Soldier's Tolerance Index. Methods for studying tolerance. Methodology "Types of aggressiveness"

Processing of results. For quantitative analysis, the total result is calculated, without dividing into subscales. Each answer to a direct statement is assigned a point from 1 to 6 (“absolutely disagree” - 1 point, “strongly agree” - 6 points). Reverse points are assigned to responses to opposite statements (“absolutely disagree” - 6 points, “strongly agree” –1 point). Then the received points are summed up.

Direct statement numbers: 1, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22.

Reverse numbers: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19.

An individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out according to the following steps.

22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results indicate a high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the world around him and people.

61–99 is an intermediate level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations, they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.

100–132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of a tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the “boundaries of tolerance” in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents who fall within this range may demonstrate a high degree of social desirability (especially if they have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher's views and the goals of the research).

For a qualitative analysis of aspects of tolerance, subscale division can be used:

1. Ethnic tolerance: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21.

2. Social tolerance: 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20.

3. Tolerance as a personality trait: 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22.

The subscale "ethnic tolerance" reveals a person's attitude towards representatives of other ethnic groups and attitudes in the field of intercultural interaction. The subscale "social tolerance" allows us to study tolerant and intolerant manifestations in relation to various social groups (minorities, criminals, mentally ill people), as well as to study the attitudes of the individual in relation to certain social processes. The subscale "tolerance as a personality trait" includes items that diagnose personality traits, attitudes and beliefs that largely determine a person's attitude to the world around him.

Significantly different methods are used to study and measure tolerance. This is, rather, due to the lack of unambiguity in the interpretation of signs of manifestation of tolerance and factors contributing to its formation.

There are the following methods for the study of tolerance:

· Specific - aimed at identifying the attitudes of tolerant consciousness;

· Nonspecific - describe the characteristics of personality and interpersonal communication, which, in turn, are signs of manifestation of tolerance or intolerance.

In the Russian psychological and pedagogical literature, very recently, a large number of works have appeared that offer more or less integral "diagnostic complexes" for measuring tolerance. As such an example can be called "Workshop on the study and diagnosis of personality tolerance" (author: G.U. Soldatova, O. Kravtsova, O. Khukhlaev, L. A. Shaigerova).

· Scale of social distance (E. Bogardus);

· Scale of fascism (T. Adorno, E. Frenkel-Brunswick, D. Levinson, R. Sanford);

· Methodology for measuring the degree of bias (G. Allport, B. Kramer);

· Questionnaire for measuring general social attitudes in children (E. Frenkel-Brunswik);

· Diagnostic test of relations (G.U. Soldatova);

· Questionnaire "Types of ethnic identity" (TU Soldatova, SV Ryzhova);

· Sociological indicators of social and ethnic tolerance;

· "Eurobarometer".

Separate techniques with additionally expanded information to them are given below. The description of each technique is preceded by a theoretical introduction, which provides an assessment of the method and its scope.

Express questionnaire "Tolerance Index"

(author G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova)

The express questionnaire is designed to diagnose:

Aspects of tolerance: general level and / or personality trait;

Types of tolerance: ethnic and social.

The stimulus material of the questionnaire was made up of statements reflecting:

1. Tolerance as a personality trait, we reveal: general attitude towards the world around; attitude towards other people; social attitudes in various spheres of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested;

2. Social tolerance, we reveal: attitude towards certain social groups (minorities, criminals, mentally ill, beggars); communicative attitudes (respect for the opinion of opponents, willingness to constructively resolve conflicts, productive cooperation); attitudes of the individual in relation to some social processes.

3. Ethnic tolerance / intolerance, revealing: attitude towards people of a different race, ethnic group, towards one's own ethnic group; attitudes in the field of intercultural interaction.

Answer form

Processing of results. Quantitative analysis - all points are added together. Each answer to direct approval is assigned a point from 1 to 6 ("absolutely disagree" - 1 point, "strongly agree" - 6 points). Answers to reverse Reverse points are assigned to statements (“absolutely disagree” - 6 points, “totally agree” - 1 point). The results are then summarized.

Assertions straight : 1,9,11,14,16,20,21,22; inverse: 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,15, 17,18,19.

Interpretation of results. An individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out according to the following steps:

22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results indicate a high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the world around him and people.

61-99 is an intermediate level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations, they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.

100-132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of a tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the “boundaries of tolerance” in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents who fall within this range may demonstrate a high degree of social desirability (especially if they have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher's views and the goals of the research).

For a qualitative analysis of aspects of tolerance, subscale division can be used:

Key to process

1. Subscale “ethnic tolerance”: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21.

2. Subscale "social tolerance": 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20.

3. Subscale "tolerance as a personality trait": 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22.

The express questionnaire was developed by psychologists (center "Gratis") G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova in 2002. Basis: domestic and foreign experience.

2001-2002 - in order to validate and standardize the questionnaire, a study was conducted in 16 cities of the Russian Federation (a total of 434 people were interviewed). The aim of the study was to diagnose changes in the level of tolerance after the implementation of a targeted psychological impact - tolerance training. This task was solved within the framework of the joint project of the Russian Red Cross and the Scientific and Practical Center "Gratis" "Tolerance as a way of mutual adaptation of forced migrants and the local population." The survey was carried out by the psychologists of the RKK regional receptions. The express questionnaire was filled out by the participants in the trainings twice: before the start of the classes and after their completion.

2002 - interviewed: students of various faculties of the Dagestan State University; students of the Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov; practical psychologists in Moscow dealing with the problem of tolerance and intercultural interaction. A fifth of the interviewed students from DSU passed the tolerance training, the participants filled out a questionnaire before and after the training. The average values \u200b\u200bof the tolerance index in different groups are presented in the table.

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Age ……., Gender ……., Group …….

EXPRESS QUESTIONNAIRE "TOLERANCE INDEX"

(G.U.SOLDATOVA, O.A.KRAVTSOVA, O.E. KHUKHLAYEV, L.A. SHAIGEROVA)

To diagnose the general level of tolerance, a group of psychologists from the "Gratis" center developed an express questionnaire "Index of Tolerance". It was based on domestic and foreign experience in this area (Soldatova, Kravtsova, Khukhlaev, Shaigerova, 2002). The stimulus material of the questionnaire was made up of statements reflecting both the general attitude towards the world around and other people, and social attitudes in various spheres of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested. The methodology includes statements that reveal attitudes towards certain social groups (minorities, mentally ill people, beggars), communicative attitudes (respect for the opinions of opponents, readiness for constructive resolution of conflicts and productive cooperation). Special attention is paid to ethnic tolerance and intolerance (attitude towards people of a different race and ethnic group, towards one's own ethnic group, assessment of cultural distance). Three subscales of the questionnaire are aimed at diagnosing such aspects of tolerance as ethnic tolerance, social tolerance, and tolerance as a personality trait.

Statement

Strongly disagree

Disagree

Rather disagree

Rather agree

I agree

I completely agree

Any opinion can be presented in the media

Mixed marriages tend to have more problems than marriages between people of the same nationality.

If a friend betrayed, you need to take revenge on him

Caucasians will be better treated if they change their behavior

In a dispute, only one point of view can be correct.

Beggars and tramps are to blame for their own problems

It is unpleasant to communicate with unkempt people.

Even if I have my own opinion, I am ready to listen to other points of view.

All mentally ill people must be isolated from society

I am ready to accept a person of any nationality as a member of my family

Refugees need no more help than everyone else, since local problems have no less

If someone is rude to me, I respond in kind

I want people of different nationalities among my friends

To restore order in the country, you need a "strong hand"

Visitors should have the same rights as local residents

A person who thinks differently from me annoys me.

Some nations and peoples are difficult to treat well

Clutter annoys me a lot

Any religious movement has the right to exist

I can introduce a black man as my close friend

I would like to become a more tolerant person towards others

Processing of results

For quantitative analysis, the total result is calculated, without dividing into subscales.

Each answer to a direct statement is assigned a point from 1 to 6 ("strongly disagree" - 1 point, "strongly agree" - 6 points). Reverse points are assigned to replies to the opposite statements ("absolutely disagree" - 6 points, "strongly agree" - 1 point). Then the received points are summed up.

Direct statement numbers: 1, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22.

Reverse numbers: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19.

An individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out according to the following steps:

22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results indicate a high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the surrounding world and people.

61-99 is an intermediate level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations, they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.

100-132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of a tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the “boundaries of tolerance” in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents who fall within this range may demonstrate a high degree of social desirability (especially if they have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher's views and the goals of the research).

For a qualitative analysis of aspects of tolerance, subscale division can be used:

1. Ethnic tolerance: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21.

2. Social tolerance: 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20.

3. Tolerance as a personality trait: 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22.

The subscale "ethnic tolerance" reveals a person's attitude towards representatives of other ethnic groups and attitudes in the field of intercultural interaction. The subscale "social tolerance" allows us to study tolerant and intolerant manifestations in relation to various social groups (minorities, criminals, mentally ill people), as well as to study the attitudes of the individual in relation to certain social processes. The subscale "tolerance as a personality trait" includes items that diagnose personality traits, attitudes and beliefs that largely determine a person's attitude to the world around him.

In 2001 - 2002 in order to validate and standardize the questionnaire, a study was conducted in 16 cities of the Russian Federation (a total of 434 people were interviewed). The aim of the study was to diagnose changes in the level of tolerance after the implementation of a targeted psychological impact - tolerance training. This task was solved within the framework of the joint project of the Russian Red Cross and the Scientific and Practical Center "Gratis" "Tolerance as a way of mutual adaptation of forced migrants and the local population." The survey was carried out by the psychologists of the RKK regional receptions. The express questionnaire was filled in by the high school students participating in the trainings twice: before the start of the classes and after their completion.

In 2002, students from various faculties of the Dagestan State University and the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University were also interviewed. MV Lomonosov, as well as practical psychologists in Moscow, dealing with the problems of tolerance and intercultural interaction. A fifth of the interviewed students from DSU passed the tolerance training, and its participants filled out a questionnaire before and after the training. The results of these studies are partially presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Average values \u200b\u200bof the tolerance index in different groups

DSU students

DSU students (after training)

Psychology students. Faculty of Moscow State University

Practical psychologists in Moscow

employees

Number of respondents

Mean

DIAGNOSTICS OF THE REAL STRUCTURE OF VALUE ORIENTATIONS OF THE PERSONALITY (S.S.Bubnova)

Appointment. The methodology is aimed at studying the implementation of personal value orientations in real life conditions.

Instruction. This questionnaire is aimed at researching your personality and your relationships. Answer as quickly as possible without thinking about each question for a long time. Remember that there are no good or bad answers, only your own opinion. You need to answer "yes" or "no". In the form of answers, this is, respectively, "+" or "-.", Which must be put next to the question number.

Questionnaire

Do you want to lie on the couch and do nothing?

Do you want to make money yourself and enjoy it?

Do you often have the thought that you want to go to the theater or to an exhibition?

Do you often help your loved ones with housework?

Do you think that love is the defining feeling in life?

Do you want to become a boss (head of a company)?

Do you want to be respected by your friends for your personality traits?

Would you like to take part in any public events (rallies, strikes) in favor of your closest population?

Do you think that without communication with friends your life will be dull and bleak?

Do you think that it would be healthy, and everything else will follow?

Do you often want to relax (listen to light music, for example)?

Will you choose your profession mainly because it can bring you great material wealth?

Do you think it is important in life to be able to play musical instruments, draw, etc.?

If someone you know is sick, would you choose a time to visit him?

Is your marriage (will be) made for love?

Did you want to become an organizer at school?

If you have committed an unseemly act towards friends, colleagues, will you be worried about this?

Do you think that through public actions (rallies, meetings) something can be changed in public life?

Can you easily do without frequent communication with your friends?

Do you think you need to improve your health in any way (swim, run, play tennis, etc.)?

The main thing for you is your mood at the moment, and what will happen next is not so important?

Do you think that the main thing is to buy a house (apartment), a car and other material goods?

Do you like to walk in the forest, park?

Do you think it is necessary to help financially those who ask for alms?

Is love a feeling that is born and dies?

Would you like to become a scientist or researcher?

Power - is it honorable and significant, or does it have more trouble and all sorts of troubles?

Would you like to have more friends?

Has it occurred to you to undertake the restructuring of any public organization (club, consultation center, institute)?

How much of your free time would you like to devote to communication?

Do you often think about your health?

Do you think it is very important to be able to please yourself?

If you started all over again, would you choose an even higher-paying job?

Would you like to take up photography?

Do you think that it is imperative to help a fallen person?

Is the feeling of love for you the fundamental principle of life or not?

How often do you ask yourself the question: "Why exactly this way?"

Would you like to "do" politics?

Are social phenomena a subject of discussion for you at home, at school or at work?

If you spend three days on a desert island, will you die of loneliness?

Do you ski to improve your health?

Do you often dream for a long time, lying with your eyes closed?

The main thing in life is making money and starting your own business?

Do you often buy paintings and other art products or would you like to buy them?

If someone close to you is sick for a long time, will you humbly and meekly perform his household duties for him?

Do you love small children?

Would you like to create your own "theory" (relativity, table, etc.)?

Do you want to be like any famous person (actor, politician, businessman)?

Is it important for you to be respected by your colleagues for your professional knowledge?

Would you like to do something in politics yourself at the present time?

Are you a determined person?

Do you go to the sauna, pool, bath, do you do aerobics to maintain good physical condition?

Is a good rest extremely important?

Is it very important in life to accumulate material resources and pass them on to children?

Have you ever wanted to paint a picture or compose music yourself?

When a small child cries, is it a "cry for help"?

Is it more important for you to love yourself than to be loved?

“In everything I want to get to the very bottom” - is this about you?

Would you like your children to become famous people?

Would you like your colleagues to turn to you for personal help, as a person?

In public life, let everything remain as it is?

Is communication just a waste of time?

Health is not the most important thing in life?

Question numbers

Processing and interpretation of results

The severity of each of the polystructural value orientations of the individual was determined using the key presented in the answer sheet. Accordingly, the number of positive answers in all eleven columns is counted, and the result is recorded in the "?" Column. Based on the results of processing individual data, a graphical profile is built that reflects the severity of each value. For this, the quantitative expression of values \u200b\u200bis recorded vertically (according to a 6-point system), and horizontally - the types of values.

Let's list these values \u200b\u200bin a generalized form:

1. Pleasant pastime, rest.

2. High material well-being.

3. Search and enjoy the beautiful.

4. Help and mercy to other people.

5. Love.

6. Cognition of new things in the world, nature, man.

7. High social status and management of people.

8. Recognition and respect of people and influence on others.

9. Social activity to achieve positive changes in society.

10. Communication.

11. Health.

Diagnostics of the interactive orientation of the personality

(N.E.Shchurkov modified by N.P. Fetiskin)

Instruction. You will be offered a questionnaire with ready-made answers, indicated by the letters "a", "b" and "c". You should choose not the answer that is considered desirable or correct, but the one that is more in line with your opinion and most valuable to you.

Answer as quickly as possible, as the first reaction is important, not the result of long deliberation. On the answer sheet, first write down the question number, and next to it - your answer in letter form.

Questionnaire

1. There is a man in the way. You have to go through. What you are doing?

a) I will go around without disturbing.

c) Move aside and go through.

c) It depends on what the mood will be.

2. You notice among the guests a nondescript girl sitting alone on the sidelines. What you are doing?

a) Nothing, what is my business?

c) I don't know how the circumstances will turn out.

c) I will come and speak without fail.

3. You are late for school (for work). You see that someone felt bad. What you are doing?

a) I am in a hurry to school (to work).

c) If you ask for help, I will not refuse.

c) I call 03 and stop passers-by.

4. Your friends are moving to a new apartment. They are old. What you are doing?

a) I will offer my help.

c) I do not interfere with other people's life.

c) If asked, I will, of course, help.

5. Not far from the house they sell strawberries. You buy the remaining kilogram. Behind you hear a voice regretting that there were not enough strawberries for your granddaughter. How do you react to your voice?

a) I am sorry, of course.

c) I turn around and suggest giving up ..

c) I don't know, I'll see what this grandmother looks like.

6. Learn that one of your acquaintances has been unjustly punished. What you are doing?

a) I am very angry, I scold the offender with strong words,

c) Nothing, life is generally unfair,

c) I stand up for the offended.

7. You are on duty. Find money when you sweep the floor. What you are doing?

a) They are mine, since I found them,

c) Tomorrow I will ask who lost,

c) Maybe I'll take it myself.

8. Take the exam. What are you counting on?

a) For cribs, of course, or for luck.

c) The examiner's fatigue - maybe he will miss,

c) On himself, his knowledge.

9. You have to choose a profession. How will you do it?

a) I will find something near the house.

c) I will look for a high-paying job,

c) I will choose creative work.

10. You are offered three types of travel. What do you choose?

a) Unknown beauty of our country,

c) Exotic countries,

c) Rich countries.

11. The group decided to clean the premises. You see that all the tools have been disassembled. What you are doing?

a) I'll chat a little, then we'll see.

c) I'm going home, of course.

c) I will join someone.

12. The magician offers to arrange your life secured, without the need to work. What do you answer?

a) I agree with gratitude.

c) First, I will find out how many such cases were.

c) I refuse emphatically.

13. You are asked to do one thing. You don't feel like it. What happens next?

a) I forget about him, I will remember if they say.

c) I do, of course.

c) I am looking for reasons to refuse.

14. We visited an amazing opening day. Will you tell anyone?

a) Yes, certainly - to all friends and acquaintances,

c) I don’t know, I’ll tell you if the case comes up,

c) No, let everyone live as they want.

15. The group decides who to entrust the work. You like this job. What you are doing?

a) Please instruct me.

c) I am waiting for someone to name my candidacy.

c) I do nothing, let it be as it will.

16. We were going to go to the dacha to a friend. They call you asking to postpone plans for the sake of the cause. What are you saying?

a) I am going to the dacha, as agreed.

c) I'm not going, of course.

c) I will ask a friend what he will say.

17. You decided to get a dog. What will suit you?

a) Homeless puppy.

c) An adult dog with a well-known disposition.

c) A puppy of a rare breed with a pedigree.

18. The hands of the clock indicate the end of the session. The teacher asks for five minutes. What is your reaction?

a) I remind you of the right to rest,

c) I agree

c) As everyone, so do I.

19. They speak to you in an offensive tone. How do you react?

a) I answer in the same way.

c) I don’t notice, it doesn’t matter.

c) I break the connection.

20. You play the violin poorly, but your parents ask you to play for guests, praising you. What you are doing?

c) Of course, I don’t play.

c) It's nice to be praised, but I'm evading.

21. Thought to receive guests. What are you worried about?

a) Treats, of course,

c) Communication program,

c) Nothing - they are my friends.

22.The school was quarantined. How do you react?

a) Like everyone else, I walk, I enjoy freedom.

c) I create an independent study program.

c) I live in anticipation of new messages.

a) I give it - life is more expensive,

c) I will try to run away from them.

c) I don’t give gifts.

24. When you praise your friend. What do you feel?

a) I'm uncomfortable, a little envious.

c) Glad, my dignity does not diminish from this.

c) Doesn't concern me, I don't feel anything.

25. New Year is coming. What do you think?

a) About gifts, of course, and about the tree,

c) About New Year's holidays,

c) About a new stage in your life.

26. What is the role of music in your life?

a) Needed for dancing,

c) Is the background of life,

c) Elevates the soul.

27. Leaving home for a long time. How does it feel to be away from home?

a) Dreaming of native places.

c) Better than at home.

c) I don’t know, I didn’t leave for a long time.

28. Does your mood change during news broadcasts?

a) No, if my business is going well,

c) Yes, and constantly,

c) I did not notice.

29. A charitable collection of books is held. Are you participating?

a) I select interesting books and bring them.

c) I have no books I don't need.

c) If I see that everyone is handing over, I will also bring it.

30. Can you name 5 dear places on earth, 5 interesting social and historical
events, 5 names of outstanding people dear to you?

a) Of course I can.

c) No, there are so many interesting things in the world.

c) I don’t know, I didn’t count.

31. Hear the message about the heroic deed of the person. What do you think?

a) This person had his own benefit.

c) Lucky to become famous.

c) I am deeply satisfied, I never cease to be surprised.

Personal orientation (selfish interests)

Focus on interaction and collaboration

Marginal orientation

Appointment. Studying the vector of interactive orientation and personal socialization in modern schoolchildren.

Answers that match the key are worth 1 point, and those that do not match - 0 points. In accordance with this, the total number of points is calculated for each of the three scales. The dominance of a particular personality orientation can be judged by the highest number of points in one of the three scales. The level of formation of each type of orientation can be said based on the following indicators:

24 points and above - high level;

14-23 points - average level;

13 points or less is a low level.

Orientation towards personal (egoistic) interests is associated with the predominance of motives for their own well-being. In interaction with other people, the goals of satisfying personal needs and aspirations are pursued. The interests and values \u200b\u200bof other people, groups are most often ignored or considered exclusively in a practical context, which causes conflicts and difficulties in interpersonal adaptation.

Orientation towards interaction, cooperation with other people is due to the need to maintain constructive relationships with members of a small group, empathy and interest in joint activities. As a rule, a high level of this scale corresponds to optimal socialization and adaptation.

Marginal orientation is expressed in the tendency to obey circumstances and impulsive behavior. This group of people is characterized by manifestations of infantilism, uncontrollability of actions, imitation.

TYPES OF ETHNIC IDENTITY

(G.U.SOLDATOVA, S.V. RYZHOVA)

This methodological development makes it possible to diagnose ethnic self-awareness and its transformation in conditions of interethnic tension. One of the indicators of the transformation of ethnic identity is the growth of ethnic intolerance (intolerance). Tolerance / intolerance - the main problem of interethnic relations in conditions of growing tension between peoples - was a key psychological variable in the construction of this questionnaire. The degree of the respondent's ethnic tolerance is assessed on the basis of the following criteria: the level of "negativism" in relation to his own and other ethnic groups, the threshold of emotional reaction to a foreign ethnic environment, the severity of aggressive and hostile reactions towards other groups.

Identity types with different quality and severity of ethnic tolerance are identified on the basis of a wide range of the ethnocentrism scale, ranging from "denial" of identity, when negativism and intolerance towards one's own ethnic group is recorded, and ending with national fanaticism - the apotheosis of intolerance and the highest degree of negativism towards to other ethnic groups.

The questionnaire contains six scales that correspond to the following types of ethnic identity.

1. Ethnonihilism is one of the forms of hypoidentity, which is a departure from one's own ethnic group and the search for stable socio-psychological niches not by ethnic criterion.

2. Ethnic indifference - erosion of ethnic identity, expressed in the uncertainty of ethnicity, irrelevance of ethnicity.

3. Norm (positive ethnic identity) - a combination of a positive attitude towards one's own people with a positive attitude towards other peoples. In a multiethnic society, positive ethnic identity has the character of a norm and is characteristic of the overwhelming majority. It sets such an optimal balance of tolerance in relation to one's own and other ethnic groups, which allows us to consider it, on the one hand, as a condition for the independence and stable existence of an ethnic group, on the other, as a condition for peaceful intercultural interaction in a multiethnic world.

The increase in destructiveness in interethnic relations is due to the transformations of ethnic self-awareness by the type of hyper-identity, which corresponds to three scales in the questionnaire:

4. Ethno-egoism - this type of identity can be expressed in a harmless form at the verbal level as a result of perception through the prism of the construct "my people", but it can assume, for example, tension and irritation in communication with representatives of other ethnic groups or recognition of the right of their people to solve problems for "someone else's" account.

5. Ethno-isolationism - conviction in the superiority of one's people, recognition of the need to "purify" the national culture, negative attitude towards interethnic marriage unions, xenophobia.

6. Ethnophanaticism - willingness to take any action in the name of one way or another understood ethnic interests, up to ethnic "cleansing", denial of other peoples in the right to use resources and social privileges, recognition of the priority of ethnic rights of the people over human rights, justification of any victims in the struggle for the well-being of their people.

Ethno-egoism, ethno-isolationism and ethnophanaticism are stages of hyperbolization of ethnic identity, which means the emergence of discriminatory forms of interethnic relations. In interethnic interaction, hyper-identity manifests itself in various forms of ethnic intolerance: from irritation arising as a reaction to the presence of members of other groups, to upholding a policy of restricting their rights and opportunities, aggressive and violent actions against another group, and even genocide (Soldatova, 1998).

As a result of a series of expert assessments and pilot studies, 30 judgments were selected - indicators interpreting the end of the phrase: "I am a person who ..." Indicators reflect the attitude towards one's own and other ethnic groups in various situations of interethnic interaction.

Method form

Instruction: Below are the statements of various people on the issues of national relations, national culture. Think how yours coincides with the opinions of these people. Determine your agreement or disagreement with these statements.

I am a person who ...

I agree

Rather agree

Something I agree, some no

Rather disagree

Disagree

prefers the way of life of his people, but with great interest in other peoples

believes that inter-ethnic marriages destroy the people

often feels the superiority of people of other nationalities

believes that the rights of the nation are always superior to human rights

believes that in everyday communication, nationality does not matter

prefers the lifestyle of only his people

usually does not hide his nationality

believes that true friendship can only exist between people of the same nationality

often feels ashamed of people of their own nationality

believes that any means is good to protect the interests of his people

does not give preference to any national culture, including his own

often feels the superiority of their people over others

loves his people, but respects the language and culture of other peoples

considers it strictly necessary to preserve the purity of the nation

it is difficult to get along with people of their nationality

believes that interacting with people of other nationalities is often a source of trouble

indifferent to their nationality

experiences stress when he hears someone else's speech around him

ready to deal with a representative of any people, regardless of national differences

believes that his people have the right to solve their problems at the expense of other peoples

often feels inferior because of their nationality

considers his people more gifted and developed in comparison with other peoples

believes that people of other nationalities should be limited in the right to reside in his national territory

gets annoyed at close contact with people of other nationalities

always finds an opportunity to peacefully agree in an interethnic dispute

considers it necessary to "cleanse" the culture of his people from the influence of other cultures

does not respect his people

believes that on his land all rights to use natural and social resources should belong only to his people

never took interethnic issues seriously

believes that his people are no better and no worse than other peoples

PROCESSING OF RESULTS

Subjects' answers are converted into points in accordance with the scale:

"I agree" - 4 points;

"rather agree" - 3 points;

"I agree on some things, not on others" - 2 points;

"rather disagree" - 1 point;

"disagree" - 0 points.

Then the number of points is calculated for each of the types of ethnic identity (the items working for this type are indicated in brackets):

1. Ethnonihilism (points: 3, 9, 15, 21, 27).

2. Ethnic indifference (5, 11, 17, 29, 30).

3. Norm (positive ethnic identity) (1, 7, 13, 19, 25).

4. Ethno-egoism (6, 12, 16, 18, 24).

5. Ethno-isolationism (2, 8, 20, 22, 26).

6. Ethnophanaticism (4, 10, 14, 23, 28).

Depending on the amount of points scored by the subjects on a particular scale (the possible range is from 0 to 20 points), it is possible to judge the severity of the corresponding type of ethnic identity, and comparison of the results on all scales among themselves allows one or more dominant types to be identified.

Express questionnaire "Tolerance Index"

(authors G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev,L.A. Shaigerova)

The express questionnaire is designed to diagnose:

- aspects of tolerance: general level and / or personality trait;

- types of tolerance: ethnic and social.

The stimulus material of the questionnaire was made up of statements reflecting:

The express questionnaire was developed by psychologists (center "Gratis") G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova in 2002. Basis: domestic and foreign experience.

1. tolerance as a personality trait, revealing: general attitude towards the world around; attitude towards other people; social attitudes in various spheres of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested;

2. social tolerance, we reveal: attitude towards certain social groups (minorities, criminals, mentally ill, beggars); communicative attitudes (respect for the opinions of opponents, willingness to constructively resolve conflicts, productive cooperation); attitudes of the individual in relation to some social processes.

3. ethnic tolerance / intolerance, we reveal: attitude towards people of a different race, ethnic group, towards one's own ethnic group; attitudes in the field of intercultural interaction.

Answer form

Processing of results.

Quantitative analysis - all points are added together. Each answer todirect approval is assigned a point from 1 to 6 ("absolutely disagree" - 1 point, "strongly agree" - 6 points). Answers toreverse Reverse points are assigned to statements (“absolutely disagree” - 6 points, “totally agree” - 1 point). The results are then summarized.

Direct statements: 1,9,11,14,16,20,21,22; inverse: 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,15, 17,18,19.

Interpretation of results.

An individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out according to the following steps:

22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results indicate a high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the surrounding world and people.

61–99 is an intermediate level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations, they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.

100–132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of a tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the “boundaries of tolerance” in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents who fall within this range may demonstrate a high degree of social desirability (especially if they have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher's views and research goals).

For qualitative analysis aspects of tolerance can be divided into subscales:

Key to process

1. Subscale “ethnic tolerance”: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21.

2. Subscale "social tolerance": 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20.

3. Subscale "tolerance as a personality trait": 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22.

Method form

Processing of results

For quantitative

For quality

1. Ethnic tolerance

Up to 19 points - low level

20 - 31 - intermediate level

II. Social tolerance

23 - 36 - intermediate

Up to 19 points - low level

20 - 31 - intermediate level

32 or more points - high level

Preview:

Express questionnaire "Tolerance Index"

To diagnose the general level of tolerance, you can use the Tolerance Index express questionnaire. It was based on domestic and foreign experience in this area (Soldatova, Kravtsova, Khukhlaev, Shaigerova). The stimulus material of the questionnaire was made up of statements reflecting both the general attitude towards the world around and other people, and social attitudes in various spheres of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested. The methodology includes statements that reveal attitudes towards certain social groups (minorities, mentally ill people, beggars), communicative attitudes (respect for the opinions of opponents, willingness to constructively resolve conflicts and productive cooperation). Special attention is paid to ethnic tolerance and intolerance (attitude towards people of a different race and ethnic group, towards one's own ethnic group, assessment of cultural distance). Three subscales of the questionnaire are aimed at diagnosing such aspects of tolerance as ethnic tolerance, social tolerance, and tolerance as a personality trait.

Method form

Processing of results

For quantitative analysis, the total result is calculated, without dividing into subscales.

An individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out according to the following steps:

22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results indicate a high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the surrounding world and people.

61-99 is an intermediate level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations, they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.

100-132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of a tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the “boundaries of tolerance” in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents who fall within this range may demonstrate a high degree of social desirability (especially if they have an idea of \u200b\u200bthe researcher's views and the goals of the research).

For quality analysis of aspects of tolerance can be divided into subscales:

1. Ethnic tolerance

The subscale "ethnic tolerance" reveals a person's attitude towards representatives of other ethnic groups and attitudes in the field of intercultural interaction

Up to 19 points - low level

20 - 31 - intermediate level

32 or more points - high level

II. Social tolerance

The subscale "social tolerance" allows you to study tolerant and intolerant manifestations in relation to various social groups (minorities, criminals, mentally ill people), as well as to study the attitudes of the individual in relation to certain social processes

Up to 22 points - low level

23 - 36 - intermediate

37 or more points - high level

III. Tolerance as a personality trait

The subscale "tolerance as a personality trait" includes items that diagnose personality traits, attitudes and beliefs that largely determine a person's attitude to the world around him.

Up to 19 points - low level

20 - 31 - intermediate level

32 or more points - high level