

In this regard, we will consider the main groups of socio-cultural technologies and give a brief description of modern technologies that are created and actively implemented on the basis of educational institutions and socio-cultural institutions

We can talk about teaching and educational technologies that exist both in the field of education and in the field of cultural and leisure activities.

The principle of the child's activity in the process of learning and organizing free time has been and remains one of the most basic. Therefore, there are quite a few pedagogical technologies based on the activation and intensification of the activities of children, adolescents and youth.

Human age is not only a biological, but also a social concept.. Each time period poses its own specific social tasks for the individual and opens or closes certain social opportunities. .

Since there is always social interaction between people, each group of individuals that make up one generation has an inherent view of society from a relatively uniform angle of view. Consequently, they also have a fairly homogeneous value perception of social reality. In this regard, the age of a person is the most important criterion for differentiating the technologies of sociocultural activity. .

Despite the fact that age seems to be an objective characteristic, ideas about the age periods of a person's life change in the course of evolution. What was considered old age a hundred years ago is now perceived as old or even middle age.

Another important characteristic of age are the mental properties of the individual.

In this regard, it can be said that middle-aged people (30-49 years old) are the most representative age group of the population who have reached the peak of social and biological maturity, labor and social activity.

To present the most complete picture of middle-aged people, we first consider a quantitative characteristic and, for this purpose, turn to the data of the Federal State Statistics Service. So, on January 1, 2014, the population of Russia was 14,366,931 ml. people, of which middle-aged people (30-49 years old) - 41211817 ml. people, which is 29% of the total population. In this regard, it can be argued that middle-aged people are the most representative part of the population. This is followed by people of mature age, youth, children, the elderly, adolescents and centenarians.

Table 1.

by age cohort.

	Age intervals (number of years)	Number (million people)	% of total	Rank
1	The entire population of Russia	143657134
2	Children (0-9 years old)	8899149	11,5	4
3	Teenagers (10-14 years old)	6822546	4,7	6
4	Youth (15-29 years old)	6955412	20,3	3
5	Middle-aged people (30-49 years old)	11660628	29	1
6	Mature people (50-64 years old)	11184223	21,5	2
7	Elderly people (65-79 years old)	5268775	10	5
8	Long-livers (80 years and older)	2560557	3	7

(leisure communication)

Achieve in the leisure and entertainment activities of schoolchildren educational results of the first level (the acquisition of social knowledge by schoolchildren, the primary understanding of social reality and everyday life) is possible within the framework of such a well-known form as cult trip theater, museum, concert hall, gallery.

However, the cultural campaign of the cultural campaign is different. For example, a visit to the theater by a school class usually unfolds as follows:

The theater ticket distributor comes to school;

The class teacher, at his own discretion, chooses a performance and informs the students about it;

Schoolchildren voluntarily-compulsorily hand over money for tickets to a teacher or a responsible classmate;

The class goes to a performance (most often such a trip is just an opportunity for the guys to “hang out” outside the walls of the house and school; only by chance can it become a personally significant cultural event for someone);

The discussion of the performance, if it occurs, is spontaneous.

Turning a cultural trip to the theater from a formal action into an educational event, the teacher will have to organize it in a fundamentally different way, in particular:

Together with the students, meet with the distributor of theater tickets, discuss the performances that are of interest to them and choose the most attractive one (in this case, a situation of personal self-determination of schoolchildren arises, the need and motivation to watch the performance is formed);

Organize the preparation by schoolchildren of a welcome address to the theater, where the guys promise to correspond to the "letter and spirit" of the theater, ask the actors to meet after the performance, etc. (the acceptance of such an appeal orients schoolchildren to voluntary and responsible compliance with the norms and rules of behavior);

Agree with the theater workers that one of them will meet the children before the start of the performance, introduce them to the theater space, introduce them to the theatrical subculture (the planned result is a deeper and more meaningful perception of the cultural event by schoolchildren);

Organize the final collective reflection of the event in the classroom (this is a continuation of the theatrical dialogue that is already taking place in the "home" environment, and therefore should deepen the attitude of schoolchildren to the cultural event);

Offer students who wish to complete creative works and donate them to the theater (this is a transition from the consumption of someone else's cultural text to the production of their own, laying the foundation for further cooperation with the theater).

To achieve in the leisure and entertainment activities of children educational results of the second level (the formation of positive attitudes of a schoolchild to the basic values of our society and to social reality in general) such forms as a concert, dramatization, a festive "light" are aimed, of course, provided that they are organized by the schoolchildren themselves.

In the amateur art of schoolchildren, concerts most often involve performances in front of an audience of parents, guests, and peers. B.V. Kupriyanov distinguishes two ways of organizing a concert: "tour" (outdoor concert) and "showcase" (home concert).

Not only children's choreographic studios, drama circles, but also the most ordinary class, when schoolchildren have something to show the audience and have a desire to go somewhere, go out with a concert, can tour. The concert becomes a "showcase" when guests are invited to the children's team. In this case, the concert or performance is shown in the classroom, or in the school assembly hall.

Much depends on the level of preparation and the corresponding preparation of the concert program. In the practice of work of many good class teams, there are annual reporting concerts, when all the guys demonstrate their success in artistic work over the past year. The concept of "reporting concert" also includes a concert performance of just one group. In this case, the creative team shows a detailed program in one or two departments, prepared on its own. Concerts dedicated to any topic, holiday, significant date, as well as the life or work of a person, are called thematic.

Schoolchildren are very fond of festive "lights" in the classroom. In another way, this action can be called evening of communication in an impromptu cafe.

B.V. Kupriyanov notes that the prototype of the evening of communication in an impromptu cafe is brotherhood and youth gatherings in the Russian village tradition. This form, first of all, solves the problem of providing rest and pleasant pastime for schoolchildren. The educational tasks of the evening of communication in an improvised cafe are to optimize interpersonal relations in a children's association, to form the experience of joint socially acceptable spending of free time.

A festive "light" involves such attributes of a cafe as tables (no more than eight), subdued lighting, refreshments, etc. It organizes a meal, a show of artistic numbers (of various levels of improvisation, both specially prepared and played on the spot without prior rehearsals), joint singing and / or dancing.

Depending on the given context, an evening of communication may look like an antique symposium, a meeting of an English club, village gatherings, Peter's assembly, an aristocratic salon, an official reception, an epic feast, a merchant's tea party, a bachelorette party (bachelor party), a theatrical skit, etc.

Organizationally, the course of the party is in the hands of the manager, who involves the participants in joint action, determining the nature of the interaction, the movement of the center of attention (from one table to another). The latter circumstance dictates such an arrangement of tables so that because of any of them one could see the action at another table. In addition, it is advisable to leave a platform for demonstrating pre-prepared, complex numbers or for dancing. It is also important to solve such issues as the correct accommodation of the participants of the evening, a delicious menu.

Socializing evening entertainment may include competition tasks, which are usually short-lived and include all participants (either as spectators or as performers). There should be no more than ten competitive tasks during the program. The most organic entertainment options at the evening of communication are also a game of forfeits and a lottery. The use of phantoms initially involves some playful tests, where personal items are confiscated from the losers. In order for the game of forfeits to attract the maximum number of those present, it is necessary to make the tests varied and try to collect forfeits from everyone. Correspond to the spirit of the evening of communication in an impromptu cafe parodies, cartoons and practical jokes.

When conducting this form, it is possible to use elements of a role-playing game: the distribution of individual and team roles. The team is made up of participants sitting at the same table. There may be competition in the party, but the competitive start should be unobtrusive. The joint communication of the participants of the evening has a specially organized part, it can be a story about some funny events, adventures. Since it is quite difficult for many schoolchildren to improvise an interesting story, the organizers use homework, word games: “Interpreter's Notebook”, “Alphabet Ending”, “Let's Argue with the Greats”, writing extraordinary stories, etc. This option is used for holding an evening of communication, when joint communication is built as a reaction to the monologues of the host, or an individual specially trained guest.

In order for the leisure and entertainment activities of schoolchildren to begin to ensure the achievement educational results of the third level (children gaining experience of independent social action), it must be transferred to the public space. In other words, start building the leisure of other people who do not fall into the category of relatives.

For example, you can organize a school in the microdistrict fair.

Fair (folk festival) - joint entertainment deployed on a certain site, involving the involvement of participants in various attractions. Examples of this form are the developments of the New Year's holiday, carried out under the guidance of S.P. Afanasyeva: “New Year on Deribasovskaya. Festive Fair-festivities”, “Winter Fair”, “Twelve Months”, “New Year at the International Airport”.

The game idea (material) underlying the varieties of "festivities" can be a street, a district of the city where entertainment takes place, as well as a place intended for this specific pastime.

B.V. Kupriyanov singled out the procedures, acts and situations inherent in the fair-festivities.

Firstly, this is the free movement of participants throughout the space where the sites - attractions are located. Involvement in attractions is usually provided in the following way: for participation in attractions, tokens are issued, which can be exchanged for something tasty or healthy. There is an opportunity to develop a whole economic game. There are cases when at the very beginning and end of the fair, tokens were exchanged for real money. A slightly different mechanism for involving participants in attractions is provided in the methodological development "New Year on Deribasovskaya". Here, participants spend their tokens, receiving word cards for them. The one who can collect a whole phrase or several phrases from the received words becomes the winner and receives a special prize.

Secondly, the specifics of the attraction should be defined as a specific competition that does not require special skills, a long time to complete the task.

Thirdly, the fair usually begins with a general gathering, where the rules of the game are explained, prizes can be named that await the participant who has collected the most tokens.

Fourthly, the final of the fair can be held in the form of an auction-sale, where participants will be able to get rid of the remaining tokens by purchasing memorable prizes and souvenirs.

The algorithm of the fair includes:

General gathering, which may be accompanied by a line, a carnival procession;

Free movement of participants in space;

Free choice of attraction and participation in it;

Final collection, with or without auction.

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