Tests on the topic of feudal fragmentation. Test on the history of "feudal fragmentation in Russia". end of princely strife

Explanatory text for the block

Domestic policy. After 1132, Russia was about 10-15 independent principalities and lands that competed with each other. The ruling clan was the Rurik family, whose members had the exclusive right to be princes. Each Rurikovich received his own property – the inheritance, the junior appanage princes were supposed to obey the senior (grand) princes, but in the affairs of their appanage principality they were almost completely independent. The strongest among the Russian lands were the Novgorod land, the Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn principality. Kiev lost its former importance, but the possession of it was considered prestigious, and there was a struggle for it.

A republican system was established in Novgorod in 1136 (1), power belonged to the boyars and the top of the merchant class. The prince was invited and was mainly responsible for the defense of the republic.

The Vladimir-Suzdal principality was strengthened under Yuri Dolgoruk (the son of Vladimir Monomakh). His nickname is explained by the desire to extend his power to lands far from Suzdal, including Kiev. Yuri founded many cities in North-Eastern Russia, and the first chronicle mention of Moscow (1147) is associated with him (2).

Yuri's son Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157-1174) also sought to subjugate lands far beyond the borders of his principality, but unlike his father, he did not want to become a Kiev prince. In 1169, his troops took the city of Vladimir, which Andrew made his capital, and began to be considered higher than Kiev (3). Andrei strove to rule arbitrarily, clashed with the boyars and was killed by the boyars-conspirators. Soon the younger brother of Andrei Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212) became the prince, he received the nickname for having many children). Under him, Vladimir-Suzdal Russia reached its greatest prosperity (4), but after death, wars broke out between the sons of Vsevolod.

The Galicia-Volyn land was distinguished by a particularly acute rivalry between the princes and the powerful boyars here. There was even a case of the boyar's reign. The princely power strengthened under the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153-1187) and the Galician-Volyn princes Roman (the end of the 12th-13th centuries) Daniil Romanovich (before the Mongol invasion).

In the first decades after the establishment of the Horde yoke, the growth of fragmentation continued. Among appanage princes – descendants of Vsevolod the Big Nest – wars broke out in which the Horde Khan intervened. To a lesser extent, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniel, took part in these wars, having received Moscow as his inheritance (as the youngest, he had no rights to the Great Vladimir reign). But Daniel showed concern for the improvement of his small principality, which quickly began to grow rich (5).

Foreign policy. In the XII century. the international position of the ancient Russian principalities was generally favorable, and there were no strong external enemies. Only the Polovtsians continued to harass the southern Russian lands. From the wars with them, one should recall the unsuccessful campaign in the Steppe of the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185 (6), but not because of his historical significance, but only because this campaign is described in the "Lay of Igor's Campaign."

The situation changes at the end of the XII - the beginning of the XIII century. Catholic (mainly German) knights-crusaders invade the Baltic lands, conquer local tribes, found cities and castles (7). This is where the crusader state arises – Livonian Order. At the same time, Sweden begins to conquer Finnish lands. At the same time, far in the east, in the depths of the Steppe, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, Mongol tribes unite (8) and begin to conquer neighboring and distant lands (China, Central Asia, etc.).

One of the detachments of the Mongol-Tatars, under the leadership of Subudai and Jebe, in 1223 penetrated through the Transcaucasia into the Polovtsian steppe. The Polovtsi requested help from the South Russian princes and received it, but in the battle near the Kalka River, the Russian-Polovtsian army was utterly defeated by the Mongol-Tatars due to disagreements among its leaders – three princes named Mstislav (9). Then the Mongol-Tatars went back, because the campaign was of a reconnaissance nature.

At the end of 1237, having previously ruined the Volga Bulgaria, the Mongol-Tatars, led by the grandson of Genghis Khan (he himself had already died) Batu Khan (Batu), attacked Northeastern Russia (10). The cities of Ryazan, Vladimir and others were taken by storm. In the battle on the Sit River (1238), the army of the great Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich was defeated, he himself died. The Russians desperately resisted (the squad of Evpatiy Kolovrat and the seven-week defense of the city of Kozelsk were especially famous for their exploits), but the forces were unequal. Novgorod escaped general ruin, to which the Mongols did not reach for unclear reasons.

After resting in the Volga steppes, Batu attacked Southern Russia in 1240 (11). Kiev and most of the cities of the Galicia-Volyn principality fell. The Mongols invaded the countries of Central Europe, reached the Adriatic Sea, but then, for not entirely clear reasons, turned back (possible versions: exsanguination as a result of the heroic resistance of Russia; the desire of Batu and other Genghisids to participate in the election of a new Great Khan to replace the deceased).

Simultaneously with the Mongol invasion, Russia experienced an onslaught from the West, but was able to repel it. In 1240, the young Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich (grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest) defeated the Swedish amphibious assault near the mouth of the Neva in the Battle of the Neva (12). For this victory, the prince received the nickname Nevsky. In 1242, he also inflicted a major defeat on the German crusaders in the Battle of the Ice (13). The northwestern borders of Russia have stabilized.

Meanwhile, Batu founded a Mongolian state centered on the Lower Volga, which went down in history as the ulus of Jochi (i.e., the possession of the descendants of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi), or the Golden Horde (14). He demanded from the Russian princes the expression of obedience. On the other hand, the Pope expressed a desire to help the Russian principalities in the fight against the Mongols. The Vladimir-Suzdal prince Alexander Nevsky rejected Western aid, recognized the dependence of North-Eastern Russia and Novgorod on the Horde, and even helped the conquerors suppress the liberation uprisings. On the contrary, Daniel Galitsky first entered into an alliance with the West and even accepted the royal crown from the pope's messenger. However, without receiving real military assistance, he also submitted to the Horde Khan. An important circumstance that influenced the choice of the Russian princes was that the Mongols, being pagans, did not impose their religion and culture, treated the Orthodox Church with respect, and the West imposed Catholicism in every possible way.

Ultimately, all these events led to the establishment of the Horde yoke (15). The components of this form of dependence of the Russian principalities on the Golden Horde were the annual payment of a huge tribute ("Horde exit"), the issuance by the khan of labels (letters) for the right to rule, and periodic ruinous forays into Russian lands. To collect tribute, the census was carried out by the census-takers. Initially, the collection of tribute was carried out by special commissioners of the khan (baskaks), but after a series of uprisings, this function was transferred to the Russian princes themselves.

Economy and social relations. The Polovtsian raids and the struggle of the princes for Kiev devastated the South of Russia. People moved from here either to the Vladimir-Suzdal, or to the Galicia-Volyn principality (16), which explains their strengthening. However, with the exception of the southern lands, the economy of Russia before the Mongol invasion developed successfully, even despite the civil strife. Agriculture and handicrafts, as well as foreign trade, have achieved great success. The route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" lost its former significance due to the decline of Byzantium, but the Volga-Baltic route, passing through Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal Russia, functioned successfully. Along with handicrafts, important export products were provided by trades (furs, honey and wax of wild bees). In search of furs, the Novgorodians, imposing tribute (yasak) on the local population, reached the White Sea.

By the beginning of the XII century. on the whole, the process of settling the vigilantes on the ground and turning them into landowners, boyars, was completed (17). This process explains in many ways the emergence of fragmentation, because the warriors were interested in a strong central government that organizes successful military campaigns and distributes estates, and the boyars – in sustainable local authorities protecting their fiefdoms. However, throughout the entire period, there was a struggle between the princes, who sought to strengthen their power, and the boyars, who sought to limit and introduce the power of the princes into a certain framework (18). At the same time, sometimes the princes (for example, Andrei Bogolyubsky) tried to rely on small servicemen (nobles). Extreme cases: Novgorod (boyar republic) and Vladimir-Suzdal Rus ( strong power prince).

The Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the decline of the economy (19), handicrafts especially suffered. The death of most of the old nobility and the establishment of the yoke contributed to the replacement of the old, political traditions (in which the prince was perceived by the boyars as "the first among equals") with new (prince – lord, all subjects – his servants) (20).

Culture. The era of fragmentation is characterized by the formation of independent cultural centers (while maintaining all-Russian unity) (21). This played an especially large role in the development of annals, literature, architecture and fine arts.

The largest literary work of the era is considered "The Lay of Igor's Campaign (22). In North-Eastern Russia, another major work of the era was created – "The Prayer" of Daniel the Zatochnik, the author of which praised the princely power and spoke with hostility about the boyars.

With the formation of independent principalities, independent architectural schools arose. In Novgorod, churches were built at the expense of the townspeople, intended for everyday service, therefore they were relatively small and simple in decoration, squat, had powerful walls (example – Church of the Savior on Nereditsa) (23). The architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia developed under the influence of princely tastes, and the local buildings were distinguished by their majesty and elegance (Assumption and Dmitrievsky cathedrals in Vladimir, etc.) (24). Outstanding architectural monument of the period – the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, distinguished by its exceptional gracefulness of proportions. Fresco painting and icon painting continued to develop everywhere, but only a few of them survived.

The Mongol invasion dealt a terrible blow to the development of culture (25). Suffice it to say that stone construction ceased for 50 years. The events of the invasion were reflected in a number of literary works, in particular in "The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu", which tells about the heroism of the defenders of the city and the exploits of the hero Evpatiy Kolovrat.

Feudal fragmentation of Russia 10 cl

1. Russia entered a period of political fragmentation in

1) XI century; 2) 30s. XII century; 3) the end of the XIII century; 4) the beginning of the XIV century.

2. Which of the princes fought for ten years Kiev throne, was recognized as the prince of Kiev three times?

1) Yuri Dolgoruky; 2) Svyatoslav Olgovich; 3) Yaroslav Osmomysl; 4) Mstislav Vladimirovich.

3. After the breakup Ancient Rus on principalities and lands, the first among other principalities was considered

1) Chernigov; 2) Polotsk; 3) Kiev; 4) Suzdal.

4. The decline in the role of Kiev and the rise of new centers was not due to

1) the raids of the Polovtsians; 2) folding the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks";

3) the movement of trade routes; 4) population migration to more protected areas.

5. The special role of Novgorod in Russian history was that it

1) was subjected to constant raids of the Polovtsians; 2) the residence of the metropolitan was located there;

3) it was located in the center of important trade routes; 4) was the most ancient Russian city.

6. Indicate the form of government established in Novgorod in the XII century.

1) absolute monarchy; 2) parliamentary monarchy; 3) an aristocratic republic;

4) a democratic republic.

7. The date of foundation of Moscow is considered

8. Establish a correspondence between the names of princes and their characteristics.

1) Yuri Dolgoruky; 2) Andrey Bogolyubsky; 3) Vsevolod the Big Nest; 4) Yuri Vsevolodovich.

A) fought with the brothers to preserve the throne inherited from his father;

B) founded cities in the Suzdal land, fought for the Kiev throne;

C) was considered the most powerful prince of Russia, his army "could drain the Don with helmets";

D) moved the capital of the principality to the city of Vladimir-on-Klyazma and founded the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

9. Indicate the reasons for the rise of the Vladimir-Suzdal land:

A) proximity to the steppe; B) protection from external enemies by dense forests;

C) the abundance of arable fertile land;

D) access to the Baltic Sea;

E) colonization of the interfluve of the Volga and Oka rivers.

10. Establish a correspondence between a position in Novgorod and job responsibilities.

1) mayor; 2) thousand; 3) the archbishop; 4) the prince. A) was engaged in collecting taxes and city militia;

B) headed the city administration; C) was the leader of the squad;

D) dealt with issues foreign policy, disposed of the treasury, was in charge of the church court

11. Establish a correspondence between the specific manifestations of the consequences of the fragmentation of Russia and their characteristics.

A) negative; B) positive.

1) the preservation of all wealth in individual principalities and lands; 2) weakening of defenses;

3) the growth of inter-princely strife; 4) development of local schools of books, architecture, icon painting.

12. The complete disintegration of Russia was hindered by the following factors:

A) the difference in natural and economic conditions in the land; B) preserving the authority of the great Kiev prince; C) the formation of a trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks"; D) a single all-Russian church organization; E) treaties between the princes on a joint struggle with the Polovtsy.

13. Identify three reasons for the isolation of the Russian lands from Kiev:

A) the formation of the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks"; B) the growth of patrimonial land tenure;

C) moving trade routes; D) urban development; E) disintegration of the tribal community.

14. Specify the features of Old Russian culture:

A) the influence of Byzantine culture; B) the interweaving of Christian and pagan traditions;

C) the decisive impact of the steppe culture; D) the unity of the language, way of life, way of life of the people;

D) ancient heritage.

1) AGD 2) IOP 3) BVD 4) ABG

15. Establish a correspondence between terms and definitions.

1) bylinas 2) chronicle; 3) the lives of the saints; 4) walking

A) the genre of the Russian epic song - legends about the heroes; B) biographies of clergy and secular persons canonized by the Christian Church; .C) instruction to children; D) weather record of historical events D) genre Old Russian literature which is a description of travel.

16. Establish correspondence between terms and definitions

1) relief; 2) fresco; 3) mosaic; 4) an icon.

A) a pictorial image of God or a saint, which is the subject of religious worship;

B) painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water;

B) an image or a pattern made of colored stones, smalt, etc .;

D) a type of sculpture in which the image is convex (or in-depth) in relation to the plane of the background; E) the legend of the saints.

17. Who was the highest official in the Novgorod Republic?

1) volostel 2) lord 3) mayor 4) steward

18. Establish a correspondence between the Russian lands of the XII-XIII centuries. and their characteristic features:

Lands: A) Vladimir Suzdal land B) Kiev land C) Galicia-Volyn land

D) Novgorod land

Specific traits

1) strong cities and boyars, an abundance of minerals

2) devastation as a result of Polovtsian raids and civil strife, population flight

3) developed trade, low-fertile lands, a large role of the veche

4) strong princely power, the emergence and development of new cities

19. Establish a correspondence between the rulers of Ancient Russia and their deeds:

Names A) Vsevolod III the Big Nest B) Andrey Bogolyubsky C) Yuri Dolgoruky

Acts 1) accepting the crown from the pope

2) the establishment of the cult of the Mother of God in North-Eastern Russia

3) the founding of Moscow 4) acceptance of the title of the Grand Duke of Vladimir

20. What was one of the reasons for the prosperity of Novgorod in the XI-XIII centuries?

1) the fertility of Novgorod lands, which provided the city with stable harvests

2) the strong power of the Novgorod prince as a guarantee of the absence of internal strife

3) the remoteness of Novgorod from the Great Steppe, from the raids of nomads

4) a strong alliance of Novgorod with the Moscow principality

21. Compare the political and economic situation in the Novgorod land and in Galicia-Volynska.

1) the management was carried out by officials elected by the veche

2) developed arable farming 3) trade with European countries was of great importance

4) local boyars played a large political and economic role

22. What was the consequence of feudal fragmentation?

a) the development of economic and cultural life b) the destruction of feudal relations

c) the elimination of the Polovtsian danger d) the end of internecine wars

23. What was typical for the Vladimir-Suzdal principality?

a) strong princely power b) the great role of the veche c) national homogeneity of the population

d) dependence on the Kiev principality

24. What is the reason for the transformation of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality into a rich and powerful one?

a) with distance from steppe nomads in the south b) with neighboring states Western Europe

c) with the patronage of the Kiev princes d) with the presence of gold and silver deposits

25. Construction is associated with the name of Andrey Bogolyubsky:

A). Church of the Intercession on the Nerl b). St. Sophia Cathedral c). Tithe Church d). Golden Gate in Kiev

1. The period of feudal fragmentation lasted in Russia:

a) from XI to XIII centuries;

b) from the XII to the XV centuries;

c) from X to XIV centuries;

d) from the 9th to the 12th centuries;