In poetry, the refrain may be a line or several lines inserted between stanzas.

The presence of the refrain determines the form of the piece. The most common form that has a refrain is rondo. Among other forms with a refrain are villanelle, virele, cantiga o friend.

The poets of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries invent, and perhaps restore in their rights, various kinds of poetry, originally more or less closely connected with dance, or based on the alternate singing of a soloist and a choir; in their very structure lies the opposition between the changeable couplet and the recurrent refrain, replacing each other in a very fast rhythm. The main variety of such poetry is rondo: its composition is based on the formula ABaAabAB, in which in practice the number and length of verses, couplets and refrain infinitely vary. The French virele and its sister Italian ballata, as well as the French (medieval) ballad, also contain a refrain.

In practice, two types of refrains were distinguished, depending on whether the same verses were inserted between stanzas or not. Usually in the first case they talk about "songs with refrains" ( chansons a refrains), and in the second - about "songs with different refrains" ( chansons avec des refrains): this is an important distinction, since a change in the text of a refrain may suggest a change in melody; thus we are talking about the structure of the song as a whole. In addition, many refrains (especially those that appear in “songs with different ones”) occur either in several songs or in rondos, ballads, motets and other song forms. Sometimes they are called "refrain quotes" (perhaps they are of folklore origin).

In most cases, the refrain ends each stanza of the poem. An example of a less common double refrain:

Why don't you sing, derbent, mugham
about love and sadness?
To sing more soulfully to silent lips,
kiss them first, my dear.
Why are we endless, derbent, mugham
about love and sadness?
You cling in a kiss to singing lips,
keep them quiet, my dear.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov

Meditative refrain

Meditative refrain- a special kind of refrain in one line, which is conditionally divided into several parts; with each repetition, the line seems to shift - the first part is cut off, the second becomes the first, and a new word or phrase is added at the end.

The key in the lock turned - a familiar rhythm ...
The door sighed ... so we sighed
Over the lines of old and bitter rhymes,
Well, give, give loneliness until dawn,
Love, unfinished verses ...

Steps up the stairs as if by notes - peon, no - recession ...
The word, doomed to the sheet, as to the chopping block, lie down!
He became a string executioner - he killed, he killed ... not happy ...
This pain, this bitterness ... thousands of lines back and forth -
Unfinished verses life.

In this poem, the meditative refrain is the last lines of five lines. If in a poem each line is such a refrain, then this is a solid poetic form called meditative verse.

You fill my life with emptiness -
You fill my life with sleep and sadness,
You are my life with sleep and sadness every minute,
You tear and torment every minute with sleep and sadness.
Every minute you tear and torment, enjoying,
You tear and torment, enjoying pain, power ...
Enjoying pain, power, destroying passion,
You destroy with pain, power, passion, melting heart -
You destroy with passion, with a melting heart, our happiness ...

The presence of the refrain determines the form of the piece. The most common form that has a refrain is rondo. Other forms with refrain include villanelle, virele, cantiga o friend.

The poets of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries invent, and perhaps restore in their rights, various kinds of poetry, originally more or less closely connected with dance, or based on the alternate singing of a soloist and a choir; in their very structure lies the opposition between the changeable couplet and the recurrent refrain, replacing each other in a very fast rhythm. The main variety of such poetry is rondo: its composition is based on the formula ABaAabAB, in which in practice the number and length of verses, couplets and refrain infinitely vary. The French virele and its sister Italian ballata, as well as the French (medieval) ballad, also contain a refrain.

In practice, two types of refrains were distinguished, depending on whether the same verses were inserted between stanzas or not. Usually in the first case they talk about "songs with refrains" ( chansons a refrains), and in the second - about "songs with different refrains" ( chansons avec des refrains): this is an important distinction, since a change in the text of a refrain may suggest a change in melody; thus we are talking about the structure of the song as a whole. In addition, many refrains (especially those that appear in “songs with different ones”) occur either in several songs or in rondos, ballads, motets and other song forms. Sometimes they are called "refrain quotes" (perhaps they are of folklore origin).

In most cases, the refrain ends each stanza of the poem. An example of a less common double refrain:

Why don't you sing, derbent, mugham
about love and sadness?
To sing more soulfully to silent lips,
kiss them first, my dear.
Why are we endless, derbent, mugham
about love and sadness?
You cling in a kiss to singing lips,
keep them quiet, my dear.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov

Meditative refrain

Meditative refrain- a special kind of refrain in one line, which is conditionally divided into several parts; with each repetition, the line seems to shift - the first part is cut off, the second becomes the first, and a new word or phrase is added at the end.

The key in the lock turned - a familiar rhythm ...
The door sighed ... so we sighed
Over the lines of old and bitter rhymes,
Well, give, give loneliness until dawn,
Love, unfinished verses ...

Steps up the stairs as if by notes - peon, no - recession ...
The word, doomed to the sheet, as to the chopping block, lie down!
He became a string executioner - he killed, he killed ... not happy ...
This pain, this bitterness ... thousands of lines back and forth -
Unfinished verses life.

In this poem, the meditative refrain is the last lines of five lines. If in a poem each line is such a refrain, then this is a solid poetic form called meditative verse.

You fill my life with emptiness -
You fill my life with sleep and sadness,
You are my life with sleep and sadness every minute,
You tear and torment every minute with sleep and sadness.
Every minute you tear and torment, enjoying,
You tear and torment, enjoying pain, power ...
Enjoying pain, power, destroying passion,
You destroy with pain, power, passion, melting heart -
You destroy with passion, with a melting heart, our happiness ...

Exist., number of synonyms: 4 chorus 3 verse 38 stanza 21 topic 24 Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language

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Refrains are recurring motifs in musical or literary works. They are the main theme that determines the form of the work. Such repetitions first arose in ancient culture, but were significantly developed in the works of medieval authors. In poetry, refrains are quite common, they give the verses melody, sonority and create a kind of semantic accent.

Refrain in music

Most musical works, regardless of the direction in which they are created, contain repetitions. Refrains are choruses in songs. In musical terminology, this word denotes a phenomenon that is characteristic, first of all, for such a form as rondo. The meaning of the word "refrain" in translation from French is the verb "repeat". The expressive device that is found today in music, poetry and even prose is of French origin, since it is an integral part of the ballad. This genre was finally formed in the late Middle Ages in France.

Ballad

This term is present in both literary criticism and musicology. The first ballads appeared in early medieval culture, but then they did not yet have a clear structure. Later, when this term began to mean a musical or poetic genre, formal signs were established in it. The main one is the presence of repetitions.

The refrain is (in literature and music) expressive means, characteristic primarily for the ballad. The first examples of poetic works in this genre arose in French literature. Later, the structure of the ballad was used by various authors, at different times. There are many examples in Russian poetry of the 20th century. One of them is "The Ballad of a Smoky Carriage", where you can see many repetitions. I used several phrases as refrains.

Poetry of the 20th century

Refrains are repeated phrases that can be separated by lines. But more often they are introduced at the end of the stanza. In the work of the Silver Age poets, such stylistic devices are quite common. In Marina Tsvetaeva's poem "Yesterday I looked into my eyes" every second stanza ends with a rhetorical question. In the words "My dear, what have I done to you?" is a primordially feminine question and the idea that love, no matter how strong it is, sooner or later leaves. Thus, the refrain here not only gives harmony and melody to the work, but also carries an important semantic load.

In the poem "Winter Night" the refrain is the couplet "The candle was burning on the table, the candle was burning." And this repetition in the work of Boris Pasternak performs a symbolic function. The lines belong to the protagonist of the novel "Doctor Zhivago". Pasternak's character once, on a cold February evening, saw a soft gentle light in a small window. Later he wrote a poem where the candle is a symbol of quiet happiness and solitude. With the help of this symbol, the author conveyed the feelings that he experienced when he suddenly saw in a strange window, as if a particle of happiness unattainable for him.

Military poetry

Refrains are artistic devices that are more common in lyrical works. In the poetry of the wartime, where not only patriotic thoughts, but also the themes of separation and long waiting could act as the main theme, these stylistic means are also present. A striking example is the legendary poem "Wait for me and I will return." The refrain in the lines of Konstantin Simonov is only two words. And these words - "wait for me." The poem, which became almost a prayer for thousands of women during the war, contains the author's conviction that only with the help of love and faithful expectation of his beloved soldier will be able to return home alive.

Prose

Refrain is found not only in poetry. Examples from the literature show that this poetic device can exist quite harmoniously in prose. However, we are talking, of course, about the works of a small volume. A quote from a poem by an unknown author occurs several times in Turgenev's creation "How good, how fresh were the roses." This refrain gives musicality and lyricism to the work, which can be attributed, thanks to poetic repetition, to a completely unique genre - a poem in prose.

But even stories that do not have can contain refrains. Such examples can be seen in the prose of Sergei Dovlatov. This author, who is often called the master of ultra-short prose, has a story called "Once upon a time we lived in the mountains." These words are repeated over and over again. They complete a small piece. And this sad, but not devoid of irony story, like many other things in Dovlatov's prose, confirms the extraordinary poetry of his style.