Sound an alphabet analysis of the word Masha. Reading lesson.1 class. Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

Before moving to the fulfillment of the phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters - These are writing, graphic symbols, with which the text content is transmitted or convened a conversation. Letters are used for visual transmission of the meaning, we will perceive their eyes. Letters can be read. When you read letters out loud, form sounds - syllables - words.

List of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every schoolboy knows how many letters in the Russian alphabet. That's right, all of them are 33. Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are located in a specific sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters to designate consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: b (soft sign) and Kommersant (solid sign), which indicate properties, but they themselves do not determine any audio units.

The sounds in the phrases are you often pronounced not as you write on the letter. In addition, the Word can use more letters than sounds. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one background [C]. And on the contrary, the number of sounds in the word "black" is greater, since the letter "Yu" is pronounced in this case as [yu].

What is a phonetic analysis?

We sound speech perceive on rumor. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is due to the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school program, such a parse is more often called "sound alphabet" analysis. So, with a phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and the slurry structure of the phrase combined with a common verbal emphasis.

Phonetic transcription

For a sound-letter parsing, a special transcription is used in square brackets. For example, correctly writes:

• black -\u003e [h "Ory"]
• apple -\u003e [Jablak]
• anchor -\u003e [Yakar "]
• christmas tree -\u003e [Jolka]
• sun -\u003e [Sonse]

In the phonetic parsing scheme, special characters are used. Due to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish the letter record (spell) and sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically disassembled word is square brackets -;
• the soft consonant is indicated by the transcription sign ['] - apostrophe;
• shock ['] - emphasis;
• in complex flows from several roots, a sign of secondary stress [`] - gravel is applied (in the school program is not practiced);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, I, E, E, B and Kommersant transcriptions are never used (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is a sign of the longitude of the pronouncement of sound.

Below are detailed rules for the orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with examples of online, in accordance with the general regulations of the modern Russian language. Professional linguists have a transcription of phonetic characteristics differ by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic signs of vowels and consonants.

How to make a phonetic word parsing?

The following scheme will help you to conduct an alphabet analysis:

• You write needless word And say it several times out loud.
• Consider how many vowels and consonant letters in it.
• Recognize shock syllable. (Emphasis with the help of intensity (energy) allocates in speech a certain background from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word by syllables and specify their total number. Remember that the layer is different from the transfer rules. The total number of syllables always coincides with the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write letters from the phrase into the column.
• Opposite each letter square brackets, specify its audio definition (as it is heard). Remember that the sounds in words are not always identical to the letters. The letters "b" and "b" do not represent any sounds. The letters "E", "E,", "Yu", "I", "and" may indicate at once 2 sounds.
• Analyze each background individually and designate its properties through the comma:
  • for vowels, we specify in the characteristic: the sound is vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in terms of consonants, we indicate: sound consonant; solid or soft, ringing or deaf, sonorous, pair / non-fine hardness and mildness and deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic parsing of the word, move the line and consider the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school program.

An example of a phonetic analysis of the word

Here is a sample of a phonetic analysis of the composition for the word "phenomenon" → [Jiiv'e'n'iyee]. In this example, 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables here: I-Villu'-e. Emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristics of letters:

i [Y] - Sughdle, unpaired soft, unpaid ringing, sonoro [and] - Glasn., Lady, [B] - Sogl., Steam hard, pair of star [l '] - Sogl., Pair soft., Not . Son., Sonoro [E '] - Glasn., Shockno [N'] - I agree., Parn soft., Unparenn. Son., Sonoro and [and] - Glasn., Unknown [th] - Sughdle., Unparenn. Soft., unpaired. Zon., Sonoro [E] - Glasn., Unstressed ________________________ Total in the word phenomenon - 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" indicate two sounds.

Now you know how to make a sound-letter analysis yourself. Next, the classification of sound units of the Russian language is given, their relationships and transcription rules for sound-observed analysis.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Public sounds, in turn, are shock and unstable. The consonant sound in Russian words happens: solid - soft, ringing - deaf, hissing, sonornal.

How many sound speech in the Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Making a phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonant sounds and 6 vowels participate in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why the total number of sounds and letters differ in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters when participating in word formation can be denoted at once 2 sounds. For example, pairs of soft hardness:

• [b] - cheerful and [b '] - protein;
• or [d] - [d ']: Home - do.

And some do not possess a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. Doubt, try to tell him firmly and make sure that it is impossible: the stream, a bundle, a spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbits, cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical decision, our alphabet has not achieved dimensionless scales, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowels in the words of the Russian language

Vowels In contrast to the consonants melodic, they freely, as it were, the Narasphev leak out of the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce a vowel, the wider you will have to reveal the mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to repulse consonant, the energetic would be torture the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulation difference between these classroom classes.

Emphasis in any wordforms can fall only onto a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels in Russian phonetics?

In Russian speech, it is used less vowels to the letters than letters. Shock sounds only six: [a], [and], [o], [u], [y], [s]. And letters, remind, ten: a, e, o, and, oh, y, y, uh, y, yu. Public letters E, E, Yu, I am not "clean" sounds and in transcription not used. Often, when the words listed letters fall into the listed letters.

Phonetics: Characteristics of shock vowels

The main phondematic feature of the Russian speech is a clear utterance of vowels in shock syllables. Impact syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the power of exhalation, increased sound duration and are pronounced imprisoned. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, sound analysis of syllables with shock vocabularys is much easier. The position in which the sound is not subject to change and maintain the main type is called strong position. This position can only occupy a shock sound and syllable. Unstressed phonemes and syllables in a weak position.

• The vowel in the shock syllable is always in a strong position, that is, pronounced more clearly, with the greatest strength and duration.
• The vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, pronounced with a smaller force and not so clearly.

In Russian, unchangeable phonetic properties retains only one phonem "y": ku ku for, a skip, in Chu, in fishing, - in all positions it is pronouncedly pronounced as [y]. This means that the vowel "y" is not exposed to high-quality reduction. ATTENTION: In the letter of the phoneme [y], it can be denoted by another letter "Yu": Muesli [M'U "моль'i], the key [CL'U"] and so on.

Help for the sounds of shock vowels

The vowel family [o] is found only in a strong position (under the stress). In such cases, the "O" is not subjected to reduction: cat [Ko T'ik], the bell [Kalako' L'CH'YK], milk [Malako''y], eight [Wait' S'im '], search [Paisco' Vaia], Speaking [Go' Var], Autumn [O'S'in '].

Exception from the rule of a strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] pronounces it too clearly, only some foreign-language words are present: Cocoa [Kaka "O], Patio [Pa" Tio], Radio [RA "Dio], Boa [Bo A "] And a number of service units, for example, union but. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter "E" - [o]: Turne [T'O' PN], the fire [Kas't'''' R]. After the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the position under the stress will also not submit difficulties.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in the words of Russian

It is possible to make the right disclaimer and accurately determine the characteristic of the vowel can only after the stress in the word. Do not forget the same about the existence in our language of Omonimia: for the "IOC - Camo" to and about changing phonetic qualities, depending on the context (case, number):

• I am at home [ya to "ma].
• New homes [but "Vaiver da Ma"].

IN unpacking position A vowel modifies, that is, pronounced otherwise than:

• mountains - Mount \u003d [th "ry] - [ha Ra"];
• he is online \u003d [Oh "n] - [A NLA" WITH
• svidoy those flax \u003d [Sv'id'e "T'i L'Nita].

Similar changes in vowels in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative when the duration of sound changes. And high-quality reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel letter can change the phonetic characteristic depending on the position:

• first of all, relative to the shock syllable;
• in the absolute start or end of the word;
• in unacted syllables (consist only of one vowel);
• one influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and consonant.

So, differs 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first estate syllable;
• unlocked syllable at the very beginning;
• repeating vowels.

Note: To make a sound accounting analysis, the first estate syllable is determined on the basis of the head of the phonetic word, but in relation to the impact syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it may be the only estate: non-provincial [N'IZ'D'E'Sh'y].

(uncomplicated syllable) + (2-3 protective syllable) + 1st Propal syllable ← Impact syllable → Proclaimed syllable (+2/3 Slap syllable)

• vPE-REAI [FP'I'i d'I'''''''''];
• e -Te-NNO [Yi Sat't'E'S't'v'in: a];

Any other estate syllables and all impressive syllables with sound analysis refer to the reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called the "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va't '];
• simulate [ma-l'and'-ra-wat '];
• swallow [La'-hundred -Che'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'y'-on-left].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs along the steps: the second, the third (after solid and soft agreement, is outside the curriculum): learn [uch'y'z: a], talk [ATSIP'in'E'T '], Nadezhda [OPE'E]. With an alphabent analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable (\u003d in the absolute end of the word) will be completely slightly slightly.

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound Announcement: Yoted Sounds

Phonetically letters E - [IE], E - [Yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often designate two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional foundation is "y"? That is why the vowels are called yothic. The value of the letters E, E, Yu, I am determined by their positional position.

In the phonetic analysis of vowels E, E, Yu, I form 2 sounds:

◊ Ё - [yo], y - [yu], e - [ye], I - [ya] In cases where are:

• At the beginning of the word "E" and "Yu" always:
  • - to have [Yo' Rysh: a], Christmas tree [Yo' Lach'yny], Hedgehog [Yo' Zhyk], Capacity [Yo' Mkast '];
  • - Jeweler [Yuv 'Il'i'r], Yula [yu La'], Skirt [yu'd PKA], Jupiter [yu p'I't'ir], Yurdiness [yu "" "];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under the stress *:
  • - spruce [ye' l '], I go [ye' w: y], huntsman [Ye' g'Ir '], eunuch [ye' insanity];
  • - Yacht [Ya' Khta], anchor [ya' kar '], yaki [ya' ki], apple [ya''''l];
  • (* To perform the sound of unstressed vowels "E" and "I", another phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in position immediately after the vowel "E" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in the drums and in unstressed syllables, except when the specified letters are located for vowels in the 1st estate syllable or in the 1st, 2nd prideration syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis Online and examples on edited cases:
  • - Take a blast [Pr'iyo'Mn'ik], Take [Paiy't], Keete T [CL'UIO'T];
  • - Issue [Ayu R'v'E'Da], I sing T [Paiu'T], melting [T'eh T], cabin [Kayu'T],
• after the separation solid "b" sign "E" and "YU" - always, and "E" and "I" only under the emphasis or in the absolute end of the word: - Volume [Ab Yo'm], shooting [Syo'mka], Adjutant [Ady "Ta'nt]
• after the separation soft "b" sign "E" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under the emphasis or in the absolute end of the word: - Interview [Intyrv'yu'i], trees [D'Iir'E'E'''''''] V'YA], friends [friends], brothers [Bra'y'ya], Monkey [Ab'iz'y'a'i], blizzard [B'yu' g], Family [S'em'ya'i'i ]

As you can see, in the phonematical system of the Russian stress, they are crucial. The greatest reductions are subject to vowels in unstressed syllables. We continue the sound letter of the remaining yoted and see how they can still change the characteristics depending on the environment in words.

◊ Unstressed vowels "E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and recorded as [Yi]:

• at the very beginning of the word:
  • - Unity [Yi d'in'an'an'ye], spruce [Jil'y], blackberry [Jizhiv'I'Ka], his [Jiiv'], Hydia [Yigazi], Yenisei [Yin'is 'E'i], Egypt [Yig'y'p'it];
  • - January [Yi NVA'RSKIY], core [Jiidro], to ulce [Jiz'v''t '], label [Jirly'k], Japan [Yip'n'i'i'i], lamb [YIGN'O'NAK ];
  • (Exceptions represent only rare foreign language wordworks and names: European-like [IE Vorne'y'idnaya], Evgeny [JE] VGU'NIY, European [IE Vorne'yitz], Diocese [JE] Pajrhia and TP).
• immediately after the vowel in the 1st estate syllable or in the 1st, 2nd impressive syllable, except for the location in the absolute end of the word.
  • timely [Svayy Vp'em'mina], trains [Payi Zda'], eat [Payiy d'I'm], to drive [Naia w: А'T '], Belgian [B'il'g'i'i'i yi c], students [uk'y'i'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe'n'ii m'i], bustle [Sui Ta'],
  • leaving [La'yi T '], pendulum [Ma'yi tn'ik], hare [Zy'yi C], belt [as well with], declare [Rates V'I'T'], manifest [Praia in 'l'u']
• after the separation solid "Kommersant" or the soft "b" of the sign: - Drunk [p'yi n'y't], seal [Isy Vl't '], announcement [Abyi Vl'e'n'iye], edible [Syi Da'be].

Note: For the Petersburg phonological school, "Ekanier" is characterized, and for the Moscow Ikan. Previously, Yotanted "ё" pronounced with a more accented "IE". With the change of capitals, performing a sound-letter analysis, adhere to the Moscow norms in Orthoepia.

Some people in fluent speech utter a vowel "I" equally in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel "I" under the stress is voiced in different ways: the fair [Ya Lamarka], but the egg [yi ytso].

Important:

The letter "and" after the soft sign "B" also represents 2 sounds - [yi] when sounded alphabetic analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak position). Let's spend a sample of sound online parsing: - Nightingale [Salaw'yi], on Courish legs [on Ku'r'yi 'x "No'shki], rabbit [Cro'l'iyii], no family [S'im 'Yi'], judges [Su'd'yi], drawing [N'Yek'yi], streams [Ruch'yi], fox [Lyj'yi]. But: vowel "Oh" after a soft sign "B" is transcribed as an apostropf softness ['] of the previous consonant and [o], although, if the phonemon is pronouncing, Yothery can be heard: Broth [Bul''n], Pavilo N [Pav'yl''n], similarly: Posto , Champigno N, Shino H, Companio N, Medalo H, Balo H, Guillo Tina, Pocket La, Mino H and others.

Phonetic wording of words when the vowels "y" "E" "ё" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "E" Yu "E" are in under the stress after the unpaired consonant in hardness: F, W, C. Then they denote the phonemes:
  • ё - [o],
  • e - [u],
  • y - [y].
  Examples of online analysis of sounds: Yellow [Jo' Ltoy], Silk [sho' lk], whole [CE '], recipe [Р'IET' PT], Pearls [Zhe' Mch'uk], Six [She' '], Hercher [Sha' Rshheng'], parachute [parsha't];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "E" and "and" denote the softness of the previous consonant [']. Exception only for: [F], [Ш], [C]. In such cases in a shock position They form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: Train [Put'o''''''i], light [L'''''''i'i], Oven [Ap'o''''''''''], actor [Akt'' R], child [Р'IB ' O'Na];
  • e - [e]: seal [T'ul'e' n '], mirror [Z'E' Rkala], smarter [Umna'e'e], conveyor [Kanv'E' Yir];
  • i am [A]: Kittens [Cat'a'a'a], gently [m'a''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''], took [T'''' l], the mattress [T'u F'a 'K], Lebiagia [L'Ib'a'y];
  • yu - [U]: Beak [Kl'u' F], people [l'u' d'am], gateway [shl'u' s], Tulle [t'u' l '], suit [Cass't 'Um].
  • Note: In the words borrowed from other languages, the shock vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional mitigation ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you make a phonetic analysis of the composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [E] without a preceding apostrophe of softness: Hotel [ATE' L '], strap [Br'id' L'l'u], test [TE' STE] , Tennis [TE'N: IS], cafe [Cafa'], mashed potatoes [p'ure'], amber [Ambre'''], Delta [De' L't], Tender [TE' NDER], masterpiece [Shade' BP], Tablet [TASHE' T].
• Attention! After soft consonants in estate syllables The vowels "E" and "I" are subjected to high-quality reduction and transform into sound [and] (slicing for [C], [F], [sh]). Examples of phonetic parsing words with similar phonemes: - ЗЕРНО [s'y ro'm], ze mlya [s'y ml'a''''''''''''i], zven Nit [s'v 'and n'y't], lenya [l'and Shen'i], IT Telitsa [M'I T'''l',], ne Po [p'i ro'], not In'I Sla'n'], Vertys [В'i Zak't '], la go [l'and ha't'], Py Tyrka [P'I T'O''RI]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

The absolute majority in Russian. When neglining the consonant sound, the air flow meets obstacles. Their articulation bodies are formed: teeth, tongue, palate, vocal ligament fluctuations, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or bellion occurs in voice.

How many consonant sounds in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation used 21 letters. However, performing soundly alphabetic analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonant sounds More, namely - 36.

Sound-alphabet: What are the consonants?

In our language there are consonants:

• solid - soft and form appropriate pairs:
  • [B] - [B ']: B Anan - B Tree,
  • [B] - [in ']: in herd - in Ryun,
  • [g] - [g ']: r orode - Yerzog,
  • [D] - [D ']: D Ach - d Elphin,
  • [s] - [s']: zhon - s ether,
  • [K] - [K ']: to the onfeta - to the anguru,
  • [l] - [l ']: l Circuit - L SUK,
  • [M] - [M ']: M Agia - m
  • [n] - [n ']: n-one - n Ektar,
  • [P] - [P ']: n Alma-nsik,
  • [P] - [R ']: Pomochka - P poison,
  • [s] - [s']: With a tightness - with the Yurprise,
  • [T] - [T ']: T Study - t Julip,
  • [F] - [F ']: F Lag - F Evral,
  • [x] - [x ']: X Orek - x Idge.
• Certain consonants do not possess a pair of hardness-softness. Unparencies include:
  • sounds [W], [C], [sh] - always solid (zon, c ik, mph);
  • [h '], [sh'] and [y '] - always soft (daughter, tackle e, your).
• Sounds [F], [h '], [sh], [sh "] in our language are called hissing.

Consonant may be ringing - deaf, as well as sonorno and noisy.

Determine the ringing-deafness or sonarity of the consonant possible by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of education and the participation of the articulation bodies.

• Sonorny (l, m, n, r, y) - the most ringing phonemes, in them heard a maximum of voice and a little noise: l ev, r ai, n ol b.
• If, when the word pronunciation, a voice is also formed during the sound, and noise - it means that you are ringing consonant (g, b, s, etc.): Z AD, B LDU Oh, from Ny.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (P, C, T and other), voice ligaments are not tightened, only noise is published: STEK A, F ISHK A, K OST YUM, C IRK, ZASH.

Note: In phonetics in consonant sound units, there is also division by the nature of the education: a bow (b, p, d, t) - gap (f, sh, s, c) and method of articulation: lip-lip (b, p, m) , lip-tooth (F, B), front-band (T, d, s, s, c, g, sh, u, h, n, l, p), medium-language (s), posterhable (k, g, x) . Names are given on the basis of the articulation bodies that are involved in sound formation.

Tip: If you just start practicing in phonetic words, try to press the ears of the palm and say the background. If you managed to hear the voice, then the sound studied is a ringing consonant, if noise is heard, then deaf.

Tip: For associative communications, remember phrases: "Oh, we did not forget a friend." - This sentence contains an absolutely whole set of ringing consonants (excluding steam softness-hardness). "Stepka, do you want to eat a gum? - FI! " - Similarly, these replicas contain a set of all deaf consonants.

Positional changes in consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound as well as the vowel is subject to change. The same letter phonetically can designate a different sound, depending on the position occupied. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant under the articulation of a self-consistent consonant is used. This impact facilitates pronunciation and is called in phonetics as assimilation.

Position Stun / Soviem

In a certain position, the phonetic law of assimilation on deaf-bell is valid for consonants. Calling pair consonant is replaced by deaf:

• in the absolute end of the phonetic word: but well [But'sh], snow [S'N'E'K], the garden [Agaro't], club [Kl'p];
• before the deaf consonants: Nozzard A [N'izabyt Ka], overtime [APH Wat'I'T '], W Oterna [FT O'Run'ik], Tube A [Trupk A].
• making a sound alphabet online, you will notice that the deaf pair consonant, standing before the ringing (except [th '], [in] - [in'], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [p] - [r']) also spinning, that is, it is replaced by his ringing couple: the delivery [Zda'ch'a], Crest [Kaz'b'], throat [Mlad 'Ba'], please [pro'z'b], guess [AdgaDa't'].

In Russian phonetics, the deaf noisy consonant is combined with the subsequent ringing noisy, except for the sounds [in] - [in ']: Bit cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phonemes [s] and [C] is equally admissible.

When writing on the sounds of words: Total, today, today's and TP, the letter "g" is replaced on the background [in].

According to the rules of sound analyzing, in the endings "-", "-go" names of adjectives, communities and pronuches, the consonants "g" is transcribed as a sound [B]: Red [Kra'nava], blue [S'I'N'IV] , White [B'E'Lava], sharp, full, former, of the one, whom. If, after assimilation, two uniform consonants are formed, their merging occurs. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called the consent of the consonants: to separate [Hell: 'Il''''T'] → The letters "T" and "D" are reduced to the sounds [d'D '], Besh smart [B'ISH: I mean]. When parsing in composition, a number of words in sound accounting is observed dissymilation - the process is inverse to approach. In this case, a general feature is changed in two standing accomplishments: the combination of "GK" sounds like [HC] (instead of the standard [QC]): light [L''o'k'y], soft [m''''h ' K'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, an apostrophe ['] is used to designate the softness of consonants.

• Mitigation of paired solid consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable on the letter will help determine the subsequent vowel letter (E, E, and, Yu, I);
• [sh '], [ch'] and [th] by default only soft;
• the sound of [N] is always softened before the soft consonants "s", "C", "D", "T": claim [PR'Iten'z 'Iya], Review [R'isen'z' Iya], Pension [Peng 'with' ua], ve [n'z '] fir, face [n'z'] yia, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd'] IT, and [N'D '] IVID , Blo [n'd '] in, stipe [n'd'] yia, ba [n't '] IR, VI [n't'] IR, ZO [N'T '] IK, be [n' T '] Il, A [N'T'] Irchny, Ko [N'T '] EKST, Remo [N'T'] or
• the letters "H", "K", "P" with phonetic disclaimers in composition can be softened before soft sounds [h '], [sh "]: Glass of IR [stak'n'ch'ik], Slimming IR [cm'e 'N'SH'IK], Ponch IR [Pu'n'ch'ick], Kamensen IK [Kam'e'n'Sh'ick], Boulevard Inina [Bul'wa'r'sh'in], Borsch [ borscht'];
• often the sounds [z], [s], [p], [n] before soft consonants undergo the assimilation of hardness and softness: ST ENKA [SIT'NE'NE], life [zhyz'n '], health [ s'd'es'];
• to correctly perform a sound letter, consider the words of exception, when the consonant [p] before soft dentals and lumps, as well as before [h '], [sh'] pronounces firmly: Artel, feed, cornet, samovarchik;

Note: The letter "b" after the consistent unpaired hardness / softness in some wordforms, only grammatical function performs and does not impose a phonetic load: learn, night, mouse, rye, and so on. In such words, with alphabetic analysis in square brackets opposite the letter "B" is set [-].

Positional changes in paired ringing-deaf before hissing consonants and their transcription in sound analysis

To determine the number of sounds in the Word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired ringing-deaf: [D-T] or [z-s] before hissing (w, sh, sh, h) phonetically replaced with hissing consonants.

• Literal analysis and examples of the words with hissing sounds: arrogant [Pr'iyi'zhzhi], Esthey [Your E''Si'iiii], "Half Etnya [Jajzh Elta], Szh Alily [LJ Al'itz: but].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one, called full assimilation in all signs. Performing a sound-letter parsing of the word, one of the repetitive sounds you must designate in the transcription symbol of longitude [:].

• Writeness with the hissing "SG" - "ZZH", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [W:], and "SSH" - "ZIS" - as [W:]: Squeezed, sew, without a tire, rushed.
• The combination of "ZZH", "LJ" inside the root when sounded analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [W:]: I drive, squeal, later, the entrance, yeast, zhizhka.
• Combines "SC", "ZCH" at the root and suffix / consoles are pronounced as a long soft [SH ':]: account [sh': Ot], copyist, customer.
• At the junction of the prepress with the next word on the site "Sch", "ZCH" is transcribed as [Shch'ch ']: without a number [B'Sh' h 'Isla'], with something [Shch'ch' E'Mt] .
• When the combination of "TC", "DCH", on the junction, is determined as a double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'O'ch': IR], youthful IR [Lie'ch ': IR], the report [Ah ': Ot].

Cheat sheet to like the consonant sounds at the place of education

• sC → [LE ':]: Happiness [Shk': aj't'ye], Sandstone [P'Izis ': A'N'IK], Speaker [Odiv'sh': IR], Lamp, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zCh → [LE ':]: Cutter [P'E'Sh': IR], loader [Gru'st ': IR], narrator [Rake'sch': IR];
• lCD → [Shk ':]: Dead [P'Ir'Ibe'y': IK], Male [Musha ': I'Na];
• sch → [Shch ':]: Springly [V'Isnu'sh': Out];
• sThch → [Shk ':]: Had [Jo'Sh': E], Clear, Equipboard;
• zDCh → [Shch ':]: Trainer [Abye'sh': IR], furor [Baro'st ': Out];
• sCHC → [LE ':]: split [rations': IP'I'T '], eliminated [rational': E'd'ls'a];
• tSH → [Ch'Sh ']: Putting [Ach'sh'st' IP'I'T '], reassure [ache "O'lk'Ivat'], in vain [Ch''st 'Etna], carefully [h' u 'at'el'na];
• pM → [CH ':]: Report [Ah': O'T], depreciation [Ah ': i'value], eyelant [Р'is'n'y'ch': Yes];
• hades → [h ':]: emphasize [Pach': O'Rrk'Ivat '], Padderitsa [Pach': Ir'ita];
• sJ → [w:]: Squeeze [F: А'T '];
• zJ → [w:]: Reliable [Izh:'t '], Razhigig [Ro'Zh: SH], Leaving [Uyzh: a't'];
• sS → [W:]: Printed [Pr'in'''Sh: B.], embroidered [Rush: O'The];
• zS → [W:]: Lowest [N'ish: s]
• thu → [pcs], in wordforms with "that" and its derivatives, making sound alphabetic analysis, we write [pc]: To [PC O'Be], not for that [N'E 'SHAST A], something [ pcs about n'ibut '], something;
• thu → [Ch't] In other cases of an alphabetic analysis: Dreamer [M'ich't a't'yl '], Mail [POKH'T A], preference [PR'Itpach't' E'N ' EE] and TP;
• cN → [SN] In the words-exceptions: Of course [Kan'E'Shn A '], boring [Skye A'], bakery, laundry, fried, trivial, nesting house, bachelorette party, mustard, rag, and also in Women's patrimonies ending on "OIC": Ilinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• cN → [Ch'N] - letter analysis for all other options: fabulous [Sk'zach'ni], Country [yes'ch'n), strawberry [Z'Im'l'in'y'ch'n s), wreck, cloud, sunny, etc.;
• ! Railway → At the site of the letter combination of "railway" permissible twofold pronunciation and transcription [sh "] or [pc '] in the word rain and in the word formed from it: rainy, rain.

Unprofitable consonant sounds in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain from a variety of different consonant letters, one or other sound may be lost. As a result, in the spells of words, letters, devoid of sound values, the so-called unprofitable consonants are. To properly perform a phonetic analysis of the online, the unreleased consonants are not displayed in transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words There will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, they treat the number of unresponsible consonants:

• "T" - in combination:
  • sTN → [CH]: local [M'E'Sni], reed [Tras'n 'I'K]. By analogy, it is possible to perform a phonetic sealing of words Lester ICA, honest, known, joyful, sad, domestic, Vestn IK, rampant, fierce and others;
  • stell → [Sl]: Happy Ivy [Ly ': Asl' Ja'y "], happy Ivchchik, conscisistently, whipping Ivy (words - exceptions: the bony and postpone, in them the letter" T "is pronounced);
  • nTSC → [NSC]: Giant School [G'IIG'NSK 'Xi], Agent, Presidentical,
  • silt → [s:]: Sixis from [SCHES: О'T], I [Veshe's: a], Klyastis I [CL'''s: a];
  • sTS → [C:]: Tourists Kiy [Tour'i's: K'ii], Maximalist Kiy [Max'imal'y's: K'i'i], Rasist Hoi [Ras'y's: K'i'y] , bestoss eleler, propaganda cue, expression destroyers, Hindus cue, careerist;
  • nTH → [NG]: X-ray [Р'эng 'e'n];
  • "", "" "→ [C:] in the verb endings: smile [Smil's: a], wash [we'z: a], it looks like, it is good to bow, shave, is suitable;
  • tS → [C] At adjectives in combination at the junction of the root and suffix: Childish [d'E'z K'ii], Brats Kiy [Brazy Kii];
  • tS → [C:] / [CA]: Sports men [Spartz: M'E'N], compress [ACS L'T '];
  • tC → [C:] At the junction of Morpham with a phonetic analysis online, it is recorded as a long "CCC": Bratz and [Bra'z: A], Otz Eat [AC: Ospi't '], to FTS U [to AC: U'];
• "D" - when analyzing the sounds in the following letters:
  • zDN → [ZN]: Late Xi [Pon''n 'Xi], Star'sh [Z'V'O''ZNA], Celebrating IR [Pra'z'n' IK], Discontinued [B'Zvazm ' E'zni];
  • nDSh → [NSH]: Munds Tuk [Muns Tu'k], Landsh AFT [LANSH A'TE];
  • nDSK → [NSK]: DutchSK Ii [Gala'nsk 'Xi], Thailandsk Ii [Taila'nsk' Xi], Normansk, ion [Narm'nsk ',];
  • healthy → [SC]: under Uzdtsi [Pad SSS];
  • nDC → [NC]: DutchTs [Gala'nz s];
  • rDD → [RC]: Heart E [C'E'RC E], Heart of Evina [C'Irz Yves''''an];
  • rDCH → [RF "]: Heart Ishko [S'Erch 'and''shka];
  • dC → [C:] At the junction of morpheme, less often in the roots, pronounced and when the word analysis is sounded, it is written as double [C]: Pod Cixed [Patz: Ospi't '], twentiest [Dv'ts: v]] ;
  • dS → [C]: Zava Koi [Zavats Ko'i], Rhodes Your [RCC TVO], Mersand Your [SR'E'C TV], Kislovods to [K'islavo'z K];
• "L" - in combination:
  • lSTs → [NC]: Sun E [SO'NTS E], Suns Estation;
• "B" - in combination:
  • vEGS → [ST] lettering words: Healthy [Zdrasi Uyt'e], feelings about [Ch'u'i a], feeling [Ch'u''vi 'Inas't'], baltness about [balasms O'], norified [d'Evi's' in: s].

Note: In some words of the Russian language when accumulating the consonant sounds of "STK", "NTK", "ZDK", "NDK", the foundation of the phonemes [t] is not allowed: the trip [Paeevka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory, student , Patient, bulky, Ireland, Scotland.

• Two identical letters immediately after the shock vowel, when alphalled, is transcribed as a single sound and a symbol of longitude [:]: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubted consonants in the state syllables are designated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [Tanke'l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to fulfill the phonetic analysis of the word online according to the indicated rules or you have turned out to be an ambiguous analysis of the test word, take advantage of the help of the directory dictionary. Literary norms of orthoepia are governed by the publication: "Russian literary pronunciation and emphasis. Dictionary - directory. " M. 1959

References:

• Litnievskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - MSU, M.: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. - Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for the advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhanjakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. Directory on spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M.: Chero, 1999

Now you know how to disassemble the word on the sounds, to make a sound alphabet analysis of each syllable and determine their quantity. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in format school program. They will help you to phonetically characterize any letter.

1

Reading lesson.

1 class.

("Perspective primary School" Literacy learning.

1. 
   To acquaint with the function of the letter "I" denote two sounds [th] in certain positions: at the beginning of the word and after consonants in the word; Exercise in reading words with the letter "I".
2. 
   Develop a phonmematic hearing and sound-proof culture; Speech students.
3. 
   Educate culture of academic work.

Equipment:

Templates of letters, samples of letters, models of sounds, two-level schemes of words, text model, sentence model.
During the classes:

1. 
   Orgmoment.

I want to start our lesson

With big travel.

I wish you all answer

Without any incident.

1. 
   Reiteration.

1) Repetition of the studied sound [th '].
- We will continue our travel around the country wound with our already familiar characters of Masha and Vitea.

What letter did we find out in wound at the past lesson? ("Y" - and short)

What sound means this letter? Give it a characteristic.

[th '] - consonant, ringing, soft.

What a feature of the consonant sound [y ']. (He is always soft.)
2) reading words with the studied letter.
- Traveling Masha scattered the letters (these letters fell out of the words).

The game "scattered letters".

What letters scattered Masha? What groups can you smash letters?

Name among the consonants "excess" letter. ("Th") why?

What words can be made up of these letters. My mind clever we are well

Printing words on screens. Check on the board.
3) reading text on page 36 of the textbook.
- Who speaks about this text? What is the name of girls? Find words with the letter "th".

Wordwork: The meaning of the word "mine" is the value of the belonging of any object to yourself; "My" - action.

Find a proposal that can be attributed to the model:

4) The game "What has changed?"
- Vitya will play with you (close your eyes).
Cute - Small - Male - Mal - May - My - Swarm

1. 
   Studying new letters I, I and the sounds that they designate.

1) Preparation.
- In the country, the wrap vololand between our characters there was a dispute, which of them will first introduce you guys with new letter And the sounds that it denotes.

Vitya said: "I, since I came up with an interesting game for the guys."

Masha replied: "No me, because I helped the guys to find out the meaning of the same word."

Vitya: "No, I, because I made a sentence model for them, and you only scattered the letters."

Masha: "I scattered them, but also helped, the words were together with the guys. I will acquaint them with a new letter! I, I, I! "

So would argue, but one word was offended and ran away from Masha and Viti, since they often repeated it. What do you think this is the word? (Why me?
2) Acquaintance with the new letter "I".
Sound analysis Words "I":

These two sounds [y'a] will be denoted by one letter "I".

How many sounds can indicate the letter "I"?
3) Poems about the letter "I".
The letter "I" walks proudly.

All in the light of the letter "I"

Report ready:

And you know who I am!
You do not know who I am?

I'm not only the letter I -

Letter, syllable and word!
4) showing samples printed letters I, I.
5) Working with the model of the letter "I".

Find this model in the textbook. What does she say about?
6) Consideration of printed letters I, I'm in the textbook (p. 37).

How many elements have a capital letter? Lowercase letters?
7) Construction of printed letters (line and title).
Working with letters templates.
8) Sound analysis of words.
- In the country, Bedwolland Masha and Vitya met new friends, met. Let's find out what their name is. Read their names with a support for two-level words of words.
On the board model of words:

Sound analysis words Jan. (Boy name).

- Say the word. How many sounds in the word? (3) 1st sound? 2nd sound? 3rd sound?

How many letters in the word? (2) Why? (Letter "I" means two sounds.)

Where is the letter "I" in the word? (At the beginning of the word.)

Sound analysis words Lia. (girl name).

Say a word. How many sounds in the word? (4) How many letters? (3) Why are the sounds more than letters? Where is the letter "I"? (In the end of the word.) After what letter? (After the vowel letter "and".) Their friends Yang and Leah decided to make a riddle to our heroes.
9) Riddle:

He is alone alone,

He is seized by ships.

From trouble to leave them,

It shines brightly on the way. (Lighthouse.)
Sound analysis words lighthouse.

How many sounds? (five)

How many letters? (4) Why?

Where is the letter "I"? After what letter is?

Take the output: - When the letter "I" denotes two sounds [y'a]? (At the beginning of the word and after vowels.)
10) reading words with the letter "I" (p. 37 textbook).
"Thanks to our heroes, we met with a new letter" I "and learned that it means two sounds at the beginning of the word and after vowel sound.

Masha and Vitya want to listen to how you read the words with the studied letter.
Word value: Yarm - (rage) - fierce

Strong anger

Evil
11) Drawing up a model of the word: pit, paradise. (Work on options.)
- We need to transfer the message to the shore. These words should be encrypted, the words turn into their models. (2 student - at the board.) Self-test.

How many letters? How many sounds? Why?

12) Working with a proposal (p. 37 textbook).
"Masha told Vite about her girlfriend who loves flowers and grows them on her flowerbed."

Consider who is drawn? What in your hands? Read the offer. What is the name of the girl? How many words in the sentence? What words are these? Make a model of this offer.

13) Drawing up a story in the picture.
- Bowlings happened to the wagon. Look, what happened to the heroes? Make a story in the picture. (Children talk on the topic "Thunderstorm." The teacher records the text model.)
Storm.

The wind fell. Clouds cut the sky. Hit a lightning, and thunder thundered. Watering heavy rain. The children were frightened and ran home.

- Repeat text based on the text model.

1. 
   The outcome of the lesson.

- That ended our travel around the country wound with our heroes, and interrupted their rain. But we will continue the journey in other lessons.

What is the most important thing you learned from this journey? What did you learn?
Homework: Read on page 37, make a story from 4 sentences about children, entitled it.

We talked about properly writing off the textbook, prepare for dictation and memory letter. Let's talk today about how to make a sound-letter parsing of the word.

So, for a start, let's remember what sounds there are.

Sounds There are vowels and consults .

Letters that indicate vowels let's call vowels , letters denoting consonants - consults .

What is and what are they?

- These are the sounds, when the pronunciation of the mouth, passing in the oral cavity, he meets various obstacles. The consonants are deaf and ringing, solid and soft.

Many consonant sounds form pairs and are called pair. Couples are ringing - deaf:

and solid - soft:

What

Vowels - These are the sounds, when the pronunciation of the mouth, passing in the mouth, the air jet does not meet obstacles, they can be disappeared.

There are six vowel sounds of the corresponding six vowel letters:

In according - vowel syllables, these sounds except sound AND , provide a solid pronunciation ahead of standing consonant letters: YES, BEFORE, D U., D E., D s. Sound AND Provides a soft pronunciation - D I..

The remaining vowels have two sounds:

In according - vowel syllables, these sounds provide a soft pronunciation: D E, D YU, D YU, D I.

Public sounds are divided into shock and unstressed. That sound, which in the word emphasis falls, is called shock, if the ache is not falling on the sound, then it is called unstressed.

Remember: how many in the word vowels, so many syllables.

How to make a sound-letter (phonetic) word parsing.

Let the child writes the word and put the stress sign. Then you need to determine how many in the word syllables. Further is defined as in the word sounds and how many letters. Then the child determines how many vowels, and how many consonants. And finally, what sound means consonant letters.

Sample recording:

[L'D`I n k a]

2 - vowels, 4 - consonants;

l. - [l`] - consonant, soft, ringing, unpack;

d. - [D`] - consonant, soft, ringing, pair;

and - [and] - vowel, shock

n. - [n] - consonant, solid, ringing, unpaired;

to - [to] - consonant, solid, deaf, pair;

but - [A] - vowel, unstressed.

________________________________________________

6 - sounds, 7 - letters, 2 syllables: ice floes

The fact that such a syllable, emphasis and how to endure words, we will talk in.