Papanin that he discovered in geography. Interesting facts from the biography of Ivan Papanin. Leader of the partisan movement

There are people in the history of our state, whose names personify an entire era. Their activity is not just a contribution to some particular industry, but a symbol of a certain period. Such a symbol for several generations of Soviet people was the name of Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin, the legendary Soviet polar explorer who devoted his life to exploring the Arctic. And the biography of this legendary person is in many ways similar to the biographies of other prominent people of this period.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born on November 14, 1894 in the family of a sailor in the city of Sevastopol. He graduated from the Zemstvo school and went to work at the docks, where he was able to get the profession of a turner. In 1914 he was called up for military service and served as a sailor until 1917. During the war, he became close with revolutionary-minded sailors and after the October Revolution became a Red Army fighter, fought in the Crimea against the White Guards and interventionists. Participated in the partisan movement in the Crimea.

After the final establishment of Soviet power, I. D. Papanin was a commissar and member of the Revolutionary Military Council, commandant and commander of a landing detachment, head of a detachment of the Cheka, secretary of the Revolutionary Military Council of the naval forces of the Black Sea Fleet, and commissar of the economic department of the Naval Forces. Often unrestrained in his actions and statements, Papanin was retired from military service on the Black Sea and continued his activities in the North, where, as deputy head of the People's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs, he organized postal and telegraph communications in Yakutia. Later he served as head of the paramilitary guards of the People's Commissariat, took part in a secret expedition to organize gold mines in Aldan, and organized a radio station there.

For almost ten years, starting in April 1932, Ivan Dmitrievich led expeditions to explore the Far North. With his direct participation, several first polar stations were created - on Franz Josef Land in Tikhaya Bay, on Cape Chelyuskin. But the most legendary was the polar station "North Pole-1". For 247 days, four fearless employees of the SP-1 station drifted on an ice floe and observed the Earth's magnetic field and processes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere of the Arctic Ocean. During the drift, active and fruitful work was carried out to study the polar basin at high latitudes. Polar explorers own the discovery of the Great Underwater Ridge and the creation of a meteorological map of the Arctic. The result of this expedition was the opportunity to declare Russia's rights to a part of the Arctic Ocean shelf in the 21st century.

For selfless work in the difficult conditions of the Arctic, all members of the expedition: oceanologist Petr Petrovich Shirshov, geophysicist Evgeny Konstantinovich Fedorov, radio operator Ernst Teodorovich Krenkel and the expedition leader Papanin Ivan Dmitrievich received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as scientific titles. They were awarded the Order of Lenin, and a little later they became holders of the Gold Star medal. In late 1939 - early 1940, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin organized a successful expedition to rescue from ice captivity after an 812-day drift of the Georgy Sedov icebreaker, for which Papanin was awarded the second Gold Star medal and re-assigned the title of Hero of the Soviet Union .

During the Great Patriotic War, the famous polar explorer served as head of the Main Northern Sea Route (the most important strategic sea route for our Motherland) and authorized by the State Defense Committee for transportation in the North. He organized the reception and delivery of goods from England and America to the front, for which he received the rank of Rear Admiral in 1943.

In 1949–1951, Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions. From 1951 until the end of his life, he headed the Department of Marine Expeditionary Works at the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1956, director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok, Nekouzsky District, Yaroslavl Region, Chairman of the Moscow Branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

The outstanding polar explorer wrote two wonderful books “Life on an Ice Floe” and “Ice and Fire”, which are still read by the younger generation and those who cherish the memory of the glorious path of our country.

Ivan Dmitrievich died on January 30, 1986 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. During his life, he managed to become an honorary citizen of four cities at once: his native Sevastopol, as well as Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Lipetsk - and even one region - Yaroslavl. A cape located on Taimyr, mountains in Antarctica and a seamount in the Pacific Ocean, as well as an island in the Sea of ​​Azov, were named after him. And yet, Papanin had special feelings for Murmansk, which are simply and vividly expressed in the words: "All my roads to the Arctic passed through Murmansk."

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin is an academician from the people. As a boy, he attended elementary school for only 4 years. The plant became a real "school of life" for the famous polar explorer. Only while working in the People's Commissariat of Communications, Papanin graduated from the Higher Communications Courses. At the same time, the lack of appropriate education did not prevent him from becoming a doctor of science in 1938: he received this degree for the results achieved as part of the work of the SP-1 station. In the future, he was able to become an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as deputy director of the Institute of Oceanology of the USSR Academy of Sciences for expeditions and director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Not everyone can achieve such success with proper education. The same can be said about his military rank. Papanin became Rear Admiral in 1943 for outstanding service to the Motherland. Prior to that, he was only an ordinary sailor during the First World War and had no special military education.

Polar explorer №1

The work of the first Soviet drifting station "SP-1" ("North Pole-1") marked the beginning of a systematic study of the high-latitude regions of the polar basin in the interests of navigation, hydrology and meteorology. The drift of the station, which began on June 6, 1937, lasted 9 months (274 days) and ended on February 16, 1938 in the Greenland Sea. During this time, the ice floe on which the station was located swam 2,100 kilometers. The participants of this polar expedition, in incredibly difficult working conditions, managed to collect and systematize unique material about the nature of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean.

Perhaps no event between the two world wars attracted so much public attention as the drift of the "Papanin Four" in the Arctic. Initially, they drifted on a huge ice floe, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich reached several square kilometers. However, by the time the expedition ended, the size of the ice floe no longer exceeded the size of a volleyball court. At that moment, the whole world followed the fate of the Soviet polar explorers, wishing them only one thing - to return from this expedition alive.

Fragment (Conference of workers and students, 25.01.2018)

“Development of the MSTU brand and increasing the level of recognition of the University.

The event is aimed at creating a positive image of the University in the scientific, educational and socio-economic space, reflecting the self-identification of the university in a promising development model.

In practice, this means the use of co-branding technology (combining brands), when the formation of a new image and brand of the university takes place on the basis of the historical traditions of the activities and image of MSTU as a well-known and recognized marine engineering and technical university that trains specialists in a wide range of maritime specialties and a new modern image of the University in the target model of the desired future - a multidisciplinary university scientific and educational Center for Competence, Innovation and Technology in the field of maritime economic activity in the Arctic regional direction - FGBOU VO "MGTU" named after I. D. Papanin.

Giving the University the name of I. D. Papanin, the legendary Soviet explorer of the Arctic, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Rear Admiral, Doctor of Geography, will contribute to the formation of a recognizable brand of the University and the promotion of the Arctic image of the University in the national and international scientific and educational space.

Assigning the name of I. D. Papanin to the University is considered as a separate project, involving, among other things, the renovation of the architectural image of the MSTU campus:

• modernization of the external facade of the university complex, including the installation of decorative lighting;
• installation of small architectural forms, a monument, thematic installations dedicated to the history of the development of the Arctic.

Expected results: a positive recognizable image of the University will help increase its competitive position in the educational services market, attract applicants, including those from other regions, Russian and foreign business and academic partners.”

The decision on the "Petition to the founder - the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for the assignment of the honorary name of the twice Hero of the Soviet Union I.D. Papanin" was adopted at the Conference of employees and students of the University on January 25, 2018 (minutes No. 1).

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin

The main stages of the biography

1906–1915 - an apprentice turner, turner, minder in the workshops of the seaport.

1915–1917 - military service in the Black Sea Fleet.

1917–1920 - service in the Red Guard: head of armored armor workshops, commissar of the headquarters of the sea and river forces of the South-Western Front, organizer of the partisan movement in the Crimea.

1920–1923 - Commandant of Krymchek.

1923–1932 - head of security of the People's Commissariat of Communications in Moscow; study at higher courses at the People's Commissariat.

1925–1926 - Deputy head of the construction of a radio station at the Aldan mines in Yakutia.

1931 - head of the post office on the steamer "Malygin" during the expedition to Franz Josef Land

1932–1933 - Head of the Polar Observatory in Tikhaya Bay (Franz Josef Land).

1933–1934 - Head of the polar observatory at Cape Chelyuskin (Taimyr Peninsula).

1936 - Head of the marine expedition of the ships "Rusanov" and "Herzen" on about. Rudolf (Franz Josef Land).

1937–1938 - Head of the first drifting station "North Pole", awarding the Gold Star and two Orders of Lenin.

1938–1946 - Deputy Head, Head (since 1939) of the Main Northern Sea Route.

1939 - Head of maritime operations in the western sector of the Arctic; the first double passage along the Northern Sea Route on the icebreaker "Stalin".

1939–1940 - the head of the sea expedition on the icebreaker "Stalin" for the withdrawal of the steamer "Sedov" from the drift; awarding the second Gold Star and the Order of Lenin.

1941–1945 - authorized GKO for unloading transport in the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk ports; promotion to the rank of Rear Admiral.

1946 - Released from the post of head of the Main Northern Sea Route due to retirement for health reasons.

1948–1951 - Head of the department of expeditionary work of the Institute of Oceanology in Moscow.

1951–1977 - Head of the Marine Expeditionary Works Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

1952–1977 - Director of the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl Region (part-time).

1945–1977 - Head of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR (on a voluntary basis).

Station chief I.D. Papanin

Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin was born in 1894 in Sevastopol (now Ukraine), into a poor working-class family. He began his working life at the age of 12 as an apprentice turner in the workshops of the military port. He quickly mastered this craft and became a skilled worker. Four years later, he could work on any machine, disassemble and assemble any motor.

In 1915, Ivan was called up for military service in the Black Sea Fleet, and in December 1917 he joined the Red Guard detachment. Soon he became the head of the workshops of the armored forces of the 58th Army, then - the commissar of the headquarters of the sea and river forces of the Southwestern Front.

In 1918 the Germans occupied Ukraine. Papanin spoke on the ships with a call to withdraw warships from Sevastopol so that the enemy would not get them. Soon two battleships and several destroyers left for Novorossiysk. In the difficult summer of 1919, Papanin was assigned to repair damaged armored trains. He organized a workshop at an abandoned railway station and soon the trains left for the front.

When the White Guards retreated to the Crimea, the leadership of the front sent Papanin to organize a partisan movement in the rear of Wrangel. On a small boat, with a handful of fighters, he lands on the rocks of the Crimean coast. A month later, partisan detachments began to strongly disturb the troops of the baron. The commander of the Insurrectionary Army, which operated behind the lines of the Wrangel troops, A.V. Mokrousov decided to send Papanin to the headquarters of the Southern Front to M.V. Frunze in order to report on the situation and receive money, weapons and ammunition. Ivan Dmitrievich agreed with the smugglers on the delivery of the felucca from the Crimea to Turkey. They put him in a flour bag and carried him past the customs guards. On the way, the motor of the felucca went bad, and only Papanin was able to fix it. Perhaps this is what contributed to the fact that the smugglers delivered him to the appointed place, and not thrown overboard. The envoy had to walk for twelve days to get to the headquarters of the Southern Front. Then, on a boat with ammunition, he reached the Crimean coast and again fought in a partisan detachment. After the liberation of the peninsula, Ivan Dmitrievich served as the commandant of Krymchek.

In 1923, having been demobilized from the army, Papanin began working as the chief of security for the USSR People's Commissariat of Communications in Moscow. However, a quiet life weighed on him. And when in 1925 the People's Commissariat decided to open the first stationary radio station in Yakutia, at the developing Aldan gold mines, Ivan Dmitrievich asked to be sent to this construction and became deputy head for supply. The task was successfully completed, although it took almost a month to get to Aldan from the Trans-Siberian Railway on horseback through the dense taiga, where the remnants of the White Guard gangs roamed.

The station was built in a year instead of two, and Papanin, returning to Moscow, went to study at the Planning Academy. After all, he had only four grades of elementary school behind him. But he could not master the full course of the academy.

In 1931, there were reports in the press that a large expedition to the Arctic was being prepared in the West on the Graf Zeppelin airship. The German government has requested permission to fly over Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya and Taimyr. The purpose of the expedition was to study the distribution of the ice cover, to clarify the geographical position of the islands.

The Soviet government agreed on the condition that our scientists take part in the flight, and copies of scientific materials and aerial photographs are transferred to the USSR. In total, eight researchers participated in the expedition, including two Soviet ones - R.L. Samoilovich and P.A. Molchanov, and the crew included radio operator E.T. Krenkel and engineer F.F. Assberg. A big fuss was raised around the flight in the world press. Intourist, together with the Arctic Institute, became the organizer of the voyage of the icebreaker Malygin to Franz Josef Land, where it was supposed to meet with the airship in Tikhaya Bay and exchange mail with it. Special stamps, envelopes, cards and stamps were issued, the sale of which covered the costs of the sea expedition. Two employees of the People's Commissariat of Postal Service were sent to Malygin, one of whom turned out to be a novice polar explorer Papanin. He headed the ship's communications department.

Ivan Dmitrievich and his assistant K. Petrov delivered 15 thousand envelopes and stamps to Arkhangelsk. All the cabins on the ship were occupied, and filmmakers had to be squeezed out. July 19 "Malygin" moved along the Dvina to the White Sea. The ship was commanded by a young, but quite experienced captain D.T. Chertkov, the scientific part was headed by the Deputy Director of the Arctic Institute V.Yu. Wiese, and his assistant was N.V. Pinegin is an artist, a well-known explorer of the Arctic, who participated in 1912–1914. on the Sedov expedition.

Among the passengers was the famous Umberto Nobile, who led the tragic expedition in 1928 on the airship Italia. Now he helped create new airships in the USSR and did not miss the opportunity to visit Franz Josef Land, hoping to find traces of his missing satellites. There were also correspondents from the leading newspapers Pravda, Izvestia and Komsomolskaya Pravda on the ship.

July 25 "Malygin" reached Tikhaya Bay. The first shift of polar explorers, who had worked here for about a year, welcomed the expedition members with joy. The next day, at lunchtime, the Graf Zeppelin airship flew here, landing on the surface of the bay.

Tells I.D. Papanin:

“The boat was at the ready. We quickly carried all our mail into it - eight bags - and jumped off ourselves. Together with us, Nobile, a cameraman and photojournalists went down into the boat. We quickly rushed from the pier to the airship.

The airship lay on the water - a huge, constantly swaying heap. He reacted to any, even very weak wind. The mail transfer procedure was short. We loaded them with our mail, the Germans threw theirs into our boat. What bothered me most that day was that the Germans dropped the mail to us without a receipt and in complete disarray. Probably, except for me, no one cared about this, but I loved that everything was as it should be.

As soon as the mail was delivered to Malygin, Kostya and I set to work - we sorted it out, handed it to the passengers, the rest of the letters were left to wait for the mainland. (Papanin, 1977).

It should be added that the bags with correspondence were handed over to him from the gondola of the airship by radio operator E.T. Krenkel. This is how the first meeting of these people took place, six years later they were the first to land on the drifting station "North Pole-l".

The history of the flight of the airship is as follows. On July 24, it started from the German city of Friedrichshafen, flew through Berlin and Leningrad to Franz Josef Land. On July 27, a meeting with Malygin took place. Having made aerial photography of the islands of the archipelago, the air giant headed for Severnaya Zemlya, from there to Taimyr, then turned north again and crossed Novaya Zemlya along the long axis. Next - Arkhangelsk, Leningrad, Berlin, where the Zeppelin landed on July 31, having overcome 31 thousand kilometers.

Again the word I.D. Papanin:

“It was a truly outstanding flight, proving the possibility of using the airship in the Arctic for scientific purposes.

However, this story had its continuation: the Germans, as was due, handed over to the Soviet Union observation materials, except for ... aerial photography. They pleaded that they had defective film. As it turned out later - after the war - both the film was good, and the aerial photography was excellent, but only the flight director handed over the entire film to the German General Staff. Although it was two years before Hitler came to power, but, apparently, the German military was actively collecting intelligence data. The materials of the Arctic aerial photography were brought to light and used by the fascist General Staff ten years later, when the Nazi hordes invaded the borders of our Motherland and fighting also began in the Far North. (Papanin, 1977).

This is Papanin's version. The Malygin flight was designed for a month, so after meeting with the airship, he visited several more islands of Franz Josef Land. Papanin participated with pleasure in all landings on the coast. He liked the north, and he began to think about the future. In Tikhaya Bay, Ivan Dmitrievich examined the polar station in detail and came to the conclusion that it needed to be expanded and improved. In conversations with the head of the expedition V.Yu. Wiese, he shared these thoughts and offered his services. They decided to postpone the conversation until the mainland.

From the memoirs of a flight participant N.V. Pinegina:

“I met this man for the first time in 1931 in the mail cabin aboard the Malygin. He had some secret to cobble together people into close teams. The hunters had not yet had time to express their dream of catching skins and other trophies, when Papanin lined up all those who lusted for bear blood in a line, leveled, straightened their lowered chins, distributed weapons, according to the clip of cartridges and announced the rules of collective hunting, as if he had himself all his life before that only and did what he hunted for polar bears ...

When we were standing on the northern coast of Novaya Zemlya, an incident happened to Papanin that could have ended badly for another. Carried away by hunting for wild deer, he went to the central part of the island. On the way back, the hunters, having decided to go to the shore in a straight direction, were cut off from it by an impassable gorge and a stormy river. I had to go back more than 20 km and only from there go in the direction of the icebreaker's parking lot. On the Malygin, the inexplicable absence of hunters who left lightly for two days caused considerable alarm. To top it off, fog rolled in. "Malygin" was torn with horns. When the fog cleared, a man appeared on the shore, moving his legs with difficulty, followed by two more in the distance. Papanin walked in front, behind him, in addition to a backpack, two pairs of deer antlers and rifles of his comrades could be seen. Sitting heavily on a chair, Papanin briefly told about the amazing journey of almost a hundred kilometers. His companions were completely exhausted - they could not even carry guns. (Pinegin, 1952).

... Vize kept his word and recommended Papanin's candidacy to the director of the Arctic Institute R.L. Samoilovich and Chairman of the Arctic Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR S.S. Kamenev. Papanin was appointed head of the polar station in Tikhaya Bay, and a year later he went there again aboard the Malygin icebreaker. This station was given great importance in the program of the Second International Polar Year, held in 1932-1933. It was to be turned into a large observatory with a wide range of research. At the beginning of 1932, Papanin moved to Leningrad and was enrolled in the staff of the Arctic Institute. He spent whole days in the warehouses of Arktiksnab, selecting the necessary equipment and equipment, and getting accustomed to the "cadres". In the corridors of the institute, he met a thin young man, a graduate of the Physics Department of Leningrad University. Thus began his long-term friendship with E.K. Fedorov, future academician and head of the State Hydrometeorological Committee. The first page in his polar biography was wintering in Tikhaya Bay.

In total, 32 people were selected to work on Franz Josef Land, including 12 researchers. Mostly they were young specialists - graduates of the Leningrad University and the Moscow Hydrometeorological Institute. In addition, Papanin took his wife with him for the winter, which was rare for those times.

Captain D.T. Chertkov had to make two trips on the Malygin from Arkhangelsk to Tikhaya Bay in order to bring everything he needed. The team of builders who arrived on the first flight immediately set to work. Prior to this, the station had only one house and a magnetic pavilion standing in the distance. Now it was necessary to build another residential building, a radio station, a mechanical workshop, a power plant, equip scientific pavilions and a weather station. In addition, on the island of Rudolph - the northern tip of the archipelago - they built another house, brought equipment and four winterers there, creating a branch of the observatory. It was led by K. Raschepkin.

The word to the participant of the second flight of "Malygin" N.V. Pinegin:

“Looking at the shore through binoculars, I recognized in a group of people a short and mobile figure of the head of the new observatory and the whole Franz Josef Land, ID Papanin. He, apparently, was going to us, but could not tear himself away. Having met a man along the way, he was involved in some urgent business. More than once he took several steps towards the pier and returned again.

The boat with the chief arrived only half an hour later. He climbed up the storm ladder to the deck, spoke, overcoming the tired hoarseness in his voice:

- Great, brothers! .. Why were you late? We are waiting for you here - trouble. Boards are missing. This abyss - the hangar ate everything; standard after standard goes, and there is no end in sight. How much did they bring?

And when he found out, he yelled:

- Yes, what do you, relatives, want to kill me? I don’t have enough for a high-mountain station ... Oh, honest mother!

The captain justified:

- Why, the ship is not made of rubber.

- And you should be on a bigger deck, on a deck! ... Well, okay, there's nothing to cry about. Let's talk about unloading better ... It's a serious matter ... Let's go to the cabin, captain, we'll chat ...

Forty minutes later our guest was again on the shore. There, plunging into a conveyor chain of people who were transferring goods, he picked up a box; a minute later I saw this mobile man on the rafters, and five minutes later - among the bindings of the openwork tower on the windmill ...

I went ashore to look at the construction in Tikhaya Bay. We examined the old house, new spacious rooms for various offices and laboratories, separate pavilions for various scientific works. Everything is done solidly, economically, prudently ...

The work was well organised; In the general mass of workers it was not possible to distinguish scientists from loaders, carpenters and painters. The new boss managed to pick up an amazingly well-coordinated company. Even the cook was mobilized for construction, he was replaced by the chief's wife, who fed the whole horde ...

Having finished our scientific work, we again visited Tikhaya Bay in the second half of September. This time the boat from the shore did not stop. Papanin appeared instantly. And he immediately made a claim for all the coal available in the Malygin bunkers, with the exception of the icebreaker needed for the return voyage.

No, don't argue about it. How can I make scientists comfortable in their work if there is not enough fuel? What if we stay to winter for another year? That's what, friend, - Papanin turned to me. - Trouble! Bags, they say, are few. There are many - yes torn. There is nothing to load coal. So - help. Not in service, but in friendship: persuade your young ladies to mobilize for a breakthrough, to sew up bags. We would have done it ourselves, but you understand: sewing is not a man's business. While we are picking with needles, you will burn fifty tons of coal. Persuade! Then I’ll treat them to chocolate, or something. ” (Pinegin, 1952).

Taking on the implementation of a complex of scientific observations under the program of the International Polar Year, the employees of the observatory in Tikhaya Bay began to master the radio sounding of the atmosphere. The young aerologist I. Guterman had to debug regular launches of probes from the earth to establish the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere. E.K. Fedorov, features of radio wave propagation - a prominent specialist B.F. Arkhangelsk. The most experienced researcher at the observatory was the biologist L.I. Leonov, who studied the flora and fauna of Franz Josef Land.

When stationary observations were debugged, the young scientists decided to start expeditionary observations in remote points of the archipelago. To do this, in the spring and summer of 1933, several dog sledding trips were organized. E.K. Fedorov, back in October 1932, visited with a passing fishing vessel "Smolny" on about. Rudolf, and six months later, together with the musher Kunashev, he got there on a sled, having covered more than 300 kilometers in 22 days. Along the way, they identified several astronomical points, tying to them and specifying the outlines of the coasts and straits. Near about. Rudolph was discovered by several small islands, called the Octoberists.

From the memoirs of Fedorov:

“The position expressed by Ivan Dmitrievich at the very first meeting with him: “So that science does not suffer,” was resolutely embodied in life in the most diverse forms. He himself did not have any formal education. However, constantly visiting all the laboratories and systematically talking with each of us, he quickly understood the main tasks and the meaning of the research carried out at the observatory. He did not seek to delve into the details, but, being a naturally intelligent and insightful person, he first of all wanted to understand how qualified each specialist was, was interested in his work, and was devoted to it.

Convinced that all the scientists under his command, both old and young, were trying to fulfill their tasks as best as possible, he no longer considered it necessary to interfere in their work, did not try to command, but turned all his attention to helping them. The locksmith and carpentry workshops quickly completed our orders for all kinds of devices: various devices and booths were built to accommodate instrument sensors, convenient shelves and fixtures in laboratories.

Along with the main work, all the employees without exception, and Papanin set an example, performed some household duties. (Fedorov, 1979).

From the memoirs of Professor V.Yu. Visa:

“I first met this wonderful man, a Bolshevik and a former Red partisan, in 1931, when I was the head of the Malygin expedition to Franz Josef Land. That year, the first meeting in the Arctic between the Graf Zeppelin airship and an icebreaker took place. In commemoration of this event, special postage stamps were issued in the USSR. There were post offices both on the airship and on the Malygin, and the post office on the Malygin was headed by I.D. Papanin. The Arctic immediately captured this man, in whom the thirst for extraordinary activity was overflowing.

The idea of ​​spending a year in Tikhaya Bay, where the Zeppelin met with the icebreaker, firmly stuck in Ivan Dmitrievich's head. Looking at the still modest research station on Franz Josef Land, Papanin already saw it in his dreams. In his opinion, there should have been a whole village here, where scientists would be provided with all the necessary conditions and amenities for their work, where there would be an air base with a hangar, a wind turbine that provides the village with electrical energy, a telephone, a barnyard, etc.

With enthusiasm, Ivan Dmitrievich developed his plan for the construction of Franz Josef Land in front of the Malygins. “Tikhaya Bay should not only be the northernmost station in the world, but also the best. It should become an exemplary polar observatory,” Ivan Dmitrievich concluded. For people like Papanin, words are deeds. He completed his construction plan in Tikhaya Bay the very next year.

It was then that the Second International Polar Year was taking place. A broad program of work on Franz Josef Land, put forward by I.D. Papanin, came in handy and the necessary loans for the deployment of the station in Tikhaya Bay to the polar observatory were released. Papanin's exceptional capacity for work, the ability to rally the team around him and infect him with his enthusiasm made the station on Franz Josef Land unrecognizable a year later. (Wiese, 1946).

The second polar shift in Tikhaya Bay was taken out at the end of the summer of 1933 by the Taimyr icebreaker (coincidentally, it was the Taimyr crew that evacuated the Papanin four from the SP-1 drifting station in four and a half years). After a report at the Arctic Institute on the work done, Papanin went on vacation, and then reappeared in the office of V.Yu. Visa. Word I.D. Papanin:

“So,” said Vladimir Yulievich, “we decided to send you as the head of the polar station at Cape Chelyuskin. Do you agree? - And, without giving me the opportunity to answer, he continued: - There is a small polar station. But it does not meet modern requirements. Last year, your team created an excellent observatory in Tikhaya Bay. The same work is to be done at Cape Chelyuskin.” (Papanin, 1977).

In four months, it was necessary to select a station staff of 34 people, deliver prefabricated houses, scientific pavilions, a hangar, a windmill, all-terrain vehicles, a radio station and many other things to Arkhangelsk. E.K. agreed to go with Papanin. Fedorov with his young wife, hydrologist of the Arctic Institute V.P. Meleshko, employees of the observatory in Tikhaya Bay V. Storozhko and F. Zuev.

The expedition set off for Cape Chelyuskin in July 1934 aboard the icebreaker Sibiryakov, which by that time was commanded by Yu.K. Khlebnikov, who previously served as a senior assistant. We had to stay at Dixon Island for two weeks, because the way to the Vilkitsky Strait was blocked by ice. This made it possible for Papanin to look around the local warehouses and get hold of something for his station.

At Cape Chelyuskin, there was also an impressive fast ice, which made it possible to unload directly onto the ice. Cargo with a total weight of 900 tons had to be dragged ashore for three kilometers, which took two weeks. During this time, the icebreaker "Ermak" with the steamer "Baikal" and the tugboat "Partizan Shchetinkin", the ice cutter "Litke" approached the cape. Papanin managed to attract their crews to unload. This episode is noteworthy: two young people from an ice cutter approached Papanin, introduced themselves as hydrobiologists and asked to inspect the station. Papanin allowed, but at the same time offered to bring a decent log to the construction site.

In parallel with unloading, a seasonal team of builders took up the construction of residential buildings, scientific pavilions, warehouses and a wind turbine. At the end of September, everything was ready, it only remained to lay down the furnaces. Therefore, in order not to delay the ship, Papanin left the stove-maker for the winter, and let the rest of the workers go. The scientists began round-the-clock observations with regular transmission of reports to the Arctic Institute, and the rest began preparations for the spring expeditions: they checked the sleds and equipment, made close sledge trips, and laid intermediate bases.

From the memoirs of Professor V.Yu. Vize, leader of the Litke campaign in 1934:

“I supervised the construction at Cape Chelyuskin I.D. Papanin, the new head of the winter camp... At Cape Chelyuskin, Papanin set to work with the same fervor as on Franz Josef Land. Together with him, almost in full force, were his comrades for wintering in Tikhaya Bay. Working selflessly, during the construction fever, almost without knowing sleep, Papanin demanded the same work from his subordinates. And yet, at the first call of Papanin, the old winterers, without hesitation, again followed with Ivan Dmitrievich, his wife remained for the winter at Cape Chelyuskin. (Wiese, 1946).

In the spring, when the frosts weakened and the round-the-clock day came, Fyodorov, Libin and Storozhko set off on a long trip to Lake Taimyr on dog sleds. And Papanin and Meleshko moved along the Vilkitsky Strait. Their journey was adventurous. In a hurry, Ivan Dmitrievich forgot his goggles at the station and got snow blind from the bright sun. His companion had a hard time. The weather turned bad, it began to snow, a blizzard began. The dogs dragged the sled with difficulty, on which Meleshko laid the chief. So they covered almost 60 km to the station, where the patient had to lie with a bandage over his eyes for another week.

Five kilometers from the station, the polar explorers built a small hut where they could sit out in bad weather. Suddenly it became popular and everyone took turns going there for recreation and hunting. The next shift named this hut and the coastal ledge that sheltered it Cape Papanin.

The ice in the strait began to move only in the first days of August, but clear water was established only at the end of summer. The icebreaker "Sibiryakov" left Dixon with a new shift of winterers. Papanin was pleased with what had been done: a modern observatory and a radio center had been set up, and scientists had collected valuable materials. Cleanliness and comfort reigned in the residential building and pavilions, which was a great merit of the wives of Papanin and Fedorov. Galina Kirillovna acted as a meteorologist and librarian, and Anna Kirillovna was a geophysicist and cult trader. Then the women at the polar stations could be counted on the fingers of one hand: in addition to the two mentioned, there was also a radio operator Lyudmila Shrader in Uelen, that's all. True, the meteorologist Olga Komova went with her husband on the Chelyuskin, but before Fr. Wrangel, they never got there.

Soon "Sibiryakov" delivered a new shift, unloaded food and went further east, to other polar stations. He had to pick up Papanintsev on the way back. Of course, it was unreasonable to crowd two shifts at one station, the old-timers rushed home to their families, so Papanin took advantage of the Anadyr steamer passing Cape Chelyuskin, going to Igarka, and persuaded its captain P.G. Milovzorov to take them with him. Thus ended Papanin's work at Cape Chelyuskin...

I.D. Papanin coped with this expedition successfully. Now he enjoyed well-deserved prestige in the Main Northern Sea Route. Therefore, when the issue of the head of the first Soviet expedition to the North Pole was being decided, and the candidacy of V.Yu. Vize was withdrawn due to age and health, the government commission settled on Papanin. In addition to the experience of two winterings in the Arctic, his KGB past obviously also influenced him, which especially appealed to the NKVD.

A word to Ivan Dmitrievich himself:

“One day, Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar called me to him, whom I knew well from the Civil War, work in Ukraine and Crimea. He now held a high post as a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, was deputy chairman of the USSR Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar of Finance. Broad-shouldered, tall, fit, he seated me in a chair, left the table, sat down opposite.

“Ivan, I have to tell you…

I immediately became cold. I knew that I was tipped to be the head of the polar station, but what's there - I lived only with this thought. And so…

- Yesterday there was a meeting of the Politburo. It was decided: you are the head of the North Pole. (Papanin, 1977).

Months began, filled with an uninterrupted string of worries. The list of necessary things kept growing.

“At first, in the building of the Main Northern Sea Route on Razin Street, I felt uncomfortable: a multi-layered life flowed there, fraught with worries, problems, and troubles. My case was one of many, and I sometimes felt that they were looking at me with annoyance - walking, taking time. After sitting in the waiting rooms of the heads of various departments, I rebelled ... I had to demand: let them give me the appropriate authority. As a result, the SP-1 station received a separate account with the State Bank, and I received complete freedom of action. Let me make a reservation right away: I tried to save state funds wherever I could. It used to be a bargain so that what we needed at the Pole would be made of the same quality, but cheaper. Heard a lot of accusations of stinginess. (Papanin, 1977).

Ivan Dmitrievich was assigned not only the preparation of equipment, equipment and food for the drifting station, but also the construction in 1936 of an air base on Rudolf Island, from where the planes were supposed to fly to the North Pole.

Papanin, with his characteristic determination, wedged himself into the selection of the station staff. But of his companions in previous winterings, he managed to defend only Fedorov. The candidacies of Krenkel and Shirshov were proposed by the head of the expedition, O.Yu. Schmidt, who knew them well from the campaigns of Sibiryakov and Chelyuskin. Papanin was ambitious and subsequently, in the heat of the moment, often called them "Schmidtovites." Mekhrengin, a mechanic, was also selected, but later he had to be abandoned due to aircraft overload.

For a whole year, the staff of the future station "North Pole" was preparing to work on the ice floe. An exception was made only for Krenkel, who at that time was wintering on Severnaya Zemlya. Papanin briefly leafed through the works of polar explorers. He boldly took up the design of new and alteration of existing equipment. Not wanting to "bow down" in front of the Arctic Institute, where he was offended because of Vize, Ivan Dmitrievich refused the help of experienced suppliers. As it turned out later, not all innovations were successful, and on the ice floe, participants often felt inconvenience and the consequences of miscalculations.

“Ivan Dmitrievich brought a lot of trouble to the Kauchuk plant by ordering our residential tent. They cut the tarpaulin, sewed it together, tried on intricately designed shells on an aluminum frame. The requirements were serious. The house must be warm, durable, quickly assembled and disassembled, and so light that four people can quickly move it assembled.

The tent was remade many times until Ivan Dmitrievich was satisfied. The latest addition was numerous pockets along the inner walls and a vestibule where you can take off your shoes. The house came out great." (Fedorov, 1979).

From the memoirs of I.D. Papanina:

“Without lighting on the ice - nowhere. First of all, Krenkel needs electricity. Radio communication every three hours. It is hard to take batteries with you, and they are unreliable in cold weather. Gasoline, fuel oil - how much it will take! Whatever you think, you need a windmill. Windmills are unpretentious, they are not afraid of frost, they rarely break. But they were bulky and heavy. The lightest - American - weighed 200 kg. I figured: even 100 kg is a lot for us, we need to remove even half of these hundred due to the design and materials. I had to be smart. Fifty is a suitable figure, but it has one minus - it is round, and for some reason the designers do not like this. I went to Kharkov and Leningrad.

– The maximum weight of the windmill is 53 kg.

They looked at me with regret - I went crazy, they say. Still, the Leningrad craftsmen set a record: they created a windmill weighing 54 kg according to the project of the Kharkov designer, engineer Perli. (Papanin, 1977).

The Institute of Food Service Engineers has developed a set of high-calorie, high-vitamin freeze-dried foods. Among them were soup cubes, dried meat in powder and cubes, extracts, crackers soaked in meat sauce, rice puddings. The entire food supply weighed 1.3 tons, but it contained many tons of meat, vegetables, and fruits. All products were packed and sealed in special tin cans, at the rate of one can for ten days for four people. The weight of each can is 44 kg. The expedition took 135 cans, half of which were left in reserve on about. Rudolf.

Rudolf Island, the northernmost point of Franz Josef Land, was chosen as the starting point for departure to the pole. From here to the goal is only 900 km. But there was only a small house in which three polar explorers spent the winter. For the air expedition, it was necessary to build the main and alternate airfields, living quarters, a garage for tractors, and warehouses for equipment. Plus bring hundreds of barrels of fuel.

According to the distribution of duties O.Yu. Schmidt and M.I. Shevelev were engaged in an air expedition, and I.D. Papanin - the preparation of equipment for a drifting station and the creation of a support base on about. Rudolf. In February 1936, pilots Vodopyanov and Makhotkin flew to Franz Josef Land on two P-5 planes to lay an air route, inspect and study the places of intermediate and final landings. As soon as a positive conclusion was received from them by radio, a sea expedition started.

I.D. Papanin, head of the future airbase Ya.S. Libin and a team of builders with the necessary cargo went from Arkhangelsk to about. Rudolf on the ships "Rusanov" and "Herzen". The time was very early, the pack ice met the caravan halfway. Only "Rusanov" reached the final goal, and "Herzen" stopped in Tikhaya Bay. Cargo from it had to be taken by an additional flight to Rusanov.

Convinced that things were in full swing - houses, a radio station, a radio beacon, workshops, warehouses, an engine room, a bathhouse were being built - Papanin went to the mainland. Y. Libin and the builders remained on the island.

“Ten tons of cargo for four. Is it a lot? One radio facility - 500 kg. The current polar explorers working for the "SP" have the same 10 tons, but for one person. We tried to foresee every little thing. The same lamp glasses. How we cursed them afterwards! Just put it on - you look, it cracked. Or primary heads. Fuel in rubber trunks, medicines, notebooks for notes and diaries, shovels, picks, axes, crowbars, guns, blowtorches, plywood, soap, lighters, sledges, chess, books. Is it possible to throw something away? What about underwear, high fur boots made of dog fur, felt boots with galoshes, mittens, fur overalls? What about high leather hunting boots? How useful they are!” (Papanin, 1977).

The team of the future drifting station began to prepare for the dress rehearsal. On February 19, an unremarkable truck with bales, boxes, aluminum pipes drove through the streets of Moscow. About 15 kilometers from the city, the car stopped in an open field, where the Papanins and O.Yu. Schmidt were waiting for it. The day was frosty, the wind threw prickly snow in his face.

Word I.D. Papanin:

“We came to test our housing, to live the way we were to live on the ice floe. To begin with, a tarpaulin was spread on the snow, a second one was assembled on it, a light aluminum frame was assembled, “dressed” with canvas, then with a cover with two layers of eider down. On top again a layer of tarpaulin and a black silk (so that it is better heated by the sun) cover with an inscription on the roof: "The USSR is a drifting station of the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route." Dimensions of our house: width - 2.5 m, length - 3.7, height - 2 meters. Total living area 9.25 sq. meters. Inside - two bunk beds, folding table. A vestibule was attached to the tent so that the wind would not blow out the heat when the door was opened. The floor was made inflatable, the thickness of the air cushion was 15 cm. We received such a gift from the Moscow rubber plant. Our house weighed 160 kg, so that the four of us could lift it and move it ... Needless to say, the tent was not heated. The only source of heat is a twenty-line kerosene lamp. (Papanin, 1977).

So several days passed. By prior arrangement, no one came to them, communication with the outside world was maintained by radio. Water was heated from snow. Papanin collected and wrote down all the comments of his comrades in order to eliminate the shortcomings in the near future.

The landing of the station at the North Pole is written in the first section of our book, so we will not repeat ourselves.

On the ice floe, Papanin kept a daily diary, describing in detail the life of the team. Some readers may be struck by the fact that the stationmaster paid a lot of attention to seemingly insignificant events. He described what he cooked for dinner, how he stored food, repaired equipment, raised the dog Vesely. But these details formed the life of the station.

From the diary of I.D. Papanina:

“Peter Petrovich measured the depth of the ocean - 4290 m. From the bottom he raised silt - thin, greenish-gray. Opening again! Discoveries followed one after another. Petrovich had a lot of test tubes and flasks. Everything he took out of the water was supposed to be alcoholized. But the trouble is, the supply of alcohol remained on Rudolf Island. We had a barrel of cognac. It's hard to say who messed up. What won't you do in the name of science? I covered myself with tin, pipes, pliers, lit a blowtorch and built a moonshine still. From two liters of cognac, a liter of alcohol turned out ...

... Nothing exhausted us on the ice floe more than hydrological work, they were so tedious and tedious.

The winch stood over a hole made in the ice. The line is metal, strong enough to support its own weight. Multiply the cross-sectional area by the length of the line, then by the specific gravity of iron - 5.7 grams per cubic centimeter. And all this had to be lowered, but carefully so that there were no jerks, otherwise the line would break. Then - rise. None of us was engaged in weightlifting ... We twisted the handles of the winch together, 15-20 minutes in a row, without a break. His hands were beaten to the point of blood, there were black circles in his eyes, and you twist, twist, twist, and even try to seem cheerful ... And no one complained: why did Shirshov have so many stations, would feel sorry for others, they did a little less. And although we called Petrovich "the main exploiter", we helped him resignedly ...

In such a situation, in which we lived, in the team there had to be a person with healthy labor practicality. By state, and by age - I was older than everyone - they are supposed to be me. And with what titles did not they call me, laughing, my friends! I was the first North Pole smuggler, the first hairdresser, the first solderer, the first cook, and so on ad infinitum. Together with my friends, I pounded three-meter ice, turned the "soldier-motor" for radio communication, turned the winch for many hours in a row. But one of the first duties is to watch the ice floe. Divorces usually begin with a trifle - a crack, which sometimes you will not notice.

... A telegram came from the political department of the Glavsevmorput that a party and Komsomol group was being created on the ice floe, I was approved by the party organizer. Its composition was as follows:

Members of the CPSU (b) - I.D. Papanin - 25%

Candidates for members of the CPSU (b) - E.T. Krenkel - 25%

Members of the Komsomol - E.K. Fedorov - 25%

Non-party - P.P. Shirshov - 25%. (Papanin, 1977).

In connection with the creation of the Party and Komsomol group, its meetings began to be held regularly. Papanin was careful in this regard, and after each radiogram with an order to discuss the next anti-Party organization (it was 1937), he gathered his group and discussed it.

From the diary of I.D. Papanina:

« September 1. The constant dampness made itself felt, we picked up rheumatism. Dr. Novodenezhkin from Rudolf Island cheered us up, to whom we turned for advice. There was such laughter when Ernst read out the recommendations: take hot baths at night, then rub the joints with ichthyol ointment with some kind of mixture, sleep with gloves, wash your hands with soapy alcohol in the morning ...

Krenkel suggested the text of the reply telegram: “First, there is no bath, second, the composition of the ointment is unclear, third, if alcohol is found, even soapy, we will use it inside.”

September 21. We celebrated the four-month anniversary of our stay at the drifting station "North Pole" in our own way: we washed and changed. In the evening I shaved, heated a kettle of water, undressed to the "small neckline", as Krenkel said, and washed. Petrovich helped. Although it was 20 degrees outside, we had to endure: on the occasion of the holiday, we firmly decided to put ourselves in order.

Then we listened to the latest news on the radio. It was nice, in Moscow they remembered us, sent us words full of warmth, attention and love. (Papanin, 1938).

Here it must be taken into account that Ivan Dmitrievich was not a scientific specialist, and he often had to be "on the hook" - in the kitchen and in the workshop. There is nothing offensive in this; without him, the two young scientists would not have been able to carry out an extensive scientific program. Suffice it to recall that one hydrological station took Shirshov up to forty hours of continuous work. And without a safety net, without the collective unscrewing of deep instruments, without hot food right at the hole, he would have burned out in a couple of months.

At the same time, Papanin formed the atmosphere of the team. Here is how E.K. Fedorov spoke about him:

“Completely devoid of any ambition, he saw his appointment not in commanding and disposing - what should be done by someone. Selecting personnel, that is, the three of us, he took care in advance that this was not necessary. Each of us knew what needed to be done, and tried our best.

Dmitrich helped us. And at the same time, he directed and literally nurtured what could be called the spirit of the team: always ready to help a friend, restraint in relation to an unsuccessful act or word of a neighbor, fostering friendliness. He, the leader, was well aware of the need to constantly maintain and strengthen, as they say now, the compatibility of all the few members of the expedition and was absolutely right in giving all his great spiritual strength to this side of life. (Fedorov, 1979).

But the diary entries of E.K. Fedorov of those days:

« September 7th. They unscrewed a large telegram to Ivan Dmitrievich on the "soldier-motor". He is being worked out until he is very tired and then he does not feel well. Sleeping badly.

September 22nd. It always seems to Ivan Dmitrievich that he works less than others, and therefore he is somehow embarrassed to sleep during his due rest. He works a lot, especially when you need to help with observations, fix something or fix things around the house.

October 13th. Ivan Dmitrievich is busy in the kitchen at his workbench with a very difficult detailed-box hydrological turntable, in fact, makes it anew, and there are a lot of small details in it. Precise fit required. For this, some randomly found steel pin is used. Freezes, comes in to warm up.

15th of November. Ivan Dmitrievich is a little sour today. I caught a cold in the kitchen, making a part of a turntable. Before dinner, he climbed into the bag, took the temperature. Increased. Sore throat. Apparently he got a cold in his head. Now he is in a bag. Petya put a bubble of hot water on his head...

Ivan Dmitrievich gets out of the bag ..

“Dmitrich, you shouldn’t be going out now. I would sit in a bag today.

- Never mind. Until I finish this damned box, I won’t calm down anyway ...

November 21. A bright flame rose at our tent - frightened, we quickly went to the camp. Approaching, they noticed a black figure running against the backdrop of flames. Is it a fire? Just now, sitting on the sled, Ernst and I were thinking about how, in essence, to live peacefully here. Now, thoughts were running through my head. Approaching, they calmed down - the flame went out and everything looked normal. The restless Ivan Dmitrievich got enough sleep during the day, got out of the bag and began to try to cook something with a blowtorch, so that it would be faster. It was she who gave such a bright flame. A cloud of steam was coming out of the kitchen." (Fedorov, 1979).

Nine months of drifting on ice flew by. The details of this epic are described in the first chapter. Let us turn to Papanin's personal impressions related to the return of the expedition:

“On March 17 at four in the afternoon we arrived in Moscow. Again, the road strewn with flowers was waiting for us.

And so we drove up to Red Square. The commandant of the Kremlin asked us to wait. Perhaps he wanted us to calm down a little, come to our senses. We waited, and I thought feverishly how much I had to say to the Politburo of our party, to all those who sent us on a difficult ice drift and who supported us throughout the ice expedition.

The doors of the Georgievsky Hall opened. We saw a dazzlingly sparkling hall, long rows of beautifully arranged tables. Smiling, friendly faces were turned towards us from all sides. Shouts of "hooray". I walked, holding in my hands a staff with our banner brought from the Pole. Shirshov, Krenkel, Fedorov followed me.

And suddenly there was another burst of applause. Members of the Politburo entered the hall. Stalin hugged me and kissed me tightly ...

After the welcoming speeches had ended, Stalin asked:

- Why is Papanin in friendly cartoons drawn fat? He's skinny!

When I arrived on the ice floe, I had 90 kg. And when, having returned, I stood on the scales, it turned out to be 60. And no one will weigh (there are no such scales), what nervous tension our life on the ice floe cost all four of us ...

The solemn and cordial meeting in the Kremlin with the leaders of the party and government made an indelible impression on us. In parting, I.V. Stalin said:

And now we will send you to rest with your families. When you need us, we will call you.

And we were sent to a sanatorium near Moscow.

One evening the director of the sanatorium said to me:

- They called from Moscow. You are urgently summoned to the Kremlin.

- What can I do to get there?

- I can only provide a car for transporting milk. The time is late, there are no other cars.