The initial form of a noun in the plural. A selection of rules: nouns Three declensions of nouns

In the Russian language, the initial form of a word is of great importance. Many of its grammatical forms depend on this. The noun is no exception.

What is the initial form of the noun?

To find out the initial form of a noun, you need to put it in the singular. Let's look at the rule using words from a sentence as an example:

In the series of symbols, Blok does not avoid purely allegorical images, long-frozen symbols, already linguistic metaphors.

This determines the initial form of the noun. It will help us in spelling case endings.

Endings -e and -i in 1st declension

The spelling named in the subtitle is associated with the need to determine the initial form. The fact is that it depends on this in which cases the ending -e is written on nouns, and when the ending -i is written.

The initial form of first declension nouns ends in -а, -я. Remember to ask the question: “What?” Here are some examples:

• wife;
• Earth;
• foliage;
• Apple tree;
• purity;
• white;
• running around.

The endings -e and -i are written in these words. The choice is determined according to the following scheme:

R. p. (who? what?) - I.

D. p. (to what? to whom?) - E.

Etc. p. (about whom? about what?) - E.

Here are some examples:

Practical task No. 1

What letters would you use instead of dots?

Answers: 1) -e, 2) -e, 3) -e, 4) -e, 5) -e, 6) -e, 7) -i.

Endings -e in nouns of the 2nd declension

The initial second declension in the neuter gender ends in -o/-e, and in the masculine gender it ends in a consonant. For example:

• window;
• village;
• field;
• Sun;
• case;
• table;
• pillar;
• comrade;
• pencil.

If you have this initial form of a noun in front of you, then the word never has an ending -i:

• R. p. (who? what?) - A.
• D. p. (to what? to whom?) - U.
• Etc. p. (about whom? about what?) - E.

As you can see, this spelling applies only to the prepositional case form:

• I told everyone about my friend, who had not left the house for a whole year.
• And there are spots in the sun.

Practical task No. 2

What endings are written in words with gaps?

• The agreement... set out in detail the procedure for using public places.
• In the unfamiliar officer... the old woman recognized her son.
• Suddenly they remembered the paramedic who lived nearby and sent for him.
• Selivanov told the boss about this engineer... and his project..., and he agreed to meet with him.
• Everyone worked and didn’t even think about the director... and he still didn’t come.
• On vacation... everyone had a good rest, now it’s time to get to work with renewed vigor.
• On the pass... there was someone else's photograph.

Answer: all words end in -e.

Case endings of nouns of the 3rd declension

If the noun is feminine in the initial form, that is, in the I. p. singular. h. ends with this means that it is of the third declension. Examples of such words:

• notebook;
• bed;
• mother;
• daughter;
• bake;
• lie;
• whim;
• square.

If the initial form of the noun is exactly this, then these words never have the ending -e:

• R. p. (who? what?) - I.
• D. p. (to what? to whom?) - I.
• Etc. p. (about whom? about what?) - I.

Here are some examples:

• The geranium flowers were bright red on the windows.
• In the distance towered the towers of an impregnable citadel.
• Everyone on the ship was already dreaming of the earth's firmament.
• She mixed regular thread into the wool for strength.

Practical task No. 3

Let’s take a task that every third grader should be able to cope with, since the 3rd grade is introduced to the topic “Initial form of a noun” as part of the school curriculum.

Indicate sentences that contain words ending in -i:

1. In class we read Chukovsky's poem about cockroaches...
2. Yesterday our whole family went to visit our grandparents...
3. I read in books... about space...
4. My uncle... has a model of the ship.
5. Under the tree grew a large mushroom under a layer of pine needles...
6. The bright image of the teacher remained in the memory of his students for a long time.
7. In June, seed pods form on the poplar, which then burst, and the seeds, along with the fluff, scatter throughout the area... .
8. In 1914, when the war began, Nastasya Vasilievna bequeathed all her untold wealth to her daughter and went to the front as a nurse.
9. The girl in a light dress... made of chintz fit surprisingly harmoniously into this picture of light, warmth and greenery.
10. The huge puddle reflected the starry sky and the curly crowns of trees, their tops turned down.

Words starting with -iy, -iya, -ie

There are also words whose initial form ends in -iy, -iya, -ie:

• sanatorium;
• moratorium;
• dispensary;
• lecture;
• army;
• section;
• work;
• mixing;
• ugliness.

Such words in the genitive, dative, and prepositional cases have the ending -i. For example:

• Polaris is the brightest star in its constellation.
• The father of the family once studied at the seminary a long time ago.
• Maria Ivanovna had two sons and four daughters.
• Vitalia was wearing an old coarse knitted sweater.
• Mother often thought about Artemy and waited for him.
• The mother's heart was only in harmony with the world when all her children gathered in the house.
• My brother serves in the army.

As can be seen from the examples, in such cases we see a combination of letters -ii at the end of words. Only the last one is the end.

Dictation

Write down the text from dictation, put the nouns in the initial form.

How beautiful the autumn forest is! The trees are dressed up like in a fairy tale... Only the spruce in its needles... frowns and throws cones from its top... . The leaves of birch trees are yellow, transparent, and jagged. Aspen trees have orange laces, very beautiful. The most beautiful outfit for maple...: red, patterned, unusual. Because of it, you won’t immediately see clusters of mountain ash... .

In the clearings... on the paths... there are hare gatherings. The hares also have new clothes: white streaks of gray have appeared on their gray fur coat. And the protein... there’s no time for updates, it’s all in work... How many more cones on the branch! And mushrooms on the ground...! And the berries on the bush...! No, she will rest in the winter in the warmth... yes, well-fed... .

The whole forest stands in a special fascination in autumn... .

So, you have learned which form is the initial form of nouns, and have learned to use this knowledge when choosing the spelling “E and I in the endings of nouns.” You see how easy and simple it is. But the ability to determine the original grammatical form is important not only when studying the topic “Noun”: for example, it is also important for studying grammar, but this is a topic for another conversation.

Noun - This is the most essential part of speech; in grammar it is considered frequently occurring.

All schoolchildren need to know about it in order to correctly complete tasks both in the Unified State Exam and in the State Examination. In particular, in the 11th grade exam there is a task in which you need to choose the correct form of a noun. This collection will also help you make a morphological analysis of any noun.

DEFINITION: noun is a part of speech that stands forITEM and answers questions WHO? or WHAT?

Proper and common noun

• OWN nouns mean - first names, last names, patronymics, names of animals, geographical names, names of books, newspapers, magazines ( Moscow, Volga, Maria, Kashtanka, Alexey Maksimovich).
• DENOMINAL nouns - the name of objects and phenomena ( student, textbook, country, forest, dog).

Animated and inanimate

• ANIMATE nouns answer the question WHO? and call people and animals ( teacher, schoolboy, sister, cat, bird).
• INANIMATE nouns answer the question WHAT? and call inanimate objects ( cloud, forest, water, notebook, bus).

Number of nouns

• THE ONLY THING number - denotes one item ( letter, child). Some nouns are used only in the singular ( milk, kindness, Kaluga, singing, youth, France).
• PLURAL number - denotes several items ( letters, children). Some nouns are used only in the plural ( glasses, sleigh, name day, scissors, gates, Alps).

Gender of noun

GENUS- a constant attribute of a noun. Nouns do not change by gender.

• MALE- he is mine ( horse, car).
• FEMALE- She is mine ( rye, earth).
• AVERAGE- it's mine ( village, ring).

RULE: to determine the gender of a noun, you need to put this noun in the initial form: with balls - ball (m. r.), on the ground - earth (f. r.), by the sea - sea (m. r.).

• COMMON GENDER- he, mine, this/she, my, this ( crybaby, orphan).

Spelling "Soft sign (b)after the hissing ones at the endnouns"

• It is written- in the feminine gender ( mouse, rye, oven, lie, power).
• Not written- in the masculine gender ( garage, reeds, comrade, borscht).

A soft sign after a sibilant at the end of a noun indicates that the noun is feminine..

Declension of a noun

DECLINATION OF NOUNS- this is a change of words according to cases. Case is determined by questions.

Cases and questions:

To make it easier to remember case questions, you can substitute auxiliary words.

• Nominative case (is) who? What?
• Genitive case (no) whom? what?
• Dative case (I give, glad) to whom? what?
• Accusative case (I see) whom? What?
• Instrumental case (satisfied, admiring) who? how?
• Prepositional case (think, talk) about whom? about what?

RULE: To determine the case of a noun, you need to find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning and pose a case question from it.
EXAMPLE: The old man was catching fish with a seine. (A.S. Pushkin)

Caught (with what?) with a seine (T. p.); caught (who?) fish (V.p.).

INITIAL FORM OF THE NOUN- nominative singular form ( always determined in morphological analysis).

Three declensions of nouns

In Russian, nouns that have the same endings in the same cases are divided into three groups - DECLINATIONS.

• TO 1st declension names include feminine nouns And male with endings -A, -I in the nominative singular (ruler, earth, mom, dad, uncle).
• Co. 2nd declension names include masculine nouns ending in zero And neuter with endings -O, -E in the nominative singular ( lesson, day, mirror, field).
• TO 3rd declension relate feminine nouns ending in zero in the nominative singular case and ending with a soft sign (blizzard, carrot, thing, daughter).

RULE: to determine the declension of a noun in the plural, you need to put this noun in the initial form, determine its gender and highlight the ending.

SPELLING “The letters E and I in the case endings of nouns”

To correctly write the unstressed case ending of a noun, you need:
1. Determine case.
2. Determine the declination.
3. Remember the ending of the nouns of this declension in the required case: letter (to whom?) to grandmother (1st letter, D. p., singular, -e); ride (what?) on a bicycle (2nd class, pp., singular, -e).
4. Check the unstressed case ending with the stressed ending of a noun of the same declension: thinking about the Motherland (land); trees in frost (in silver); I saw in an ice hole (in the steppe).

SPELLING “The letters O and E after sibilants and C in the endings of nouns”

After hissing And C at the endings of nouns in the instrumental case, a vowel is written under stress ABOUT, and without stress - a vowel E: The doctor is the task, the chick is the bird.

Morphological analysis

1. Part of speech. What does it mean, what question does it answer.
2. Initial form (nominative singular).
3. Immutable characteristics: animate or inanimate; proper or common noun; gender (masculine, feminine, neuter); declination (1,2,3).
4. Changeable: case, number.
4. Role in the sentence.

In order for phrases and sentences in the Russian language to be coherent and understandable, significant words for the most part have different grammatical forms that allow them to be connected with each other. And all such significant words have a “starting point” - the initial form of the word, and each part of speech has its own grammatical indicators. To put a word in this form means to learn a lot about it, such as how it is spelled or what it means.

What is the initial form and how to put a word in it?

Most often, a word must be put in its initial form in order to make it easier to find it in a dictionary - spelling, explanatory, etymological, etc. Since unchangeable words, including auxiliary parts of speech, do not change in any way, they do not have an initial forms.

In the Russian language there are words that do not have an initial form, for example, the verbs nummets and oppresses are not used in the infinitive.

So, in order to find out the initial form of a noun, you need to reduce it to the form “singular, nominative case” (except for cases when it is used only in the plural).

For pronouns, the initial form depends on which category they belong to. So, for personal ones it is the same as for nouns, and for possessive ones the indicators coincide with adjectives.

For numerals, the initial form is the nominative case, and for those that change by gender and number - the corresponding forms, that is, the singular number, the masculine gender.

Verb initial form

It is also important to answer the question, what is the initial form of the verb, that is, the infinitive. This is a verb with an indefinite form that answers the question what to do or what to do?

It is devoid of mood, gender, number, tense and person, that is, it is, as they say, a verb in its pure form, which has the most complete lexical information and at the same time is minimalistic from a grammatical point of view.

A study was conducted to look at the frequency of use of infinitives in a text compared to the use of verbs in general. And it was found that although verbs were used the least in business speech, the indefinite form predominated among them. In the scientific style, which is abstract in nature, the infinitive is also often used, but in the artistic style it is not so popular.

What have we learned?

Those words in the Russian language that can take different grammatical forms, that is, changeable, also have an initial form. It is needed in order to obtain general information about the word and find it in the dictionary. Each part of speech has its own initial form, which depends on what changing grammatical features it has. A special case is the verb. Its initial form is the infinitive, that is, the most impersonal verbal form, devoid of grammatical features. Moreover, among verbs, words without an initial form are most often found.

The initial form of a noun is... and got the best answer

Answer from Marina Petrova[guru]
1) for nouns used in singular units. and many more number, initial form - Im. p.un. h, house
2) for nouns that have ONLY units. h., initial form-Im. p.un. h, kindness
3) for nouns that have ONLY plural. h., initial form-Im. p.m. h, sleigh. (taken from the Internet)

Answer from Elena Tkach[guru]
nominative case, singular.

Answer from Vsevolod Legotkin[guru]
In the nominative case.

Answer from Marina[newbie]
Changing a noun by cases and numbers is called

Answer from JOFIA ***[active]
Morphological analysis of “vineyard”:
Vineyard
The meaning of the word "vineyard"
(3 synonyms)
Phonetic analysis of “vineyard”
Initial form: VINEYARD
Part of speech: Noun
Grammar: Nominative, singular, masculine, inanimate
Parsing
Word formsGrammar analysis (grammar)
vineyards noun, nominative case, singular, masculine, inanimate
noun, accusative case, singular, masculine, inanimate
vineyard noun, genitive, singular, masculine, inanimate
vineyard noun, dative, singular, masculine, inanimate
vineyard noun, instrumental case, singular, masculine, inanimate
vineyard noun, prepositional case, singular, masculine, inanimate
vineyards noun, nominative case, plural, masculine, inanimate
noun, accusative, plural, masculine, inanimate
vineyard noun, genitive, plural, masculine, inanimate
vineyards noun, dative, plural, masculine, inanimate
vineyards noun, instrumental case, plural, masculine, inanimate
vineyardname noun, prepositional case, plural, masculine, inanimate
Parsing parts of speech
Next, let's look at the morphological characteristics of each part of speech in the Russian language using examples. According to the linguistics of the Russian language, there are three groups of 10 parts of speech, based on common characteristics:
1. Independent parts of speech:
nouns (see morphological norms of nouns);
Verbs:
participles;
participles;
adjectives;
numerals;
pronouns;
adverbs;
2. Functional parts of speech:
prepositions;
unions;
particles;
3. Interjections.
The following do not fall into any of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language:
the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.
Morphological analysis of a noun
initial form in the nominative case, singular (with the exception of nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
proper or common noun;
animate or inanimate;
gender (m, f, avg.);
number (singular, plural);
declination;
case;
syntactic role in a sentence.
Complete morphological analysis of the noun. Definition of grammatical categories, online.
Plan for morphological analysis of a noun
Example:
"The baby drinks milk."
Baby (answers the question who?) – noun;
initial form - baby;
constant morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, masculine, 1st declension;
inconsistent morphological features: nominative case, singular;
when parsing a sentence, it plays the role of subject.
Morphological analysis of the word “milk” (answers the question of whom? What?).
initial form – milk;
constant morphological characteristics of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, II declension;
variable morphological features: accusative case, singular;
direct object in the sentence.
Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:
"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (Example from: “Luzhin’s Defense”, Vladimir Nabokov)."
Ladies (who?) - noun;
initial form - queen;
constant morphologically

Morphology deals with the form of a word. Variable words have forms. One of the forms is usually called initial. The initial form is the form in which the word is given in dictionaries.

For nouns the initial form is the singular form, I.p., for example: school, class, night .

For adjectives- singular, m.r., for example: blue, winter, fox .

For numerals the initial form is:
for quantitative - I.p., for example: ten, one hundred ,
for ordinal - singular, m.r., I.p., for example: second, hundredth .

Note:

For verbs* the initial form is the infinitive form of the verb (=infinitive), for example: smile, think, play .

Note:

For participles, the initial form of the verb is determined differently.

This depends on the interpretation of the nature of the participle.

If participles are defined as a special form of the verb, then the initial form will be the indefinite form of the verb, for example: smile, build.
If participles are defined as an independent part of speech, then the initial form is considered to be singular, m.r., I.p., for example: smiling, built. For more information on the nature of the sacrament, see