Peloponnesian War (briefly). Peloponnesian War Presentation of the Peloponnesian War and the decline of Athens
Classwork Theme of the lesson: The struggle for dominance over the Mediterranean. Lesson plan: Greco-Persian wars Peloponnesian wars IV-V centuries BC. Rise of Macedonia. Conquests of Alexander the Great
Greco-Persian Wars (BC) Reason: aggressive policy of Persia.
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Peloponnesian Wars (BC) Reason: dissatisfaction of the city-states of Greece with the hegemony of Athens.
Peloponnesian Wars (BC) Reason: dissatisfaction of the city-states of Greece with the hegemony of Athens. Results: Defeat of Sparta Weakening of all Greek city-states Undermining the influence of Athens
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Peloponnesian War Stages of the war: 459-446 Little Peloponnesian War. 431-421 - Archidamic War. 421 - Nikiyev world. 421-404 - End of the Peloponnesian War.
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Opponents Peloponnesian League: Delian League: Archidamus II Pericles Agis Themistocles Brasidas Cleon Lysander Alcibiades
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Battles Battle of Naupactus 429 Battle of the Olpes 426 Battle of Amphiopolis 422 Battle of Mantinea 416 Battle of Aegospotomes 405
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Peloponnesian War Causes and prerequisites for war. Thucydides: out of fear of the growing power of the Athenians, who already then ... subjugated most of Hellas.
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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 1. Strengthening of Athens. It was Athens who was able to bring decisive efforts to end the Greco-Persian wars in favor of Greece. They led the Delian Maritime Union. 2. In the period from 480 (after the victory at Salamis) to 431, Pentecontaetia (“fifty years”, the name given by Thucydides) passes. The strength of Athens grew considerably; many of their formerly independent allies became tribute-paying dependent states. These funds enabled Athens to maintain a strong fleet, and since the middle of the century they have also been used for Athens' own needs - financing the large-scale construction of public buildings and the decoration of the city. After the Persians retreated from Greece, Sparta tried to prevent the restoration of the walls of Athens (without walls, Athens was little protected from land attack and could easily fall under Spartan control), but was rebuffed. According to Thucydides, although the Spartans took no action at this time, they were "secretly ... very annoyed that they had not succeeded in achieving their goal."
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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 3. Having completely mastered the trade routes and markets in the northeast direction (in Macedonia and Thrace, as well as along the Black Sea), the Athenians turned their eyes to the Western Mediterranean. This circumstance especially affected the interests of Corinth, traditionally closely associated with its colonies in southern Italy and Sicily and part of the Peloponnesian Union led by Sparta. 4. The uprising of the Spartan helots (slaves) in 465. Athens sent troops, but after their arrival, the Spartans declared that “their help is no longer needed” and sent the Athenians home (other allies remained). According to Thucydides, the Spartans refused help out of fear that the Athenians might go over to the side of the rebels. Ultimately, the rebellious helots surrendered, however, on the condition that they be expelled and not executed; Athens settled them in the strategically important city of Nafpaktos, located at the narrowest point of the Gulf of Corinth. The result of this incident was the exit of the offended Athenians from the alliance with Sparta, and their conclusion of an alliance with Argos and Thessaly.
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Peloponnesian War. Reasons: 5. In 459 BC. e. Athens took advantage of the war between their neighbors - Megara and Corinth, which were part of the Peloponnesian Union, and concluded an alliance treaty with Megara. As a result, the Athenians received a foothold on the Isthmus of Corinth and in the Gulf of Corinth. All this led to the entry into the war of Sparta, and the so-called Little Peloponnesian War began. During its course, Athens was forced to leave possessions in the mainland of Greece outside Attica (including Megara and Boeotia) under Spartan control, but the important island of Aegina remained in the Athenian Union. Prisoner in the winter of 446/445 BC. e. The thirty-year peace recognized the right of both states to control their own allies. 6. The reason for the start of hostilities was the intervention of Athens in the conflict between Corinth and its colony Kerkyra (off the east coast of the Adriatic), who sent their ships and troops there in September 433. Then followed (432) the blockade of the city of Potidea, which did not want to obey the Athenians, on the Halkidiki peninsula (northern coast of the Aegean). Finally, the Athenian government imposed extremely harsh economic sanctions on Megara, another member of the Peloponnesian League. A serious source of tension was the Athenian decree (adopted in 433/432), imposing strict trade sanctions against Megara (which became an ally of Sparta after the Little Peloponnesian War). These sanctions, now known as Megarian psephism, are practically not noticed by Thucydides, but modern historians believe that the prohibition of Megara from trading with the prosperous Athenian power dealt a terrible blow to its economy, and was one of the causes of the war. The problem was that now the Athenians, using the Megarian precedent, under any pretext would be able to close their ports to ships of other states.
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Ultimatum In the autumn of 432 BC. e. representatives of the Peloponnesian Union ("syllogos") were gathered in Sparta. This meeting became a real diplomatic conference, at which the interests of the Greek states sharply clashed. The debate was stormy. Corinth, Megara, and some other states tried to convince the Spartan people's assembly of the need to start a war. The ambassadors of Corinth accused Sparta of indecision, inaction and demanded an immediate declaration of war on Athens. The Athenian ambassadors, on the other hand, argued that they had acquired hegemony by legitimate means and showed more moderation and justice in using their advantage than anyone else would have shown. The Athenian ambassadors also pointed out to the allied assembly the power of the Athenian state and offered not to violate the peace treaty. After this speech, all the allied ambassadors left the meeting. Left alone, the Spartans weighed all the arguments for and against the war. King Archidas spoke out in favor of a cautious policy due to the uncertainty of the outcome of the war with a first-class military power, without a powerful fleet, and proposed to act diplomatically, while increasing the economic and military power of the union. Ephor Sthenaleid offered to immediately declare war on Athens, to achieve success by surprise, thereby fulfilling the allied duty. At the end of the speech, Sthenaleid put the question to the vote of the authorized allied states. Convened in connection with all these events in Sparta, a meeting of delegates from all her allies decided to present an ultimatum to Athens. Its conditions were as follows: it is necessary to cancel the anti-Megarian sanctions, all the policies included in the arche in the position of subordinates must gain real autonomy, representatives of the Alcmaeonid family defiled by a long-standing religious crime (including the actual leader of the Athenian state Pericles) must be expelled from the borders of Attica; otherwise war becomes inevitable. This ultimatum was, of course, rejected, and both sides began to prepare for the coming battles.
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War strategy: Peloponnesian League: win at the expense of ground forces. Annual invasions of Attica. The pillage of the countryside. Athenian Alliance: Win by 3x naval superiority. Impose war on land. Evacuation of residents within the Long Walls, during the invasion of Sparta.
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The course of the war Significant changes took place in the internal political life of Athens. The death of Pericles (429) led to the radicalization of their policies. The influence of Cleon, who advocated a more aggressive conduct of the war and the rejection of the predominantly defensive policy of Pericles, increased significantly. Cleon relied mainly on the radical democratic elements of Athenian society, primarily urban trade and craft circles. A more moderate party, based on landowners and Attic peasants and advocating peace, was led by the wealthy landowner Nicias. Due to the fact that the position of Athens finally began to improve, the Cleon group gradually began to gain more and more weight in the National Assembly. Despite serious problems, Athens nevertheless withstood the heavy blows of the first period of the war. In 429 BC. e. Potidea, who had revolted, was finally taken. The uprising on the island of Lesbos (427 BC) was not crowned with success; The Athenians took the main city of the island - Mytilene.
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The course of the war From 426 BC. e. Athens seized the initiative in the war. This was facilitated by an increase in 427 BC. e. foros (tribute levied from the allies) is approximately doubled. In addition, in 427 BC. e. a small Athenian squadron was sent to Sicily, where, with the help of allied cities (primarily Regia), they successfully fought against the Spartan allies there. Under the leadership of the energetic strategist Demosthenes (not to be confused with the later Athenian orator Demosthenes), Athens managed to achieve some success in Greece itself: the war was transferred to the territory of Boeotia and Aetolia - under Sola, a large detachment of Peloponnesians in 3 thousand hoplites was defeated; Nicias captured Cythera - an island south of Laconia; around the Peloponnese a chain of strongholds was created. In 424 BC Athenian troops planned to invade Boeotia from two sides, hoping for the performance of their democratic supporters inside the country. However, the Boeotian authorities prevented the democrats from taking action. But Demosthenes was stopped, having been defeated at the Olpes. And the second army of the Athenians of Hippocrates was defeated at Delium. The great success of the Athenians at this stage of the war was the capture of the town of Pylos in western Messenia, which had a convenient harbor. This actually struck at the very heart of the Spartan state (Pylos is located 70 kilometers from Sparta) and created an undisguised threat to the dominance of the Spartans over the helots. In response, Sparta took decisive action. The troops that besieged Athens were recalled from Attica, a fleet was assembled, and an elite Spartan detachment was landed on the island of Sphacteria, blocking the entrance to the harbor of Pylos. However, Demosthenes recaptured the island.
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before the truce. The course of the war The blow inflicted on Sparta was so strong that the Spartans offered peace. However, Athens, expecting an imminent final victory, did not agree. It also played a role that the head of the party of supporters of the continuation of the war, Cleon, after the fall of Sphacteria, became the most influential Athenian politician. However, it soon became clear that Athens underestimated the strength of the Peloponnesian League. Although the Spartans stopped devastating Attica, the Athenians were plagued by failures: an attempt to land at Corinth failed, in Sicily, the unification of local policies forced the Athenians to sail home. A major defeat in the battle of Delia was suffered by the Athenian army, which tried to withdraw Boeotia from the war. The greatest failure awaited the Athenians in Thrace. Having entered into an alliance with Macedonia, the talented Spartan commander Brasidas took the city of Amphipolis, the center of Athenian possessions in this region; Athens lost strategically important silver mines (it was for this defeat that the historian Thucydides, son of Olora, was expelled from Athens). To recapture Thrace, Athens sent an army led by Cleon. However, in the battle of Amphipolis, the Spartans defeated the Athenians; in this battle both Cleon and Brasidas perished.
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Course of the War With the death of Cleon and Brasidas, the two main supporters of the war, the war was stopped. However, despite the terms of peace, the parties did not return the occupied territories to each other, although they handed over the prisoners. Peace of Nikia, concluded for fifty years, lasted only six. This time was filled with constant skirmishes, the scene of which was the Peloponnese. While Sparta refrained from active action, some of its allies came to the conclusion that it was necessary to withdraw from the Peloponnesian Union. They began to group around Argos, a strong, democratic policy uncontrolled by Sparta in the east of the Peloponnese. The resulting alliance included Argos, Mantinea and Elis, who broke off the alliance with Sparta, in which, as a result of dissatisfaction with the Nikian world, democratic elements also came to power (initially, Corinth also entered the alliance, but due to ongoing disputes with Athens, he went over to the side of Sparta). The allied coalition received some support from Athens and attempted to seize leadership in the Peloponnese. However, in 418 BC. e. coalition troops (Argos, Mantinea, Arcadia, Athens) were utterly defeated in the battle of Mantinea; in the cities of the Peloponnese, supporters of an alliance with Sparta triumphed and an oligarchy was established. The Democratic Alliance collapsed, and most of its members re-entered the Peloponnesian Union. Alcibiades participated in this battle.
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The last offensive of Athens In the spring of 413 BC. e. The settlement of Dekeleia, located 18 km from Athens, was occupied and fortified, in which there was now a permanent garrison. Thus, the Athenians were forced to completely transfer the city to the sea supply. In addition, access to the Lavrian silver mines was cut off, which also affected the position of Athens, and about twenty thousand Athenian slaves fled to the Spartans. Significant changes took place in Athens itself. Military failures led to the growth of the influence of supporters of the oligarchy, and in 411 BC. e. they staged a coup d'état. The number of full-fledged citizens was limited to 5000 people, and the Council of 400 received real power. Such an important element of Athenian democracy as payment for the performance of official duties was abolished. The new government offered Sparta peace. However, the Spartans rejected the proposals. The Athenian fleet based on Samos did not recognize the oligarchic government either. In fact, a dual power developed in the Athenian state, which the Athenian allies were not slow to take advantage of: the rich island of Euboea and cities in the straits rebelled. The Athenian fleet had to suppress these performances, headed by Alcibiades, who again went over to the Athenians and received significant powers. In 411 BC. e. The Athenians won a victory at Abydos, in 410 BC. e. - under Cyzicus, and in 408 BC. e. took the key city of Byzantium.
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Genius Lysander But the Spartans were not going to sit idly by either. The energetic commander Lysander was sent to Ionia with a fleet, possessing the rare talents of a diplomat and naval commander for a Spartan. In addition, he had excellent personal relations with the Persians, who withdrew their financial assistance to Athens and sent him considerable funds. The situation for the Spartans was facilitated by the fact that after a small defeat at Notius (406), the most capable Athenian commander and elected by the Athenians in 408/407. - Alcibiades - was removed from command of the fleet and retired into voluntary exile. In 406, the Athenian fleet, the creation of which took the last reserve of funds - the gold and silver utensils of the Parthenon - nevertheless won a significant victory at the Arginus Islands, destroying more than 70 enemy triremes and losing 25 of their own. However, the storm made it impossible to rescue the sailors from the sunken Athenian ships, and upon returning home, the victorious strategists were put on trial.
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